Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A SN X
i
SPANISH IN A WEEK
BY
"
AUTHOR OF SPANISH COMMERCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL;"
INSTRUCTOR IN SPANISH, UNION BRANCH YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN
ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK ;
PHILADELPHIA
DAVID MCKAY, PUBLISHER
604-8 SOUTH WASHINGTON SQUARE
COPYRIGHT, 1912, 1913, 1916
BY
T. S. ROMERO
CONTENTS
Page Page
FOREWORD 3 To love model of the 1st conjuga-
TO STUDENTS 4 tion 15-16
PRACTICAL PART 16
MONDAY 5 To speak, present 16-17
When masculine 6
To buy 18
6 Interrogative form 18
Examples
Future (to buy) 18
When feminine 7
List of themost important verbs of the
How masculine nouns are converted
first conjugation 19-20
into the feminine form 8
how 8 Accent 20
Neuter (and formed)
8 Punctuation 20
Orthography
The and where placed 9
The preposition 21
adjective
Examples 21-22
Number 10
The pronouns 11
WEDNESDAY 23
employed 12 SEASONS 23
2064S9O
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Page
Past (to sell; 28 ORDINAL NUMBERS 44
Conversational form (to sell) 29 Auxiliary verbs 44
List of the most important verbs of the To be (and equivalents in Spanish) 44
second conjugation 29-30
Examples 44
The adverb 31-32
Present, past and future tenses (to be)
Adverbs of time 31 (inherent) 45-46
"
place 31 PRACTICAL PART 46
" " manner 31 Present (to be) (inherent).- 46
"
Interrogative form (to be) (inherent)... 47
'
quantity 31
" " 32 Passive voice, how it is formed 47
comparison
' " affirmation 32 47
Examples (passive voice)
" " 32 To be 48
negation (state, condition, location)
" Present, past and future tenses To be
doubt 32
(state, condition, location) 48-49
Regular verbs, third conjugation 34 To be, compound tenses with the aid
of the present participle how it is
How to form the present, past, and formed.- 50
future tenses of the 3rd conjugation.. 34
Examples. 50
To leave as a model 34-35
Augmentatives and diminutives- 51
PRACTICAL PABT 36
Examples 51-52
Present (to open) 36
Conversational form (to open) 36
PARTS OF THE HUMAN
BODY 62
Past (to write) 37
THE SENSES 52
Interrogative form (to write) 37
Page Page
To have (idiomatic use with de) 56 Reflexive verbs (how formed with the
56 reflexive pronouns) 69
Examples
To have (as a possessive) 57 To dress oneself, model of reflexive
verbs 69-70
Present, past and future tenses (to
have) (possessive) 57-58 Imperative mood 70
71
To have (idiomatic use with que) 59 Examples
Examples 59 The imperfects of subjunctive 72
72
To have instead of to be (idio- Examples
matic) 59-60 READING EXERCISES... 71
Conditional forms of verbs 60 HISTORY OF SPAIN 73-74-75
THE "WATCH, THE CLOCK... 60 GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPE-
WHAT TIME IS IT 60 DIA OF SPANISH SPEAK-
Comparatives and superlatives 61
ING-COUNTRIES 75
Argentina ~ 75-76
Examples _ 61-62
Bolivia 77
Colombia 77
SUNDAY 63
Costa Rica 78
MAIL CORRESPONDENCE... 63 Cuba 79
FORMS FOR BEGINNING A Chile 79-SO
LETTER 63 Ecuador 80-81
FORMS FOR CLOSING A Salvador 81
LETTER 63 The Philippine Islands 81-82
Irregular verbs 64-69
Spain -..82-83-84
Present, past, future (to make)... 65 Guatemala.- 84
" " "
(there) to be 65 Honduras 85
(to go)... 65 Mexico 85-86
" " "
(to come)... 65-66 Nicaragua 86-87
(to give)... 66 Panama 87
" " "
(to know)... 66 Panama Canal 87-88
(to be able)... 66-67 Paraguay 89
'
(to hear)... 67 Peru 89-90
" "
(to think)... 67 Porto Rico 90-91
" "
(to walk)... 67-68 Dominican Republic - 91
" " "
(to play)... 68 Uruguay 92
" " "
(to feel)... 68 Venezuela. 92-93
14 " "
(to laugh)... 69 Opportunities forthe Spanish Language 93
FOREWORD
The political and industrial changes which have follow-
ed in quick succession the advent of the twentieth century
have affected few countries more than those in which
Spanish is the language par excellence.
In these countries changes in administration and govern-
mental policies brought about by various influences have
aroused international interest and have been the forerunners
of a new era of prosperity. They have blazed the way for
rapid strides in industrial and commercial progress which
must necessarily follow the opening of that gigantic engi-
neering project, the Panama Canal.
Commerce will now rediscover Latin America ,
the West
Indies, Mexico, and the Philippine Islands.
That is not all. In the rush for transatlantic steamship
records and consequently for shorter routes to Europe some ,
A.
tab) & M.
(ay-miy)
s.
(M-M7)
B. H. N. T.
(bay) Ub-tchaj) (ay-nay) (tar)
c. L N. u.
(thay) (> (ay-ay ay) (oo)
Oh. J. o. V.
(thay ah-tchay) (ho-ta) (ob) <w)
D. E. P. X.
(day) Utah) (par) (W-kiss)
E. L. Q. Y.
(ay) (ay-lay) (koo) ( griega)
F.
(ef fay)
u
(ayl-lyaj)
R.
(er-ray)
z.
(thay-dah)
Singular Plural
el los (masculine) 1
(masculine)")
(wl) 00"
Hthe l=the (neuter) =the
la (feminine) i las (feminine)
(lah) J (laha) -1
EL NOMBRE=the noun
(aylj (noin-bray)
Santiago
= James Tamesis=Thames
(8an-tee-ah-go) (tab'-may-sees)
Maria=Mary arbol=tree
(mar-ee-ah) (ar'-bol)
Marta=Martha piedra=stone
(mar-tha) (pe-ay'-drab)
Espana=Spain hoja=leaf
(es-pan'-yah) (o-bah)
America=America perla=pearl
(ab-mer-ee-CAb) (per' -lab)
substantives
The Spanish language has three genders; masculine,
feminine, and neuter. The gender of substantives is indi-
cated by their meaning or termination.
The names of males and their occupations, rivers, seas,
winds, and nouns ending in the vowels e. i. o. u. or in the
consonants j. 1. r. s. t. and z. are masculine.
EJEMPLOS=Examples
(Whem-plos)
el hombre=the man el ingeniero=the engineer
(ayl) (om-bray) (ayl) (In-ben-e-er-o)
6
el carpintero=the carpenter el Rin=the Rhine
(ayl) (car-pin-ter-o) (aylHrin)
Inglaterra=England ry islands
(in-glah-ter-rah) las islas Filipinas=the Philip-
Alemania = Germany (lahs)(is-lahs) (fee-lee-pee-naa)
la escultura=sculpture la geometria=geometry
(lah) (es-cool-toor-ah) (lah) (hay-o-inay-tree-ah)
esposo=husband esposa=wife
(es-pos-soe) (es-pos-sah)
hermano=brother hermana=sister
(er-inan-oh) (er-man-ah)
hijo=son hija==daughter
(ee-hoh) (ee'-hah)
prima=female cousin
1
primo=cousin
(pree-mo) (pree-mah)
tio=uncle tia=aunt
(tee-o) (tee-ah)
ORTOGRAFIA=Orthography
(or-toh-grah-fee-ah)
9
el tren correo=the mail train
(ayl) (tren) (cor-ray'-o)
NUMERO=Number
(noo'-mer-o)
(Singular) (Plural)
la llave=the key las llaves=the keys
(liih)U-lyah-vay) (lahs) (1-lyah -Tea)
10
(Singular) (Plural)
la rana=the frog las ranas=the frogs
(hih)lrah-nah) (labs) irah-nas)
EL PRONOMBRE=The pronoun
(ayl) (plo-nom-bray)
mi
el mio=mme (mas.) la suya=hers
(ayD(mee-o) (lab.) (soo-jah)
de ella, de listed.
(day) (ayl-lya) (day) (oottay-th)
Second
" tu=thou Second
; vosotros=you, ye.
_(too)
(voh-soh-tros)
usted=you ; "ustedes=you.
<oos-tay-th) (oos-tay-des)
Third
el=he ;
Third ellos=they (masc.)
(ell) (ayl-lyo)
ella=she ; ellas=they (fem.)
L<ayl-ly) (ayl-lyas)
SALUDOS=Salutations
(sah-loo-dos)
DESPEDIDAS=Parting salutations
(des-pay-dee-dahs)
Que lo pase bien, adios may prosperity attend you, good bye
(kay) (lo) (pah-say) (bee-ayn) (ah-dee-ohs)
Adios=good bye.
(ah-dee-ohs)
0.
15. quince 22. veinte y dos 50. cincuenta
(kecii-thay) (vay-een-tay) (e) (dohs) (theen-coo-ayn-tah)
1.000.000. millon
(meel-lyon)
VERBOS=Verbs
(ver-bos)
depart.
Singular
Yo amo=I love
(yoh) (ah-moh)
el am-a = he
(ell) (ah mah)
'loves
ella she
(ayl-lya)
Plural
nosotros am-amos= we love
(noh-soh-tros) (ah-mah-mos)
ustedes 1
love
Plural
nosotros am-amos=we loved
(noh-Boh-tros) (ah-maU-mos)
-
ustedes
PRESENTE=Present
(pray-sayn-tay)
French,
ustedes habl-an muchas lenguas=you speak many languages.
(oos-tay-des) (ah-blahn) (moo-tehaa) (len-goo-ahs)
languages.
In the interrogative form of a sentence in Spanish the
verb is placed before the subject.
no senor ;
el no habl-a espaiiol=no he does not speak Spanish !
history,
usted dese-6 viajar==you wished (did wish) to travel.
(oos-tayth) (day-say-oh) (vee-ah-hahr)
products,
ella dese-6 ser feliz=she wished to be happy.
(ayl-lay) (day-say-oh) (ser) (fay-litb)
Compr-ando=buying, Compr-ado=bought.
(com-prahn-do) (com-prah-do)
FUTURO=Future
(foo-too-ro)
buy cotton?
Alabama,
donde compr-ara su senora los sombreros ?= where will your
(don-day) (com-pra-rab) (soo) (say-myo-rah) (loa) (som-bro-roe)
18
Cuando compr-ara ella sus generos?=When will she buy her
(coo-an-do) (com-pra-rah) (ayl-lya) (soos) (hay-ner-ohs)
goods?
Como compr-ara el, al detalle 6 al por mayor?=How will he
(co-mo) (com-pra-rah) (ell) (ahl) (day-tal-lyay) (o)(ahl)(por) (mah-jor)
compr-ar=to buy.
(com-pr-ar)
19
Cortar=to cut Girar=to turn, to draw
(cor -tar) (hi-rar)
ACENTO=Accent
(ah-then-toh)
at; ante, before; con, with; contra, against; de, of; desde,
lan-taj) (con) (con-trah) (day) (del-day)
from, since; en, in, on, by; entre, between; hacia, toward;
(en) (en-tray) (ath-e-ah)
EJEMPLOS=Example
(ay-hem-ple>)
money by cable?
yo mando dinero por cable a mi corresponsal en Valencia=I
(yo) (man-doh) (dee-nay-roh) (por) (kah-blay) (ah) (mee) (coh-res-pon-aal) (en) ( VaJi-lay-n-thee-ah)
documents by mail
como mandara Vd. este giro?=how will you send this draft?
(corn-mob) (man-dab-rab) (ooa-tay-tb) (ea-tay) (bee-rob)
cable
mandara Vd. & su agente 6 comprar los generos hoy?=will
(man-dah-rah) (oos-tayth) (ah) (soo) (ah-hen-tay) (ah) (com-prar)(los)(hay-nay-roa)(oh-ee)
inmediatamente=yes I ;
shall send my agent to buy the
(in-may-de-ah-Uh-men-tay)
goods immediately
que ensena el maestro a sus discipulos=what does the in-
(kay> (ayn-say-nyah)(ayl) (mah-ays-troh) (ah) (soos) (dees-thee-poo-los)
California by rail?
si, yo lo deseo=yes, I do
(see) (yoh) (lob) (day-say-oh)
to-day?
si seiior ; yo deseo ir al teatro en mi nuevo automovil==yes I ;
(soe) day-nyor) (yoh) (day-say-oh) (eer) (al) (Uy-ab-troh) (en) (mee) (noo-ay-voh lah-oo-u h-rn h-vli)
)
work?
yo acabare el trabajo en dos horas=I shall finish the work
(yoh) (ah-kah-bah-ray) (ayl) (trah-bah-bob) (en) (dot) (ob-ru)
in two hours.
22
MIERCOLES=Wednesday
(mee-ayr-ooh-less)
mmuto=mmute mes=niontli
(mee-noo-to) (mes)
hora=hour estacion=season
(or-ah) (es-tah-tliee-on)
noche=mght siglo=century
(no-tchay) (see-glo)
dia=day epoca=epoch
(dee-ab) (ay-po-cab)
MESES=Months
(may-says)
Marzo=Marcli Septiembre^September
(mar-tbob) (sep- tee-em-bray)
Abril=April Octubre=0ctober
(a-breel) (oc-too-bray)
Mayo=May Noviembre=November
(mah-joh) (no-vee-em-bray)
Junio=June Diciembre=December
(hoo-nee-o) ( dee-tbee-em-bray )
ESTACIONES=Seasons
(es-tah-tbe-o-nes)
Primavera=spring Otofio^autumn
(pree-mah-vay-rah) (oh-ton-yoh)
Verano=summer Invierno=winter
(vay-rab-nob) (een-vee-air-cob)
23
EL TIEMPO=The weather
(ail) (tee-aym-pob.
eremos
third
< " eran
en; ieron;
For example:
aprend-er=to learn
(ah-pren-der)
aprendiendo=learning aprendido=learned
(ah-prtu-du-un-du) (ali-pren-de-do)
24
PRESENTE=Present (indicative mood)
(pray-sen-tay)
Singular
Yo aprendo=I learn
(yoh)(ah-pren-doh)
'
usted
(oos-tay-th) you learn
el
(ell) (ah-pren-day, l
ella she J
(ayl-lya)
Plural
nosotros aprend-emos=we learn
(noh-soh-tros) (ah-pren-day-inoa)
ustedes }
( you
(oos-tay-Ues)
ellos laprend-en= .
they
(ayl-lyos) (ah-pren-dayn) learn
ellas they
PASADO=Past
(pab-sah-doh)
Singular
Yo aprend-i=I learned
(yoh) (ah-pren-de)
listed 'you
too3-tay-th)
el >
aprend-io= .
he
(ell) (ah-pren-de-o) learned
ella she
Plural
nosotros aprend-imos=we learned
(noh-soh-tros) (ah-pren-dee-mos)
ustedes 'you
(oos-tay-dcs)
25
FUTURO=Future
(foo-too-ro)
Singular
Yo aprend-ere=I shall or will learn
(yoh) (ah-pren-day-ray)
listed
(oos-tay-th)
.
shall or will learn
FORMA COLOQUIAL=Conversational form
(for-mah) (co-lo-ke-al)
ella com-e todos los dias a las 12?=she dines every day at 12
(ayl-lya) (co-may) (to-dos) (los) (dee-ahs) (ah) dans) (do-tbay)
o'clock.
que com-e el?=what does he eat?
(kay) (co-may (el)
toes.
FUTURO=Future
(foo-too-ro)
ella beb-era leche caliente=she (shall or) will drink hot milk.
(ayl-lya) (bay-bay-rah) (lay-tchay) (cah-lee-en-tay)
waters.
27
ellos beb-eran en vasos grandes=they will drink from large
(ayl-lyos) (bay-bay-rahn) (en) (vah-sos) (gran'-days)
, glasses
ellas beb-eran en vasos pequeiios=they shall drink from small
(ayl-lyas) (bay-bayrahn) (en) (vah-sos) (pay-ben-nyos)
glasses
PASADO=Past
(pah-sah-doh)
collars
ellas vend-ieron perfumes y jabones=they sold perfumes and
(ayl-lyas) (Ten-de-ay-ron) (per-foo-mays (ee) (hah-bon-es)
soaps.
28
FORMA COLOQUIAL=Conversational form.
(for- mail) (co-lo-ke-al)
pipes?
si senor; ellos vendieron tabaco, pipas, papel de fumar y
(see) (say-nyor) (ayl-lyoa) (ven-de-ay-ron) (tah-bah-co) (pee-pas) (pah-pel) (day) (foo-mar)
(eel
29
ceder=to yield mecer=to swing
(the-der) (meth-er)
sacrifice
30
EL ADVERBIO=-The Adverb.
<ayl) (ad-Ter-bt-cb.)
An
adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a
verb, an adjective or other adverb. Adverbs are classified as
1
31
Adverbios de comparacion: mas, more; menos, less;
(ad-ver-be-oi) (day) (com-paii-rah-the-on) (mu) (mw-aoi)
also, too.
neither.
wisely.
ably.
32
JUEVES=Thiirsday
(hoo-ay'-res)
COLORES=Colours
(co-lob-rti)
Gris=grey Purpura=purple
(greei) (poor-poor-ah)
Pardo=brown Bosa=rose .
(par-dob) (roh-sab)
Plata=Silver
(plab-tah)
Cobre=.Copper
(co-bray)
33
Oro=Gold
(or-o)
onza=$16.00;
(cn-thah)
y2
(may-de-ah)
<mza=$8.00;
(on-thab)
1 centen=$4.00
Singular
Yo parto=I leave
(job) (par-toh)
nsted
(oos-tay-th)
PASADO=Past
(pah-sah-doh)
Singular
Yo part-i=I left
<yoh) (par-tee)
usted you
(oos-tay-th)
el >part-io= he left
(ell) (par-tee-oh)
ella she
(ayl-lja)
Plural
nosotros part-imos=we left
(noh-soh-troi> (par-tee-mos)
ustedes you
(oos -lay -dei)
ellos .part-ieron= .
they left
<yl-ljo<0 (par-tee-ayron)
ellas they
FUTURO=Future
(f oo- too- rob)
Singular
Yo part-ire=I will or shall leave
(yoh) (par-ue-ray)
usted you
(ooi-uy-th)
Plural
Nosotros part-iremos=we shall leave
(noh-soh-trof ) (par-tee-ray-mm)
ustedes you
(oos-tay-des)
ellas they
(ayl-lya)
This verb will serve as a model for the present, past, and
future tenses of all the regular verbs of the third conju-
gation.
35
PARTE PRACTICA=Practical part
(par-lay) (prac-te-cah)
the office?
yo abro la oficina a las nueve=I open the office at nine
(yo) (ah-bro) (lah) (o-fee-thea-nah) (ah) (labs) (noo-ay-vay)
o 'clock.
cuando abre el la caja=when does he open the safe ?
(coo-an-do) (ah-bray) (ell) (lah) (kah-hah)
door?
ella abre la puerta con la llave=she opens the door with the
(ayl-lya) (ah-bray) (lah) (poo-er-tah) (con) (lah) U-lya-T0*
key.
porque abren ellos las portezuelas de los automoviles?=why
(por-kay) (ah-brayn) (ayl-lyos) (lahs) (poor-lay-lhoo-ay-las) (day) (los) (ah-oo-lo-mo-ve-layi)
36
ellos abren las portezuelas para que suban las senoras &
(ayl-lyos) (ah-brayn) (lahs) (por-tay-Uioo-ay-las) (pah-rah) (kay) (aoo-ban) (las) (say-nyo-ras) (ah)
PASADO=Past.
(pah-sah-doh)
and ink.
ellos escribieron con yeso=they wrote with chalk.
(ayl-lyos) (es-cree-bee- ay-ron) (con) (jes-so)
typewriter.
letters ?
families?
escribieron ustedes mucho?=did you write much?
(es-cree-bee-ay-ron) (oos-tay-days) (moo-tcho)
ed.
37
FOTTJRO=Future.
(foo-too-roh)
correspondence,
ella recibira regales she will receive presents.
(ayl-lya) (retu-e- bee-ran) (ray-gah-los)
prise,
nstedes recibiran dinero=you will receive money.
(ooa-tay-days) (reth-e- bee-ran) (dee-nay-roh)
mail.
cable?
gi senor; yo recibire giros por cable=yes, indeed, I shall
<see) (say-nyor) (yoh) (reth-e- bee-ray) (hee-ros) (por) (cah-blay)
Argentine money?
no senor, yo creo que recibiremos dinero espanol=no, I,
(null) (say-nyor) (yoh) (cray-oh) (kay) (reth-e-beeray-mos) (dee-nay-roh) (es-pan-yol)
think that we shall receive Spanish money,
recibiran ellos pronto la mercancia enviada por vapor?=
(reth-e-bee-ran) (ayl-lyos) (pron-toh) (lah) (mer-can-thee-ah) (ayn-ve-ah-dah) (por) (vah-por)
39
confundir=to confound existir=to exist
(con-foon-dlr) (eks-ls-tir)
IMPERFECTO=Imperfect
(eem-per-fec-toh)
rated
<ooa-tay-th)
par=pair veintena=twenty
(par) (ray-een-tay-nah)
pareja=couple cuarentena=forty
(pah-ray-bab) (kco-ah-rayn-tay-nab)
decena=ten centenar=hundred
(day-th ay-nab) (thayn-tay-nar)
docena=dozen millar=thousand
(doh-th ay-nab) (meel-lyar)
quincena=fortnigh.t ambos=both
(kii'n-tliay-nah) (am-boi)
QUEBRADOS=Fractions
(kay-btah-doi)
mitad=half % un noveno
(mee-tath) (oon) (noh-Tiy-Doh)
A un medio
1
Ho un decimo
( oon) ( may-de-oh)
(oon) (day-tbee-mob)
% un tercio
Mi un onceavo
(oon) (tayr-thee-oh)
(oon) (on-tbay-ah-voh)
J
/4 un cuarto
(oon) (koo-ar-toh) *Az un doceavo
(oon) (dob-thay-ab-Toh)
M un quinto
( oon )( keen- toh) Mooun centesimo
V& un sexto (oon) (tnayn-tay-sec-moh)
(oon) (sayx-toh)
-1- un milesimo
Vt un septimo (oon) (mee-lay-see-moh)
(oon) (sayp-tee-moh)
% un octavo
(oon) (oc-tah-Toh) (oon) (mee-1-lyoh-nay-see-moh)
skirt; blusa=blouse ;
cinturon=belt ;
cuello de encaje=lace
(bloo-sah) (theen-too-ron) (koo-ay-1-lyoh) (day) (ayn-k*b-bay
41
sombrero=hat ; zapatos=shoes ; zapatos de charol=patent
(som-tray-roh) (thah-pah-tos) (thah-pah-tos) (day) uchah-rol)
ragTias=umbrella alhajas=jewels ; ;
alfller de brillantes^dia-
raJi-yoo-as) (al-ah-lias) (al-fee-lajr)(day) (bree-1-lian-tays)
mond pin ;
collar de perlas=pearl necklace pendientes=ear ;
(coh-l-lyar) (day) (payr-las) (payn-dee-ayn-teg)
42
VIERNES=Friday
(vl-er-nes)
Infinitive
Transportaci6n= Transportation
(trana-por-tahlb-e-on)
coche=carriage medas=wlieels
(coh-tchay) (roo-ay-das)
tranvia=tramcar trole=trolley
(tran-vi-ah) (troh-lay)
buqne=ship mastiles=masts
(boo-kay) (mas-tee-lays)
rapor^steamship helice=propeller
" "
(tah-por) (aylcth-ay)
bote=boat timon=rudder
(boh-toy) (tee-mon)
bicicleta=bicyele pedales=pedals
(be-th-e-clay-tah) (pay-dah-lays)
motocicleta=motorcycle freno=brake
<ffiob-tohth-e-clay-tah) (fray-nob)
43
areoplano=aeroplane motor=engine
(ah-ray-o-plah-noh) (moh-tor)
hidroplano=hydroplane velas=sails
(e-droh-plah-noh) (ray-las)
lccomotora=locomotive remos=oars
(loh-coh-moh-toh-rah) (ray-mos)
1 primero=first 7 septimo=seventh
(pree-may-roh) (sayp-tee-moh)
2 segrmdo=second 8 octavo=eighth
Uay-goon-doh (oc-tah-voh)
3 tercero=third 9 noveno=ninth
(tayr-thaj-roh) (no-way-noh)
4 cuarto=fourth 10 decimo=tenth
(coo-ar-toh) day-thee-moh)
5 quinto=fifth 11 undecimo=eleventh
(ken-toh) (oon-dayth-e-moh)
6 sexto=sixth 12 duodecimo=twelfth
(sajx-tob) (doo-oh-dayth-e-moh)
EJEMPLO=Example
(aj-hem-plo)
44
Usted es Americano=you are an American (inherent)
(oos-tay-th) (es) (ah-may-ree-cah-no)
PRESENTE=Present
(pry-ayn-tay)
Singular
Plural
nosotros fuimos=we were
(noh-soh-tros) (foo-e-rnos)
'
ustedes
(oos-tay-days)
ellos
(ayl-lyos) were
ellas
layl-lyai) J
PUTURO=Future
(foo-too-roh)
Singular
Yo sere=I will or shall be
(yob) (lay-ray)
ustedes son fuertes=you are strong.
(oos-tay-days) (son) (foo-ayr-tays)
empires ?
The verb "Ser" is compounded with a past participle to
form the passive voice. The participle must agree with the
subject in gender and number.
EJEMPLOS=Examples
(ay-baym-plos)
him.
ustedes son conocidos en los negocios=you are known in
(oos-tay-days) (son) (coh-nob-thee-dos) (ayn) (los) (nay-goth-e-os)
business,
ellos son vistos a grande distancia=they are seen at a great
(ayl-lyos) (son) (vees-tos) (ah) (gran-day) (dia-tan-thee-ah)
distance.
47
ellas son ovacionadas en el Teatro=they received an ovation
(Wl-ljas) (son) oh-vah-thee-o-nadas) (ayn)
( (ell) ( tay-ah-tro)
in the theatre
estar=to be estando=bemg estado=been
(et-Ur) (es-tan-doh) its-tah-doh)
PRESENTE=Present
(pray-sayn-tay)
Singular
Yo estoy=I am
(es-toh-e)
(yoh)
usted
FUTURO=Future
(foo-too-rohl
Yo estare=I shall be
(yoh)(-th-ry)
nsted
(oo3-tayth)
el
(ell)
eUa '
(ayl-lyah)
si senor; yo estuve varias veces en Espafia Inglaterra y
(see) (say-nyor) (yo) (estoo-vay) (vah-re-ahs) (vayth-ays) (aj'n) (es-pah-nyah) (en-glah-tayr-ra) (ee)
brother yesterday?
no senor; yo estuve todo el dia en la aduana=no, I passed
(noh) (say-nyor) (yoh) (es-too-vay) (toh-doh) (ayl) (de-ah) (ayn) (lab) (ah-dooah-nah)
the day in the custom house,
estuvieron ellos elocuentes?=were they eloquent?
(ea-too-ve-ay-ron) (ayl-lyos) (ay-loh-coo-ayn-tes)
EJEMPLOS=Examples.
( ay-hay m-ploa)
50
AUMENTATIVOS Y DIMINUTIVOS=Augmentatives and
(dee-mee-noo-tee-?03)
(ah-oo-mayn-tah-tee-vos) (ee)
Diminutives.
EJEMPLOS=Examples.
(ay-baym-Plos)
EJEMPLOS=Examples.
(ay-haym-plot)
llbro=book librito=pretty;
little book librillo=small book
;
(iee-broh) (lee-bree-toh) (lee-breel-lyo)
51
railway guard or flagman; casica=lovely little house; mesa
(cah-see-cah) (may-sah)
body.
cabeza=head boca=mouth dedos==fingers
(cah-bay-thah) (bob-cab) (day-doa)
Telegrafo=telegraph sage
(tay-iaj -grab-fob)
= Telegrama=telegram
Telegrafo sin hilos wireless uaj-iay-grah-mah)
uay-ia> -grah-foh> (sen) <e-i<*)
Areograma=areogram
telegraph Ureo-grab-mah)
Cable=cable Cablegrama=cablegram
(cah-blay) (cah-blay-grah-iuah)
Papel=paper Sobre=envelope
(pah-payl) (soh-bray)
ALOJAMIENTOS=Lodgings
(ab-loh-hah-me-ayn-tos)
Hotel=hotel ; garage==garage ;
cama=bed
(o-tayl) (gah-rah-hay) (cah-mah)
Fonda=hotel ;
habitaciones=rooms ; comedor=dining room
(fon-dah) (ah-be-tah-thee-o-nays) (coh-may-dor)
Restaurant=restaurant ;
cubierto=table d'hote;
(rays-tab-oo-rant) (coo-be-ayr-toh)
drink)
Comida=meal a ;
la carta=a la carte ;bano=bath
(cob -me -dab) (ah)llali) (car-tab) (bah-iiyo)
Fension=pension ;
menu=menu ; mesa=table
(pen-ae-on) (maj-noo) (may-&ah)
53
Aduana custom-house ; registro=inspection
(aU-doo-ab-nab) ( ray-bees- troh)
Estacion=station ;
anden =platf orm ;
billete=ticket
(es-tah-thee-on) (an-dayn) ibe-l-lytth-tay)
EJEMPLOS=Examples
(ay-hem-plos)
54
PRESENTE=Present
(pray-sayn-tay)
Singular
yo he=I have
(yob) (ay)
ellos ban pintado paisajes bonitos=they have painted beau-
(ayl-lyos) (an) (peen-tah-doh) tpah-e-sah-iies) (boh-ne-tos)
tiful landscapes,
ellas ban tocado el piano=they bave played tbe piano.
(ayl-lyas) (an) (toh-cah-dob) (ayl) (pe-ah-uoh)
EJEMPO=Examples.
(ay-haym-ploi)
56
ellas han de llamar a Elenita=they have to call Nelly
(yl-lyas) (an) (day) Cl-ljah-mar) (ah) (ay-lay-ne-tah)
PRESENTE=Present
(pray-sayn-tay)
Singular
Yo tengo=I have
(yob) (ten-gob)
^
usted
FUTURO=Future
(foo-too-roh)
Singular
PARTE COLOQUIAL=Conversational part
(par-lay) (coh-loh-ke-al)
PASADO=Past.
(pah-sah-doh)
EJEMPLO=:Exaniple.
(ay-haym-plos)
59
tener miedo=to be afraid. tener hambre=to be hungry.
(tay-ner) (mee-ay-doh) (tay-ner) (am-bray)
CONDICIONAL=Conditional
(con-dee-thee-oh-nal)
Example.
Yo, listed amaria; nosotros amariamos; ustedes amarian=
(yoh) (oos-tay-th) (ah-mah-ri-ah) (noh-soh-tros) ( ah-mah-reeah-mos) (oos-tay-days) (ah-mah-ree-
a)
slowly.
QUE HORA
(oh-rah)
(kay)
ES?==What
(es)
time is it?
60
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS=Comparatives and
(com-pah-rah-tee-vos) (ee) (soo-payr-lah-tee-vos)
Superlatives.
There are three degrees of comparision, el positivo=the
(ayl) (poh-see-tee-voh)
=the superlative.
The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in
its simplest form.
The comparative degree of an adjective is that modifica-
tion of it by means of which we show that one thing has
more of a quality than another.
The comparative degree is formed by placing one of the
adverbs mas=more ; menos=less ; or tan=as ; before the ad-
(mas) (may-nos) (tan)
jective.
EJEMPLOS=Examples.
(ay-haym-plos)
bonito=pretty ;
mas bonito=prettier ;
menos bonito=less
(boh-nee-toh) (mas) (boh-nee-toh) (may-nos) (boh-nee-toh)
EJEMPLOS=Examples.
(ay-haym-plos)
limpio=clean
(leem-pee-oh)
; muy(leem-pee-oh)
limpio=very clean limpisimo=cleanest.
(leem-pee-see-moh)
;
(moo-ee)
oscuro=dark muy oscuro==very dark O3curistmo=darkest
; ; ;
(os-cooh-roh) (moo-ee) (os-coo-roh) (os-coo-ree-see-moh)
62
DOMINGO=Sunday
(doh-min-goh)
a letter
Fecha=Date
(fay-tchah)
Encabezamientos^Head lines
(en-cah-bay-thah-mee-en-toa)
Senor; Senores=Mr. ;
Messrs.
(say-nyor) (say-nyor-es)
(say-ui'O-rah) (say-nyo-re-tah)
mio
(mee-oh)
Muy Senor =Dear Sir
(moo-e) (aay-nyor) nuestro
I (noo-es-tro)
mios
(mee - 8)
Muy Senores-
(moo-e) (say-nyor-es)
=Dear Sirs; Gentlemen
(noo-es-troe)
f mia
(mee - ah)
Muy Senora \ =Madam; Dear Madam
(moo-e) (say-nyo-rah) I
nUBStrSi
L (noo-es-trah)
senora
(say-nyo-rah)
Distinguida -
=Madam
(dls-Un-go-dah) senorita
(sj-nyo-ree-tah).
63
distingnido distinguished
(dis-tin-gee-doh)
*"
apreciado *
appreciated
(ah-pray-the-ah-doh)
'
of my highest consideration
Sirvase senora aceptar mis mas respetuosos saludos=Kindly
(sir-iah-saj) (say-nyo-rah) ah-thayp-tar) (mil) (mas) (res-pay-too-oh-aoa) (aab-loo-doc)
(
64
Below will be found the conjugations in the Present,
Past, and Future tenses of the Indicative Mood of the most
frequently used irregular verbs.
Eacer=to make, to do
(th-er)
Presente
(pnr-MB-tw)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
Future
(foo-too-roh)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah -sab -dob)
Futuro
(foo-too-rob)
65
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
Future
(foo- too -roll)
vendran
(ven-dran)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
yo doy ; usted da ;
nosotros damos ;
ustedes dan
(yoh) (doh-e) (oos-tayth) (dah) (noh-soh-troa) (dah-mos) (oos-tay-des) (dan)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
. Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
66
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-aab-doh)
Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
Presente
(pray-aen-Uy)
Pasado
(pah-sab-doh)
Future
(foo-too-roh)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
pensaran
(pen-eab-ran)
(an-dan-doh) (au-dah-dob)
67
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
anduvieron
(an-doo-vee-ay-ron)
Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
andaran
(an-dah-ran)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
yo juegfo ;
usted juega nosotros jugamos
; ;
ustedes juegan
(job) (hoo-ay-doh) (oos-tayth) (hoo-ay-gah) (noh-soh-tros) (hoo-gah-mos) (ooa-tay-dea) (hoo-y-gn|
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
jugaran
(hoo-gah-ran)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-sah-doh)
68
Futuro
(foo-too-roh)
sentir&n
(sen -tee -ran)
Presente
(pray-sen-tay)
Pasado
(pah-aah-doh)
Futuro
(foo-to-roh)
ively for the first and third person singular, and first and
third person plural.
Model for the conjugation of the reflexive verbs:
vestirse=to dress oneself; vistiendose=dressing oneself j
(ves-teer-say) (vis-tee-ea-doh-say)
vestidose=dress oneself.
(res-tee-doh-say)
(pray-sen-tay)
se visten
(sayHvis-tayn)
69
Pasado
(pah-Bab -dob)
se vistieron
(say) (vis-tee-eron)
Future
(foo-too-roh)
ustedes se vestiran
(oos-tay-des) (say) (ves-tee-ran)
Imperative mood:
Deme=give me; Enseneme=show me; Excuseme=excuse
(day-may) (ensay-nyay-may (ex-coo-say-may) )
me
Traigame=bring me; Digame=tell me; Sientese=be seated
<trah-e-gah-may) (dee-gah-may) (see-en-tay-say)
POLITE PHRASES
En que puedo servir a Usted?=What can I do for you?
(en) (Say) (poo-ay-do) (ser-veer) (ah) (oos-tayth)
Sirvase=Please
(seer-vah-say)
PRESENTACIONES=Introductions
(pray-sen-tah-thee-oh-nes)
<?lad of
t the opportunity of knowing you, madam; Espero que
(es-pay-roh)fkay)
tal vez en otra ocasion tengamos el gusto de saludarnos=I
(tal) (vay-th) (en) (oh-trah) (oh-cah-aee-on) (ten-gah-mos) (ayl) (goos-toh) (day) (sah-loo-dar-nos)
duinbre=an uncertainty.
doom-bray)
(kay) (ace)
first person plural; and, en, for the third person plural
lar; amos, for the first person plural; and an, for the third
person plural.
Examples: comer=to eat; que yo coma=that I may
(ceh-mayr) (kay)lyoh) (cob -man)
eat ; que usted, el, ella coma=that you, he, she may eat ; que
(kay) (oos-tayth) (ell) (ayl-lyah) (coh-mah) (kay)
71
cscriba=that I may write; que usted, el, ella escriba=that
<ays-cre-bah) (kay) los3-taylh)(eU)(ayl-lyaa)(ays-cree-bah)
may write.
the subjunctive.
son singular ; ieramos, or, iesemos, for the first person plural,
and, ieran, or iesen, for the third person plural.
Examples vender=to sell si yo vendiera, or, vendiese
:
;
72
LECTURA=Reading
74
Despues de esta epoca viene la regeneracion espanola
qtie se vigorizaen nuestros dias, no obstante fue iuterrum-
pid a intervalos por las guerras civil y de Africa y con el
o
ENCICLOPEDIA GEOGRAFICA
de los
PAISES HISPANOS
ARGENTINA ARGENTINA
Es una grande y opulenta na- a vast and opulent country
Is
ci6n sudamericana, con un area of South America, with a total
total de 1.114.000 millas cuadra- area of 1,114,000 square miles; it
das; conflna al N. con Bolivia; is bounded on the N. by Bolivia;
al E. con Paraguay, Brasil, Uru- on the E. by Paraguay, Brazil,
guay y el Atlantico; al S. con el Uraguay, and the Atlantic; on
oceano Antartico; y al O. con the S. by the Antartic ocean;
los Andes. and on the W. by the Andes.
Granos europeos y frutas in- European grains and fruits
cluyendo la vid, ban sido intro- including the vine, have been
ducidos y se cultivan con gran introduced/ and are cultivated
gxito en la mayor parte de la with great success in most parts
republica; durante el afio 1912- of the republic; during the year
13 la producci6n subi6 a la enor- 1912-13 the production of wheat
me cantidad de 5.400.000 tonela- amounted to the enormous quan-
das de trigo; 1.130.000 toneladas tity of 5,400,000 tons; linseed
de lino; y 1.682.000 toneladas de to 1,130,000 tons; and oats to
cebada. La Argentina ha llega- 1,682,000 tons. The Argentine
do a ser en la exportaci6n de has become one of the chief,
trigo una de las primeras nacio- wheat exporting countries of the
nes del mundo. Innumerables world. Countless herds of cat-
manadas de ganado vacuno y tle, horses and flocks of sheep
caballar, y rebanos de ovejas are pastured on the fertile pam-
pastorean en las fe>tiles pam- pas where they yield abundant
pas donde se multiplican con increase.
gran rapfdez. Gold, silver, nickel, copper, tin
Oro, plata, nfquel, cobre, es- lead, and iron, besides marble,
tano, plomo y hierro ademas de jasper, and precious stones are
75
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Eispanos
(Continuacion)
76
Enciclopedia Oeografica de los Paises Hispanos
(Oontinuacion)
BOLIVIA BOLIVIA
Republica Sudamericana, con Is a republic of South Amer-
uu area total de 515.000 millas ica, with a total area of 515,000
cuadradas; confina al N. con el square miles. It is bounded on
Peru; al E. con el Brasil y Pa- the N. by Peru; on the E. by
raguay; al S. con la Republica Brazil and Paraguay; on the S.
Argentina y Chile; y al O. con el by the Argentine Republic and
Peru y Chile. Chile; and on the W. by Peru
Trigo, maiz, cebada, alubias y and Chile.
patatas BO producen para el Wheat, maize, barley, beans,
consumo local, el caffi se culti- and potatoes are produced for
va principalmente para la ex- local consumption. Coffee is rais-
portacifin, el azucar de cafia, la ed chiefly for export. Sugar cane,
goma, el cacao, y la canela son rubber, cinnamon, and cocoa are
importantes productos y BU pro- important products whose yield
duccioii aumenta. La cria de is increasing. Cattle, sheep, and
ganado, de ovejas y de llamas llamas are extensively bred.
ee hace extensivamente. Bolivia Bolivia has great mineral
tiene una gran riqueza mineral
wealth, In silver, copper, tin,
en plata, cobre, estafio, plomo,
zin, antimonio, bismuto, oro, bo- lead, zinc, antimony,
bismuth,
rax y sal. La exportacifin mi- gold, borax, and salt. The min-
neral de Bolivia en el ano 1912 eral exports of Bolivia for the
fu 27.513.000 pesos oro ameri-
year 1912 were $27,513,000. The
cano. La poblac!6n estimada es
2.450.000 almas. El comercio ex- population Is estimated at about
terior en 1911 ascendi6 a 54.- 2,450,000 souls. The foreign
991.006 pesos oro, de los cuales trade in 1911 amounted to $54,-
22.764.849 pesos fueron impor- of which
991,006 $22,764,849
taciones y 32.226.157 pesos fue-
ron exportaciones. La Paz es were Imports and $32,226,157
la capital y la Ciudad mas im- were exports. The capital and
portant. largest city Is La Paz.
COLOMBIA COLOMBIA
Republica situada en la parte Is a republic situated In the
noroeste de la America del Sur, Northwestern part of South
con un area total de 473.202 mi- America, with a total area of
lias cuadradas. La superncie del 473,202 square miles. The sur-
pals es variada, altfsimas monta- face of the country is varied;
fias ocupan el oeste y grandes lofty mountains occupying the
planicies de tierras. bajas se ex- west, and vast low lying plains
tienden por el este. El clima the east. The climate ranges
varia desde el frio de las mon- from mountain cold with enow
77
Enciclopedia Geograflca de los Paises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
tafias con nieve y hielo & las and Ice, to southern tropical
condiciones del trfipico meridio- conditions.
nal. Among the natural mineral
Entre BUS productos minerales products are gold, silver, iron,
hay oro, plata, hierro, cobre, plo- copper, lead, coal, sulphur, zinc,
mo, carb6n, azufre, zin, antimo- antimony, arsenic, cinnabar,
nio, arse"nico, cinabrio, sal de ro- rock-salt, crystal, granite, mar-
ca, cristal, granito, marmol, ama- ble, amenthysts, rubies, and
tistas, rubies y jaspe. Mucho del jasper. Much of the world's
platlno del mundo se ha obteni- platinum is obtained from upper
flo del alto San Juan. Las fa- San Juan. The famous emerald
mosas minas de csmeraldas del mines of Muzo are leased by
Muzo ban sido arrendadas por the government to an English
el goblerno & un slndicato inglfis. The population is
syndicate.
La poblacidn estimada es 5.032.- estimated at about 5,032,000
000 almas. El comercio exterior
de Colombia en 1911 ascendi6 a souls. The foreign trade of
la suma de $40.484.762 pesos oro Colombia in 1911 amounted to
americano, de los cuales $18.- $40,484,762 of which $18,108,863
108.863 pesos fueron importa-
were imports and $22,375,899
ciones y $22.375.899 pesos ex-
portaciones. La capital es Bo- were exports. The capital it
gota. Bogota.
CUBA CUBA
La mayor de las Antillas, si- the largest of the West
Is
tuada a la entrada del Golfo de Indies Islands and is situated at
M6jico. Con un area de 45.872 the entrance to the Gulf of Mex-
millas cuadradas. El suelo do ico. Its area is 45,872 square
la "Perla de las Antillas" es miles. The soil of the "Pearl
maravillosamente rico. Entra of the Antilles" is marvelously
BUS productos tiene azucar de rich. Among the products are
cana, tabaco, arroz, algod6n, y sugar-cane, tobacco, rice, maise,
frutas tropicales, incluyendo la cotton, and tropical fruits, in-
naranja, el coco, la banana, la cluding oranges, cocoanuts, ba-
guayaba, y la piua. La riqueza nanas, guabas, and pine-apples.
mineral de Cuba es grande en The mineral wealth of Cuba is
minas de cobre. La poblaci6n largely in the copper mines. The
estimada es 2.224.000 almas. La population is estimated to be
capital es Havana y el comercio about 2,224,000 souls.The capi-
exterior de Cuba en 1911 ascen- tal Havana and the foreign
is
di6 a 236.319.087 pesos oro, de trade of Cuba in 1911 amounted
los cuales 113.433.135 pesos fue- $236,319,087 of which $113,433,-
ron importaciones y 122.885.952 135 were imports and $122,885,-
pesos fueron exportaciones. La 952 were exports. The output
producci6n de azucar bruto, en of raw-sugar for the year 1912
el ano 1912 fu6 estimada en mas was estimated to be over 1,850,-
de 1.850.000 toneladas. 000 tons.
CHILE CHILE
Republica sudamericana con Is a republic of South Amer-
un area total de 307.620 millas ica, whosetotal area is 307.620
cuadradas. Confina al N. con el square miles. It is bounded on
Peru; al E. con Bolivia y con la the N. by Peru; E. by Bolivia
Republica Argentina y al S. y and the Argentine Republic; S.
O. con el Oceano Paclfico. and W. by the Pacific Ocean.
Chile central es fertil, en la Central Chile is fertile; in the
parte Sur la tierra generalmen- southern portions generally the
te es pobre, aunque el suelo de land is poor, but the soil of the
los valles doude pastan grandes valleys, where large herds of
79
Encyclopedia Geografica de los Poises Eispanos
(Continuacion)
ECUADOR ECUADOR
Reptiblica sudamericana situa- a republic of South Amer-
Is
da en la zona ecuatorial de la situated in the equatorial
ica,
costa del Pacfflco, con un area belt on the Pacific coast. The
total de 122.950 millas cuadra- total area is 122,950 square miles,
das incluyendo las islas de los including the Galapagos Islands.
Galapagos. Las regiones altas In the higher regions it is rough
son escarpadas y frias no obs- and cold, but in great part, the
tante gran parte de los valles elevated valleys, as'that of Quito,
elevados como el de Quito, el have a delightful climate. The
clima es delicioso. Los princi- chief products are potatoes, bar-
pales productos son, patatas, ce- ley, wheat and fruits. In the
bada, trigo y frutas, en las re- lower regions all the food pro-
giones bajas crecen todos los ducts of the tropical zone, cacao,
productos del suelo tropical co- coffee, sugar, etc. are grown.
co, cacao, caf, azucar, etc. The existence of petroleum
80
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Faises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
EL SALVADOR SALVADOR
Republica centroamericana en Is a republic of Central Amer-
la costa del Pacifico entre Gua- ica, situated on the Pacific Coast
temala y Honduras. Su area es between Guatemala and Hondu-
7.225 millas cuadradas. Su sue- ras. The area is 7,225 square
lo es extremadamente fertil. Los miles. The soil is remarkably
principales productos de expor- fertile. The chief exports are cof-
tacion son, cafe, plata, azucar, fee, silver, raw sugar and leath-
y cueros. La capital es San er. The capital is San Salvador
Salvador. El comercio exterior
The foreign trade in 1911 a-
en 1911 ascendid & 13.796.679 pe-
mounted to $13,796,679 of which
sos, de los cuaies 5.390.370 pesos
fueron importaciones y 8.406.309 $5,390,370 were imports and $8,-
pesos fueron exportaciones. La 406,309 were exports. The popu-
poblaci6n estimada es 1.700.000 lation is estimated to be about
aimas. 1,700,000 souls.
81
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanos
(Contimiacion)
fle las islas son pequefias, las er portion of the islands are
importantes son menos de doce small; the important islands are
en numero. El suelo es muy fer- less than a dozen in number.
til y es probable que el area en The soilis very fertile and it
cultivacion pueda ser aumentada is probable that the area under
mucho, las islas pueden soportar cultivation could be very largely
una poblaci6n de 40 millones de increased and that the Islands
habitantes. Las Islas Filipinas could support a population of 40
tienen una gran riqueza mineral million inhabitants. The Philip-
pero casi nada se ha hecho en pine Islands have a very large
direcci6n de desenvolverla. Los mineral wealth but very little
principales productos son, arroz, has been attempted in the direc-
maiz, azucar, tabaco y cacao, tion of developing it. The chief
ganado, vacuno, cabras y ovejas products, are rice, corn, sugar,
ban sido introducidos da espafia tobacco, cocoanuts, and cocoa;
pero no sou numerosos. La prin- cattle, goats and sheep have
cipal bestia de carga es el cara- been introduced from Spain but
bao que se usa para arar los they are not numerous. The
campos de arroz y para tiro de principal beast of burden is the
arrastre y carga. carabao, or water buffalo, which
El arcipielago fue" cedido por is used for plowing rice fields,
Espaiia a los Estados Unidos as well as for drawing heavy
medlante el pajjo de 20 millones loads on sledges or on carts.
de pesos oro. La poblaci6n se The archipelago was ceded by
estima en 9 millones de almas. Spain to the United States which
El comercio exterior C.e las Islas
made a payment of $20,000,000
to Spain. The population is es-
Filipinas en 1911 ascendi6 a 104.- timated about nine million
at
869.816 pesos oro, de los cuales souls. The foreign trade of the
64.549.980 pesos fueron importa- Philippine Islands in 1912
ciones y 50.319.836 pesos fueron
amounted to $104,869,816 of
which $54,549,980 were imports
exportaciones. Manila es la ca- and $50,319,836 were exports.
pital. The capital is Manila.
ESPANA SPAIN
Reino europeo situado en el Is a kingdom situated in the ex-
extreme suroeste de Europa, treme south-western part of Eu-
comprende once trece partes de rope. It comprises about eleven-
la peninsula Ibrica, ademas, las thirteenths of the Iberian Pen-
Islas Baleares, las Islas Cana- insula, in addition to the Balea-
rias y la estaci6n fortfficada de ric Islands, the Canary Islands
Ceuta en la costa de Marruecos and the fortified Station of Ceu-
opuesta & Gibraltar. El area to on the Moroccan Coast, oppo-
82
Enciclopedia Geogrdflca de los Paises Kicpanos
(Continuaci6n)
83
Enciclopedia Geografiea de los Poises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
GUATEMALA GUATEMALA
Republica centroamericana, Is a republic of Central Amer-
confina con Mejico, Honduras, ica. It is bounded by Mexico,
San Salvador y con el Oceano Honduras, San Salvador and the
Pacffico, su area es 48.990 millas Pacific Ocean. Its area is 48.990
cuadradas. El pals es extrema- square miles. The country is
mente montanoso. El clima es exceedingly mountainous. The
teniplado en las mesetas, que climate is temperate on the
forman una considerable por- table-land which forms a consid-
cion del estado. El suelo gene- erable portion of the state. The
ralmente es de gran fertilidad y soil generally is of great fertili-
produce, maiz, trigo, arroz, cafe, ty, producing maize, wheat, rice,
algod6n, tabaco, azucar, legum- coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugar, ve-
bres y gran variedad de frutas getables, and tropical fruits In
tropicales. Los recursos mine- great variety. The mineral re-
rales son en oro, plata, plomo, sources are, gold, silver, lead,
carb6n, marmol y azufre. La coal, marble and sulphur. The
poblaci6n se estima en 2 millo- population is estimated to be
nes de almas. El comercio exte- about 2 million souls. The
rior de Guatemala en 1911 ascen- foreign trade of Guatemala in
di6 a 17.496.145 pesos oro, de los 1911 amounted to $17,496,145 of
cuales 6.514.421 pesos fueron im- which $6,514,421 were imports
portaciones y 10.981.724 fueron and $10,981,724 were exports.
exportaciones. La capital es The capital Is Guatemala la
Guatemala la Nueva. Nueva.
84
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanog
(Continuacion)
HONDURAS HONDURAS
Republica centroamericana si- a republic of Central Amer-
Is
tuada en el Golfo de Mejico. Es ica, situated on the Gulf of
generalmente montanosa, tenien- Mexico. It is generally moun-
do 500 millas de costa maritima
en la que posee excelentes puer- tainous, has 500 miles of coast
tos. Sus principales productos line and possesses excellent
son, bananas, tabaco, azucar y ports. The principal products are
caf6. Los recursos minerales bananas, tobacco, sugar and cof-
son de alguna importancia, el fee. The mineral resources are
valor de la producci6n de oro of some importance. The value
asciende a 250.000 pesos anua- of the gold production amounts
les. El comercio exterior en to $250,000 annually. The foreign
1911 ascendio a 6.585.665 pesos
trade in 1911 amounted to $6,-
oro, de los cuales 3.560.939 pesos
fueron importaciones y 3.024.726 585,665 of which $3,560,939 were
pesos fueron exportaciones. La imports and $3,024,726 were ex-
poblacion se estima en 554.000 ports. The population is esti-
almas. La capital es Tagucigal- mated to be about 554.000 souls.
pa. The capital is Tagucigalpa.
MEJICO MEXICO
Extensa reptiblica norteameri- a very extensive republic
Is
cana situada entre los Estados of North America lying between
Unidos y Guatemala. Su area the United States and Guate-
de 767.000 millas cuadradas con- mala. Its area of 767,000 square
siste en su mayor parte en una miles, consists for the most part
elevada meseta cruzada por al- of an elevated table land tra-
tas montanas. Su clima es va- versed by high mountains. Its
riado, en la altiplanicie, es uni- climate is diverse. That of the
forme de perpetua primavera, en tableland is equable, of perpet-
las montafias es frio y la costa ual spring. The mountains are
baja y pantanosa tiene un clima cold, while the coast, low and
tropical malsano. swampy, has a climate tropical
Sus depfisitos minerales son and unhealthful.
muy importantes en oro, plata, Its mineral deposits are very
cobre y plomo, algunas de sus important in gold, silver, copper,
minas estan en explotaci6n des- and lead; some of its mines have
de epocas remotas pareciendo been worked from an early date
ser inagotables, el campo de pe- and seem inexhaustible. Its pe-
troleo es exteuso, siendo algu- troleum are also exten-
fields
nos de sus pozos famosos por su sive. Some
of the wells are
gran capacidad. famous for their great capacity.
La principal ocupaci6n es la The chief occupation is agri-
agricultura y ganaderia. Los culture and stock raising. The
85
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Poises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
NICARAGUA N1CARAGUA
Repfiblica centroamericana, se Is a republic of Central Amer-
extiende desde el mar Caribe al ica, extending from the Carib-
Oceano Pacffico, entre Costa Ri- bean Sea to the Pacific Ocean,
ca y Honduras; su area es 49.- between Costa Rica and Hondu-
200 millas cuadradas. Espesos ras. Its area is 49,200 square
oosques cubren grandes areas miles. Extensive areas are co-
abundando en ellos, la caoba, el vered by dense forests, includ-
palo de rosa, el palo de tinte, la ing, mahogany, rose wood, log
goma y otros arboles que pro- wood, india rubber and other
ducen maderas crnamentales. trees that yield ornamental
Grandes manadas de ganado se woods. Large herds of cattle
multiplican en los extensos pia- are bred on the extensive plains
nos de la meseta central. El ri- of the central plateau. The rich
co suelo en cultivacifin en la re- Eoil of the cultivated western
gi6n occidental, produce maiz, region yields, maize coffee, co-
caf6, cacao, azucar, algodon a- coa, sugar, cotton, rice, tobacco
rroz, tabaco y frutas tropicales. and tropical fruits.
La construcci6n de un canal The construction of a canal
atraves de Nicaragua que conec- across Nicaragua conuectiiit; the
86
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Eispanos
(Continuacion)
PANAMA PANAMA
Reptiblica centroamericana, Is a Central American republic.
antes de su secesi6n en 1903 for- Prior to its secession in 1903 it
maba parte de Colombia. Su was a part of Colombia. Its
area es 31.571 millas cuadradas. area is 31,571 square miles. The
La republica ocupa el istmo de republic occupies the Isthmus of
Panama y BUS productos son si- Panama and its products are si-
milares a los del norte de Co- milar to those of Northern Co-
lombia. Su importancia es de- lombia. Its importance is due
bida al canal interoceanico que to the Interoceanic canal which
se extiende desde el puerto arti- extends from the artificial port
ficial de Colfin en el mar Caribe of Colon on the Caribbean Sea
a la ciudad de Panama, que es to the city of Panama, situated
la capital, situada en el Paclfico, on the Pacific which is the ca-
ambas ciudades estan unidas por pital, both towns are connected
un ferrocarril que es una de las by a railway which is one of the
grandss vlas del comercio inter- great international highways of
cioual. La poblacifin se estima trade. The population is esti-
en 420.000 almas. El comercio mated to be about 420,000. The
exterior en 1911 ascendi6 a 11.- foreign trade in 1911 amounted
774.120 pesos oro, de los cuales to $11,774,120 of which $10,020,-
10.020.070 pesos fufiron importa- 070 were imports and $1,754,050
ciones y 1.754.050 pesos fu6ron were exports.
exportaciones. PANAMA CANAL
CANAL DE PANAMA In the year 1528 the idea of
En el ano 1528 la idea de la a ship canal across the isthmus
construccio'n de un canal atra- was already entertained. In 1551
ves del Istmo fu6 ya tomada en a memorial was presented to
consideracifin. En 1551 fu6 pre- Philip II king of Spain urging
gentado un memorial 4 Felipe II that work be undertaken with
87
Enciclopedia Ceo'rafica de los Paises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
PARAGUAY PARAGUAY
Republica sudamericana, si- Is a south american Republic,
tuada entre Bolivia, Brasil y la situated between Bolivia, Brazil,
Republica Argentina. Su area and the Argentine Republic. Its
es 98.000 millas cuadradas. Una area is 98,000 square miles. A
Cordillera de montanas la cruza mountain chain runs in the ge-
en la general direcci6n de N. a neral direction of N. to S. The
S. La parte sur es uno de los
southern portion is one of the
mas fgrtiles distritos de Sud-
america y consiste en lomas y most fertile districts of So. Ame-
suaves vertientes con rlcas pro- rica, consisting of hills and gen-
visiones de madera, y anehas tle slopes richly wooded and of
praderas que proporcionan exce- wide savannas, which afford ex-
lentes terrenos para pastes. Las cellent The
pasture ground.
industrias principales son la
principal industries are cattle
cria de ganado y el cultivo de
t. Las exportaciones incluyen raising and the cultivation of
la yerba mate 6 te del Paraguay, tea. The exports include yerba
tabaco, maderas de construcci6n mate or Paraguay tea, tobacco,
y naranjas. El comercio exte- timber and oranges. The foreign
rior en 1911 ascendi6 a 11.041.- trade in 1911 amounted to $11,-
546 pesos oro, de los cuales 6.-
041,546 of which $6,252,481 were
252.481 pesos fueron importacio-
nes y 4.789.065 pesos fueron ex- imports and $4,789,065 were ex-
portaciones. La poblaci6n se es- ports. The population is estim-
tima en 800.000 habitantes. La ated to be about 800,000. The
capital es Asuncion. capital is Asuncion.
PERU PERU
Republica marftima sudame- Is a maritime Republic of
ricana en la costa del Pacinco, south America on the Pacific
entre el Ecuador y Chile, su area coast, between Ecuador and
es 695.720 millas cuadradas. Los Chile. area is 695,720 square
Its
altos Andes se extienden en las miles. In the western and
regiones del oeste y sur y son ri- southern parts are the high An-
cos en minerales de plata y oro. des which are rich in ores of
La explotaci6n de minas se hace silver and gold. The exploita-
desde el tiempo de la conquista tion of mines has proceeded
por Pizzarro sin haberse notado from the conquest by Pizarro
disminuci6n en BUS filones. La until now without noticeable di-
extension de lineas ferreas desda minution of the resources. The
los puertos a las regiones rnon- extension of railways from the
tanosas constantemente aumen- ports into the mountain regions
tan el desenvolvimiento de va- is constantly increasing the do-
89
Enciclopedia Ceografica de los Poises Hispanos
(Contiimacion)
90
Enciclopedia Geogrufica 3e los Paises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
91
Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
URAGUAY URAGUAY
Reptiblica sudamericana en la Is a South American Repu-
costa del Atlantico entre el Bra- blic on the Atlantic coast be-
sil y Argentina. Su area es 72.- tween Brazil and Argentina. Its
110 millas cuadradas. La super- area is 72,110 square miles. The
ficie presenta una serie de gran- surface presents a series of ex-
des llanuras cruzadas ocasional- tensive plains traversed by oc-
mente por lomas de no gran ele- casional ranges of hills of no
vaci6n, en general casi despro- great elevation, the whole being
visto de arbolado. El clima es almost destitute of trees. The
remarcablemente suave y sano. climate is remarkably mild and
Sus productos son trigo, maiz, salubrious.
cebada, arroz, legumbres, lino, Wheat, maize, barley, rice
cdnamo, algod6n y azucar, tam- pulse, flax, hemp, cotton, and
bien hay frutas en abundancia. sugar are the products. Fruits
Grandes manadas de ganado ca- are in abundance. Vast droves
ballar y vacuno corren libres en of horses and horned cattle run
las fertiles pampas. El comer- wild on the fertile pampas. The
cio exterior en 1911 ascendio a foreign trade in 1911 amounted
94.005.151 pesos oro, de los cua- to $94,005,151 of which $47,687,-
les 47.687.115 fueron importacio- 115 were the imports and $46,-
nes y 46.318.936 pesos fueron 318,036 were the exports. The
exportaciones. La poblaci6n se population is estimated to be
estima en 1.045.000 habitantes. about 1,045,000. The capital is
La capital es Montevideo. Montevideo.
VENEZUELA VENEZUELA
Republica sudamericana en el Is a South American Repu-
mar Caribe, entre Colombia y el blicon the Caribbean sea, be-
Brasil. Su area es aproximada- tween Colombia and Brazil. Its
mente 400.000 millas cuadradas. area is about 400,000 square mi-
Las partes norte y meridional les. The northern and southern
son elevadas, la mayor parte del boundaries are elevated and the
interior consiste en pianos her- larger part of the interior con-
bosos que se transforman en es- sists of grassy plains changing
pesos bosques en los valles ba- to dense forests in the lower
jos del Orinoco, el cual encuen- valley of the Orinoco which finds
tra su ruta al mar atraves del its way to the sea through a
gran pantanoso delta. Las mon- vast swampy delta. The moun-
tafias de la parte occidental de tains in the western part of the
los Andes tienen valiosas minas. Andes contain valuable mines.
Los bosques del bajo Orinoco The forests of the lower Orinoco
pareceu esos del Amazonas en resemble those of the Amazon
92
Enciclopedia Geograflca de los Paises Hispanos
(Continuacion)
Spanish-English English-Spanish
A new dictionary of the Spanish and English languages.
By A. ANGELI, revised and corrected by J. MCLAUGHLIN.
TO THE STUDENT AND TRANSLATOR THIS WORK WILL BE A BENEFIT ;