Consolis Technical guide & product manual

CONSOLIS IN BRIEF
Consolis is the largest manufacturer of prefabricated concrete elements in Europe.
The company has more than 50 factories and operates in 11 countries: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, the
Netherlands, Estonia, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Poland.

Consolis produces a wide range of prefabricated concrete products such as floors, structures and walls.
These products are used in the construction of buildings. Consolis also makes products for infrastructure, such as
railway sleepers and structures for bridges and tunnels. In addition Consolis provides services ranging from
planning to erection of its products.

Through its market leadership and international presence, Consolis offers customers the benefits of:
◗ the latest solutions and technology transfer within the Group
◗ unique benchmarking possibilities
◗ pan-European purchasing power
◗ extensive design and engineering resources
◗ production capacity sufficient to deal with the largest projects.

Consolis works actively with environmental issues associated with construction. By prefabrication Consolis
can reduce environmental burden both during the construction period and the total building life cycle.

In 2003 Consolis had net sales of EUR 620 million and employed 5,000 employees at the year end.

Consolis was formed in December 1997 following the merger of Partek Precast Concrete and the Swedish
company Strängbetong. Consolis’ major shareholders are the Swedish private equity fund Industri Kapital, KONE
and various Finnish insurance companies. Management also has a shareholding in Consolis.

Elematic
Consolis Headquarters / Consolis Technology
Parma

Strängbetong E-Betoonelement
Spenncon

Parastek
Consolis Latvija

Betonika

DW Beton

Spanbeton
VBI
Consolis Polska

Dywidag Prefa Lysá

CONTENTS
1 General 5.2 Purlins 8.7 Balconies and terraces

1.1 Consolis potential 5.3 Rectangular beams 8.8 Grey walls

1.2 Quality guarantee 5.4 L-beams & inverted T-beams 8.9 Acotec walls

1.3 Prefabrication, when and why 5.5 SI-beams

1.4 Standards and technical 5.6 I-beams 9 Bashallen

guidelines 9.1 System description
1.5 Concrete quality 6 Hollow core slabs 9.2 TT-roof slabs
1.6 Fire resistance 6.1 Standard profiles 9.3 Façades
1.7 Performance curves 6.2 Characteristics 9.4 Details and connections
1.8 Notations 6.3 Performance curves
6.4 Structural topping 10 Façades
2 Frame structures 6.5 Precamber 10.1 Sandwich façades
2.1 Low-rise utility buildings 6.6 Diaphragm action 10.2 Cladding panels
2.1.1 Single-storey buildings 6.7 Concentrated loading 10.3 Special architectural
2.1.2 Low-rise buildings with 6.8 Openings elements
intermediate floors 10.4 Details and connections
6.9 Connections
2.1.3 Horizontal stability
6.10 Match plates
2.2 Multi-storey buildings
6.11 Production tolerances 11 Infrastructural
2.2.1 Stability projects
6.12 Handling and transport
2.2.2 Diaphragm action 11.1 Precast bridges
6.13 Erection
2.2.3 Modular design 11.2 Culverts
11.3 Railway products
7 Double-T-slabs
3 Columns 11.3.1 Railway sleepers
7.1 Standard profiles
3.1 Characteristics 11.3.2 Railway crossings
7.2 Characteristics TT-2400
3.2 Corbels 11.3.3 Railway platforms
7.3 Characteristics TT-3000
3.3 Performance curves
7.4 Performance curves TT-2400
3.4 Connections 12 Special products
7.5 Performance curves TT-3000
3.5 Tolerances 12.1 Water treatment
7.6 Connections
systems
3.6 Betemi columns
7.7 Holes and voids
12.2 Agricultural products
7.8 Production tolerances
12.3 Other special products
4 Pocket foundations 7.9 Handling and transport

13 Addresses
5 Beams 8 Residential buildings
5.1 General
8.1 Architectural freedom
5.1.1 Types
8.2 Structural systems
5.1.2 Supports
8.3 Sound insulation
5.1.3 Inserts
8.4 Bathroom floors
5.1.4 Lifting and temporary
8.5 Foundation units
storage
8.6 Stairs
5.1.5 Production tolerances
 1. GENERAL
General

1.1 CONSOLIS’ POTENTIAL

The Consolis Group is Europe's leading manufacturer of The aim of the Group is to offer its customers the most
precast concrete elements. advantageous comprehensive solutions for various types of
buildings and infrastructure projects, based on precast
◗ active in prefabrication for more than 70 years concrete products together with related services.
◗ annual production :
2
floors 7.000.000 m The strength of the Group relies on a large staff of design
3
frames 140.000 m engineers and a research laboratory to raise the quality of
2
façades 600.000 m end products and the efficiency of the construction process
◗ more than 50 production plants in 11 European countries by continually developing and applying state of the art
◗ 5000 workers and employees technologies.
◗ 250 engineers for the design of the precast structures,
working with sophisticated CAD systems and calculation To work with Consolis means to get the best solutions for
programs. your projects, in a qualitative, environmentally friendly
◗ R&D Unit with testing laboratory and staff of 25 people and price efficient way.

1.2 QUALITY GUARANTEE

Consolis precast products are synonymous with high quali-
ty. Every product mentioned in this technical guide is certi-
fied by a notified national body. Conforming to the
international standard ISO 9001 (CEN 29001), the quality
assurance of design and manufacture is based on the
principle of self control and is certified by a third party.
Consolis' internal quality control service is continuously
checking the concrete strength, positioning of the rein-
forcement and inserts, dimensions of the units and finish-
ing for every product. All data is registered in files and is
available to customers and certification bodies.

Apartment building Office building

Industrial building Sport complex

1.3 PREFABRICATION: WHEN AND WHY
To prefabricate - to precast - concrete components for var-
ious purposes is not a new method. On the contrary, it has
been used since the beginning of the twentieth century.
Prefabrication technology has continually been refined and
developed since then. Compared with traditional construc-
tion methods or other building materials, prefabrication, as
a construction method, and concrete, as a material, have a
number of positive features.
It is an industrialized way of construction, with the
inherent advantages of:
◗ High capacity - enabling the realization of important
projects
◗ Factory made products
◗ Shorter construction time - less than half of conventional
cast in-situ construction
When to use precast concrete
Most buildings are suitable for construction in precast
concrete. Buildings with an orthogonal plan are, of course,
ideal for precasting because they exhibit a degree of
regularity and repetition in their structural grid, spans,
Long line prestressing beds
◗ Independent of adverse weather conditions
General
◗ Continuing erection in Winter time until -20°C
◗ Quality surveillance system
It offers the customer the performance to fulfill all
requirements
◗ Opportunities for good architecture
◗ Fire resistant material
◗ Healthy buildings
◗ Reduced energy consumption through the ability to store
heat in the concrete mass
◗ Environmentally friendly way of building, with optimum
use of materials, recycling of waste products, less noise
and dust etc.
◗ Cost effective solutions
member size, etc. Irregular ground layouts are, on many
occasions, equally suitable for precasting. Modern precast
concrete buildings can be designed safely and econo-
mically with a variety of plans and with considerable varia-
tion in treatment of the elevations to heights up to twenty
floors and more. With the introduction of high strength
concrete, already currently used in Consolis' business
units, the sizes of load bearing columns can be reduced
to less than half of the section needed in conventional
concrete structures.
Precast concrete offers considerable scope for improving
structural efficiency. Longer spans and shallower construc-
tion depths can be obtained by using prestressed concrete
for beams and floors. For industrial and commercial halls,
roof spans can be up to 40 m and even more. For parking
garages, precast concrete enables occupiers to put more
cars on the same construction space because of the large
span possibilities and slender column sections. In office
buildings, the modern trend is to create large open spaces,
which can be split with partitions. This not only offers flexi-
bility in the building but also extends its life because of the
easier adaptability. In this way, the building retains its
commercial value over a longer period.
 1.4 STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL GUIDELINES
General
The calculation of the performance curves given in this
Technical Guide are based on the following European
Standards and Technical Guidelines:
◗ CEN European Committee for Standardization,
EN 1992-1-1 “Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures -
Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings”.
◗ CEN European Committee for Standardization,
EN 1992-1-2 "Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
- Part 1.2 General rules - Structural fire design”.
◗ CEN European Committee for Standardization, CEN/TC
229 “Precast concrete product standards”.
1.5 CONCRETE QUALITY
The concrete is usually made with normal aggregates and
grey Portland cement. For façade units, special aggregates
and white Portland cement with colour pigments may be
used. Depending on the application of the products, the
following concrete strength classes are used:
◗ Characterictic strength C 40 (Characteristic cylinder
strength fck = 40 MPa, cube strength fck = 50 MPa,
according to Eurocode 2): Prestressed beams, columns,
TT-slabs, prestressed hollow core units, …
◗ Characterictic strength C 35 (Cylinder strength 35 MPa,
cube strength 45 MPa): Products in reinforced concrete.
Shear test on hollow core slab
◗ FIP Commission on Prefabrication, "FIP
Recommendations Precast Prestressed Hollow Core
Floors", Thomas Telford Ltd, London 1988.
◗ FIP Commission on Prefabrication, "Planning and design
handbook on precast building structures", - SETO Ltd,
London 1994.
◗ fib Commission on Prefabrication, Guide to good practice
"Special design recommendations for precast prestressed
hollow core floors", fib bulletin 6.
Special units, for example columns or beams, can be made
in high strength concrete, grade C80 (Cylinder strength 80
MPa, cube strength 95 MPa). The application may be indicat-
ed to limit the weight or the construction depth of the units.
The elements are designed for an exposure class corres-
ponding to moderate exposed environmental conditions
(moderate humidity, normal frost-thaw). Design for more
severe exposure classes - like, for example, in swimming
pools - is possible.
Workability test fresh concrete
1.6 FIRE RESISTANCE

Precast building structures in reinforced and prestressed
concrete normally assume a fire resistance of 60 to 120
minutes and more. For industrial buildings, the normal
required fire resistance of 30 to 60 minutes is met by all
types of precast components without any special measure.
For other types of buildings, a fire resistance of 90 to 120
General
minutes is obtained by increasing the concrete cover on
the reinforcement. The above fire ratings are based on the
requirements set forth in Eurocode 2, Part 1-2 "Structural
fire resistance" and confirmed by a large number of fire
tests on precast concrete units in fire laboratories all over
Europe.

1.7 PERFORMANCE CURVES

The performance curves in this guide give indicative values
for the maximum admissible applicable permanent and
variable load versus span. They can be used for marketing
and preliminary dimensioning of the precast members, but
not for the final design. They are calculated according to
the requirements of the Eurocodes. The self-weight of the
components has already been taken into account. The
curves are calculated for a proportioning of 50% perma-
nent and 50% variable loading. Please contact our techni-
cal staff for other load combinations. Detailed calculations
are carried out for each project at the design stage.
The indicated performances correspond with the maximum
allowable prestressing force per unit. For the final design,
the exact prestressing force is determined for the given
loading condition, and will not always correspond with the
maximum possible prestressing. Checks for adaptations of
existing constructions at a later stage should always refer
to the final design documents and drawings. Consolis will
advise on request.

1.8 NOTATIONS
a support length
b total width cross section
bw web width
d camber
h height cross-section
l partial length
u warping
qk characteristic variable loading

fck characteristic compressive cylinder

strength of concrete at 28 days
σcd design compressive stress in the concrete
σ allowable stress

C strength class of concrete (expressed as Hall for prefabrication of hollow core slabs

cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days)

H horizontal force N axial force
L length precast unit Nd design value of axial force
Md design value of bending moment Nu ultimate axial force
Mu ultimate bending moment R standard fire resistance
 2. FRAME AND SKELETAL STRUCTURES
Frame and skeletal structures
2.1 LOW-RISE UTILITY BUILDINGS
2.1.1 Single-storey buildings
Normally, the skeleton of a single-storey industrial building
is composed of a series of basic portal frames. Each frame
comprises two columns with moment-fixed connections at
the foundations and a pin-joined roof beam. The latter can
be with either a sloped pane or a straight profile. The
Skeletal structural systems are very suitable for buildings
which need a high degree of flexibility, because of the
possibility of using large spans and to achieve open spaces
without internal walls. This is very important in industrial
buildings, shopping halls, parking structures and sporting
facilities, and also in large office buildings.
Building structure with sloped I-profile beams and TT-roof slabs
building is normally stabilized by the cantilever action of
the columns. The horizontal load action on the gable walls
can be distributed to all columns by the diaphragm action
of the roof. The distance between the portal frames is gov-
erned by the span of the roof and the façade construction.
Industrial hall during construction
The roof can be made with prestressed hollow core ele-
ments or with light TT-units or steel sheet deck. The dis-
tance between the portal frames is governed by the span
of the roof and façade construction - normally between 6
and 9 m for hollow core roof slabs and from 9 to 12 m for
light TT-roof units. When steel sheet deck is used, the dis-
tance between the portal frames can be larger - up to 12
m and even 16 m- because of the lighter weight of the
roof. Secondary beams are generally needed to support
the steel sheet deck.
Another solution for large halls is to use large span roof TT-units, the roof slope is obtained by alternating the
units supported on rows of columns and straight beams. height of the supporting beam rows. At the façades, the
The roof units are saddle TT-slabs or light TT-roof units. roof slabs can be supported on beams, or on load bearing

Frame and skeletal structures

The span of the roof units can be up to 32 m. For straight walls.

Saddle TT-roof slabs on load-bearing sandwich walls

Straight light TT roof slabs on longitudinal portal frames

 2.1.2 Low-rise buildings with intermediate floors
Frame and skeletal structures

In buildings basically constructed as single-storey struc-

tures, it may be necessary to insert intermediate floors in
some parts or in the whole building. This is commonly
achieved by adding a partly separate beam/column
assembly to carry the intermediate floor slabs.
The loads on the floors are generally much larger
than on the roof. Consequently, the spans will nor-
mally be shorter. Span A - as indicated on the
Figure - will normally be between 6 m and 18 m,
depending upon the live loads and the type of
floor slab selected. A good module for span B
is 7.20 m to 9.60 m.
A

B
2.1.3 Horizontal stability

Low-rise skeleton structures are normally stabilized through

the cantilever action of the columns. The precast columns
are fixed into the foundations with moment-resisting con-
nections. This is easily achievable in good ground or with
pile foundations. There are three basic solutions: bolted
connections, projecting reinforcement and pockets. In the
bolted connection, the column baseplate is fixed to the
foundation bars with nuts. With projecting reinforcement,
Bolted connection
projecting bars from the foundation or from the column
are fixed into grouted openings in the columns or in the
foundation respectively. In the case of pockets, the
column is fixed into the pocket with grout or concrete.

Projecting reinforcement

Pocket foundation Precast frame for papermill

The cantilever action of the columns is
used to stabilize low-rise buildings with
beam-column systems, up

Frame and skeletal structures

to about 3 floor levels.
The columns are normally
continuous for the
full height of the structure.

Horizontal forces acting on the building are

transferred through the façade to the internal
frame structure. Other horizontal actions - for
Actions and resulting moments/forces on a portal frame structure
example from overhead cranes - are taken up
directly by the columns. It is important to
spread the acting forces over all the columns in
the building to avoid different cross-sections.

Hollow core slabs

Roof
beam

Horizontal stiffness
Horizontal forces parallel to the beams are distributed
Façade
directly through the beams of the same row, whereas
forces in the transverse direction are transferred through
the in-plane action of the roof. For buildings with high
slender columns, the horizontal stiffness of the structure
can be secured by diagonal bracing between the columns
of the external bays with the help of steel rods, angles or
concrete beams.
Column

Expansion joints
Socle The design and detailing of frame structures takes into
account the dimensional dilatations due to temperature
changes, shrinkage and creep. Expansion joints are chosen
in conjunction with the length and the cross-section of the
columns. Generally, the distance between expansion joints
Pocket is not larger than 60 m. They are realized either by using
foundation
double columns or special bearing pads.
 2.2 MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS
Frame and skeletal structures

Multi-storey precast concrete frames are constructed with columns

and beams of different shapes and sizes, stair and elevator
shafts and floor slabs. The joints between the floor elements are
executed in such a way that concentrated loads are distributed
over the whole floor. This system is widely used for
multi-storey buildings.

The
structural frame
is commonly composed
of rectangular columns of one or
more storeys height (up to four storeys).
The beams are normally rectangular, L-shaped or inverted
T-beams. They are single span or cantilever beams, simply
supported and pin-connected to the columns. Hollow core floor slabs
are by far the most common type of floor slabs in this type of structure.

2.2.1 Stability

For buildings up to 3 or 4 storeys, horizontal stability may
be provided by the cantilever action of the columns. They
are normally continuous for the full height of the structure.
However, for multi-storey skeleton stuctures, braced sys-
tems are the most effective solution, irrespective of the
number of storeys. The horizontal stiffness is provided by
staircases, elevator shafts and shear walls. In this way,
connection details and the design and construction of
foundations are greatly simplified. Central cores can be
cast in-situ or precast.

Example of precast central core Building with central core and hidden beam-column connections
2.2.2 Diaphragm action

Frame and skeletal structures

In precast multi-storey buildings, horizon-
tal loads from wind or oth-
er actions are usually
transmitted to the
stabilizing elements by the di-
aphragm action of the roofs and
floors. The precast concrete floors
The tensile,
or roofs are designed to function as
compressive and
deep horizontal beams. The structural
shear forces are resisted by
central core, shear wall or other stabilizing com-
peripheral tie reinforcement of the
ponents act as supports for these analogous
floor, and grouted longitudinal joints.
beams with the lateral loads being transmitted to them.

2.2.3 Modular design

Modulation is an important economic factor in the design precast floor units is modulated on 1200 and 2400 mm.
and construction of precast buildings, both for the struc- When planning a building it is advisable to modulate
tural parts and the finishing. The use of modular planning dimensions to suit the element widths. In a simple struc-
is not a limitation on the freedom of planning as it is only a ture, all the floor elements should preferably span in the
tool to achieve systematic work and economy and to sim- same direction, simplifying the layout and, in the case of
plify connections and detailing. prestressed elements, limiting the number of camber
clashes within a bay.
Precast concrete floors are extremely versatile and can
accommodate almost any arrangement of support walls When exact modulation is not possible, it may be necessary
or beams. There are, however, certain guidelines on the to produce a special unit cast to a smaller width or cut to
proportioning of a building in plan which can be usefully the desired width from a standard module. Changes in
employed to simplify the construction. The width of the floor level across a building can also be readily accommo-
dated, for example by split-level bearings on a single
beam or the use of twinned
beams at different levels.
When a building tapers in
plan, the precast units are
produced with non-square
ends. The angle should not
be more than 45°. At the
apex of a tapered floor area,
it may be appropriate to
cover this area with in-situ
concrete when the span falls
below 2 m.

Example of modulated floor layout and location of components

 3. COLUMNS
Precast columns are manufactured in a variety of sizes,
shapes and lengths. The concrete surface is smooth and
the edges are chamfered. Columns generally require a
300
minimum cross-sectional dimension of 300 x 300 mm, not 400
only for reasons of manipulation but also to accommodate 500
Columns

the column-beam connections. The 300 mm dimension

provides a two-hour fire resistance, making it suitable for
a wide range of buildings.

Columns with a maximum length of 20 m to 24 m can be

manufactured and erected in one piece, i.e. without
splicing, although a common practice is to work also with
single-storey columns.

3.1 CHARACTERISTICS
3.1.1 Rectangular columns

h b Weight
Profile
mm mm kN/m
300/300 300 300 2.20
300/400 300 400 2.94
400/400 400 400 3.92
400/500 400 500 4.90 h
500/500 500 500 6.12
500/600 500 600 7.35
600/600 600 600 8.82
300 b 300

3.1.2 Round columns

Profile Diameter Weight

round columns mm kN/m
300 300 1.73
400 400 3.08
500 500 4.81
600 600 6.92
3.2 CORBELS
Precast columns may be provided with single or multiple
corbels to support floor or roof beams, girders for overhead
cranes, etc. The corbels are either completely under the
beam or within the overall depth of it. This may occur, for
example, where it is unacceptable for the connection to
project below ceilings or into service zones. Standard
dimensions for normal corbels are given in the table.
The indicated values for the allowable support load "N"
are characteristic values without partial safety margins.

Columns
b
300 400 500
h
h
h 300 105 kN 145 kN 185 kN
400 145 kN 205 kN 260 kN
500 140 kN 265 kN 335 kN

bb 300
300

Hidden corbels
The BSF system consists of a hidden steel insert in the
beam-to-column connection, enabling a beam support
without underlying corbel. A sliding plate fits into a rectan-
gular slot in the beam. A notch at the end of the plate fits
over a lip at the bottom of a steel box cast into the col-
umn. The system can be used for both rectangular and
round columns. The types of corbels and corresponding
bearing capacities are given in the table.

Minimum beam
Plate type Allowable
dimensions mm
height/ load in kN
thickness Height Width
150/20 200 200 400
200/20 300 200 500
200/30 450 300 500
200/40 600 400 600
200/50 700 400 700
250/50 950 400 900

BSF application
 3.3 PERFORMANCE CURVES
The following figures give the performance curves of columns
under axial loading combined with bending moments. The
calculations are made for modulated cross-sections, from
2
3Mx3M (300x300mm ) to 6Mx6M for rectangular columns
and Ø3M to Ø6M for round columns. The indicated values for
Nd and Md are design values at ultimate limit state, which
means that the permanent and variable actions are multi-
plied by the appropriate safety margins.

15000
Columns

14000
13000
12000
11000


10000 600x600


8000 600x500
Nd (kN)

7000
6000 500x500

5000 500x400
4000
400x400
3000
400x300
2000
300x300
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Md (kNm)
Performance curves for rectangular columns
11000

10000

9000

8000 Ø 600


7000


Nd (kN)

6000

5000 Ø 500

4000
Ø 400
3000
2000
Ø 300

1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Md (kNm)
Performance curves for round columns
3.4 CONNECTIONS
Precast columns are fixed to the foundations with pockets,
projecting reinforcing bars or holding down bolts. The first
solution is mainly used for foundations on good soil; the
second and third in the case of foundation piles. Corner pockets with
anchor bars welded
Grout filling or alternative polyurethane filling to plate

Columns
Doweled connection
with bolting

Column splicing
with baseplate
and bolts

Bolted connection through continuous beam

Corner pock-
Injection with
ets with an-
shrinkage free
chor bars
grout
welded
Joint fill
to plate
with grout Projecting
or concrete reinforcement
in grouted tube

Foundation pocket Grouted connection Bolted connection with baseplate

 Column-to-column splices
Column-to-column splices are made either by bolting
mechanical connectors anchored in the separate precast
components or by the continuity of the reinforcement
through a grouted joint.
Columns

Nut and washer

Baseplate

Leveling shims

s
3.5 TOLERANCES

1)
1. Length (L): ± 10mm or L/1000
2 Cross-section (b, h, d): ± 10mm
1)
3 Curvature (a): ± 10 mm or L / 750
4 Orthogonality cross-section (p): ± 5mm lk

5 Orthogonality end face (s): ± 5mm r

6 Position corbel: (l k): ± 8mm
hk
7 Dimensions corbel (l k , bk, hk): ± 8mm
8 Orthogonality corbel face (r): ± 5mm p

9 Position inserts (t): longitudinal: ± 15mm h

transversal: ± 10mm a L b
depth: ± 5mm
10 Position holes, voids: ± 20 mm
d
1)
Whichever is the larger
tl l
k

tt

tl
3.6 BETEMI COLUMNS

3.6.1 System

Betemi circular columns are produced automatically by

shotcreting technique. The surface can be in grey troweled
concrete or polished. It is possible to produce a variety of

Columns
surface textures by using coloured concrete and different
types of aggregates. In the latter case, only the final coat
has to be of this more expensive material. Grey concrete
can be used in the inner part.
Load-bearing or decorative columns are the main applica-
tions. The columns are generally one storey high. Their
maximum height is 4 m and the maximum diameter 1.2 m.
Also conical shapes can be produced.

Balcony supporting decorative

comumns

3.6.2 Applications

Cast in-situ
concrete

Load-bearing columns

3.6.3 Connections

Connections are easy to make in Betemi columns. Two

methods can be applied:
◗ Steel pocket cast into the column for bolted connections Column reinforcement
welded to steel corners
◗ Protruding bars anchored in the column core with cast
in-situ concrete.
 b
4. POCKET FOUNDATIONS a

Precast pocket foundations realize the site-work faster and

c
cheaper. Indeed, site-cast pockets need a rather complex
h
moulding and reinforcement, and the working conditions
are more unfavourable. Consolis has developed a series of
pocket foundations for different column sizes.

The precast pocket foundations may only be used in con-

ditions of firm and level ground. The pockets are positioned
by means of leveling bolts. The baseplate is cast on site.
The whole unit can also be precast.
Pocket foundations

Characteristics

a b c h Max.
column
mm mm mm mm
section
700 700 150 550 300/300
800 700 150 700 300/400
800 800 150 700 400/400
1000 900 200 850 400/500
1000 1000 200 850 500/500
1100 1000 200 1000 500/600
1100 1100 200 1000 600/600

Foundation pockets on stockyard

Infill grout

In situ or precast
footing

Precast columns during erection

5. BEAMS
5.1 GENERAL

5.1.1 Types

Overview of the types of prestressed beams for different applications

Purlins: trapezoidal secondary roof

beams

R-beams: rectangular roof or floor

beams for moderate spans

Beams
RF-beams: rectangular floor beams for
composite action with floor slabs

RT-beams: inverted T-beams for floors

of middle to large spans

RL-beams: L-beams for edge floors

I-beams: for roofs and

large floor-beam spans

SI-beams: roof beams with sloped pans for large spans

The cross-section of the beams is standardized. The inserts for connections and other specific purposes - for
prestressing force and the beam length is adapted to each example, for fixings, openings, etc.
specific project. The units are provided with details and
 5.1.2 Supports

Large precast elements are normally supported on elasto-

meric supporting pads in neoprene rubber to ensure a
good distribution of the stresses over the contact area.
The effective bearing length is determined by the ultimate
bearing stress in both the abutting components and the
bearing pad, plus allowances for tolerances and spalling
risk at the edges.

The maximum allowable stress on neoprene pads in the The pads should be placed at some distance from the
serviceability limit state is normally: support edge as load transfer at the edge may result in
◗ For non-reinforced elastomeric pads: σ = 6 N/mm
2
damage. The pad should allow for beam deflection so that
◗ For reinforced elastomeric pads: σ = 12 N/mm
2
direct contact between the beam and the support edge is
avoided.

5.1.3 Inserts

Inserts are details embedded in a precast unit for the ◗ Steel plates, profiles and steel angles
purpose of fixings, connections to other components, etc. ◗ Rolled channel
Beams

There are many types of inserts, including: ◗ Openings, etc.

◗ Projecting bars The possible location and load capacity of inserts depends
◗ Anchor rails on several parameters and will be dealt with on request by
◗ Threaded dowels or bolts Consolis.

5.1.4 Lifting and temporary storage

Lifting points are chosen to minimize deflections. The lift- Temporary bracing of slender roof beams may be neces-
ing angle for the slings should not be less than 60° without sary until the secondary beams or roof slabs are erected
spreader beam and 30° with spreader beam. Intermediate and fixed.
storage should preferably be on the normal support points.

5.1.5 Production tolerances

1)
1. Length (L): ± 15 mm or L/1000
L
2. Cross-section (h,b): ± 10 mm
1)
t
3. Side camber (a): ± 10 mm or L/500
1)
t l
h

4. Warping (u): 10 mm or L/1000

∆d l i

5. Verticality end face (v): ± 10 mm

6. Cantilever end (lh , li ): ± 10 mm
7. Orthogonality end face: 5 mm
1)
8. Camber (∆d): ± 10 mm or L /500
9 Position inserts: (t) a li

o b1 b2
longitudinal: ± 15 mm u

transversal: ± 10 mm h2

depth: ± 5 mm h1
b
10 Position holes, voids (t): ± 20 mm
1)
whichever is the larger
5.2 PURLINS
Purlins are used as secondary beams for roof structures stressed concrete. The fire resistance is normally 60
with light roof cladding. The distance between the portal minutes. The standard cross-section is shown in the figure
frames is maximum 12 to 16 m. The units are in pre- below.
276

400

l 152

Purlins are mainly used in industrial storage buildings

where light roof coverings such as steel sheet decking,
corrugated slabs, cellular concrete slabs, etc. are used.
The span of these elements is generally limited to about 3
to 5 m and secondary prestressed beams are needed to

Purlins
bridge the distance between the portal frames. The latter
can be at larger distances, up to 12 and even 16 m. In this
way large open halls can be constructed in an economical
way.

Portal frame with secondary beams and light roof caldding

 5.2.1 Performance curves RP purlins

20

18

16
Allowable loading in kN/m

14

12

4 12,5
10

2 12,5
6

2
Purlins

7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 9,5 10,0 10,5 11,0 11,5 12,0

Span l in m

The allowable loading is the sum of the weight of the roof cladding and the variable load (snow and life load), excluding the
self-weight of the purlin.

5.2.2 Connections

The elements are connected to the supporting beam with
protruding bars and cast in-situ concrete.
For light roof structures where diaphragm action can not be
achieved by the roof structure itself, the distribution of hori-
zontal forces on the gable walls, over the external and inter-
nal columns, can be secured by diagonal bracing between
the beams of the external bays, with the help of steel rods
or angles.
Roofing
Steel deck Insulation

Protruding reinforcement Neoprene supporting pads

5.3 RECTANGULAR BEAMS
Rectangular beams are mainly used for roof structures, concrete is possible. Standard sections are shown in the
and also for floors with composite action. They are usually table below.
in prestressed concrete, although classical reinforced

l b
L

Rectangular beams
Standard profiles and weight per m length

b mm 300 400 500 600

h mm kN/m kN/m kN/m kN/m
400 2.94
500 3.67 4.90
550 4.04 5.39 6.74
600 4.41 5.88 10.55
650 4.78 6.37 7.96 9.56
700 5.14 6.86 8.58 10.29
800 5.88 7.84 9.80 11.76
900 8.82 11.03 13.23
1000 12.25 14.70

Compression flange
Composite floor beams
R-beams may be designed composite with the floor to
enhance the flexural and shear capacity, fire resistance
and stiffness. The main advantage of a composite beam
structure is that it permits less structural depth for a given
load-bearing capacity.The breadth of the compression
flange can be increased to the maximum permitted value,
as in monolithic construction. For composite action with
hollow core floors, the collaborating section is through the
unfilled hollow core. This comprises only the top and bot-
tom flanges of the slab. Detailed information about the
load-bearing capacity is available from the technical
department.
 5.3.1 Performance curves R-beams

160
150
140
130
Allowable loading in kN/m

130
110
100
10
90 80
90 00
0/ /5
70 0/ 40 00
80 0/ 40 0
60 40 0
70 0/ 0
40
0
50

60
0/
40

50
0

40
40 0/
30
0
30
20
Rectangular beams

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Span l in m

The allowable loading is the sum of the permanent and of the self-weight and the permanent and imposed loading
variable loads acting on the beam, excluding the self- of the floor, without partial safety margins, and without
weight of the unit. For example, the allowable loading of a the self-weight of the beam.
beam supporting a floor, should be calculated as the sum

5.3.2 Connections

nut
washer

slot
threaded bar
neoprene pad
5.4 L-BEAMS & INVERTED T-BEAMS
L-beams and inverted T-beams are typical floor beams be- Standard Consolis’ cross-sections are shown in the table
cause of the reduced overall structural depth. The beams below. The boot width is governed by the adequate floor
are in prestressed or reinforced concrete. slab bearing distance.

400
200 500 200

200, 265, 320,

400

l 100, 200, 300,

400
L
max. 900

200

L-beams & inverted T-beams

200, 265, 320,
400

100, 200, 300,

l 400
L max. 700

Changes in floor level may be accommodated by either an

L-beam or by building up one side of an inverted T-beam,
as shown in the figure. If the change of floor level exceeds
about 750 mm, a better solution is to use two L beams
back to back and separated by a small gap for easier site
fixing.
 5.4.1 Performance curves L-beams & inverted T-beams
160
150
150
140
Allowable loading in kN/m

130

110
100
70
0*
90
/5
60

00
0*
60

80
/9
/
0*

50
50

00
/4

0/
0*

70
00

90
50

/5

/8

0
0*

00

00
/4

60
/90 0
00

0
/8

50 40
0

0*
/3
40 00
/7
00
30
L-beams & inverted T-beams

20
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Span l in m
5.4.2 Beam width

The width of L-beams and inverted T-beams may be con- In this case, the floor modulation becomes independent of
fined within the width of the column or may project for- the column spacing and is thus simplified. When beams
ward to the column. The latter solution allows the floor are not wider than the column width, it will be necessary
units to remain plain edged. to form notches in the floor units

L-beams & inverted T-beams

5.4.3 Connections

The tie reinforcement between the beam and the floor is

made with double bars anchored in slots in the flange of
the beams.

T12 / T16

T16
L-beams & inverted T-beams
5.5 SI-BEAMS
SI-beams with variable height are particularly suited for
roofs with large column free spans - for example, in indus-
trial halls. The I-shaped cross section is typical for pre-
stressed beams. The slope of the top face is 1:16.
According to Eurocodes, the SI-beam types have a fire re-
sistance up to 120 minutes. Standard cross-sections are
show in the table below.

slope 1/16
f
e

h
bw

d
c
l b
L

5.5.1 Characteristics

SI-Beams
Profile h b c d e f bw Lmin Lmax
SI 900/500 900 500 150 190 95 150 120 6000 12000
SI 1050/500 1050 500 150 190 95 150 120 6000 12000
SI 1200/500 1200 500 150 190 95 150 120 8000 16000
SI 1350/500 1350 500 150 190 95 150 120 10000 20000
SI 1500/500 1500 500 150 190 95 150 120 12000 25000
SI 1650/500 1650 500 150 190 95 150 120 14000 28000
SI 1800/500 1800 500 150 190 95 150 120 15000 30000
SI 1950/500 1950 500 150 190 95 150 120 16000 32000

5.5.2 Connections

neoprene pad
 5.5.3 Performance curves SI-beams
160
150
140
130
Allowable loading in kN/m

SI 550
120

SI 24 50

27
SI 22 0

2 00

00
SI 21
110

SI
SI 180
100

0
SI

19
50
90 SI
16
SI

0
50
15

80
SI

00
13
SI

50

70
12
00
SI

60
10
50

50
SI
90
0

40
30
SI-Beams

20
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Span l in m

The allowable loading is the sum of the permanent and variable loads acting on the beam, excluding the self-weight of the
unit.

5.5.4 Weight of the SI-beams

kN
400
SI 2700
SI 2550
350
SI 2400
SI 2250
300 SI 2100
SI 1950
250 SI 1800
SI 1650
200 SI 1500
SI 1350
150
SI 1200
SI 1050
100 SI 900

50

0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Beam length L in m
5.6 I-BEAMS
I-beams are used for flat and sloped roof structures and for are in prestressed concrete and the fire resistance is,
floor beams with heavy loading and large spans. The beams according to Eurocodes, up to 120 minutes.

f
e

h
bw

d
c
l b
L

I-Beams
5.6.1 Characteristics

Profile h b c d e f bw
I 900/500 900 500 150 190 95 150 120
I 1200/500 1200 500 150 190 95 150 120
I 1500/500 1500 500 150 190 95 150 120
I 1800/500 1800 500 150 190 95 150 120

5.6.2 Connections

neoprene pad
 5.6.3 Performance curves I-beams

160
150
140
130
Allowable loading in kN/m

120
110
100
I1
I9

I
80

15
I
90
00

12
0

00
00
80
70
60
50
40
30
I-Beams

20
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Span l in m

The allowable loading is the sum of the permanent and variable loads acting on the beam, excluding the self-weight of the
unit.

5.6.4 Weight of the I-beams

kN
400

350

300

250 00
I 18
00
I 15
200 I 120
0

I 900
150

100

50

0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Beam length L in m
6. HOLLOW CORE SLABS
Prestressed hollow core slabs are the most widely used depth and capacity, smooth underside and structural
type of precast flooring. This success is due to the highly efficiency.
efficient design and production methods, choice of unit

6.1 STANDARD PROFILES

6.1.1 Extruded hollow core slab profiles

200
The nominal width of the units is 1200 mm, inclusive of 125,5 189
the longitudinal joint. The various cross sections are given
alongside. The edges of the slabs are profiled to ensure an
adequate transfer of horizontal and vertical shear between
adjacent units. The standard profiles have a fire resistance
265
of 60 to 120 minutes. The latter is obtained by raising the
level of the tendons.
152 220
The hollow core slabs are manufactured on long-line beds.
The units may be manufactured with a thermal insulation
layer on the under side - for example, for floors at ground
level.
320

Hollow core slabs

The slabs are cut to length using a circular saw. A square
end is standard but skew or cranked ends, which are
180 280
necessary in a non-rectangular framing plan, may be
specified. Longitudinal cutting is possible for match plates.
400

185,5 275
1196
1196 mm 4 mm 1196 mm

Profile longitudinal joint

6.1.2 Slipformed hollow core slab profiles

The nominal width of the units is 1200 mm, inclusive of adjacent units. The standard profiles have a fire resistance
the longitudinal joint. The various cross sections are given of 60 to 120 minutes. The latter is obtained by raising the
alongside. The edges of the slabs are profiled to ensure an level of the tendons.
adequate transfer of horizontal and vertical shear between
 The hollow core slabs are manufactured on long-line beds. The slabs are cut to length using a circular saw. A square
The units may be manufactured with a thermal insulation end is standard but skew or cranked ends, which are
layer on the under side - for example, for floors at ground necessary in a non-rectangular framing plan, may be
level. specified. Longitudinal cutting is possible for match plates.

250
150

100
100
98,5
98,5
180

300
100

98,5
186 225
200

100
400

98,5

186 225
1196
Hollow core slabs

1196 mm 4 mm 1196 mm

Profile longitudinal joint

6.2 CHARACTERISTICS

Extruded hollow core slabs

Weight
Profile h b (joints filled) Joint filling
2
(mm) (mm) kN/m l/m2 (*)
HC-200 200 1196 2,60 7,0
HC-265 265 1196 3,80 10,0
HC-320 320 1196 4,10 12,0
HC-400 400 1196 4,65 17,0

(*) quantity of grout needed to fill the longitudinal joints

of a floor of a given surface area.
 Slipformed hollow core slabs

Weight
Profile h b (joints filled) Joint filling
2
(mm) (mm) kN/m l/m2 (*)
HC-150 150 1196 2,57 4,7
HC-185 180 1196 3,87 5,9
HC-200 200 1196 3,18 6,8
HC-250 250 1196 3,85 8,9
HC-300 300 1196 4,55 10,4
HC-400 400 1196 5,24 14,7

(*) quantity of grout needed to fill the longitudinal joints

of a floor of a given surface area.

6.3 PERFORMANCE CURVES OF HC-SLABS

The curves give the load bearing capacity with a limitation of the deflection under variable loading to 1/800 of the span

Extruded hollow core slabs

16

Hollow core slabs

15
14
2

13
Allowable loading in kN/m

12
11
HC

10
CE

CE

CE
E
20

26

32

40

9
5

0
0

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Span l in m
 Slipformed hollow core slabs

16
15
14
13
2

12
Allowable loading in kN/m

11
10
HC
HC

HC
HC

HC

H
CS
S1

S
S1

9
20

25

30

40
80
50

0
0
0
0

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Span l in m
Hollow core slabs

6.4 STRUCTURAL TOPPING

Hollow core floors are normally used without structural be indicated. The thickness should be at least 40 mm,
topping. However, in the case of seismic action, frequent concrete quality C 30.
changes of load or important point loads, a topping may
6.5 PRECAMBER
Prestressed concrete units are subjected to precamber,
depending on the magnitude and centroid of the pre-
stressing force, modulus of rigidity of the cross section and
length of the unit. The graph below gives an indication of
the minimum and maximum expected average deflection
of non-loaded elements after 1 month of storage. Possible
tolerances are given in clause 6.11. The design should
take account of the precamber in determining the thick-
ness of the topping and screeds and the final levels after
finishing - for example, for door thresholds, etc.

mm

40

30

20

10

0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Span l in m

6.6 DIAPHRAGM ACTION

The diaphragm action of hollow core floors is realized relative horizontal displacement of the hollow core units,
through a good joint design. The peripheral reinforcement so that the longitudinal joints can take up shear forces.
plays a determinant role, not only to cope with the tensile The positioning and minimum proportioning of ties,

Hollow core slabs

forces of the diaphragm action but also to prevent the required by Eurocode 2, is shown in the figure below.

L2 + L3 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN L3
2
A

A
B B L2

L1
L1 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN
2
C

C
≥ 70 kN L1
x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN
2
L2 + L3 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN
2

≥ 20 kN/m
 6.7 CONCENTRATED LOADING
Floors composed of prestressed hollow core elements transmitted through the profiled longitudinal joints. The
behave almost as monolithic floors for transverse transversal distribution should be calculated according to
distribution of line or point loads. The loads are the prescriptions of Eurocode 2 and CEN Product Standard.

6.8 OPENINGS
Holes in hollow core floors are made as indicated in the
figure. The dimensions are limited to the values given in
the table. Small holes may be formed at the center of the
longitudinal voids. The maximum size is limited to the
width of the void. Holes are normally made in the fresh
concrete during the production process. The edges of the
openings are rough. The possible dimensions for openings
are given in the table.

l /b HC 180 - 300 HC 400

■ Corner (1) 600/400 600/300
■ Front (2) 600/400 600/200 4 3
■ Edges (3) 1000/400 1000/300 4
■ Center (4)
- round holes Core minus 20mm Ø 135
- square openings 1000/400 1000/200
2
Hollow core slabs

Larger voids which are wider than the width of the precast
units are 'trimmed' using transverse supports such as steel
angles or concrete beams. The steel angles can be supplied
by Consolis on request.
6.9 CONNECTIONS
6.9.1 Bearing length
The nominal bearing length of simply supported hollow
core floor units is given in the table. Neoprene strips
ensure a uniform bearing.

Support length a
Supporting Slab Nominal Minimum
material thickness length effective a
length
Concrete or ≤ 265 mm 70 mm 50 mm
steel ≥ 300 mm 100 mm 80 mm
Brick ≤ 265 mm 100 mm 80 mm
masonry ≤ 300 mm 120 mm 100 mm

In-situ concrete
tie beam
6.9.2 Support connections

Hollow core slabs

Tie bar in longitudinal joint

Tie bar in transversal joint

Tie bar placed in

longitudinal joints
through opening in beam
Tie bar for
diaphragm action

Topping
Tie bar floor diaphragm Tie steel in joint

Neoprene In-situ concrete

In-situ concrete
Lifting loops or vertical
bars used for connection
with floor slabs
 6.9.3 Connections at longitudinal joints In-situ concrete

These are provided between the edges of the hollow core

floor units and beams or walls running parallel with the
floor. Their main function is to transfer horizontal shear,
generated in the floor plate by diaphragm action. Reinforcement

6.10 MATCH PLATES

Non-standard plates with a width less than 1200 mm are
cut in the green concrete during the casting of the line.
The place of the longitudinal cut should correspond to the
location of a longitudinal void. Edges cut in fresh concrete
are rough. If a straight edge is needed, the slabs are
sawed after hardening.
Hollow core slabs

6.11 PRODUCTION TOLERANCES

1)
1. Length (L): ± 15 mm or L/1000
1)
2. Thickness (h): ± 5 mm or h/40
3. Width (b): whole slab + 0 - 6 mm
narrow slab: ± 15 mm
4. Orthogonality end face (p): ± 10 mm
2) 1)
5. Camber before erection (∆d) : ± 6 mm or L /1000
6. Warping: ± 10 mm or L /1000
3)
7. Flatness (y) : 10 mm under a lath
of 500 mm
8. Steel inserts, installed in
the factory (t): ± 20 mm
9. Holes and recesses (t):
cut in fresh concrete: ± 50 mm
l ∆d
cut in hardened L
concrete: ± 15 mm

1)
Whichever is the larger
2) t
Deviated from the calculated deflection
(including precamber and calculated t t
p a
deflection under loading circumstances)
3)
Valid for slabs h ≤ 300 mm y

b
6.12 HANDLING AND TRANSPORT
Handling, loading and storage arrangements on delivery
should be such that the hollow core slabs are not subjected
to forces and stresses which have not been catered for in
the design. The units should have semi-soft (e.g. wood)
bearers placed at the slab ends. Where they are stacked
one above the other, the bearers should align over each
other.

When stacking units on the ground on site, the guidelines

will be similar to the above. The ground should be firm and
the bearers horizontal, such that no differential settlement
may take place and cause spurious forces and stresses in
the components. During handling, provisions shall be taken
to ensure safe manipulation, for example safety chains
under the slab.
≤1m Safety chain

≤1m

Hollow core slabs are hoisted with specially designed

General
clamps hanging on a steel spreader beam. The use of
a sling alone is strictly forbidden.

Hollow core slabs

 6.13 ERECTION
The erection of the hollow core floor slabs should be done
according to the instructions of the design engineer. If
needed, Consolis can second him to supervise the con-
struction methods. Consolis will supply written statements
of the principles of site erection, methods of making struc-
tural joints and materials specification on request.
Drainage holes
Drainage holes are drilled into the voids at the slab ends to
evacuate any rainwater that might penetrate during site
erection. After erection, the contractor should check that
the holes are open.

Joint infill and concrete screeds are used to compact the concrete. The screed may be
The longitudinal joints between the floor units should be power floated or rough tampered in the usual manner, de-
filled using concrete grade C25 to C30, containing an 8 mm pending on the type of floor finish. The topping screed
maximum size aggregate. The floor units should be should contain a shrinkage reinforcement mesh.
moistened prior to placement of in-situ
concrete. The joints should be filled
carefully since they fulfill a structural
function both in the transversal load
distribution and the horizontal floor
diaphragm action.

When a structural screed is to be used,

it is advisable to fill the longitudinal
Hollow core slabs

joints immediately prior to the casting

of the screed. The workability should
give a slump between 50 and 100 mm.
The wet concrete should be spread
evenly over the floor area as quickly as
possible. Mechanical vibrating beams

Fixings
There are several ways of fixing hanging loads to the hol- the voids, anchors placed into the longitudinal joints, etc.
low core floor - for example, special sockets drilled into Consolis will supply detailed information on request.
7. DOUBLE-T SLABS
Double-T floor units in prestressed concrete have a ribbed
cross-section and a smooth under face. The units are
mainly used for greater spans and imposed loading. The
units are manufactured with two standard widths: 2400
and 3000 mm. The standard cross-sections are given in
the tables. The ends of the units can be notched to reduce
the overall structural depth.
A structural topping can be used to ensure both vertical
shear transfer between adjacent units and horizontal di-
aphragm action in the floor plate. The standard double-T
units have a minimum fire resistance of 60 to 120 minutes.
Anchor rails can be cast into the soffits of the webs.

7.1 STANDARD PROFILES

The nominal widths of double-T units are 2400 mm and a smaller width to meet the requirements of a particular
3000 mm. However, the units can also be manufactured in project. The minimum width is 1500 mm.

General
h

b0

TT- slabs
b2 b1 b2

7.2 CHARACTERISTICS TT-2400

Profile h b b1 b2 b0 Weight
2
mm mm mm mm mm kg/m
Fire resistance 60 min.
TT 2400-500/120 500 2390 1068 661 120 261
TT 2400-800/120 800 2390 1143 623 120 360
Fire resistance 90 min.
TT 2400-500/150 500 2390 1084 671 150 287
TT 2400-800/150 800 2390 1159 615 150 405
Fire resistance 120 min.
TT 2400-500/200 500 2390 1100 645 200 332
TT 2400 -800/200 800 2390 1175 607 200 481
 7.3 CHARACTERISTICS TT-3000

Profile h b b1 b2 b0 Weight
2
mm mm mm mm mm kg/m
Fire resistance 60 min.
TT 3000-500/120 500 2990 1368 811 120 232
TT 3000-800/120 800 2990 1443 773 120 313
Fire resistance 90 min.
TT 3000-500/150 500 2990 1384 821 150 254
TT 3000-800/150 800 2990 1459 765 150 349
Fire resistance 120 min.
TT 3000-500/200 500 2990 1400 795 200 290
TT 3000-800/200 800 2990 1475 757 200 409
TT- slabs

Super market with TT-roof

7.4 PERFORMANCE CURVES TT-2400
40
38
36
34
32
2
Allowable loading in kN/m

30
28
26
24
22
TT 2400-500 TT 2400-800
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Span l in m

General
7.5 PERFORMANCE CURVES TT-3000

40

TT- slabs
38
36
34
32
2
Allowable loading in kN/m

30
28
26
24
22
20
18 TT 3000-800
16
14
12 TT 3000-500
10
8
6
4
2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Span l in m
 7.6 CONNECTIONS
7.6.1 Support connections

Connections between TT floors and supporting beams are topping or by bars welded to plates fully anchored in the
made through lapping reinforcement in the structural units.

Connection through structural topping

TT-slabs with slanted ends Car park

Anchored steel plate Steel strip

Anchored steel plate
7.6.2 Edge connections

Edge connections with walls or façade units, or connections

TT- slabs

between adjacent double-T units are normally realized by

lapping reinforcement in the structural topping or by steel
strips or bars welded to fully anchored steel angles or
plates in the units.

Transversal tie reinforcement

Welded connection

Connection between adjacent units Welded connection with wall or façade

7.7 HOLES AND VOIDS
Holes may be formed in double-T slabs in the positions
shown in the figure. The maximum dimensions are given in
the table. It is also possible to form circular holes in the webs l
to provide a passage for services. The positions and sizes of
holes and voids need to be planned in advance because they
b
may affect the load-bearing capacity of the slabs. l l

l /b TT-2400 TT-3000 b
Center 1000/630 1000/930
Edge 1000/320 1000/460
Corner 1000/320 1000/460

7.8 PRODUCTION TOLERANCES

1)
1. Length (L): ± 15 mm or L/1000
2. Height slab (h),
flange thickness (h1): ± 10 mm h
v
3. Width web (b0), width slab (b): ± 10 mm t2
1)
4. Warping (a): ± 10 mm or L/1000

General
t1
5. Flange angle (p): ± 10 mm t3
6. Slanting end (v): ± 15 mm t4
2) 1)
7. Camber before erection (∆d) : ± 30 mm or L/1000 a
8. Steel inserts, holes, and voids (t): L
- top surface: length- and cross wise: ± 20 mm p
- webs: longitudinal and vertical: ± 30 mm b
- depth of steel parts: ± 10 mm
h
tw

TT- slabs
1)
Whichever is the larger
2)
Deviated from the calculated deflection (including precamber and b0
calculated deflection under loading circumstances)

7.9 HANDLING AND TRANSPORT

The TT-units should always be stacked one above the
other and the soft wood bearers placed at the slab ends
should also be one above the other. This also applies
when loading on the truck.

The units are provided with four cast-in lifting hooks, each
over the line of the webs. The slings or chains should be
long enough to enable an inclination to the slab of not less
than 60°.
 8. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Residential buildings constitute an important activity within
the Consolis Group. A construction system has been devel-
oped for single family houses, low rise and high-rise apart-
ment buildings. The total structure includes complete outer
walls, inner walls, hollowcore flooring, stairway towers and
stairs, roof and balconies.

8.1 ARCHITECTURAL FREEDOM

The design of the building is not fixed by rigid concrete el-
ements and almost every building can be adapted to the
requirements of the builder or architect. There is no con-
tradiction between architectural elegance and variety on
Residential buildings

the one hand and increased efficiency on the other. The

days are gone when industrialisation meant large numbers
of identical units; on the contrary, an efficient production
process can be combined with skilled workmanship, which
permits an architectural design without extra costs.

By using the hollowcore concrete elements with spans up

to 12 metres extending across the house, we can obtain
floors with very large and unobstructed areas. In other
words, a house with the greatest possible range of uses
and longest service life. These open areas and the oppor-
tunities to easily modify the interior layout can be utilised
in several ways. In new production, future residents can
also be given opportunities to influence the design of their
flats. In a longer perspective, the house can easily be
adapted to different situations with different demands.
Large rooms can be converted into small ones, and vice
versa. A flat could be converted into, for example, a
kindergarten, or the whole building, or parts of it, could be
converted into offices.

The recently developed jointless façade is composed of internal

panels in grey concrete, carrying the hollow core floors, and an in-
situ external skin in a special decorative concrete mix, reinforced
with synthetic fabric. The thermal insulation is either placed on site,
or incorporated in the precast panel.
8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Within the Consolis Group, systems for housing and apart-
ment buildings are normally designed as wall-frame struc-
tures. The walls support the vertical loads from the floors
and the upper structure. They can also perform only as
separating walls. Central stair cases and lift shafts are
constructed with precast walls

As a variant, the vertical structure of the buildings can also

be made with skeletal frames and infill walls.

Load bearing cross-wall system with hollow core floors spanning

over 10 to 12 m

General buildings
Residential
Lay-out of apartment building with load bearing façades and
internal load-bearing cross-walls

Floors are usually made of hollow core elements. The lat-

est tendency is to span the floors over the full width of the
apartment. In this way one obtains not only more flexibility
for the internal lay-out, but also the possibility to modify it
later without major costs.

The façades are normally sandwich elements. The inner

leaf of the units may be load-bearing. A variant solution is
to precast only the inner leaf of the façade and to clad it
on site with brick masonry or any other added finishing. Schematic view of load
bearing sandwich façade with
window frame. The thermal
isolation is continuous over
the whole surface to avoid
cold bridges.
 8.3 SOUND INSULATION
Sound is one of the most important quality aspects in multi-
family houses, where pleasant sound in one flat may be
experienced as disturbing noise in another. One of the
requirements of a good house is thus, that it not only
prevents "internal" noise caused by impact sounds, music,
etc., but also that it effectively dampens external noise from
e.g. traffic. The residential system, with its load-bearing
outer walls and floors with long spans, creates the condi-
tions for good sound insulation in all respects, covering
the entire frequency range registered by the human ear.
The installation of a sub-floor on top of the hollowcore
floor is a key factor in achieving a good indoors sound
insulation - both as regards impact sounds and airborne
sounds. A sub-floor can be easily installed as a floating
floor, either by means of a concrete screed on a dampen-
ing layer or with a cushioned strutted wooden floor. This
will cause the floor to float and become fully insulated
from the supporting floor elements.

8.4 BATHROOM FLOORS

Residential buildings

In Europe, bathroom floors usually have an increased floor

screed thickness to install pipes and conduits. A solution
with reduced floor thickness in the bathroom enables one
to avoid the step between the bathroom and the adjacent
floor. The load bearing floor is between 60 mm and 170
mm lower at the bathcell than elsewhere. After installation
of the pipes, a structural topping is cast to provide for the
needed bearing capacity.

Examples of bathroom slabs

8.5 FOUNDATION UNITS

Special solutions for ground floors with supports have

been developed. They can be used for completely
precast houses but also for the footing of wooden
cottages.

8.6 STAIRS
Precast concrete stairs are very interesting products for
domestic and other buildings, because of the quality of
finishing and the cost efficiency. Various types of precast
stairs are available at Consolis, going from individual steps
to straight or helicoidal monobloc units.
The first category comprises straight stair units. They are
made out of both individual precast flights and landings or
General buildings
Residential
combined flight and landings. In the latter solution there
may be differential levels at floors and half-landings,
necessitating a finishing screed or other solution.
The second category comprises monobloc staircases. They
can be used either in the stairwells or individually between
the different storeys.

Examples of monobloc stair units Polished precast spiral stair

 8.7 BALCONIES AND TERRACES
Balconies in apartment buildings are usually made with bridges, a thermal insulation is placed between the balcony
special architectural units fixed to the building structure or and the inner floor.
floor slab, or supported by external columns. To avoid cold
Residential buildings

Cantilevering balconies with intermediate thermal insulation Terraces supported on Betemi columns

8.8 GREY WALLS

Precast walls are mainly used in apartment buildings,
houses, hotels and similar structures. The bearing walls
are generally used in combination with hollow core floors.
Other applications are partition walls and elevator and
stairwell shafts. Generally, the larger the wall units are,
the more economic the project is and the better the site
productivity. Of course, limitations can be imposed by the
capacity of the site craneage and transport limitations.
Precast walls are manufactured on long table or battery
moulds. The moulded side is smooth as cast, the top face
leveled and floated. Painting or wallpapering is possible
after thin plastering. Technical ducts and inserts for elec-
tricity are incorporated prior to casting.

8.8.1 Characteristics

Dimensions wall units: maximum length: 14 m

maximum height: 3.50 m
thickness: 200 mm

Fire resistance: 180 minutes (Eurocode 2)

 Dowel
Tie reinforcement
8.8.2 Connections

Vertical wall-to-wall connections are generally designed to

transmit shear forces. The vertical joint faces of the panels
are profiled. Horizontal joints between walls and floors are
Neoprene
either with direct floor support on the walls for medium-
rise buildings or with floors supported on corbels, for high
rise buildings. It is advisable to concentrate the tie rein-
forcement in the horizontal joint between the units.

Floor support on wall

8.9 ACOTEC WALLS

The Acotec wall is a unique solution for non-load bearing
internal walls. The elements are usually made of light
weight expanded clay aggregate concrete (also known as

General buildings
Leca concrete), a very safe environmentally friendly mate-
rial without health hazards. Acotec wall elements are hol-
low cored and produced to room height, max. 3.30 m.
The thickness varies between 68 mm and 140 mm. The
elements are 600 mm or 300 mm wide. For severe cir-

Residential
cumstances, as in seismic areas, the elements can be
produced with extra reinforcement.

8.9.1 Installation

The main benefit of the Acotec wall element is its easy

and light handling at the construction site. A two-man
2
team can easily install Acotec walls with a speed of 6 m
per hour. The tongue and groove structure assures a per-
fect straight wall alignment and the flat surface needs only
a thin coating (1-2 mm) without normal plastering. The
cores inside the elements can be used for installation of
electrical wires and pipes. Cutting and drilling of the prod-
uct is also easy. Compared to other materials, savings up
to 40% on the cost of the installed wall can be made.

8.9.2 Applications

The Acotec walls resist moisture very well, have good fire insulation is needed, for example apartments, hotels,
resistance and durability. A single wall structure has an schools, etc. Their high fire resistance makes Acotec walls
airborne sound insulation capacity of over 40 dB. very suitable for garages, parking buildings, etc.

Acotec walls have a wide range of applications. In the first Acotec walls can also be produced with coloured concrete
place they are used for bathrooms, kitchens, shower for applications such as fences and boundary walls.
rooms, and other areas with a high degree of moisture.
Another field of application is for rooms where good sound
 9. BASHALLEN
9.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The "Bashallen" system is composed of two modulated

components: a saddle roof slab and load-bearing façades
in architectural concrete. The solution offers large internal
open spaces, with free spans up to 32 m, and a variable
length modulated on 2.4 m. The internal height can vary
up to 8 m. Intermediate floors may be installed over a part
or the whole surface. The aesthetic outlook of the façade
has been carefully studied. Rounded corners and cornices
in a panoply of surface finishing and colours give the
building a prestigious outlook . Thermal capacity and
insulation of the complete concrete building ensures a
Bashallen

stable indoor climate with low energy consumption.

9.2 TT-ROOF SLAB

The saddle TT-roof slab in prestressed
concrete was developed in connection with
the "bashallen" system. It is a rational and
aesthetic solution for industrial and commercial buildings.
The TT-units are characterized by their light weight and
large span length. The units are 2.400 mm wide and the
slope of the top surface is 1/40. The flanges are waffled to
save weight. The fire resistance is 60 minutes. Standard
dimensions are given in the table.

Type h b Weight Max.

2
mm mm kN/m span m
STTF 240-15/70 700 2396 2.0 24.6
STTF 240-15/88 880 2396 2.1 32.0
9.3 EXTERIOR WALLS
The sandwich façades in the bashallen concept are
composed of an external leaf in architectural concrete,
150 mm insulation and an internal load-bearing concrete
leaf. The standard width of the units is 2.40 m and the
thickness 300 mm. Openings for windows, doors and gates
may be provided. Different surface finishing and colours
are possible.

9.4 DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

The "Bashallen" system comprises a complete set of
standard solutions for connections, details and inserts in

General
the units. The webs of the ribbed roof slabs are supported
in recesses in the load-bearing façades.

All connections between adjacent façade units, roof ele-

ments and between façades and roofs are made through
welding of plates anchored in the units.

Bashallen
Welded connection
between façade and roof units

Welded connection

Pinned connection
with foundation

Corner solution
 10. FAÇADES
Consolis specializes in the production of façade elements in
architectural concrete. There are two concepts: sandwich
panels and cladding units. The units are generally one
storey high and the normal standard widths are 2.40 m,
3.00 m and 3.60 m.
The term "architectural concrete" refers to precast units
which are intended to contribute to the architectural effect
of the façade through finish, shape, colour, texture and
quality of fabrication. Precast concrete offers an extremely
wide range of visual appearances. Although the basic
structural material is concrete, the finished elements do
not always need to have the appearance of concrete.
Buildings clad in precast architectural cladding can give the
impression of being constructed in brickwork, polished
marble or granite. Alternatively, if the architect wishes to
maintain the appearance of concrete, the elements can be
produced in a vast range of self finishes - an array of pro-
files and textures which bring out the natural beauty of the
aggregates from which the elements are made. As a matter
of course, such finishing requires a high level of technology
and workmanship, available at, and steadily further devel-
oped by Consolis.

10.1 SANDWICH FAÇADES

Sandwich elements consist of two concrete leaves with an
insulation layer in between. The external leaf is generally
in architectural concrete. The internal leaf is in gray con-
crete and may be designed as load-bearing or self-bearing.
Load-bearing means that it is supporting the floors and the
structure above. Self-bearing means that it is only sup-
porting the self-weight of the façade.
Façades

The Consolis Group has developed a new façade panel with

an air void between the outer cladding and the insulation,
enabling the evaporation of any seeping water or
condensation that has penetrated.
10.2 CLADDING PANELS
Simple cladding panels fulfill only an enclosing and decora-
tive function in the façade. The single skin units are used
for the facing of walls, columns, spandrel panels, etc. The
units can be fixed either separately to the structure or
they can be self-bearing. In principle, the architectural
design of cladding panels is completely free. In the design
process, Consolis’ early involvement can effect considerable
time and cost savings in the contract.

10.3 SPECIAL ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

Architectural concrete is perfectly suited for complicated
geometric shapes and forms which would prove prohibi-
tively expensive in traditional methods of
construction. Similarly, other features
normally requiring the use of site skills
become economical and constructionally
practical. This is the case for, for exam-
ple, window surrounds, carved columns,

General
cornices, pediments, etc.
Skilful and economical manufacture gives
all of the quality associated with natural
materials at a fraction of the cost.

10.4 DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

Consolis has developed standard details for connections corners, etc. Some details are shown below and more infor-
between façade elements, façades and floors, solutions for mation is available from the technical department.

Façades

Window opening

Floor - façade connection

Connection with side wall Corner solution

 11. INFRASTRUCTURAL PROJECTS
The Consolis Group produces a wide range of precast con- tunnel linings, railway sleepers, concrete piles, water
crete elements for infrastructural projects such as bridges, treatment systems, elements for agriculture, etc.

11.1 PRECAST BRIDGES

80
490 15 990 10
n x 1000
Consolis has more than fifty years experience in precast
bridge construction. Several systems have been developed Precast solid deck bridge system with inverted T-beams placed
side by side
of which the most important are solid slab bridges, girder
bridges with cast in-situ deck and complete precast box
girder bridges.

11.1.1 Systems
only for collision resistance

Solid slab bridges are constructed with precast units and a Girder bridge with inverted T-beams placed side by side and in-situ
deck slab
cast in-situ topping, acting together as a composite struc-
ture. They are used for decks of bridges, viaducts, culverts,
tunnel decks, etc.
For small spans up to about 8.00 to 13.00 m, solid precast
slabs can be used. They are modulated on 1200 mm width,
and the thickness varies from 150 to 350 mm. The slabs
are positioned side by side and a structural topping vary-
ing from 150 to 200 mm is cast on site. Girder bridge with I beams and in-situ deck

In a more advanced solution, the deck is composed of small

inverted T-profiles placed side by side, and connected with
a cast in-situ topping and infill concrete.

Girder bridges are composed of inverted T-beams or

Infrastructural projects

I-shaped beams. The inverted T-beams can be placed side

by side, to obtain a closed underside with a high resistance
to collision by trucks. The elements may also be placed
at a distance. The beams are connected by transversal
diaphragm beams at each support and also in the span
when needed. The deck is cast in-situ. The system is suit-
able for spans between approximately 15 and 35 m.

I-shaped bridge girders are used for bridges up to 55 m

span. The weight of the beams may be up to 70 tons. After
erection of the beams and casting of the transversal di-
aphragm beams, the deck slab is cast on site, mostly with
concrete shuttering planks positioned on a notch at the top
of the beams.
In box beam bridges, the elements are placed side by side
or at a small distance. After erection the site work is limit-
ed to the filling of the longitudinal joints and the transver-
sal post-tensioning of the bridge. The slenderness ratio is
in the order of 30; however, spans of 50 m have already
been realized with box beams of 1.50 m height. Protruding
reinforcement is available in the beams for connections to
cast in-situ edge profiles, joint constructions, screeds, etc.

Precast bridges are well suited for projects where the real-
ization of classical scaffolding supported on the ground is
prohibitively expensive and where the speed of construction
is mandatory: watercourses, railways, roads and motor-
ways in use, in order to limit traffic restrictions.
Precast viaduct with box beams

11.1.2 Aesthetic bridges

The aesthetic appearance of a bridge is an essential factor,

which has to be taken into account from the beginning of
a project. The general silhouette of a bridge is conditioned

General
by its overall aspect, in other words, by the first image
perceived by an observer situated at a distance. Also de-
tails such as the architecture of piers and abutments, the
aspect of the surface, shape, colour and proportions of the
edges are important

Today, precast bridges can be as beautiful and elegant as

classical cast in-situ bridges. The slenderness can be low
using high strength concrete up to 100 MPa, structural

Infrastructural projects
continuity, and the combination of prestressing and post
tensioning. Box beam bridges exhibit a slenderness ratio
down to 30, which is comparable to classical slab bridges.
The bridge can also be executed with special edge profiles type 1 type 2

or more slender edge beams, especially in the case of box

beam bridges.

Another novelty concerns curved prestressed

box beams. The radius varies from 200 m to as
low as 100 m.

Metro viaduct with curved box beams.

 11.2 CULVERTS
Culverts are used for underpasses, tunnels, protection
against avalances, etc. The system is composed of two
or more vault units.
11.3 RAILWAY PRODUCTS
The Consolis Group has a long tradition in railway products.
The assortment varies from railway sleepers and foundation
11.3.1 Railway sleepers
In comparison with other precast elements, concrete
sleepers are a highly sophisticated product. Concrete
sleepers are produced to the highest standards due to the
stringent demands of rail owners. The Consolis Group is a
pioneer in concrete sleeper production with more than 40
years experience, having developed production and quality
assurance systems which have defined the standard for
certification in the majority of European
countries.
Infrastructural projects
systems for railway poles to slab track railway crossings
and slabs for railway platforms.
Consolis produces annually more than 2 million railway
sleepers in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany
and the Baltics. The product range includes sleepers for
slab track systems, standard sleepers, switch sleepers,
sleepers for urban railways and under ground systems, rail
grids and crane runway sleepers. The monobloc sleepers
are prestressed. The units are provided with rail fixing
anchors.
Existing quality and production aspects go along with a
steady development of new sleepers or sleeper systems.
Systems such as the Slab Track, ensure the companies of
the Consolis Group a secure market both for the present
and the future.
11.3.2 Railway crossings

The system is based on a railway track slab of 2.37 m

width and 6.00 or 9.00 m length. The elements are used
for railway crossings at ground level. The crossing com-
prises one or more elements connected to each other.
Curved tracks are also possible.

Two grooves at the top of the slab enable the placement of

the rails. The fixing is done with a cast elastomere encasing.

The erection of the units is very fast. Experience shows

that the system is very stable and completely free of
maintenance for decades.

General
11.3.3 Railway platforms

Modern railway platforms are constructed with large plat-
form slabs in precast reinforced concrete. The principal
exigences are a slipp-free surface, dimensional accuracy
and high durability.
Infrastructural projects
The units are 3.00 m wide and the length is variable. The
top surface is sandblasted and slightly sloped for the
evacuation of rain water. Longitudinal grooves are provided
near the edge to conduct visually handicaped people.
There is also a wide rabbet with safety mark.
 12. SPECIAL PRODUCTS
The Consolis Group manufactures special products and
develops techniques and know-how in the domain of water
treatment and specific structures for agriculture. In addi-
tion to this, exclusive products and projects are regularly
realised for specific applications such as monuments and
other one-off projects. They are merely the fruit of imagi-
nation and creativity in the collaboration between archi-
tects and our technical staff.

12.1 WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Pipe of 3.2 m diameter for transportation of

fresh and waste-water
Increasing the purification performance and maintaining
the rhythm of the natural water cycle (extraction - con-
sumption - collection - purification - recycling) are two of
t

the main tasks confronting sewage treatment systems.

100

e1 / e2
Companies of the Consolis Group have been active in this

e3
specialised field for decades and have developed a range
of products incorporating all the available technical know-
how in the sewage treatment sector.
d1 d2 d3

Water supplying and sewerage

Large wastewater collection pipes up to 4 m diameter are
used in these systems. Consolis also manufactures high
precision reinforced concrete segmental rings for large
sewerage conduits, as well as complete shaft and pipe
systems with diameters of 300 mm to 4000 mm. Biological waste-water treatment system
(4-10 inhabitant equivalent)

Waste-water purification
The systems developed by Consolis optimise waste-water
purification by using different processes, such as:

◗ Rainwater / waste-water collection tanks from 2.5 to 100

3
m , to store domestic and commercial sewage.
◗ Multichamber sedimentation and digestion tanks for
mechanical waste-water purification, for small applications
◗ Multichamber septic tank with floating filter and anaerobic
Special products

final treatment, also for one-family houses and small

apartment buildings.
◗ Biological sewage treatment plants for domestic waste-
water. The application ranges from local communities,
residential estates, schools, hotels, camping sites,
Big separator tank
commercial enterprises, and barracks.
Aqua protection
The Consolis Group also offers suitable water protection
systems for a wide range of types of waste-water.

The various separator systems are designed to purify

and/or protect water from pollution by oils, petrol, greases
and other harmful substances. The systems work on the
principle of coalescence, gravity and filtration, as well as
the separation of sedimentary constituent parts.

Petrol separator tank

12.2 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

Storage tanks
Circular precast concrete tanks are used for the storage of
animal slurry, liquid manure and other types of liquids.
The stucture is composed of vertical wall segments and
the bottom slab is cast in-situ. Prestressing tendons are
After tensioning of the cables, the ducts are filled with
grout. Another option is to apply external prestressing
cables. The diameter of the tanks is between 10 and 30 m
and the height of the wall structure 2.00 to 6.00 m.

placed in a horizontal plane along the circumference of the
tank. They may pass through ducts within the wall elements,
each crossing the vertical joints.
General
Therefore the capacity of the tank is between 150 and
3
6000 m . On most farms the average capacity is approxi-
mately one thousand cubic meter.

Special products

Storage tanks for manure, under construction.

Retaining elements for storage Floor slats for live stock

Open silos for the storage of animal food, dung, etc. The Floors for animal stables are built with floor slats, provided
structure comprises a cast in-situ bottom slab and precast with longitudinal slits for the evacuation of manure. The
retaining walls. The silos are modulated on the standard width of the slits differs depending on the animals.
width of the elements.
 12.3 OTHER SPECIAL PRODUCTS
A number of remarkable monuments have been realised in
precast concrete by companies of the Consolis Group.
Prefabrication is very well suited for this type of structures
because of the mouldability of concrete and the high
quality of execution. In addition, a large range of surface
textures and finishing is available.
Viking monument at Hjørundfjord near Ålesund, Norway
Special products
Accoustic barrier with hollow core units
A cost effective solution for road acoustic barriers has
been developed, using prestressed hollow core elements.
The wall structure comprises precast columns clamped
into foundation pockets, in which the long hollow core
units are fixed. The aesthetic quality of the acoustic barrier
in the context of the environment may be obtained by an
applied surface finishing in wood, architectural concrete
or any other material.
Control tower at Arlanda airport in Sweden, rising 83 metres
above the ground. The façade in highly polished architectural
precast panels is ornamented with carefully selected quotations
from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
FINLAND
Consolis Oy Ab
Äyritie 12 b
FIN-01510 Vantaa
Tel: +358 20 577 577
Fax: +358 20 577 5110
Email: info@consolis.com
www.consolis.com
President and CEO: Bengt Jansson
Consolis Technology Oy Ab
Äyritie 12 b
FIN-01510 Vantaa
Tel: +358 20 577 577
Fax: +358 20 577 5152
Managing Director: Olli Korander
Parma Oy
P.O. Box 76
FIN-03101 Nummela
Tel: +358 20 577 5500
Fax: +358 20 577 5699
E-mail: info@parma.fi
www.parma.fi
Managing Director: Hannu
Martikainen
Parastek Oy
P.O. Box 76
FIN-03101 Nummela
Tel: +358 20 577 5500
Fax: +358 20 577 5625
Managing Director: Aapo Rahkjärvi
Elematic Oy Ab
P.O. Box 33
FIN-37801 Toijala
Tel: +358 3 549 511
Fax: +358 3 549 5300
Email: info@elematic.com
www.elematic.com
Managing Director: Leo Sandqvist
Rimera Oy
Tehtaankatu 3 a
FIN-11710 Riihimäki
Tel: +358 19 720 318
Fax: +358 19 720 636
E-mail: rimera@kolumbus.fi
Managing Director: Antti Lahti
THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Dywidag Prefa Lysá nad Labem a.s.
Jedlickova 1190 / 1
CZ-289 22 Lysá nad Labem
Tel: +420 325 510 010
Fax: +420 325 551 326
Email: info@dywidag-prefa.cz
www.dywidag-prefa.cz
Managing Director: Michal
ˆ Fax: +31 26 379 7950
Miksovsky´
ESTONIA
AS E-Betoonelement
Tammi tee 51
EE-76902 Harku
Harju maakond
Tel: +372 6 712 500
Fax: +372 6 712 555
E-mail: ebe@betoonelement.ee
www.betoonelement.ee
Managing Director: Jaan Valbet
AS Swetrak
Tammi tee 51
EE-76902 Harku
Harju maakond
Tel: +372 6 712 500
Fax: +372 6 712 555
E-mail: taimi@betoonelement.ee
Managing Director: Ove Johansson
GERMANY
DW Beton GmbH
Stadthausbrücke 7
D-20355 Hamburg
Tel: +49 40 360 9130
Fax: +49 40 3609 1379
Email: info@dw-beton.de
www.dw-beton.de
Managing Directors: Heikki
Haikonen,
Thomas Krämer-Wasserka
DW Betonrohre GmbH
Zinkhüttenweg 16
D-41542 Dormagen
Tel: +49 2133 2773
Fax: +49 2133 277 545
Email: info@ dw-betonrohre.de
www.dw-betonrohre.de
Managing Director: Heinz-Toni
Dolfen
DW Schwellen GmbH
Pareyer Strasse 4a
D-39317 Güsen
Tel: +49 3934 4920
Fax: +49 3934 492 215
Email: info@ dw-schwellen.de
www.dw-schwellen.de
Managing Director:
Heinz-Hermann Schulte-Loh
DW Systembau GmbH
An der B 19
D-98639 Walldorf / Meiningen
Tel: +49 36 93 8830
Fax: +49 36 93 883 314
Managing Director:
Heinz-Hermann Schulte-Loh
VERBIN Baufertigteile GmbH
P.O. Box 170341
D-47183 Duisburg
Tel: 0800 181 5939*
Fax: 0800 181 5938*
*(In Germany only. From abroad
please call VBI BV.)
E-mail: verbin@verbin.de
www.verbin.de
Managing Director: Lambert
Teunissen
Elematic GmbH
Kleebergstrasse 1
D-63667 Nidda
Tel: +49 6043 961 80
Fax: +49 6043 6218
E-mail: info@elematic-gmbh.com
Managing Director: Simo Lääperi
LATVIA
SIA Consolis Latvija
Katlakalna iela 1, 4 floor
LV-1073 Riga
Tel: +371 7 138 777
Fax: +371 7 138 778
E-mail: office@consolis.lv
www.consolis.lv
Managing Director: Vladimirs
Chamans
LITHUANIA
UAB Betonika
Naglio 4 A
LT-3014 Kaunas
Tel: +370 37 400 100
Fax: +370 37 400 111
E-mail: info@betonika.lt
www. betonika.lt
Managing Director: Vytautas
Niedvaras
THE NETHERLANDS
Spanbeton BV
P.O. Box 5
NL-2396 ZG
KOUDEKERK AAN DEN RIJN
Tel: +31 71 341 9115
Fax: +31 71 341 2101 (office)
E-mail: info@spanbeton.nl
www. spanbeton.nl
Managing Director: Lambert
Teunissen
VBI Verenigde
Bouwprodukten Industrie BV
P.O. Box 31
NL-6850 AA Huissen
Tel: +31 26 379 7979
E-mail: vbi@vbi.nl
www.vbi.nl
Managing Director: Lambert
Teunissen
Leenstra Machine- en Staalbouw BV
P.O. Box 9
NL-9200 AA Drachten
Tel: +31 512 589 700
Fax: +31 512 510 708
E-mail: info@leenstra.nl
www.leenstra.nl
Managing Director: Paul Schut
NORWAY
Spenncon AS
Industriveien 2
N-1337 Sandvika
Tel: +47 67 573 900
Fax: +47 67 573 901
Email: post@spenncon.no
www.spenncon.no
Managing Director: Terje Søhoel
POLAND
Consolis Polska Sp. z o.o.
ul. Przemyslowa 40
PL-97-350 Gorzkowice
Tel: +48 44 732 7300
Fax: +48 44 732 7301
E-mail: office@consolis.pl
www.consolis.pl
Managing Director: Piotr Biskup
RUSSIA
ZAO Parastek Beton
3. Silikatny proezd, 10
123308 Moscow, Russia
Tel: +7 095 742 5911
Tel: +7 095 742 5912
Fax: +7 095 946 2680
www.parastekbeton.ru
Managing Director: Olli Ruutikainen
SWEDEN
Strängbetong AB
P.O. Box 858
S-131 25 Nacka
Tel: +46 8 615 8200
Fax: +46 8 615 8260
www.strangbetong.se
Managing Director: Johnny Ståhl
USA
Elematic Inc.
21795 Doral Road
Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
Tel: +1 262 798 9777
Fax: +1 262 798 9776
E-mail: info@elematic-inc.com
Local Manager: Matt Cherba
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