INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

“ Addiction is the only prison where the locks are on the inside.”

Adolescence is an important segment of our society with one fifth of them

constituting the population. As per WHO (1986) defined adolescent as the period of transition
from childhood to adulthood in the age range of 10-20 years. Thus it is the largest ever
generation in human history. In India 21% of the total population comprises of adolescents.
(National youth policy 2000). Adolescence is a stage between child hood and manhood /
womanhood. It is a stage when he cannot make his responsibility of a situation.
According to world health organization and the American psychiatric association,
drug abuse is the illicit consumption of an naturally occurring or pharmaceutical substances
for the purpose of changing the way in which a person feels, think or behaves, without
understanding or taking into consideration the damaging, physical and mental side effects
that are caused1.
An articles published by Dr. Ask. Felex , on commonly abuse drugs among
adolescents in India are Alcohol, Smoking, tobacco, cough syrup containing codeine, and
cap. Spasmoproxyvon etc.2
Drug abuse is a worldwide problem, not confined to either the developed on the
developing countries. It is not the problem of the individual but also affects the family and
the society at large. In India substance abuse has been recognized as a growing problem in
person from all works of life. It is ride spread among adolescents, young adults and ethers,
drug abuse are most common during adolescence. At the age of 10-20 years, the use of drug
abuses in adolescence represents a serious public health problems3.
Drugs abuses are most common during adolescence. According to world health
organization, adolescent is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood in the age
mange of 10-20 years. At the age of 10-20 years, the use of drug abuse in adolescent
represents a serious public health problem.3
According to national health survey report of drug abuse says that 62.42 million
peoples are using alcohol, 8.75 million uses (cannabis), 2.04 million uses (opiates such as
serious, opium buprenorphine, propoxyphene) 0.29 million uses (sedative) the users were
mostly male and 8% of drug users are female. 17-20% of current drug uses where classified
on considered as dependent users on addicts.4
 A study conducted on incidence estimation of substance abuse in adolescence. The
study shows that the annual incidence rate in India among males for any drug use, are 5.9%
alcohol use 4.2%., tobacco 4.9% cannabis 0.02% and uploads 0.04% and in female incidence
of any drug use who 1.2%.5
One of the most important effect of drug abuse is impaired judgment and a lack of
rational thinking, drug addicts also develop psychological problems such depression, anxiety
irritability, personality problems. During abuse a range of health problem such as unsafe sex,
needle sharing which contributed to the spread of infection disease such as HIV/AIDs and
hepatitis B and C.2
"Drug and alcohol abuse is becoming an area of concern as this is increasing while traditional
moorings, social taboos, emphasis on self-restraint and pervasive control and discipline of the
joint family and community are eroding", senior officials of Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment said.

Substance abuse has a number of negative effects on a family, which include teaching
the family apart, loss of employment, failure in school, increasing domestic violence, child
abuse, and other crimes. It is a complex disorder that often has other significant physical,
emotional and mental effects in the abuser and his family members.5

As per the National Survey on Extent, Pattern and Trends of Drug abuse in India
conducted by the Centre in collaboration with United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the
current prevalence rates within the age group of 12-18 years was Alcohol (21.4 per cent),
Cannabis (three), Opiates (0.7) and any illicit drug (3.6 per cent).

NEED FOR STUDY

“ The unfortunate thing about this world is that good habits are so much easier to give
up than bad ones.”
Somerset Maugham

Drugs are used to care an illness, prevent a disease or improve the health condition.
But when drugs are taken for reasons than medical purposes, it become drug abuse. The
recent and the most disturbing features is the drug abuse is the greater proportion of
involvement of teenager and young adults. 3
Many studies conducted over the years in various countries consistently revealed that
the use of drugs is high among adolescents. Adolescents by natures are said to be dynamic
and venture some and often turn to habits such as drug abuse in order to avoid frustration of
daily living3.
The impact of drug abuse among adolescents includes psychological, social physical
problems etc. that need a close focus and intervention since they are the future generation.3
Drug abuse is a worldwide problem. It is not only the problem of the individual, but
also affects the family and the society at large. In India drug abuse has been recognized as a
growing problem. It is wide spread among adolescents; young adult 1.5% to 50% students are
using drug.6
A study conducted on effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding advice
effect of tobacco-smoking on knowledge gain of X standard students in selected school. The
study shows that adolescent is to be vulnerable to number of risk causing behavior like drug
especially drug abuse 4.54% of drug users were at the age 12-17 years, 13.86% in age group
of 18-23 years. If this pattern is continue in the futures tobacco use will result in the death of
250 million of people who are adolescent today.7

There is a high rate of suicide in alcoholics and other drug abusers. The reasons
believed to cause the increased risk of suicide include the long-term abuse of alcohol and
other drugs causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation.
Another factor is the acute intoxicating effects of the drugs may make suicide more likely to
occur. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in
adolescents being related to alcohol abuse. In the USA approximately 30 percent of suicides
are related to alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of
committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, burglaries and
assaults.

Hence, keeping all these in mind the researcher felt a need to assess the knowledge
about the ill effects of substance abuse among the substance abusers in selected de addiction
ward. This would enable the researcher to understand the reasons for addiction and their
understanding levels regarding ill effects and complications of substance abuse because
mainly young adults are more affected from this problem .

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding ill-effects of substance

abuse among adolescents in a selected areas of Punjab.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge regarding ill-effects of substance
abuse among adolescents in a selected areas of Punjab.

OBJECTIVES

● To assess the knowledge regarding the ill effects of substance abuse among
adolescents .

● To determine the association between the knowledge of adolescents with their

selected demographic variables.

HYPOTHESES

● H0: There will be no significant association between knowledge regarding the ill
effects of substance abuse among adolescents with selected socio demographic
variables.

● H1: There will be significant association between knowledge regarding the ill effects
of substance abuse among adolescents with selected socio demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Knowledge: It refers to the awareness or familiarizing of substance abusers regarding ill-

effects of substance abuse.

Ill effects: It refers to the personal view/opinion/idea/belief of substance abuse amongst

substance abusers.

Substance abuse: It refers to any continued pathological use of a medication, non-medically

indicated drugs, or toxin.

Adolescents : It refers to the individuals who are studying in PUC.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Definition- Interrelated concepts or abstractions that are assembled together in some rational
scheme by virtue of their relevance to common theme; sometimes referred to as a conceptual
theoretical framework if based on the concepts of an existing theory or theories.
It serves as a springboard for the generation of research hypothesis and can provide an
important context for scientific research. A conceptual framework in research can provide
ways of looking at data and grouping facts into rationale. The conceptual framework used in
the study is based on the "Adaptation model" of Sister Callista Roy. The present study is
particularly intended to assess the knowledge of adolescence on substance abuse. The
conceptual framework for the study was developed based on a review of literature. Roy
defined a person, recipient of nursing care, as a living complex, adaptive system with internal
processes (cognator and Regulator) acting to maintain adaptation in the found adaptive modes
(physiological, self-concept, role function and interdependent). According to the present
conceptual framework, an adolescent girl or a boy is a bio-psychosocial being in constant
interaction with their peer group, family members and society. If there is adequate
knowledge, it leads to positive healthy life style. Inadequate knowledge leads to negative
attitude and life style, in turn causes drug abuse behavior. This can be rectified by means of
education and awareness building programme. Health and illness are inevitable dimensions of
the person's total life experience. As an individual moves along the health-illness continuum,
she/he will encounter problems to which she/he must adapt. Nursing has a unique goal in
assisting the person in the adaptation effort by managing the environment. The result is
attainment of an optimum level of well-being
SUMMARY:
This chapter dealt with the contents of background of the study, introduction, need of the
study, problem statement, objectives, aims of study, operational definitions, hypothesis and
conceptual framework of the study .
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature is described as a broad, comprehensive in depth, systematic

and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials,
audiovisual material and personal communications.8

Literature review for the present study has been collected and presented under the
following headings:-

1. Literature related to substance abuse.

2. Literature related to knowledge of substance abuse.
3. Literature related to ill-effects of substance abuse
4. Literature related to knowledge of adolescent regarding drug abuse
1. LITERATURE RELATED TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE

An epidemiological survey of drug abuse was conducted in 24 rural villages of four

Community Development Blocks in three districts of Punjab State bordering Pakistan
covering 1276 households. The majority of households had one user. Both men and women
reported the use of traditional drugs, i.e. alcohol, tobacco, opium and cannabis. In males, the
commonest drug used was alcohol (58.3%), followed by tobacco (19.3%), opium (6.3%) and
cannabis (1.2%). The majority of the female respondents were non-users, but a very small
number reported use of tobacco, alcohol and opium. The observations are compared with
other studies and implications discusse.9

A cross sectional study was conducted during April 2004 to march 2005 in an urban
resettlement colony in East Delhi to study the narcotic drug abuse and the socio-demographic
characteristics of users. 208 male narcotic drug users aged 15-24 years were studied. 59.1%
of the narcotic drug users were between 21-24 years of age. 78.8% were using ganja and
39.9% heroin and bhang. 37%were abusers; 36% were dependent users. 58.7% were single,
48% were illiterate and 64% belonged to middle socio-economic status. 68% had initiated
narcotic drug use out of curiosity.10
 Study was conducted to identify the incidence of drug abuse in persons with
unnatural deaths such as traffic accidents, homicide with gunshot wounds, etc. One hundred
and fifty three cases with a mean age of 34 years (range 10 to 76) were studied. The
decedents were mostly male (92%), with a variety of occupations including laborers (76.9%),
traders (15.4%), and student (7.7%). The causes of death were mainly traffic injuries (33%),
gunshot wounds (26%) and others (stab wound, poisoning, asphyxia etc 41%). The manner of
death was accidents in 40% and homicides in 28%. Nine percent were positive for
methamphetamine or amphetamine derivatives. The drug positive cases were mostly males
(85%) with the most common age range of 21-30 years (35.4%). Homicide by gunshot
wounds was the most common cause of death at 69.2%, followed by hanging (15.4%),
electrocution (7.7%), and poisoning (7.7%). Three Benzodiazepine, one toluene, and one
meperidine cases were also found in cases of methamphetamine abuse. Alcohol was found
mostly in the persons with unnatural deaths (53.6%) from traffic accidents. Hence
interventions were planned to eradicate these drugs from Thailand in line with government
strategies.11

A study was conducted among Iranian nursing students in Iran to evaluate the
prevalence of substance abuse. The sample consisted of 400 nursing students (85.25% were
females and 14.25% were males). A questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of
substance abuse. The study findings revealed that mean age of females was 20.3 and of males
was 22.8 of the subjects reported usage of substance includes cigarette (25.3%), alcohol
(5.8%), opium (8.5%), cocaine (1.5%), hashish (1.5%), marijuana (0.8%) and morphine
(0.5%). Substance abuse was significantly related to sex, higher among males than females.
Tobacco and opium were found to be the most prevalent form of substance abuse among
students.12

2. LITERATURE RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE:

A study was conducted among street adolescents in the area of Lucknow, India to
assess and explore adolescent’s perceived need for more knowledge about drug effects and
factors contributing to drug abuse. The sample consisted of 70 youths aged 16-20 years who
were conveniently selected from the population. In that 94% were males, 4 were females.
Data was collected by interview schedule with informed consent. The result of the study
showed that adolescents were having less knowledge about drug abuse, its effect on body and
complication.13
 A descriptive study was conducted among 1079 junior middle school students, to
study the knowledge, attitude and behavior on substance abuse. Junior students of 4 middle
schools from 2 cities and 2 small towns were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling
methods in Xiangfan and Daye respectively. Data was gathered from self report
questionnaires then was analyzed using SPSS 12.0. Results showed that out of 1079 junior
middle school students 80% of them had good grades for questions about drugs in general
while 34.4% ones had poor grades for questions regarding drug addiction. 54.47% and
41.795 of the students were puzzled on questions regarding complications of substance
abuse.14

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the households of Nurpur Shahaan,

adjacent to Bari Imam on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, during January 2010. A
structured questionnaire was used and 200 adults of ages 18 and above were assessed about
their awareness of substance abuse, its social effects and health hazards. All collected data
was entered into SPSS ver.10. The independent variables in the study were age, gender,
marital status, social class, education level and knowledge of substance abuse. The dependent
variables were substance abuse, type of substance abuse, attitude towards using and attitude
towards quitting. Out of the 200 adults consenting to participate in the survey, 65 (33%) were
reported to suffer from substance abuse, while 135 (67%) claimed not to be in the habit.
Awareness about the dangers of substance abuse was higher among non-users (59.4%) as
compared to the users, but 40.6% users continued to use drugs despite knowing that adverse
effects would follow. Non-user respondents were more aware of the risks involved (75.8%)
than the users (23.4%). It remained unclear whether anxiety and depression were an outcome
of addiction or a defense mechanism to perpetuate maladaptive behaviour of substance
abuse.15
3. LITERATURE RELATED TO ILL - EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE.

A study reported that adolescent substance abuse is a chronic problem that

contributes to automobile accidents, suicide and crime and can also be a symptoms of
underlying mental problems such as depression.16
A study was conducted related to risk factors of substance abuse among street
children from New Delhi. Among the 115 children interviewed, 57.4% had indulged in
substance use any time in their life. The most common substance consumed was nicotine, as
cigarettes or beedies and gutkha form of sniffing of adhesive glue ,petrol, gasoline, thinner
and spirit the harmful effects of substance use named by children were lung problems
(28.2%) like burning of lungs and tuberculosis (6%) some stomach ailments like stones,
rupture and bloody vomiting (12%) cancer(10.9%), death (10%),blackening of teeth and
rupture of cheeks (7.3%), closing of heart or kidney stones(5%).17
A study was conducted on substance abuse done among students, unskilled
workers and professionals in Chennai, pointed out that nicotine was one of the major causes
of premature death and smoking was said to be on the increase in developing nations.
Alcohol and illicit drugs were strongly associated with medical and psychiatric morbidity,
accidents, violence, homicide, suicide, occupational dysfunction and reduction in life span.
Nicotine ranked third, alcohol fifth and illicit drugs ninth amongst the ten major risk factors,
which contributed to the global burden of diseases.18
4. LITERATURE RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE OF ADOLESCENT REGARDING
DRUG ABUSE

A study conducted on alcohol and adolescent knowledge, attitude and behaviour.

The purpose of study is to determine their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding
alcohol use. The study result shows that knowledge, attitudes and behaviour are significantly
correlated. Students also reported school as their major source of information about alcohol
were more knowledgeable and had most conservative attitudes towards un acceptable use of
alcohol.
The white student scored higher on the knowledge test and had more liberal attitudes
than minority students. Females were more conservative than male and older student had
more liberal attitude. The study results suggest that efforts to educate youth about alcohol
should incorporate acceptable uses as well as the negative aspects of drinking19.
A study conducted on evaluation of knowledge and health attitude toward aigrette
smoking alcohol and drug use among student. The study revealed that aigrette smoking,
drinking alcohol and drug use are important epidemiological problems affecting stage of
health. The aim of study was evaluation of knowledge about harmful effects of smoking,
drinking alcohol and drug use among student knowledge about harmfulness of drinking
alcohol and drug abuse effect of smoking among student are not put parities to reduce
unhealthy behaviour among student.20
A study conducted HIV instruction, HIV knowledge and drug injection among high
school student in the United States. The purpose of study is to determine the behaviour and to
assess the effects of HIV related school based instruction and HIV knowledge on these
behaviour. The regression analysis revealed that students with higher knowledge scores were
less likely and males more likely to have even injected drugs.
HIV knowledge was similarly associate with other outcome measure of drug injection
behaviour. The results suggest that HIV knowledge and school – based instruction may play a
role in main tainting low level of drug injection behavior among high school students.21
A descriptive study on frequency analysis of the use of addictive substances was
conducted on adolescents attending secondary schools in Sanok, Poland. The aim of the study was to
find out how may teenagers use and fall in dependence on alcohol, tobacco and drugs. One hundred
and forty pupils aged 17-18 years attending secondary schools in Sanok were interviewed; 91.4% of
the interviewed students said that they had been informed at school about health hazards resulting
from drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco and use of drugs. In spite of that all of them said that they did
use alcohol; 46.4% of them confirmed that they overused it; 35.7% of the examined students smoked
cigarettes; 25.7% of the respondents used drugs at least once in their lives; 62.5% of them used
marijuana; 25% hashish; 5.7% hallucinogenic mushrooms; 3.6% LSD; 1.8% amphetamine and 1.8%
ecstasy. When asked to evaluate how difficult for them the access to drugs was, 27.9% of pupils said
that it was easy, 6.45% difficult and 65.7% didn't know. The results showed that adolescents used
addictive substances in spite of having knowledge about their hazardous influence on their health.22

`
A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the level of knowledge about addictions. The
research was conducted among a group of 158 people, with 85 studying physiotherapy and 73
studying physical education at the Academy of Physical Education in Krakow, Poland. Students of
both disciplines had compulsory health promotion classes. The study showed that the level of
knowledge was insufficient and comparable in both cases. The vast majority of the surveyed knew the
definition of psychical and physical addiction. Students were not capable of listing the consequences
of smoking on health. A relatively high percentage claimed that beer was not addictive. Not all
students knew that marijuana smoking leads to addiction as well.23

A descriptive study was conducted on the evaluation of knowledge about harmful

effects of smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use among students of Silesian University of
Technology and evaluation of health attitudes towards smoking, drinking alcohol and drug abuse in
examined population. One hundred and nine students of Silesian University of Technology aged
between 19-24 years took part in the study and filled the anonymous questionnaire. The study
revealed that 8% of Silesian University of Technology students smoke cigarettes regularly. Fifteen
percent of students declared smoking occasionally despite most of them knowing the negative effects
of such smoking. Almost 80% did not smoke at all. In the opinion of 66 (7%) passive model of
smoking is as harmful as the active one. Relatively many (8%) of examined students admitted
drinking alcohol regularly. Only 15% did not drink alcohol; 35% of students declared taking a drug at
least once during entire life, and some of examined considered marijuana as not addictive. High
knowledge about harmful effects of smoking among students resulted in a relatively low percentage
of inveterate smokers. Despite knowledge about harmfulness of drinking alcohol and drug abuse,
proper healthy behaviour in this area are not put into practice in order to reduce unhealthy behaviour
among young people.23

A qualitative study was conducted at Prayas Observation Home for boys, New Delhi,
to study the pattern of drug use, reasons for initiation and the perception about the effects of using
drugs, among juveniles in conflict with law. Eight key informant interviews were conducted to find
the prevalence of prior drug use among boys. Five focus group discussions were conducted with 34
children using a topic outline guide. The study showed that drug use was related to other criminal
activities. Peer group and media were the most important influences for initiation of drug use. All
kinds of drugs could easily be procured by children and there was a gradual progression from non-use
to tobacco and alcohol use, to marijuana and ultimately to other drugs. Knowledge about medical and
social mal-effects of consuming drugs did not seem to affect either the consumption of drugs or the
desire to leave this habit.24

A descriptive study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, pattern and correlates of
tobacco use amongst the 13-15 year olds in schools of Karnataka. A three stage (area, school level and
class level) cluster sample design was adopted and 80 schools from 12 districts of the state were
selected. A total of 4,110 students participated in the study with an overall response rate of 87%. The
study concluded that the point prevalence of tobacco use amongst 13-15 year old was 4.9%. Current
tobacco use was predominantly a male feature and use of smokeless variety predominated
(transitional Karnataka (8.2%); metropolis (6.8%); rural (3.4%). One third of current tobacco users
(30.8%) purchased tobacco product in a store and one-fifth used it at home. Nearly half of the never-
smokers (43% to 56.7%) were exposed to tobacco smoke outside home and 83% favoured a ban on
smoking in public places. A male tobacco user was perceived to have more friends and was reported
to make them look attractive. Print media was a predominant source of message, more so in the
metropolitan region. Only one-third (31.6%) reported that the reasons of tobacco usage amongst youth
was discussed in formal school settings.25

A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence, consumption patterns and correlates of

tobacco use among adolescent children in Government schools in the National Capital territory of
Delhi. Thirty schools in National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi were selected by two-stage cluster
random design and population proportionate to size sampling (PPS) methodology. A sample of 3,422
children in the age group of 10-18 years studying in the 30 middle and senior secondary Government
schools in NCT of Delhi were studied. Each student was administered a pre-tested, semi-structured
questionnaire. The result of the study revealed that overall 9.8% of the study children had at least once
experimented with any form of tobacco in their lifetime. The proportion of children who were current
users of tobacco products was 5.4% (boys: 4.6%, Girls: 0.8%).26

Summary : This chapter deals with review of literature related to substance abuse
, knowledge and attitude of substance abuse , ill-effects of drug abuse , knowledge of
adolescent regarding drug abuse
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

 Sources of data collection

Data was collected from 50 adolescents of selected areas of Punjab.

 Method of data collection

Structured knowledge questionnaire was used for data collection in this study.

 Research approach

Quantitative approach was used for this study.

 Research design

The research design used in this study was non – experimental descriptive design.

 Settings of the study

The study was conducted at State Institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Badal,

Punjab.

 Population

The population consists of adolescents from selected areas of Punjab.

 Sample size

Total number of samples in this study was 50 adolescents .

 Sampling technique

Non- probability convenience sampling technique was used in this study.

  Sampling criteria

Inclusion criteria:

● Adolescents who are willing to participate.

● Adolescents who are available during the study.
● Both male and female adolescents.

Exclusion criteria:

 Individuals who are not living in Punjab region .

 Individuals who are less than 13 years and more than 19 years .
 Variables

Research variable: knowledge of adolescents regarding ill-effects of substance abuse.

 Development and description of tool

DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF TOOL

The research tool was selected and developed by keeping in mind the objectives of
study , reviewing theoretical sources, previous studies , internet and through discussion with
field experts. The research tool is divided into two parts:

PART 1 : DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OF SUBJECT

This part consists of items for obtaining personal information about subjects such as Socio
demographic variables consisting of item related age, type of family, religion, previous
exposure to substance abuse.
PART 2: STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE

STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE: This part consists of 15 multiple choice questions .

Each question consist of four options, out of which one option is correct and given one mark
whereas the rest of three options are wrong and marked Zero(0).

The questions are related to following aspects :-

Sr.no. Area Items

1. Related to substance abuse 7
2. Related to ill-effects of substance abuse 8
 3. Total 15

CRITERIA MEASURED

Sr.no. Levels Scores Percentage

1) Excellent >24 >80%
2) Good 20-24 65%-80%
3) Average 15-20 50%-64%
4) Below average <15 Below 50%

Content validity of tool was determined by expert’s opinion on the relevance of the items .
The tool was given to nursing field expert in mental health nursing , medical surgical nursing
and 15 questions were made. The relevant amendments and modifications are carried out on
the basis of opinion of experts before pilot study .

RELIABILITY OF TOOL

Reliability : Reliability of tool was computed by split half method that is by calculation
coefficient of correlation of first and then applying spearman brown prophecy of tool i.e.
0.80

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Written permission from higher authority is taken for conducting the study. Informed
verbal consent from the subjects is taken. Information collected was kept confidential and
used for research study only.

PERMISSION FOR THE DATA COLLECTION

A written permission for conducting pilot study and final study was taken from
Principal, State Institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Badal, Sri Muktsar Sahib .

PILOT STUDY

Pilot study is conducted to ensure the reliability and feasibility of tool during the
month of August , 2018 . Pilot study was conducted on adolescents in nursing college, State
Institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Badal, Sri Muktsar Sahib .
. The assessment of knowledge and practice was done by administrating a self-structured
questionnaire on knowledge of ill-effects of substance abuse among adolescents.

PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION

Prior to data collection, permission was obtained from the research ethical committee,
concerned authority of mental health and nursing colleges’ authorities to conduct study. Total
50 adolescents were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria through
probability convenience sampling technique and explained about objectives, activities and
duration of their involvement. Informed consent was obtained. Confidentiality and
anonymity of the subjects was maintained. Adolescents had full autonomy to participate in
research and withdraw from research at any time. Firstly, Pre intervention was conducted on
sample by using self- structured questionnaire. No intervention was given to group.

PLAN OF DATA ANALYSIS

Analysis of data collection was done in accordance with the objectives of study. Data
obtained had been analyzed in terms of descriptive and inferential statistics that is calculating
the frequency and percentage of socio demographic profile and knowledge regarding ill-
effects of drug abuse among adolescents . Chi square Test was used to assess the association
of knowledge with their socio demographic profile.

SUMMARY

This chapter deals with research approach, research design, research setting, sample
size, sampling technique, ethical consideration, development and description of tool , pilot
study, data collection procedure, data analysis.
 Research approach
(Quantitative research approach)

Research design
(Non-experimental descriptive research design)

Target population
( adolescents from selected areas of Punjab )

)
Research setting
(State Institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Badal, Punjab)

Punjab. Sampling technique

( Non- probability convenience sampling technique)
)
)
Sample size (N=50)

Data collection by using self- structured questionnaire

Analysis and interpretation(Descriptive and inferential statistics)

Discussion , conclusion , recommendations , implications

Dissemination of research finding

 CHAPTER-4
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

Present study was conducted among adolescents of selected areas of Punjab . Total 50
adolescents were selected using probability convenient sampling technique. Structured
questionnaire was used to assess knowledge regarding ill- effects of substance abuse among
adolescents. The analysis of data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Problem Statement
A Descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding ill-effects of substance abuse among
adolescents in selected areas of Punjab

Objectives
1. To assess the knowledge regarding the ill effects of substance abuse among
adolescents .

2. To determine the association between the knowledge of adolescents with their

selected demographic variables

Table No. 1 : Showing Level of Scores

CRITERIA MEASURE OF KNOWLEDGE SCORE

Level of Scores N= 30 Score Percentage Frequency

Excellent >24 4.0 2

Good 20-24 38.0 19

Average 15-20 44.0 22

Below average <15 14.0 7

Maximum =30 Minimum=0

The above table no. 1 Showing criteria measures of knowledge Score 4 % has excellent
knowledge score ,38% has good knowledge score and 44 % has average knowledge score and
14% have poor knowledge about ill-effects of substance abuse.
 Figure No 1: Diagram showing Level of Knowledge Scores of sample

Evaluation criteria

44%

38%

14%

4%

Excellent Good Average Below average

Table No. 2: Descriptive Statistics table

N= 50
Descriptive
Mean Median S.D. Maximum Minimum Range Mean %
Statistics
Knowledge
18.6 15 4.31 28 10 18 66.42%
Score

Maximum=30 Minimum=0

The above table no. 2 Shows descriptive statistics in which mean was 18.6 , 4.31 standard
deviation, 15 median ,66.42 % mean percentage and range was 10-28
 Figure No 2: Diagram showing descriptive statistics

70 66.42

60

50

40

30
18.6
20 15

10 4.31
0
Mean SD Median Mean %
Fig no. 2 shows mean which is 18.6, standard deviation 4.31, median 15 and mean % is 66.42%
which means that most of the values related to knowledge of ill-effects of substance abuse are lie near
to 18.6 and deviation from average is 4.31 .

Figure No 3: Diagram Showing Mean Percentage Scores

Mean Percentage Score

33.48%
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr

66.42%
 Table No 3: Table Showing Association between the level of knowledge and
Demographic Variables
This section deals with the findings related to the association between score and selected
demographic variables. The chi-square test was used to determine the association between the
score levels and selected demographic variables

Demographic Data Levels (N=50) Association with KNOWLEDGE Score

Chi P Table
Variables Opts Excellent Good Average Poor df Result
Test Value Value
Age in Below
0 0 0 0
years 13 years
13-15
0 0 0 0
years
3
0 8 9
16-17 2.80 1.400 0.7056 3 7.81 Significant
0.80 7.60 8.80
(
years ( 0.80) ( 0.02) ( 0.00)
0.01)

4
2 11 13
>17 4.20
1.20 11.40 13.20
(
years ( 0.53) ( 0.01) ( 0.00)
0.01)

Students 9th-10th 0 0 0 0
Education 11- 12th 0 0 0 0
5
0 2 8
2.10
Diploma 0.60 5.70 6.60 Not
(
( 0.60) ( 2.40) ( 0.30) 10.434 0.0152 3 7.81
4.00) Significant
2
2 17 14
4.90
Degree 1.40 13.30 15.40
(
( 0.26) ( 1.03) ( 0.13)
1.72)

Parents Illitrate 0 0 0 1
Education 0 0 12
5
2.08 Not
Primary 0.69 6.59 7.63 28.436 0.0001 6 12.59
(
( 0.69) ( 6.59) ( 2.50) Significant
4.09)

Secondar 0 14 7 1
 y 0.90 8.53 9.88 2.69
( 0.90) ( 3.51) ( 0.84) (
1.07)

Graduate 0
2 5 3
1.22
and Post 0.41 3.88 4.49
(
( 6.21) ( 0.32) ( 0.49)
Graduate 1.22)

Father’s 0 1 5
4
1.40
Occupation Labour 0.40 3.80 4.40
(
( 0.40) ( 2.06) ( 0.08)
4.83)

2
0 7 12
Agricult 2.94
0.84 7.98 9.24
(
ure ( 0.84) ( 0.12) ( 0.82)
0.30) Not
21.855 0.0093 9 16.92
1 Significant
0 6 1
Governm 1.12
0.32 3.04 3.52
(
ent job ( 0.32) ( 2.88) ( 1.80)
0.01)

0
2 5 4
1.54
Business 0.44 4.18 4.84
(
( 5.53) ( 0.16) ( 0.15)
1.54)

Mother’s 1 15 17
5
House 5.32
Occupation 1.52 14.44 16.72
(
Wife ( 0.18) ( 0.02) ( 0.00)
0.02)

0
1 2 2
Governm 0.70
0.20 1.90 2.20
(
ent job ( 3.20) ( 0.01) ( 0.02) 5.654 0.4630 6 12.59 Significant
0.70)

Laborer 0 0 0 0
2
0 2 3
Any 0.98
0.28 2.66 3.08
(
other ( 0.28) ( 0.16) ( 0.00)
1.06)

Family 1
0 2 5
3000- 1.12
Monthly 0.32 3.04 3.52
(
5000 ( 0.32) ( 0.36) ( 0.62) Not
income 0.01)
6.115 0.7283 9 16.92
0 5 6
Significant
6000- 1
0.48 4.56 5.28
1.68
10000 ( 0.48) ( 0.04) ( 0.10)
(
 0.28)

4
1 6 4
11000- 2.10
0.60 5.70 6.60
(
15000 ( 0.27) ( 0.02) ( 1.02)
1.72)

1
1 6 7
16000 or 2.10
0.60 5.70 6.60
(
above ( 0.27) ( 0.02) ( 0.02)
0.58)

Diet 3
2 10 19
Vegetari 4.76
1.36 12.92 14.96
(
an ( 0.30) ( 0.66) ( 1.09)
0.65)

Non- 2
0 8 2
1.68
Vegetari 0.48 4.56 5.28 12.245 0.0567 6 12.59
(
( 0.48) ( 2.60) ( 2.04) Significant
an 0.06)

2
0 1 1
Eggitaria 0.56
0.16 1.52 1.76
(
n ( 0.16) ( 0.18) ( 0.33)
3.70)

Religion 4
1 15 16
5.04
Hindu 1.44 13.68 15.84
(
( 0.13) ( 0.13) ( 0.00)
0.21)

3
1 4 6
1.96 1.707 0.6353 3 7.81 Significant
Sikh 0.56 5.32 6.16
(
( 0.35) ( 0.33) ( 0.00)
0.55)

Muslim 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0
Place of 4
1 15 10
4.20
Residence Rural 1.20 11.40 13.20
(
( 0.03) ( 1.14) ( 0.78)
0.01)
4.889 0.180 3 7.81 Significant
3
1 4 12
2.80
Urban 0.80 7.60 8.80
(
( 0.05) ( 1.71) ( 1.16)
0.01)

Source of 1 7 6 1 Not
Parents 0.60 5.70 6.60 12.697 0.1768 9 16.59
Information 2.10
( 0.27) ( 0.30) ( 0.05)
( Significant
 0.58)

3
0 6 3
Mass 1.68
0.48 4.56 5.28
(
Media ( 0.48) ( 0.45) ( 0.98)
1.04)

3
0 6 8
School 2.38
0.68 6.46 7.48
(
Teachers ( 0.68) ( 0.03) ( 0.04)
0.16)

0
1 0 5
Health 0.84
0.24 2.28 2.64
(
Workers ( 2.41) ( 2.28) ( 2.11)
0.84)

Table No 3 shows that the association between the level of score and socio demographic
variable. Based on the 2nd objective Chi-square test was used to associate the level of
knowledge and selected demographic variables. There is significance association between the
level of scores and other demographic variables .The calculated chi-square values were more
than the table value at the 0.05 level of significance in age in years , mother’s occupation ,
diet , religion and place of residence . This means that adolescents of age group 16-17 years
has more knowledge about ill-effects of substance abuse. The adolescents whose mother are
doing govt. job has more knowledge than others . Vegetarians, hindu religion , and living in
rural area has significant difference of knowledge than others.
Table No 4 : Frequency Distribution of Demographic variables.

N=50

Variables Opts Percentage(%) Frequency(f)

Age in years Below 13 years 0% 0

13-15 years 0% 0
16-17 years 40% 20
>17 years 60% 30
Students 9-10th 0% 0
Education 11-12th 0% 0
Diploma students 30% 15
 Degree students 70% 35
Parents Illiterate 2% 1
Education Primary 34% 17
Secondary 44% 22
Graduate and Post
20% 10
Graduate
Father’s Labor 20% 10
Occupation Agriculture 42% 21
Government job 16% 8
Business 22% 11
Mother’s House Wife 76% 38
Occupation Government job 10% 5
Laborer 0% 0
Any other 14% 7
Family Monthly 3000-5000 16% 8
income 6000-10000 24% 12
11000-15000 30% 15
16000 or above 30% 15
Diet Vegetarian 68% 34
Non-Vegetarian 24% 12
Eggitarian 8% 4
Religion Hindu 72% 36
Sikh 28% 14
Muslim 0% 0
Others 0% 0
Place of Rural 60% 30
Residence Urban 40% 20
Source of Parents 30% 15
Information Mass Media 24% 12
School Teachers 34% 17
Health Workers 12% 6

Figure No 4 : Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their age

 Series 1
60
60.0

50.0
40
40.0

30.0 Series 1

20.0

10.0
0
0.0
Below 13 13-15 years 16-17 years >17 years
years

Figure No 5 : Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their class

70%
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 30%
0.3
0.2
0% 0%
0.1
0
9-10th 11-12th Diploma Degree
students students
Figure No 6: Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their parents
education

Parents Education
2%

20% Illiterate

34% Primary

Secondary

Graduate and Post

44% Graduate

Figure No 7: Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their father’s

occupation

Father's Occupation

60%
42%
40%
20%
20% 16% 22%
0%
Labor
Agriculture
Government job
Business
 Figure No 8 : Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their Mother’s
occupation

Mother's occupation

74%
80%
60%
40%
20% 10%
0% 0% 14%

House Wife
Government
Laborer
job Any other

Figure No 9: Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their family monthly

income

Family monthly income

16% 24% 30% 30%

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
Family monthly income
30%
20%
10%
0%

Figure No 10: Percentage distribution of adolescents according to their diet

 Diet
68%
70%

60%

50%

40%
24% Diet
30%

20% 8%
10% 0%
0%
Vegetarian Non-Vegetarian Eggitarian Others

Figure No 11: Percentage distribution of adolescents according to the religion

Religion
0% 0%

28%

Hindu
Sikh

72% Muslim
Others
 Fig12 : Percentage distribution of adolescents according to the area of residence

Area of residence

40%
Rural
Urban
60%

Fig 13: Percentage distribution of adolescents according to the source of information

Source of information
40%
34%
35%
30%
30%
24%
25%
20%
Source of information
15% 12%
10%
5%
0%
Parents Mass Media School Health
Teachers Workers
 CHAPTER -5
DISCUSSION

Present study was conducted among adolescents of State Institute of nursing and paramedical
sciences, Badal, District Sri Muktsar Sahib, Punjab. Total 50 adolescents were selected using
convenient sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge
regarding ill-effects of substance abuse among adolescents aged 13-19 years. The analysis of
the data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics.
In the present study it was found that (0 %) adolescents were in the age group of below 13
years and (0 %) were in the age group of 13-15 years and (40%) were in the age group of 16-
17 years and 60% are in the age group >17 years.
It was found that (0%) adolescents studying in 9th -10th class and (0%) studying in 11th- 12th
class and (30%) in diploma class and (70%) in degree class.
It was found that (44%) of children’s parents were of secondary education and (34%) have
primary education and (2%) were illiterate and (20%) children’s parents were graduate and
postgraduate.
It was found that (42%) of children’s Father’s occupation was agriculture and (22%) have
own business and (20%) were labour and (16%) have government jobs.
It was found that (76%) of children’s Mother’s were housewife and (14%) have any other
and (0%) have laborer and (10%) have government jobs.
Regarding monthly income of family (24%) 0f adolescents family income was 6000-10000
and (16%) of adolescents family income was 3000-5000 and (30%) of adolescents family
income was 11000-15000 and (30%) of adolescents family income was 16000 or above.
Regarding dietary pattern there is (68%) were vegetarian and (24%) was non-vegetarian and
(8%) was Eggitarian.
It was found that (26%) of adolescents belong to Sikh religion and (72%) of adolescents
belong to Hindu religion and (0%) of adolescents belong to Muslim and (0%) of adolescents
belong to others.
It was found that majority of the adolescents (60%) belong to rural area and (40%) belong to
urban area.
Regarding source of information majority of adolescents (34%) gain information regarding
ill-effects of substance abuse from school teachers and (24%) from mass media and (30%)
from the parents and 12% from health care workers .
It was found that (44%) of adolescents had average knowledge, (14%) of adolescents had
poor knowledge and only (38%) of adolescents had good knowledge and only 4% have
excellent knowledge regarding ill-effects of substance abuse.
The calculated chi-square values were more than the table value at the 0.05 level of
significance in age in years , mother’s occupation , diet , religion and place of residence .
This means that adolescents of age group 16-17 years has more knowledge about ill-effects of
substance abuse. The adolescents whose mother are doing govt. job has more knowledge than
others . Vegetarians, hindu religion , and living in rural area has significant difference of
knowledge than others.
 CHAPTER – 6
CONCLUSION, MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 Conclusion
It was concluded that 22 (44%) adolescents had average knowledge, 7 (14%) adolescents had
poor knowledge and only 19 (38%) adolescents had good knowledge and 2 (4%) had
excellent knowledge regarding ill-effects of substance abuse . The main source of
information among adolescents was school teachers. The calculated chi-square values were
more than the table value at the 0.05 level of significance in age in years , mother’s
occupation , diet , religion and place of residence . This means that adolescents of age group
16-17 years has more knowledge about ill-effects of substance abuse. The adolescents whose
mother are doing govt. job has more knowledge than others . Vegetarians, hindu religion ,
and living in rural area has significant difference of knowledge than others.
 Major Findings
As regarding to age of adolescents that (26%) adolescents were in the age group of 13-15
years and (24%) were in the age group of 16-17 years and (0%) were in the age group of
below 13 years and >17 years.
 As regarding to class of adolescents that (0%) adolescents studying in 9th - 10th class
and (0%) studying in 11th -12th class and (30%) in diploma class and (70%) in degree
class.
 As regarding to parent’s education of adolescents that (44%) were secondary
education and (34%) have primary education and (2%) were illiterate and (20%)
children’s parents are graduate and postgraduate.
 As regarding to father’s occupation of adolescents that (42%) was agriculture and
(22%) have own business and (20%) were labour and (16%) have government jobs.
 As regarding to mother’s occupation of adolescents that (76%) were housewife and
(14%) have any other and (0%) have laborer and (10%) have government jobs.
 As regarding monthly income of family (24%) 0f adolescents family income was
6000-10000 and (16%) of adolescents family income was 3000-5000 and 30%) of
adolescents family income was 11000-15000 and (30 %) of adolescents family
income was 16000 or above.
 As regarding dietary pattern there is (68%) was vegetarian and (24%) was non-
vegetarian and (8%) was Eggitarian.
  It was found that (26%) of adolescents belong to Sikh religion and (72%) of
adolescents belong to Hindu religion and (0%) of adolescents belong to Muslim and
(0%) of adolescents belong to others.
 It was found that majority of the adolescents (60%) belong to rural area and (40%)
belong to urban area.
 As regarding to source of information majority of adolescents (34%) gain maximum
information regarding healthy habits from school teachers and (24%) from mass
media and (30%) from the parents and 12% from health workers.
IMPLICATIONS:
The study findings have certain very important implications for the nursing profession i.e.
clinical practice, community health nursing, nursing education, nursing administration and
nursing research. In all the areas nurses act as an educator, organizer, leader, counsellor and
motivator. Nurse can provide a family centered approach to help family to gain the
knowledge regarding drug abuse and its prevention.

 Nursing Education:
The community health nursing and medical-surgical nursing curriculum for all levels of
nursing should give emphasis on substance abuse and its primary, secondary and tertiary
levels of prevention, based on the findings of this study.

As the study findings reveals that 18.1% of the subjects were inadequately aware of ill effects
therefore, The community health worker should have strong emphasis on making the
community aware of substance abuse, its prevention, early detection and treatment. A
community health nurse should take the benefit of each and every encounter with the
people.

Continuing Education and instructional programmes of substance abuse knowledge should be

organized at the hospital and community level by the nursing staff and nursing students.

 Nursing Practice:
Nurses are the primary health care workers for the early detection of substance abuse by
means of proper assessment to screen the subjects. This in turn will help in early detection
and treatment of the substance abuse cases. Nurses can motivate the cases for regular
screening.

 Nursing Administration:
Nursing has become a complex and highly varied practice discipline with a rapidly growing,
well developed and well documented scientific and humanistic knowledge base.
The nurse administrators should arrange knowledge or awareness campaigns on substance
abuse for the hospital and community people and should also assess the effectiveness of
such programmes thereafter.
There should be in-service training for the nurses to get them acquainted with the newer
technologies in the field of early substance abuse detection method.
There should be provision for free screening of the community population so that mortality
and morbidity rates of subjects from substance abuse can be put towards a declining trend.

 Nursing Research:
Findings of the study will act as a catalyst to carry out more extensive research on a large
population sample in different areas of the community. Very few studies of this kind have
been done in Punjab to get an exact scenario of the adolescents knowledge about ill-effects of
substance abuse.

RECOMMENDATIONS:
The study can be replicated on large sample to validate and generalize its findings.

 A study can be conducted to assess the knowledge of the people regarding substance
abuse.

 A co-relation study can be conducted on prevalence, knowledge and attitude of the

adolescents regarding substance abuse.

 Health education to adolescents about substance abuse should be provided.

 Population should be sensitized about availability of screening facilities in districts

where health programmes are in place.
  In an effort to overcome cost difficulties and other hurdles, researchers can use new
methods for early detection of substance abuse abnormalities in poor communities—
methods that are reliable, affordable, accurate, and easy to teach at the community
level. Based on these criteria, a simple visual approach is of particular interest for
countries like India.

 A study can be conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of health care
professionals on substance abuse.
 A study can be carried out to assess the efficiency of health care workers in
performing the substance abuse screening test.

 A comparative study of various methods of substance abuse screening can be made to

select the best one of all.
Limitations:
 The study was confined to the adolescents studying in State Institute of nursing and
paramedical sciences, Badal, Sri Muktsar sahib
 It is difficult to make broad generalization because sample was selected from the age
group of 13-19 years.
 Sample was taken using convenient sampling technique which restrict the
generalization of the study.
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CLIO. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1-57607-708-5

15. Denise F Polit and Berne Delte P Hungler, Nursing Research Principles and Methods.

Philadelphia: J B Lippincott Company, 2003. P 69-70.

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substance users in a resettlement colony of Delhi”, Indian J Public Health;2009 jan-

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 PART –I

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

This part comprises of some questions regarding the subject herself and her educational
background.

The subject is assured that the information obtained here will be kept a secret and will be
used for research purposes only.

1. Age in year

a) Below 13 years

b) 13-15 years

c) 16-17 years

d) > 17 years

2. Students education

a) 9th-10th

b) 11th -12th

c) Diploma

d) Degree

3. Parents education

a) Illiterate

b) Primary

c) Secondary

d) Graduate and post graduate

4. Father’s Occupation

a) Labor
b) Agriculture

c) Government job

d) Business

5. Mother’s Occupation

a) House Wife

b) Government job

c) Laborer

d) Any other

6. Family monthly income

a) 3000-5000

b) 6000-10000

c) 11000-15000

d) 16000 or above

7. Diet

a) Vegetarian

b) Non-Vegetarian

c) Eggitarian

8. Religion

a) Hindu

b) Sikh

c) Muslim

d) Others

9. Place of residence
a) Rural

b) Urban

10. Source of information

a) Parents

b) Mass Media

c) School teachers

d) Health Workers
 PART 2

Problem statement : A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding ill-effects of

substance abuse among adolescents in a selected areas of Punjab.

Multiple choice questions

1. What is substance abuse?

a) It is a pattern of excess intake of illegal drugs that result in harm to one’s health
b) It is an epileptic disorder
c) It is a comorbid medical disorder
d) It is an anxiety disorder

2. Which of the following drug causes addiction ?

a) Heroin
b) Antibiotic pills
c) H2 Blockers
d) Beta blockers

3. What are the causes of substance abuse?

a) Genetic factors, availability, emotional pleasure

b) Below-normal serotonin levels
c) Multiple stressors and personality problems
d) Neurotransmitter and structural hypotheses

4. When does the initiation phase typically occur?

a) 18 -25 years
b) 25 – 30 years
c) 30 – 35 years
d) Before the age of 18 years

5. What populations have the highest percentage of substance abuse?

a) Low-income levels and medically compromised

b) Minorities and medically compromised
c) Low income e level and those with a general education diploma
 d) Minorities and Teens

6. Which of the following occurs with addiction?

a) There is sporadic involvement with a substance or activity

b) The substance or behavior is needed to feel normal change
c) It helps establish normal brain function
d) The substance or behavior must produce a negative mood change

7. Which of the following part is mainly affects by substance abuse?

a) Gall bladder
b) CNS( central nervous system)
c) Heart
d) Kidney

8. Which of the following symptoms are called withdrawal symptoms?

a) Nausea, sweating, shakiness

b) Vomiting, headache, gastritis
c) Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea
d) Fever, anxiety, depression

9. What are some of the symptoms of drug dependence ?

a) Increased heart rate

b) Depression and craving for more of the drug
c) Loss of appetite
d) Flashbacks

10. Some of the short term effects of marijuana are :

a) Loss of coordination and distortions in the sense of time, vision and hearing
b) Improved academic achievement through increased memory and ability to solve problems
c) Decreased risk of heart attack
d) Improved endurance and physical performance in competition

11. A pregnant woman who drinks alcohol is likely to:

a) Have a difficult pregnancy

 b) Have twins
c) Give birth to a baby with facial abnormalities, growth retardation and brain damage
d) Get divorced

12. What does heroin do when it enters the brain?

a) Makes a person think quicker

b) Makes a person more capable of solving problems
c) Makes a person think and react slowly
d) Makes people remember things they have forgotten

13. What is one of the greatest dangers of painkillers and similar drugs?

a) One of the ingredients is poisonous

b) Abusers frequently keep taking more of the drug while the earlier pills are still taking effect
c) They can cause nausea
d) You never know what they might be mixed with

14. What are some of the short-term effects of painkillers?

a) No short-term effects exist

b) High blood pressure
c) Constipation, sedation, vomiting and weakness
d) Heart attack and stroke

15. Which one of the following is a risk factor for smoking in adolescence?

a) Higher socioeconomic status

b) Participation in extracurricular activities, including sports
c) Emotional closeness to parents
d) Physical or sexual abuse
 ANSWER KEY
A. a
B. a
C. a
D. d
E. d
F. b
G. b
H. a
I. b
J. a
K. c
L. c
M. b
N. c
O. d
 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Sub

Age in years

information
occupation

occupation
education

education

Source of
residence
Mother’s
Students

Father’s

monthly

Religion

Place of
Parents

income
Family

Diet
3 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1
AB1
3 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 2
AB2
4 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 4
AB3
4 3 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 3
AB4
3 4 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 4
AB5
4 4 4 2 1 4 1 1 2 4
AB6
4 3 4 2 4 3 1 1 2 4
AB7
3 3 4 2 1 3 1 1 2 3
AB8
4 3 3 2 4 3 1 1 2 4
AB9
3 4 4 3 1 4 1 1 2 1
AB10
3 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 4
AB11
4 3 4 3 4 4 1 1 1 1
AB12
3 4 2 4 2 3 1 1 1 3
AB13
4 3 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 3
AB14
3 4 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 1
AB15
4 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 4
AB16
3 4 4 4 1 2 2 2 1 4
AB17
4 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 4
AB18
4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 3
AB19
3 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 1 4
AB20
4 3 4 2 1 4 2 2 1 1
AB21
3 4 4 4 1 3 2 1 2 3
AB22
4 3 3 4 4 4 2 1 2 4
AB23
3 4 3 3 4 3 2 1 2 1
AB24
3 4 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 3
AB25
3 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 4
AB26
4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 3
AB27
3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 4
AB28
 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 1
AB29
4 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
AB30
4 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 3
AB31
4 4 3 4 1 4 1 2 1 3
AB32
3 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2
AB33
3 4 2 1 1 4 3 2 1 1
AB34
4 4 3 4 1 3 1 2 1 2
AB35
3 4 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 1
AB36
3 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
AB37
4 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
AB38
4 4 3 4 1 4 1 1 1 3
AB39
4 4 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 4
AB40
4 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
AB41
4 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
AB42
4 4 3 2 1 4 1 1 1 3
AB43
4 4 3 2 1 4 1 1 1 1
AB44
4 4 2 2 1 4 3 1 1 1
AB45
4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
AB46
4 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
AB47
4 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3
AB48
4 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
AB49
4 4 3 4 1 2 3 2 1 3
AB50
 PART-B Knowledge regarding healthy eating habits among adolescents

TOTAL
Qno.10

Qno.11

Qno.12

Qno.13

Qno.14

Qno.15
Qno.1

Qno.2

Qno.3

Qno.4

Qno.5

Qno.6

Qno.7

Qno.8

Qno.9
Subjects

AB1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 24

AB2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 24

AB3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 16

AB4 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 14

AB5 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 16

AB6 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 16

AB7 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 16

AB8 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 16

AB9 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 16

AB10 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 16

AB11 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 16

AB12 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 12

AB13 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 16

AB14 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24

AB15 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 22

AB16 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 20

AB17 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 16

AB18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 24

AB19 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 22

AB20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 28

AB21 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 20
AB22 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 20

AB23 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 18

AB24 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 16

AB25 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 14

AB26 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 16

AB27 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 14

AB28 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 16

AB29 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 14

AB30 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 24

AB31 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 18

AB32 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 18

AB33 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 16

AB34 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 16

AB35 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 16

AB36 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 18

AB37 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 18

AB38 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 20

AB39 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 20

AB40 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 22

AB41 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22

AB42 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 24

AB43 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 16

AB44 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 14

AB45 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 12
AB46 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 20

AB47 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 22

AB48 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 24

AB49 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 26

AB50 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 22