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Black Oil: gas-oil ratio of 2000 standard cu. ft. (SCF)/ bbl or less
Fluids recovered from zones of retrograde and wet gases are commonly
called ‘condensates’.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds between carbon atoms.
Paraffins
Also known as alkanes, these are the most common types of hydrocarbon).
Alkanes form straight or branched (isomer) chains of atoms with the general
arrangement:
Cn H(2n + 2)
Cycloparaffins
Also known as napthenes, these form ring structures. Each component is given the
name of the corresponding paraffin, with the prefix cyclo-. They have the general
arrangement:
Cn H2n
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds between
carbon atoms.
The arrangement of unsaturated hydrocarbons can be expressed as:
Cn H(2n - 6)
Gas Line
Logging Unit Pump Chromato-
Vent
Return Mud Flow
From Well graph
Gas % TG
in air
Time
Gas % C1
in air
Time
DE2.1.5A_GAS_PRINCIPLES.PPT 22 July 2004
Gas Detection
Chromatogram
The arrival of the separated gases at the detector results in a signal that
describes a series of peaks vs. time. This chromatogram is normally
only displayed for calibration and troubleshooting purposes. Final output
is a histogram plotted for each gas, after computer processing.
No combustion of gases 4
only)
F3 F4
Non-combustible gases can be detected
Disadvantages: - +
2 10V DC 1
Extreme sensitivity to Hydrogen
High threshold of detection
Low sensitivity to hydrocarbon gases
other than methane.
DE2.1.5A_GAS_PRINCIPLES.PPT 22 July 2004
Gas Detection
Adjust 2 1
Catalytic burning process means 10k
Signal
gas/air mix does not have to be in
combustible range
Disadvantages:
Poor detector response for non-
combustible gases
Heavy HC vapors can cause
breakdown of measurement filament
DE2.1.5A_GAS_PRINCIPLES.PPT 22 July 2004
Gas Detection
-
Very low threshold of detection
Electrometer
(signal amplifier)
Polarising voltage
from regulated
Methane Equivalence
FID response is very specific to the detection of alkanes.
The FID Total Hydrocarbon Detector, which is calibrated to respond in
equivalent methane in air, thus provides a quantitative gas richness
indicator.
• Response will be specific to petroleum hydrocarbons only.
• Response will be proportional to the carbon content.
Methane equivalence is determined by applying the following equation
to the chromatographic response:
Gas Chromatograph-
Mass Spectrometer
+ FLEX Gas Trap
High reliability
Disadvantages:
Lower sensitivity than FID
Only single gases can be measured
Gas Nomenclature
Liberated Gas: Gas liberated from cuttings only
Produced gas: gas entering borehole from adjacent, undrilled strata
(related to pressure imbalance)
Recycled gas: residual gas in mud, re-circulated through mud system and
back into borehole
Contamination gas: gas entering mud stream from source other than
formation or recycling
Background gas: average or ‘baseline’ liberated gas values
Connection gas/trip gas: gas produced by swabbing effects during a
pipe connection or trip
Gas seepage
from Fractures
A B C Effect of differential
pressure where
differential is:
A: much greater
than zero
B: slightly greater
than zero
C: less than zero
Gas
DEPTH
WALL
BG
CAKE
LAG TIME
L
TOTAL
FILTRATE INVASION CIRCULATION
ZONE TIME
BG
NORMAL CONDITIONS
DEPTH
BG
LAG TIME
NORMAL CONDITIONS
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE DUE TO MUD > FORMATION PRESSURE
DEPTH
BG
BG
NORMAL CONDITIONS
Flushing of Formation
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE DUE TO MUD
EXCESSIVELY HIGH( MW / SG) COMPARED
TO FORMATION PRESSURE.
DEPTH
L : Liberated Gas
BG R : Recycled Gas
P : Produced Gas
LAG TIME
L
P TOTAL
CIRCULATION
TIME
BG P
R P
EXTRA GAS compared to gas liberated by cylinder of formation
drilled is due to PRODUCTION OF GAS FROM ADJACENT
FORMATION.
Drilled Gases
A good indicator of an increase of Pf is gas swabbed from the formation
during a trip or a pipe connection.
Effect of differential
A B C pressure on
CG CG connection gas:
CG CG A. Positive, stable
DP
CG CG
B. Positive,
CG CG
decreasing DP
CG CG
C. Negative DP
Gas
Recycled Gas
Recycled Gas
40
17 February 2000
Important gas influx
(Trip gas)
35
30
Re-injection of the
25
recycled gas
10
17 1/2”
Same amount of
gas per unit volume
of rock.
12 1/4” But different bit
size changes the
Total Gas.
6”
Influence of
Measurement Frequency
Influence of Threshold
of Measurement
Influence of Gas
Trap Mud Level
The TYPE OF MUD also affects the composition of the gas recorded.