Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames

Newton First Law

Newton’s first law of motion, sometimes called the law of inertia,
defines a special set of reference frames called inertial frames. This law can be
stated as follows:
Newton’s first law
If an object does not interact with other objects, it is possible to identify a
reference frame in which the object has zero acceleration.

It can be stated with this equation

SigmaF=0

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s first law does not say what happens for an object with zero net force,
that is, multiple forces that cancel; it says what happens in the absence of a
force.
This is a subtle but important difference that allows us to define force as that
which causes a change in the motion. The description of an object under the
effect of forces that balance is covered by Newton’s second law.

Another statement of Newton’s first law

In the absence of external forces, when viewed from an inertial reference frame,
an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion
with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).

In simpler terms, we can say that when no force acts on an object, the
acceleration of the object is zero. If nothing acts to change the object’s motion,
then its velocity does not change. From the first law, we conclude that any
isolated object (one that does not interact with its environment) is either at rest
or moving with constant velocity. The tendency of an object to resist any
attempt to change its velocity is called inertia.
Mass
Definition of mass
Mass is that property of an object that specifies how much resistance an object
exhibits to changes in its velocity, and as we learned in Section 1.1, the SI unit
of mass isthe kilogram. The greater the mass of an object, the less that object
accelerates under the action of a given applied force.
To describe mass quantitatively, we begin by experimentally comparing the
accelerations a given force produces on different objects. Suppose a force acting
on an object of mass m1 produces an acceleration a1, and the same force acting
on an object of mass m2 produces an acceleration a2. The ratio of the two
masses is defined as the inverse ratio of the magnitudes of the accelerations
produced by the force:
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Mass and weight are different Quantities

Mass should not be confused with weight. Mass and weight are two different
quantities. The weight of an object is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational
force exerted on the object and varies with location (see Section 5.5). For
example, a person who weighs 180 lb on the Earth weighs only about 30 lb on
the Moon. On the other hand, the mass of an object is the same everywhere: an
object having a mass of 2 kg on the Earth also has a mass of 2 kg on the Moon.
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Newton’s second law numbers
Newton’s first law explains what happens to an object when no forces act on it. It either
remains at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed. Newton’s second law
answers the question of what happens to an object that has a nonzero resultant force
acting on it.

We must know that the magnitude of the

acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass

the newton’s second law stated that :

When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the acceleration of an object is

directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to
its mass.
Thus, we can relate mass, acceleration, and force through the following
mathematical,

statement of Newton’s second law:

Newton’s second law component form

Definition of the newton
The SI unit of force is the newton, which is defined as the force that, when
acting on
an object of mass 1 kg, produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2. From this definition
and Newton’s second law, we see that the newton can be expressed in terms of
the following fundamental units of mass, length, and time:

The Gravitational Force and Weight

Applying Newton’s second law ma to a freely
falling object of mass m, with a=g and , we obtain
Newton’s third law
If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on
object 1:

The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in
direction. In all cases, the action and reaction forces act on different objects and
must be of the same type.

Newton’s third law. (a) The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object
2 on object 1. (b) The force Fhn exerted by the hammer on the nail is equal in
magnitude and opposite to the force Fnh exerted by the nail on the hammer.

Newton’s Third Law

This is such an important and often misunderstood concept that it will be
repeated here in a Pitfall Prevention. Newton’s third law action and reaction
forces act on different objects. Two forces acting on the same object, even if
they are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, cannot be an action–
reaction pair.

Some Applications of Newton’s Laws

Objects in Equilibrium (gambar cantumkan)
Again, note that T and Fg are not an action–reaction pair because they act on the
same object—the lamp. The reaction force to T is T(, the downward force
exerted by the lamp on the chain, as shown in Figure 5.7c. The ceiling exerts on
the chain a force T) that is equal in magnitude to the magnitude of T( and points
in the opposite direction.

Objects Experiencing a Net Force

We can now apply Newton’s second law in component form to the crate. The
only force acting in the x direction is T. Applying to the horizontal
motion gives

No acceleration occurs in the y direction. Applying yields

That is, the normal force has the same magnitude as the gravitational force but
acts in the opposite direction. If T is a constant force, then the acceleration
also is constant. Hence, the constant-acceleration equations of
kinematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain the crate’s position x and
velocity vx as functions of time. Because constant,
Equations 2.9 and 2.12 can be written as

In the situation just described, the magnitude of the normal force n is equal to
the magnitude of Fg , but this is not always the case. For example, suppose a
book is lying on a table and you push down on the book with a force F, as in
Figure 5.9. Because the book is at rest and therefore not accelerating, ,
which gives , or . In this situation, the normal force is
greater than the force of gravity. Other examples in which are presented
later.
Tamat
Contoh soal :
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2, with m1 + m2, are placed in
contact with each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface,
as in Figure 5.12a. A constant horizontal force F is applied to
m1 as shown. (A) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of
the system.
Solution Conceptualize the situation using Figure 5.12a and realizing that both
blocks must experience the same acceleration because they are in contact with
each other and remain in contact throughout the motion. We categorize this as
a Newton’s second law problem because we have a force applied to a system
and we are looking for an acceleration. To analyze the problem, we first address
the combination of two blocks as a system. Because F is the only external
horizontal force acting on the system, we have

To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceleration as that of a
single object of mass equal to the combined masses of the two blocks in Figure
5.12a and subject to the same force.
(B) Determine the magnitude of the contact force between
the two blocks.
Solution
Conceptualize by noting that the contact force is internal to the system of two
blocks. Thus, we cannot find this force by modeling the whole system (the two
blocks) as a single particle. We must now treat each of the two blocks
individually by categorizing each as a particle subject to a net force. To analyze
the situation, we first construct a free-body diagram for each block, as shown in
Figures 5.12b and 5.12c, where the contact force is denoted by P. From Figure
5.12c we see that the only horizontal force acting on m2 is the contact force P12
(the force exerted by m1 on m2), which is directed to the right. Applying
Newton’s second law to m2 gives

Substituting the value of the acceleration ax given by (1) into (2) gives

To finalize the problem, we see from this result that the contact force P12 is less
than the applied force F. This is consistent with the fact that the force required
to accelerate block 2 alone must be less than the force required to produce the
same acceleration for the two-block system.
To finalize further, it is instructive to check this expression for P12 by
considering the forces acting on m1, shown in Figure 5.12b. The horizontal
forces acting on m1 are the applied force F to the right and the contact force P21
to the left (the force exerted by m2 on m1). From Newton’s third law, P21 is the
reaction to P12, so P21 " P12 . Applying New
Substituting into (4) the value of ax from (1), we obtain

This agrees with (3), as it must.

A ball of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 are attached by a
lightweight cord that passes over a frictionless pulley of negligible
mass, as in Figure 5.15a. The block lies on a frictionless
incline of angle !. Find the magnitude of the acceleration
of the two objects and the tension in the cord.
Solution Conceptualize the motion in Figure 5.15. If m2
moves down the incline, m1 moves upward. Because the objects
are connected by a cord (which we assume does not
stretch), their accelerations have the same magnitude. We
can identify forces on each of the two objects and we are
looking for an acceleration, so we categorize this as a Newton’s
second-law problem. To analyze the problem, consider
the free-body diagrams shown in Figures 5.15b and
5.15c. Applying Newton’s second law in component form
to the ball, choosing the upward direction as positive,
yields

Note that in order for the ball to accelerate upward, it is

necessary that T + m1g. In (2), we replaced ay with a because
the acceleration has only a y component.
For the block it is convenient to choose the positive x(
axis along the incline, as in Figure 5.15c. For consistency
with our choice for the ball, we choose the positive direction
to be down the incline. Applying Newton’s second law in
component form to the block gives

In (3) we replaced ax( with a because the two objects have

accelerations of equal magnitude a. Equations (1) and (4)
provide no information regarding the acceleration. However,
if we solve (2) for T and then substitute this value for T
into (3) and solve for a, we obtain

When this expression for a is substituted into (2), we find

To finalize the problem, note that the block accelerates

down the incline only if m2 sin ! + m1. If m1 + m2 sin !,