Per-Phase Circuits and Introduction To Magnetics

ECE 330
POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS

©
LECTURE 7
PER-PHASE CIRCUITS AND INTRODUCTION TO
MAGNETICS (1)
Acknowledgment-These handouts and lecture notes given in class are based on material from Prof. Peter
Sauer’s ECE 330 lecture notes. Some slides are taken from Ali Bazi’s presentations
Disclaimer- These handouts only provide highlights and should not be used to replace the course textbook.
9/14/2017
Copyright © 2017 Hassan Sowidan
PER-PHASE EQUIVALENTS
Source: blogspot.com
9/14/2017 2
In balanced three phase circuits, it is preferable to
work with per-phase equivalents and then convert the
variables to three-phase quantities.
V an
Ia 
Z Line  Z Load
9/14/2017
3
Δ-Y CONVERSION
• Per-Phase equivalent circuits are very convenient for
analyzing three-phase circuits.
• For a Y-source the load could be either Y or Δ.
• The load seen between two phases, e.g., a and b, can
be expressed as: a
a
ZY
ZΔ ZΔ
Z  / /2Z   2ZY b
n
c
 Z   3ZY ZΔ
c
ZY ZY
b
9/14/2017 4
• The per-phase circuits can then be shown as follows:
a
a
+ I1 + Ia
Vab ZΔ Van ZY
-
-
b
n
2
V 2
S ,1  Vab I a*  ab SY ,1
V
 Van I a*  an
Z ZY
SY ,1  S,1
9/14/2017 5
• For either load, the voltage and load can be
transformed to a Y-per-phase circuit, or Δ-per-phase
circuit, and the S should be the same.
• Example: Z   10  j 5  , |V ab | 208 V
2
 Vab 
 
Van  3  Vab2
2
SY ,1     3.8726.6o kVA
ZY Z Z
3
9/14/2017 6
EXAMPLE 2.17
The following two three-phase loads are connected in
parallel across a three-phase 480 V wye-connected
supply.
9/14/2017 7
EXAMPLE 2.17
• Load 1: 24 kW at 0.8 PF lag (wye-connected)
• Load 2: 30 kVA at 0.8 PF lead (delta-connected)
Find the line currents I L1 and I L 2 for each of the two
loads, total complex power S T and total line current.
Take V an as reference.
Triangle method:
9/14/2017 8
EXAMPLE 2.17
24 103
ST1 = (0.8  j 0.6) V A = 24, 000  j18, 000 VA
0.8
S T 2 = 30 10 (0.8  j 0.6) = 24,000  j 18,000 VA

3
S T = S T 1  S T 2  48,000 W
9/14/2017 9
EXAMPLE 2.17
Line current:
( 3)V L I L 1 cos  = 24,000

24, 000
I L1 = = 36.08 A
(480)( 3)(0.8)
I L 1 = 36.08  36.78 since the current is lagging
( 3)V L I L 2 = 30,000  I L 2 = 30,000 / ( 3)480  36.08 A
9/14/2017 10
EXAMPLE 2.17
I L 2 = 36.0836.78 since the current is leading .
QT = QT 1  QT 2 = 18000  18000 = 0
48, 000
( 3)V L I L = 48, 000 
, IL =  57.7 A
(480)( 3)
Per-phase equivalent method
9/14/2017
11
EXAMPLE 2.17
Phase-to-neutral voltage is 480 / 3 = 277.13 V
8 10 = (277.13)I L 1 (0.8)  I L 1 = 36.08 A

3
I L 1 = 36.08  36.78 since the PF is lag
(10 103 )(0.8) = (277.13)(I L 2 )(0.8)  I L 2 = 36.08 A

I L 2 = 36.0836.78 A since the PF is leading
I L = I L 1  I L 2 = 36.08 36.78  36.0836.78 = 57.70 A
9/14/2017 12
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
• Maxwell’s Equations:
– Ampere’s Law:  H .dl   J .n da
C S
The magnetic field in any closed circuit is proportional to the
electric current flowing through the loop.
dB
– Faraday’s Law:  E .dl    .n da
C S
dt
The line integral of the electric field around a closed loop is
equal to the negative of the rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the area enclosed by the loop. .
9/14/2017 13
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
– Conservation of Charge:
 J .n da  0
S
– Gauss’s Law:
 B .n da  0
S
The net magnetic flux out of any closed surface is zero.
(for a magnetic dipole ,in any closed surface the magnetic flux
inward toward the south pole will equal
the flux outward from the north pole).
Source:study.com
9/14/2017 14
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
• What do these symbols mean?
– Integral over a closed contour C: C
– Surface S define by C: 
S
– Integral over a closed surface S: S

– Length of the contour C:  dl
C
– H is the magnetic field intensity (A.turns/m)

– B is the magnetic flux density (Tesla or Wb/m2)
– E is the electric field (V/m)
– J is the current density (A/m2)
– n is the normal vector to S.
9/14/2017 15
READING MATERIAL
• Reading material: Sections 2.6, 3.1, and 3.2.
• Recommended reading for next time: Continue

Section 3.2, and Section 3.3.
9/14/2017 16

Per-Phase Circuits and Introduction To Magnetics

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ECE 330

POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS

S T 2 = 30 10 (0.8  j 0.6) = 24,000  j 18,000 VA

( 3)V L I L 1 cos  = 24,000

I L 1 = 36.08  36.78 since the current is lagging

( 3)V L I L 2 = 30,000  I L 2 = 30,000 / ( 3)480  36.08 A

8 10 = (277.13)I L 1 (0.8)  I L 1 = 36.08 A

I L 1 = 36.08  36.78 since the PF is lag

(10 103 )(0.8) = (277.13)(I L 2 )(0.8)  I L 2 = 36.08 A

I L = I L 1  I L 2 = 36.08 36.78  36.0836.78 = 57.70 A

inward toward the south pole will equal

the flux outward from the north pole).

– Integral over a closed surface S: S

– H is the magnetic field intensity (A.turns/m)

• Recommended reading for next time: Continue

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