Power System Operation and Control

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What is Power System?
A system that deals with:
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
of Electrical Energy.

Largest and the most complex man made system!

Importance of Power System

Power System provides a vital service to the society.

Electrical power is somewhat like the air we breathe; we think about it only when it is
missing.

Goals of PS operation is to achieve:

Highest reliability

Lowest operation cost

Min. environmental impacts

Evolution of Power System
Evolution of Power System
Evolution of Power System
 PS Function

Storage

Transmission
SOURCE Of Energy
& utilization
Fuel Conversion Distribution

Consumption devices are part of the PS & need to be modeled in PS analysis. Although
they are not owned or controlled by the power utility.
Power Generation
Takes place in power plants which may be geographically
dispersed.

A power plant may house more than one generating units.

Energy Sources

Hydrocarbons (Oil, coal, natural gas and etc.)

Water
Nuclear
Solar
Chemical
Wind
Tidal
Energy Conversion
Interconnected Power System
Interconnected PS:
Advantages of interconnected P.S
1. Reduce reserve cap.
2. Cap./kw
3. Effective use of generators

Challenges in AC system:

• Fault may propagate

• So need circuit breakers/protecting devices for
protection
• It requires certain power management tools
Transmission System
Connect generating plants to consumption points

Interconnects power pools –reduce generation reserve & cost, increases reliability

High Voltage AC Transmission

HVDC Transmission
Power Transmission Equipment

Transformers
◦ Step-up Transformers

◦ Step-down Transformer

Voltage Regulators

Phase Shifters
Transmission Lines & Cables
Power Transmission Equipment

Circuit Breakers & isolators

Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors

Lightning Arrestors

Protective Relays

FACTS Devices (SVC, Statcom, TCSC, UPFC,etc.)

Converter/inverter
Power Distribution

Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels

Supplies energy to customers:

At MV /LV levels
Single phase and /or three-phase
Main Equipment in Distribution System

Distribution transformers (DXFR)

Feeders (O/H or underground cables)

Switches, fuses, etc.

Protective Relays

Lightning Arrestors.

CT/PT
Advantages of High Voltage Transmission

Lower transmission losses per MW transfer

Lower line-voltage drop/km

Higher transmission capacity /km

Reduced right–of-way requirement /MW

Higher transfer rate

Lower capital and operating costs/MW.

HVAC Transmission

Limitation of HVAC Transmission

1. Reactive power loss

2. Stability
3. Current carrying capacity
4. Skin effect
DC Transmission
HCDC Transmission System
First HVDC transmission between Sweden and Got land
1950s
Island by cable
1954

Advantages and problems in HVDC Transmission

Limitation of HVAC Transmission:

1. Reactive power loss

2. Stability
3. Current carrying capacity
4. Skin effect
HVDC Transmission

Advantages of HVDC Transmission Disadvantages of HVDC

Transmission
-Requires less space
-Cheaper for long distance transmission -Cost of equipment is high
-No skin effect -Introduction of harmonics
-asynchronous operation possible -Blocking of reactive power
-No transmission of short circuit power
-Power control possible
-Less stability problem
HVAC Vs HVDC

HVDC Transmits bulk amount of power

Cost factor
HVAC Vs HVDC

Let us compare the power per conductor

on the two lines I(dc) = I(ac)rms

V(dc) = √2V(ac)
DC power per conductor = V(dc).I(dc)

P(ac) = V(ac)I(ac)cosø
𝑃(𝑑𝑐) 𝑉 𝑑𝑐 𝐼(𝑑𝑐) √2
= = 𝑥=
𝑃 𝑎𝑐 𝑉 𝑎𝑐 𝐼 𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
𝑃(𝑑𝑐)
Taking cosø = 0.945 , = 1.5
𝑃(𝑎𝑐)
HVAC Vs HVDC

Advantages of HVDC system:

1. Economical for long distance bulk power transmission of OH lines
2. Greater power per conductor and simple line construction
3. There is no skin effect
4. VR problem is less serious. Only IR, IX=0
5. AC-DC system is better than AC-AC
6. DC cable can work on higher voltage
7. Low SC current
 .

HVAC Vs HVDC

Disadvantages of HVDC
•The system are costly since installation of complicated converter and DC switch gear is expensive
•Converters required considerable reactive power
•Harmonics are generated which require filters
•Converter don’t have overload capacity
•Lack of HVDC multi-terminal or network operation. There are rare DC devices which can perform excellent
switching operation & ensure protection (simultaneous control on all converter is difficult)
•There is nothing like DC transformer which can change the V level in a simpler way. V-transformation can be
provided on AC side of the system
HVAC Vs HVDC

• There is nothing like DC transformer which can change the

voltage level in a simpler way.
• Q required by the load is to be supplied locally as no Q can be
transmitted over a DC link
• Pollution affects DC more than AC more frequent cleaning of
conductor is required
HVAC Vs HVDC

HVDAC Transmits bulk amount of power

Cost factor
Power System Operation and Control

Goals of Power System Operation and Control

Key Operational Goals

Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced with demand.

Total Generation (t)= Total Demand(t) + Losses(t)

System Security: Equipment power flows must not exceed equipment

ratings, under normal or an outage condition :

Pij(t) ≤ Pij (max)

PS Operation/Control

Types of Operation/Control:
Centralized (based on system-wide data )
◦ Slow events are often handled by centralized controls

Decentralized (based on local data ).

◦ Fast events are tackled by decentralized controls

PS control has a hierarchical structure:

Uses both centralized & decentralized control strategies
Control Hierarchy in PS

Device

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

Master station (MS)

Utility control center

Regional control centers

National control center

PS Operation & Control
Centralized (slow) control:
Dispatchers/Operators:
◦ SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). EMS (Energy Management System)

Decentralized (fast) controls are driven by local measurement

Protection systems are mostly decentralized
Centralized Controls
Examples of centralized controls:

Frequency control (regulation)

Interchange control
Generation dispatch (control of generating units)
System security assessment & enhancement
Unit Commitment (units on/off status)
Decentralized Controls
Examples of Decentralized Controls:

Equipment protection against over-voltage and over-current .

Generator speed control (governor action)
Generator terminal voltage control (excitation system).
Power Utility Structure

Traditional/Regulated

Restructured (Deregulated)
Traditional Utilities
•Operated by one entity (have “captive customers”).
•Government “regulated”.
•Have to get regulators approval for rate increase.
•No incentive to increase generation efficiency
•“Vertically integrated”(VI) business structures
• for improved profitability.
Regulated Power Utility Production
inputs

Production

Transportation

Distribution
Deregulated PS Structure
•Has been legislated by Governments,
• Hoping that it results in:
•Increased competition (reduced rates).
•New technology utilization in generation,Transmission & Distribution.
•Increased outside investment in PS infrastructure.
.

Major concern of P.S Design and operation

•Quality: Maintain continuity of supply at desired frequency and voltage level

•Reliability: Minimize loss of load probability (LOLP) or failure rate of component and
system
•Security: Robustness of system to remain in normal state even if some contingency
take place
•Stability: Ability of a system to maintain synchronism under disturbance operation
•Economy: Minimize capital cost, operating cost and maintained cost
Frequency ±3% at 50HZ (48.5 to 51.5)
Voltage ±5% at EHV
±10% at HV
.

What is power Quality (PQ)?

PQ is defined as any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency

deviation that results in the failure or misoperation of end user equipment
Possible effect of poor power quality are:
- Maloperation of control devices, main signaling system and protective relays
-Extra losses in capacitors, transformers and rotating machine
- Fast aging of equipment's
- loss of production due to service interruptions
- radio, tv and telephone interference due to transient
- Intolerance to power fluctuation in modern electronics
.

PQ disturbances and their causes

PQ disturbances:

•Transients
•Short duration voltage variations
•Long duration voltage variations
•Interruptions
•Waveform distortion
•Voltage fluctuations (flickers)
•Frequency variation
•Harmonics
.

Main causes of poor PQ:

•Nonlinear load
•Adjustable speed drivers
•Traction drivers
•Start of large motor loads
•Arc furnances
•Intermittent load transients
•Lightening
•Capacitors and circuit switching transient
•Local and remote faults
•Single line to ground faults
Importance of PQ

Proliferation of highly sensitive computerized equipment places more

stringent demand on PQ
- Semiconductor Industry
- Computer and computer related businesses
- Variable-speed drives
- Programmable logic controllers
•Electronic equipment results in more PQ problems
•Consumer awareness and choice due to deregulation of power industry
How to Mitigate PQ Problems?

•Continuous and extensive monitoring of different power system

quantities
•Detection and identification of power quality related disturbances and
categorizing them
•Analysis of the identified problems to their probable causes
•Prevention and corrections of probable causes either automatically or
manually
Power System Security

Power system security:

•Security is a term used to reflect a power system ability to meet its
demand without stressing its apparatus while operating within prescribed
range

•Security is referred with respect to certain pre-specified contingencies

Contingencies
- Power outages (real power generator)
- Network outages (TLs, Transformers)
Power System Security
Types of power system security:
- line security or MW security
- voltage security
It is classified as static or dynamic security
Dynamic security includes stability
System constraints
•Load constraints (L)
- Real and Reactive power balance
•Operating constraints (O)
- operating voltage limits, line load limits etc.
Power System Security

SYSTEM STATES:

Three-state model by Dy Liacco 1967

- Normal
-Emergency
-Restorative