Mathematics 1a Study Material 1

Mathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL
1. If f : A  B, g : B  C are two bijections, 2. If f: A  B, g : B C are bijections, then

then prove that gof: A  C is also a prove that (gof) -1 = f -1og-1.
bijection. A: Given that
f: A  B is a bijection.
A: Given: f: A  B, g: B C are bijection. g: B  C is a bijection.
f -1 : B  A is a bijection.
Part 1: g -1 : C B is a bijection.
To prove that gof: A → C is one-one. gof: A  C is also a bijection.
Now f: A  B, g: B C are one-one (gof) -1: C  A is a bijection.

functions. f -1og-1: C  A. is a bijection.
gof: AC is a function.
Let a1, a2  A  f(a1), f(a2)  B Thus (gof) -1 and (f- 1og-1) both the functions
and (gof) (a1), (gof)(a2) C. exist and have same domain C and same
Suppose that (gof)(a1) = (gof)(a2) co domain A.
 g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
Let c be any element in C.
 f(a1) = f(a2) g is one-one Since g: B  C is onto, there exists atleast
 a1 = a2 f is one-one one element b B such that g(b) = c
gof: A  C is one-one.  b = g -1 (c)  g is a bijection
Part 2:- To prove that gof: A C is onto. Since f: A  B is onto, there exists atleast
one element a A such that f (a) = b.
Now f: A B, g: B  C are onto functions.  a = f -1(b) f is a bijection
gof: A C is a function.
Let c C; Since g:BC is onto, there Consider (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
exists at least one element b B such that = g(b)
g(b) = c.  (gof) (a) = c.
Since f: A  B is also onto, there exists at  a = (gof) -1 (c) gof is a bijection
least one element a A such that f(a) = b
Now (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
= g(b)
=c
For c C, there is an element a A such
that (gof) (a) = c. Consider (f-1og-1) (c) = f- 1 [g -1(c)]
so gof : A C is onto. = f- 1 (b)
Since gof: A  C is both one-one and onto =a
 (gof) -1 (c) = (f- 1og-1) (c) ∀ c C.
gof: A  C is a bijection.
(gof) -1 = f -1og-1
Functions | www.aimstutorial.in
3. If f : A  B, IA and IB are identity 4. If f: A  B is a bijection, then show that
functions on A and B , then prove that fof-1 = IB and f-1of = IA.
foIA = IB of = f. A: Given that f: A  B is a bijection
A: Given that f: A  B  f -1 : B  A.
IA : A A is defined by IA (a) = a ∀ a  A. Part 1:- To show that fof-1 = IB
IB : B B is defined by IB (b) = b ∀ b  B. Now
f -1: B  A,
Part 1:- To prove that foIA = f f: A  B
fof-1: B B.
Now Also IB: B B
IA: A A, Thus fof-1 and IB have same domain B and
f: A  B same co domain B.
foIA : A  B
Let a be any element in A.
Also f: A  B
Since f: A  B, there is a unique element
Thus foIA and f both the functions exist and have bB.
such that f(a) = b
same domain A and same co domain B.
 a = f- 1 (b) f is a bijection
Let a A Consider (fof-1)(b) = f[f -1(b)]
Since f: A  B, there exists a unique = f (a)
element b B such that f (a) = b =b
Consider (foIA) (a) = f [IA(a)] = IB (b)
= f(a) IB: B B  IB(b) = b
 (foIA) (a) = f (a) ∀a A
(fof- 1) (b) = IB(b) bB
Hence foIA = f............. (1)
Thus fof-1 = IB
Part 2:- To show that IB of = f
Part 2:- To prove that f -1of = IA
Now
Now
f : A  B,
f: A  B,
f :BA
-1
IB: B B
 f -1of: A A
 IBof : A  B Also IA: A A
Also f: A  B Thus f-1of and IA have the same domain A
and the same co domain A.
Thus IBof and f both the functions exist and
have same domain A and co domain B. Now (f -1of) (a) = f -1 [f (a)]
= f -1 (b)
Consider (IBof)(a) = IB[f(a)] =a
= IB(b) = IA(a)
=b IA: A A IA (a) = a
= f(a)
(f- 1of) (a) = IA (a) ∀a  A
 (IB of) (a) = f(a)∀a  A 2
 f of = IA
-1
 IB of = f............... (2)
fof-1 = IB and f -1of = IA.
 From (1) & (2) foIA = f = IB of.
6. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}.
5. If f : A  B, g : B  A are two functions If f : A  B, g : B C are defined by
such that gof = IA and fog = IB then prove f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}, g = {(a, q), (b, r),
that g = f-1. (c, p)}, then show that f -1og-1 = (gof) -1.
A: Given that f: A  B, g: B  A are two
functions A: Given that
such that gof = IA and fog = IB. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}
f: A  B, g : B  C are given by
Part 1: - To prove that f is one-one.
Let a1, a2A  f(a1), f(a2)  B
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}
Consider f(a1) = f(a2)
f -1 = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2)} and
 g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
 (gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}
 IA (a1) = IA(a2) gof = IA
 a1 = a2 g -1 = {(q, a), (r, b), (p, c)}
Thus f: A  B is one-one. 
f g gof (𝒈𝒐𝒇)−𝟏
(1, 𝑎) ⇾ (𝑎, 𝑞 ) (1, 𝑞 ) (𝑞, 1)
Part 2:-To prove that f is onto.
(2, 𝑐 ) ⇾ (𝑐, 𝑝) (2, 𝑝) (𝑝, 2)
Let b B
g: BA, there exists a unique element a A (3, 𝑏) ⇾ (𝑏, 𝑟) (3, 𝑟) (𝑟, 3)..... (1)
such that g(b) = a.
Now f(a) = f[g(b)]
= (fog) (b)
= IB (b) fog = IB 𝑔−1 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1 𝑜𝑓 −1
=b (𝑞, 𝑎) ⇾ (𝑎, 1) (𝑞, 1)
So f: A  B is onto. (𝑟, 𝑏) ⇾ (𝑏, 3) (𝑟, 3)
Since f is one-one and onto, so f is a bijection. (𝑝, 𝑐 ) ⇾ (𝑐, 2) (𝑝, 2) ... (2)
 f -1 : B  A
Also g: B  A
From (1) and (2) (f -1og-1) = (gof) -1.
Thus both the functions f-1 and g have the same
domain B and same co domain A.
Part 3:- To show that g = f -1

From previous part, f (a) = b
 a = f -1 (b)
Also g(b) = a
   g(b) = f -1(b) ∀ b  B.
g = f -1.
3
7. If f : Q Q defined by f(x) = 5x+4 for
all x  Q, show that f is a bijection and
find f- 1.
A: Given that
f : Q Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
Part 1:- To prove that f is one-one
Let x1, x2 Q (domain) and
f(x1) = f(x2)
 5x1 + 4 = 5x2 + 4
 5x1 = 5x2
 x1 = x2
 f: Q Q is one-one.
Part 2:- To prove that f is onto
Let y  the codomain Q and x  domain Q
such that
f(x) = y
 5x + 4 = y
y4
 x=
5
So for every y  codomain Q, there is a
preimage  domain Q such that
 y4
f =y
 5 
Thus f : Q Q is onto.
Part 3:-To find f-1(x)
Since f is both one-one, onto, so it is a
bijection.
f(x) = y  x = f-1 (y)
5x + 4 = y  x = =f-1(y)
x4
 f-1(x) = .
5
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
1. Using mathematical induction, Show that 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + ⋯ … … . . +𝒏𝟐 = .
𝟔
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Sol:𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑛2 = .
6
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
𝑛2 .
6 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘 2
1.2.3
= (1)2 = 6
𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)2
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑘 2 = 6
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) (𝑘+1)2
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑘 2 + (𝑘 + 1)2 = +
6 1
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)+6(𝑘+1)2
=
6
(𝑘+1)[𝑘(2𝑘+1)+6(𝑘+1)]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +𝑘+6𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +7𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+3𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘(𝑘+2)+3(𝑘+2)]
=
6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+1)
=
6
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.

1
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

𝒏𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
2. Using mathematical induction, Show that 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ … … . . +𝒏𝟑 = .
𝟒
Sol: let
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
p (n) =13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑛3 = .
4
Step-1: n=1 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛3
L.H.S R.H.S
= 𝑛3 =
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘 3
4
1.22
= (1)3 = 4 𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)3
=1 =1

𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
⇒𝑝(𝑘 ) = 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑛3 = 4

𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+1)3
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑘 3 + (𝑘 + 1)3 = +
4 1
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2 +4(𝑘+1)3
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 {𝑘 2 +4(𝑘+1)}
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 {𝑘 2 +4𝑘+4}
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)2
=
4


𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)(𝒏+𝟑)
3. S.T 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+………..up to n terms = .
𝟒
Sol: let
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑝(𝑛) = 1.2.3 + 2.34 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = .
4
Step-1: put n=1

L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) .
4
1.2.3.4
=1.2.3 = 4
=6 =6

𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
⇒𝑝(𝑘 ) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ⋯ + 𝑘 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 4
⇨ P(k+1)=1.2.3+2.3.4+….+𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝐾 + 3)
𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3) (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
= +
4 1
𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)+4(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
=
4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3){𝑘+4}
=
4


𝒏(𝒏𝟐+𝟔𝒏+𝟏𝟏)
4. S.T 2.3+3.4+4.5+…up to n terms = .
𝟑
𝑛(𝑛 2+6𝑛+11)
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = .
3
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛 2+6𝑛+11)
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
3
1.(1+6+11)
=2.3 = 3
18
=6 = =6
3

𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11)
⇒𝑝(𝑘 ) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) =
3

P (k+1) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
𝑘(𝑘 2+6𝑘+11)
= + (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
3
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11) (𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)
= +
3 1
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11)+3(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)
=
3
𝑘 3 +6𝑘 2 +11𝑘+3(𝑘 2 +5𝑘+6)
=
3
𝑘 3 +6𝑘 2 +11𝑘+3𝑘 2 +15𝑘+18
=
3
𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +26𝑘+18
=
3
(𝑘+1)(𝑘 2 +8𝑘+18)
=
3
(𝑘+1)(𝑘 2 +2𝑘+1+6𝑘+6+11)
=
3
(𝑘+1)[(𝑘+1)2 +6(𝑘+1)+11]
=
3
4

𝒏[𝟐𝒂+(𝒏−𝟏)𝒅]
5. S. T 𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + ⋯ . +𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = .
𝟐
𝑛[2𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ . +𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = .
2
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛[2𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 2
1.[2𝑎+0] 2𝑎
=a+0 = =2
2
=a =a
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p(1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

𝑘
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ + 𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑 = 2 {2𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑}
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ + {𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑 } + (𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑 )
𝑘
= {2𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑}+(𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑)
2
𝑘{2𝑎+(𝑘−1)𝑑} {𝑎+𝑘𝑑}
= +
2 1
2𝑎𝑘+𝑘 2 𝑑−𝑘𝑑+2𝑎+2𝑘𝑑
=
2
2𝑎(𝑘+1)+𝑘 2 𝑑+𝑘𝑑
=
2
2𝑎(𝑘+1)+𝑘𝑑(𝑘+1)
=
2
(𝑘+1){2𝑎+𝑘𝑑}
=
2
(𝑘+1){2𝑎+(𝑘+1−1)𝑑}
=
2
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) Is true for all n∈ N.

(𝒓𝒏 −𝟏)
6. S.T 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂r2+ ⋯ 𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝒂 (𝒓−𝟏)
(𝑟 𝑛−1)
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
(𝑟 𝑛−1)
𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
𝑟−1
=a.r0 = 𝑎 𝑟−1
=a =a

(𝑟 𝑘 −1)
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘−1 = 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
.

𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘−1 + 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘
(𝑟 𝑘 − 1)
=𝑎 + 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘
(𝑟 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑘 −1) 𝑟𝑘
=a { (𝑟−1) + }
1
𝑟 𝑘 −1+𝑟 𝑘 .𝑟−𝑟 𝑘
=𝑎 ( )
𝑟−1
𝑟 𝑘+1 −1
= 𝑎( ).
𝑟−1


𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏+𝟐)
7. S. T 12+(𝟏𝟐 +22) +(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 +32)+ …up to n terms = .
𝟏𝟐
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Sol: let p (n) = 12+(12 +22) +(12 + 22 +32) + …..…+ 6
𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
= .
12
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
.
6 12
1.2.3 1(1+1)2 (1+2) 12
= = =12
6 12
=1 =1

𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) 𝑘(𝑘+1) 2(𝑘+2)
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 12 + (12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32)+ . . … + = .
6 12

𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 12+(12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32) + … . … + 6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3) 𝑘(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
+ = +
6 12 6
𝑘(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)+2(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘(𝑘+1)+2(2𝑘+3)}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘 2 +𝑘+4𝑘+6}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘 2 +5𝑘+6}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)2 (𝑘+3)
= .
12

7

𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 +𝟑𝟑 𝒏

8. S. T + + + ⋯ 𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒 (𝟐𝒏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒏 + 𝟏𝟑).
𝟏 𝟏+𝟑 𝟏+𝟑+𝟓
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑛+1)2 𝑛
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = + + +⋯+ = 24 (2𝑛2 + 9𝑛 + 13).
1 1+3 1+3+5 4
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
(𝑛+1)2 𝑛
(2𝑛2 + 9𝑛 + 13).
4 24
4 (2+9+13) 24
=4 =1 = =24 =1
24
=1 =1

13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑘+1)2 𝑘
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑛 ) = + + +⋯+ = 24 (2𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 13).
1 1+3 1+3+5 4

13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)2
𝑝( 𝑛 ) = + + + ⋯+ +
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 4
𝑘 (𝑘+2)2
= 24 (2𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 13)+
4
2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +13𝑘+6(𝑘 2 +4𝑘+4)

=
24
(2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +13𝑘+6𝑘 2 +24𝑘+24)

=
24
2𝑘 3 +15𝑘 2 +37𝑘+24
=( )
24
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +13𝑘+24)
=
24
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+2+9𝑘+9+13)
=
24
(𝑘+1){2(𝑘+1)2 +9(𝑘+1)+13}
=
24
∴P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is
true for all n∈ N.
8

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
9. Show that𝟏.𝟒 + 𝟒.𝟕 + 𝟕.𝟏𝟎 + ⋯ 𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟑𝒏+𝟏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡
1 1 1 1 𝑛
𝑝(𝑛) = 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 + ⋯ + (3𝑛−2)(3𝑛+1) = 3𝑛+1.
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
1 𝑛
(3𝑛−2)(3𝑛+1) 3𝑛+1
1 1
=(3−2)(3+1)
3+1
1 1
=1.4 = 1.4

1 1 1 1 𝑘
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 + ⋯ + (3𝑘−2)(3𝑘+1) = 3𝑘+1.

1 1 1 1 1
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 + ⋯ + (3𝑘−2)(3𝑘+1) + (3𝑘+1)(3𝑘+4)
𝑘 1
= + (3𝑘+1)(3𝑘+4)
3𝑘+1
1 𝑘 1
= { + }
(3𝑘+1) 1 3𝑘+4
1 2
3𝑘 +4𝑘+1
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
1 3𝑘 2 +3𝑘+1𝑘+1
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
1 3𝑘(𝑘+1)+1(𝑘+1)
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
1 (3𝑘+1)(𝑘+1)
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
(𝑘+1)
=
(3𝑘+4)
(𝑘+1)
=
{3(𝑘+1)+1}
∴P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is
true for all n∈ N.
9

10. Show that 𝟒𝟗𝒏 + 𝟏𝟔𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟔𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏.

Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step-1: put n=1
P (1) = 491 + 16(1) − 1=49+16-1
=64
=64(1)
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 64.
Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 49𝑘 + 16𝑘 − 1 = 64𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁
⇒𝟒𝟗𝒌 = (𝟔𝟒𝒎 − 𝟏𝟔𝒌 + 𝟏)…. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 49𝑘+1 + 16(𝑘 + 1) − 1
= 49𝑘 . 49 + 16𝑘 + 16 − 1
=49{64𝑚 − 16𝑘 + 1} +16k+15
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 49 + 49 + 16𝑘 + 15
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 48 + 64
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 12 × 4 + 64
= 49.64𝑘 − 12𝑘. 64 × 4 + 64
=64{49m-12k+1}
∴thus the statement is divisible by 64
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,

49𝑛 + 16𝑛 − 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 64 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
10

11. Show that 𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝟑𝒏+𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step-1: put n=1
P (1) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 =3.53 + 24

=3(125) + 16
= 375 + 16
= 391 = 17 × 23

⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 = 17𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁
⇒𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟏 = (𝟏𝟕𝒎 − 𝟐𝟑𝒏+𝟏 )…….. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑘 + 1) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1
=3.52𝑘+1. 52 + 23𝑘+1. 23
=25(17𝑚 − 23𝑛+1) + 23𝑘+1. 8
=25.17m -25. 23𝑛+1 + 8. 23𝑛+1
=25.17m-17. 23𝑛+1
=17(25m-23𝑛+1)

11
3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 17 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.

12. S.T 2. 𝟒𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝟑𝒏+𝟏 is divisible by 11, for all 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵.

Sol: Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step-1: put n=1
P (1) = 2.42𝑛+1 + 33𝑛+1 =2.43 + 34
= 2(64) + 81
= 128 + 81
= 201 = 11 × 19

⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 2.42𝑘+1 + 33𝑘+1 = 11𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁
⇒𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝒌+𝟏 = (𝟏𝟏𝒎 − 𝟐𝟑𝒌+𝟏 )…….. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑘 + 1) = 2.42(𝑘+1)+1 + 33(𝑘+1)+1
=2.42𝑘+1. 42 + 33𝑘+1. 33
=16(11𝑚 − 33𝑘+1) + 33𝑘+1. 27
=16.11m -16. 33𝑛+1 + 27. 33𝑛+1
=16.11m +11. 33𝑛+1
=11(26m-33𝑛+1)

2. 42𝑛+1 + 33𝑛+1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 11 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
12

13. 2+3.2+3. 𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ 𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝒏. 𝟐𝒏

Sol: let p (n) = 2+3.2+3. 22 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛−1 = 𝑛. 2𝑛 .
Step-1: put n=1

L.H.S R.H.S
2 𝑛. 2𝑛 .
=2 =1.2
=2 =2
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴ p (1) is true for n=1.
⇒p (k) = 2+3.2+3. 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)2𝑘−1 = 𝑘. 2𝑘 .
⇒p (k+1) = 2+3.2+3. 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)2𝑘−1 + (𝑘 + 2)2𝑘
= 𝑘. 2𝑘 + (𝑘 + 2)2𝑘
=2𝑘 (𝑘 + 𝑘 + 2)
=2𝑘 (2𝑘 + 2)
=2𝑘 . 2(𝑘 + 1)
=2𝑘+1. (𝑘 + 1)

13

JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
𝐛+𝐜 𝐜+𝐚 𝐚+𝐛 𝐚 𝐛 𝐜

1. 𝐒. 𝐓 | 𝐜 + 𝐚 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝐛 + 𝐜 | = 𝟐 |𝐛 𝐜 𝐚|
𝐚+𝐛 𝐛+𝐜 𝐜+𝐚 𝐜 𝐚 𝐛
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

Sol: L.H.S |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐|
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )

=| 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
= 2| 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
= 2| −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎 |
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 2 |−𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎|
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2(−)(−) |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| R.H.S
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐
2. |𝒃 𝒄 𝒂| = | 𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 | = (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒂 𝟐𝒂𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| (𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 )
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| (−) | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑐
= |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
−𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑐

= |−𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 |
−𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏2 −𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
2𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑏2
= | 𝑐2 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 𝑎2 | … . (1)
𝑏2 𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2
𝑛𝑜𝑤 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
= [𝑎(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑏(𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑐 ) + 𝑐(𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2 )]2
= (𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 3 )2
= (3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 − 𝑐 3 )2
= (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)2 … … (2)
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)& (2)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏
3. 𝑰𝒇 |𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝟏+𝒃 𝟑 | = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 |
𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝟏| ≠ 𝟎, 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒄 = −𝟏.
𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏+𝒄 𝟑 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏
𝑎 𝑎2 1 + 𝑎3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 |𝑏 𝑏2 1 + 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 + 𝑐3
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1 | + | 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑎 𝑎2 1 1 𝑎 𝑎2
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1| + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |1 𝑏 𝑏2 | = 0 {𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶2 }
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 1 𝑎2
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1 | − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑏 1 𝑏2 | = 0 {𝐶2 ↔ 𝐶3 }
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 1 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 1
⇒|𝑏 𝑏2 1| + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑏 𝑏2 1| = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2 1
𝑎 𝑎2 1 a a2 1
|
⇒ 𝑏 𝑏2 1| (1 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0 [ ∴ |b b2 1| ≠ 0 ]
c c2 1
𝑐 𝑐2 1
∴ (1 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = −1.
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
4. 𝑺. 𝑻 | 𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 | = 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝒄 𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑏
= |2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
1 𝑎 𝑏
|
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 1 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
1 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 |
0 0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 |0 1 0| 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶1
0 0 1
= 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )3 [ 1(1 − 0) + 0 + 0]
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃
5. 𝑺. 𝑻 | 𝟐𝒃 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒃 | = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝑠
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
=| 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
1 1 1
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 : 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
1 0 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) | 2𝑏 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 |
2𝑐 0 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
1 0 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 |2𝑏 1 0| 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1
2𝑐 0 1
= ( 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )3 [ 1 (1 − 0) + 0 + 0]
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
6. 𝑺. 𝑻 |𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒃 − 𝒄) (𝒄 − 𝒂) (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂).
𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 0 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
= |0 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 3
𝑏 −𝑐 3| = |
0 (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) |
1 𝑐2 𝑐 3
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
0 (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 :
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑐 − 𝑎) 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2
= 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏
⇒ 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑎) + (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑎) ⇒ (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)|
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) |0 1 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 | 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶1
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)1[(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 ]
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎){𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐
−𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 }
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎).
6
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
7. 𝑺. 𝑻 |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | = 𝒂𝒃𝒄 (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒃 − 𝒄) (𝒄 − 𝒂)
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑺𝒐𝒍: |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2|
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
1 1 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐|
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 : 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶3
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐|
𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 𝑐2
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐|
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 2
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) | 1 1 𝑐|
(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 2
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)1{𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏}
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎)
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒙−𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
8. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 |𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔| = 𝟎.
𝒙−𝟖 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
𝑠𝑜𝑙: |𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 9 3𝑥 − 16| = 0
𝑥−8 2𝑥 − 27 3𝑥 − 64
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
⇒ | −2 −6 −12 | = 0.
−6 −24 −60
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
⇒| 1 3 6 | = 0.
1 4 10
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)[30 − 24] − (2𝑥 − 3)[10 − 6] +(3𝑥 − 4)[4 − 3] = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)[6] − (2𝑥 − 3)[4] +(3𝑥 − 4)[1] = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 − 12 − 8𝑥 + 12 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇒𝑥−4=0
∴ 𝑥 = 4.
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
9. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒙,
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 .
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] . [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1 𝑎1 𝐴2 + 𝑏1 𝐵2 + 𝑐1 𝐶2 𝑎1 𝐴3 + 𝑏1 𝐵3 + 𝑐1 𝐶3
= [ 𝑎2 𝐴1 + 𝑏2 𝐵1 + 𝑐2 𝐶1 𝑎2 𝐴2 + 𝑏2 𝐵2 + 𝑐2 𝐶2 𝑎2 𝐴3 + 𝑏2 𝐵3 + 𝑐2 𝐶3 ]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 0
=[ 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 ]
0 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
1 0 0
= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 [0 1 0] = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴. 𝐼
0 0 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 𝐼
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴−1 = .
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

1 −2 3
10. If A=[ 0 −1 4], then find (A’)-1.
−2 2 1
1 −2 3
Sol: A=[ 0 −1 4]
−2 2 1
1 0 −2
⇒A’= [−2 −1 2]
3 4 1
−1 2 −2 2 −2 −1
|A’|=1 | | + 0| | +3| |
4 1 3 1 3 4
=1(−1 − 8) + 0(−2 − 6) + 3(−8 + 3)
=−9 +0 +10=1
−1 2 −2 −1
Adj (A’) = [ 4 1 3 4]
0 −2 1 0
−1 2 −2 −1
(−1 − 8) (6 + 2) (−8 + 3)
=[(−8 + 0) (1 + 6) (0 − 4) ]
(0 − 2) (4 − 2) (−1 − 0)
−9 8 −5
=[−8 7 −4]
−2 2 −1
−9 −8 −2
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
−9 −8 −2
1 1
A-1= |𝐴′ | 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴′ ) = 1 [ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
−9 −8 −2
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
10
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

11. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟’𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑.

3 4 5 𝑥 18
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [2 −1 8] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [13]
5 −2 7 𝑧 20
3 4 5
−1 8 2 8 2 −1
∆= |2 −1 8| = 3 | | − 4| | + 5| |
−2 7 5 7 5 −2
5 −2 7
= 3(−7 + 16) − 4(14 − 40) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 3(9) − 4(−26) + 5(1)
= 27 + 10 + 5
= 136 ≠ 0 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
18 4 5
−1 8 13 8 13 −1
∆1 = |13 −1 8| = 18 | | − 4| | +5| |
−2 7 20 7 20 −2
20 −2 7
= 18(−7 + 16) − 4(91 − 160) + 5(−26 + 20)
= 18(9) − 4(−69) + 5(−6)
= 162 + 276 − 30
= 408
3 18 5
13 8 2 8 2 13
∆2 = |2 13 8| = 3 | | − 18 | | + 5| |
20 7 5 7 5 20
5 20 7
= 3(91 − 160) − 18(14 − 40) + 5(40 − 65)
= 3(−69) − 18(−26) + 5(−25)
= −207 + 468 − 125
= 136
3 4 18
−1 13 2 13 2 −1
∆3 = |2 −1 13| = 3 | | −4| | + 18 | |
−2 20 5 20 5 −2
5 −2 20
= 3(−20 + 26) − 4(40 − 65) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 3(6) − 4(−25) + 5(1)
= 18 + 100 + 18
= 136
∆1 408 ∆2 136 ∆3 136

⇒𝑥= = 136 , 𝑦 = = 136 , 𝑧 = = 136
∆ ∆ ∆
11
∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

2 −1 3 𝑥 9
12. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [1 1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
∆= |1 1 1| = 2 | | +1| | +3| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 −1 1
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)

= 2(2) + 1(0) + 3(−2)
= 4 − 6 = −2 ≠ 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
9 −1 3
1 1 6 1 6 1
∆1 = |6 1 1| = 6 | | + 1| | + 3| |
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
2 −1 1
= 9(1 + 1) + 1(6 − 2) + 3(−6 − 2)

= 9(2) + 1(4) + 3(−8)
= 18 + 4 − 24 = 22 − 24 = −2
2 9 3
6 1 1 1 1 6
∆2 = |1 6 1| = 2 | | −9| | +3| |
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1
= 2(6 − 2) − 9(1 − 1) + 3(2 − 6)

= 2(4) + 1(0) + 3(−24)
= 8 − 12 = −4
2 −1 9
1 6 1 6 1 1
∆3 = |1 1 6| = 2 | | + 1| | + 9| |
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
1 −1 2
= 2(2 + 6) + 1(2 − 6) + 9(−1 − 1)

= 2(8) + 1(−4) + 9(−2)
= 16 − 4 − 18
= 16 − 22 = −6
∆1 −2 ∆2 −4 ∆3 −6
⇒𝑥= = −2 = 1, 𝑦 = = −2 = 2, 𝑧 = = −2 = 3
∆ ∆ ∆
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3. 12
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

1 1 1 𝑥 9
13. 𝐴 = [2 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
1 1 1
5 7| 2 7
∆= |2 5 7 | = 1| −1| | + 1 |2 5|
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)

= 1(−12) − 1(−16) + 1(−8)
= −12 + 16 − 8 = − 4 ≠ 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
9 1 1
5 7| 52 7| 52 5|
∆1 = |52 5 7 | = 9| −1| +1|
1 −1 0 −1 0 1
0 1 −1
= 9(−5 − 7) − 1(−52 − 0) + 1(52 − 0)

= 9(−12) − 1(−52) + 1(52)
= −108 + 52 + 52
= −108 + 104 = −4
1 9 1
52 7| 2 7
= ∆2 = |2 52 7 | = 1 | −9| | + 1 |2 52|
0 −1 2 −1 2 0
2 0 −1
= 1(−52 − 0) − 9(−2 − 14) + 1(0 − 104)

= 1(−52) − 9(−16) + 1(−104)
= −52 + 144 − 104
= −156 + 144 = −12
1 1 9
5 52| 2 52| 2 5|
∆3 = |2 5 52| = 1 | −1| +9|
1 0 2 0 2 1
2 1 0
= 1(0 − 52) − 1(0 − 104) + 9(2 − 10)

= 1(−52) − 1(−104) + 9(−8)
= −52 + 104 − 72
= −124 + 104 = −20
∆1 −4 ∆2 −12 ∆3 −20
⇒𝑥= = −4 = 1, 𝑦 = = = 3, 𝑧 = = =5 13
∆ ∆ −4 ∆ −4
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

2 −1 3 𝑥 8
14. 𝐴 = [−1 2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4]
3 1 −4 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
∆= |−1 2 1 | = 2| |+ 1| | + 3| |
1 −4 3 −4 3 1
3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)

= 2(−9) + 1(1) + 3(−7)
= − − 18 + 1 − 21
= −38
8 −1 3
2 1 4 1 4 2
∆𝟏 = | 4 2 1 | = 8| | + 1| | +3| |
1 −4 0 −4 0 1
0 1 −4
= 8(−8 − 1) + 1(−16 − 0) + 3(4 − 0)

= 8(−9) + 1(−16) + 3(4)
= −72 − 16 + 12 = −76
2 8 3
4 1 −1 1 −1 4
∆𝟐 = |−1 4 1 | = 2 | | − 8| |+3| |
0 −4 3 −4 3 0
3 0 −4
= 2(−16 − 0) − 8(4 − 3) + 3(0 − 12)
= 2(−16) − 8(1) + 3(−12)
= −32 − 8 − 36 = −76
2 −1 8
2 4 −1 4 −1 2
∆𝟑 = |−1 2 4| = 2 | | +1| | + 8| |
1 0 3 0 3 1
3 1 0
= 2(0 − 4 + 1(0 − 12 + 8(−1 − 6)
= 2(−4) + 1(−12) + 8(−7)
= −8 − 12 − 56 = 76
∆1 −76 ∆2 −76 ∆3 −76

⇒𝑥= = −38 = 2, 𝑦 = = −38 = 2, 𝑧 = = −38 = 2
∆ ∆ ∆
∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2. 14
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅:

3 4 5 𝑥 18
15. 𝐴 = [2 −1 8] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [13]
5 −2 7 𝑧 20
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 −1 8 ̇ 2 −1
(−2 7 5 −2)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑑 A-1= ⇨ 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 4 5 3 4
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
−1 8 2 −1
(−7 + 16) (40 − 14) (−4 + 5)

𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [(−10 − 28) (21 − 25) (20 + 6) ]
(32 + 5) (10 − 24) (−3 − 8)
9 26 1
= [−38 −4 26 ]
37 −14 −11
9 −38 37
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1
2(9) − 4(−26) + 5(1)
= 136
9 −38 37
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
[
𝐴 − 1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 136 26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
-1
⇒ 𝑋 =A . 𝐵
9 −38 37 18
1
= 136 [26 −4 −14] [13]
1 26 −11 20
162 − 494 + 740

1
= 136 [ 468 − 52 − 280 ]
18 + 338 + 220
408
1
= 136 [136] ∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
15
136
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

2 −1 3 𝑥 9
(𝑏). 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [1 1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑑 A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |1 1 1| = 2 | |+ 1| |+ 3| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 −1 1
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)
= 2(2) + 1(0) + 3(−2)
= 4 − 6 = −2 ≠ 0 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] (−1 1 1 −1)
−1 3 2 −1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
1 1 1 1
(1 + 1) (1 − 1) (−1 − 1)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [(−3 + 1) (2 − 3) (−1 + 2)]
(−1 − 3) (3 − 2) (2 + 1)
2 0 −2
= [−2 −1 1 ]
−4 1 3
2 −2 −4
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [ 0 −1 1 ]
−2 1 3
2 −2 −4
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = −2 [ 0 −1 1 ]
−2 1 3
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
2 −2 −4 9
1
= −2 [ 0 −1 1 ] [6]
−2 1 3 2
18 − 12 − 8 −2
1 1
= −2 [ 0 − 6 + 2 ] = −2 [−4]
−18 + 6 + 6 −6
16
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

1 1 1 𝑥 9
16. 𝐴 = [2 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
1 1 1
5 7| 2 7
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |2 5 7 | = 1 | − 1| | + 1 |2 5|
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
= 1(−12) − 1(−16) + 1(−8)
= −12 + 16 − 8 = − 4 ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 5 7 2 5
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] ( 1 −1 2 1)
1 1 1 1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
5 7 2 5
(−5 − 7) (14 + 2) (2 − 10)

𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [ (1 + 1) (−1 − 2) (2 − 1) ]
(7 − 5) (2 − 7) (5 − 2)
−12 16 −8
=[ 2 −3 1]
2 −5 3
−12 2 2
[ ]𝑇
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = [ 16 −3 −5]
−8 1 3
−12 2 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = −4 [ 16 −3 −5]
−8 1 3
-1
⇒ 𝑋 =A . 𝐵
−12 2 2 9
1
= −4 [ 16 −3 −5] [52]
−8 1 3 0
−108 + 104 + 0
1
= −2 [ 144 − 156 + 0 ]
−72 + 52 + 0
−4
1
= −2 [−12] ∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
−20 17
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

2 −1 3 𝑥 8
17. 𝐴 = [−1 2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4]
3 1 −4 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |−1 2 1 | = 2| | + 1| | +3| |
1 −4 3 −4 3 1
3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)
= 2(−9) + 1(1) + 3(−7)
= −18 + 1 − 21
= −38 ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 =
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 2 1 −1 2
[𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] , 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = ( 1 −4 3 1 )
−1 3 2 −1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
2 1 −1 2
(−8 − 1) (3 − 4) (−1 − 6)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [ (3 − 4) (−8 − 9) (−3 − 2)]
(−1 − 6) (−3 − 2) (4 − 1)
−9 −1 −7
= [−1 −17 −5]
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [−1 −17 −5]
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
𝐴-1= [
= −38 −1 −17 −5]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
−7 −5 3
⇒ 𝑋 =A-1. 𝐵
−9 −1 −7 8
1
= −38 [−1 −17 −5] [4]
−7 −5 3 0
−72 − 4 + 0
1
= −38 [ −8 − 68 + 0 ]
−56 − 20 + 0
18
−76
1
= −38 [−76] ∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2.
−76
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

17. Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it
completely.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3,2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: the augmented matrix is
1 1 1 3
[𝐴𝐷] = [2 2 −1 3]
1 1 −1 1
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3]
0 0 −2 −2
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3] ….. (1)
0 0 0 0
Comparing with echelon form
Number of non-zero rows in A are 2

∴rank (A) =2
Number of non-zero rows in AD are 2

∴rank (AD) =2
Rank (A) =rank (AD) =2

The system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
We write equivalent set of equations from … (1)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ……. (2)
−3𝑧 = −3…….. (3)
𝑍=1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑘, 𝑧 = 1, k ∈ 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡. 19
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

18. Apply the test of rank to examine whether the following equations are
consistent.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8, −𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: the augmented matrix is
2 −1 3 8 2 −1 3 8
[𝐴𝐷] = [−1 2 1 4] ~[−1 2 1 4]
3 1 −4 0 3 1 −4 0
𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜

𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 3𝑅1
−1 2 1 4
~[ 0 3 5 16]
0 7 −1 12
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 7𝑅2
−1 2 1 4
~[ 0 3 5 16 ] …… (1)
0 0 −38 −76
Comparing with echelon form
Number of non-zero rows in A are 3 ∴rank (A) =3

Number of non-zero rows in AD are 3 ∴rank (AD) =3
Hence rank (A) =rank [(AD)] =3.

Thus the system has a unique solution.
We write the system of equations from (1)
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4… (2)
3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 16…….. (3)
−38𝑧 = −76…. (4)
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (4)
𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (3) 20
⇒ 3𝑦 = 16 − 10 = 6
𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
∴𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

19. Solve the following system of equations

𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗𝒛 = 𝟑;
Sol: the augmented matrix is
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [2 2 3 6 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
1 4 9 3 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 1
= [2 − 2 2−2 3 − 2 6 − 2]
1−1 4−1 9−1 3−1
1 1 1 1
=[0 0 1 4] 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
0 3 8 2
1 1 1 1
=[0 3 8 2] 𝑅1 → 3𝑅1 − 𝑅2
0 0 1 4
3−0 3−3 3−8 3−2

=[ 0 3 8 2 ]
0 0 1 4
3 0 −5 1
=[0 3 8 2]
0 0 1 4
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 5𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 8𝑅3
3+0 0+0 −5 + 5 1 + 20
= [0 − 0 3−0 8−8 2 − 32]
0 0 1 4
3 0 0 21
𝑅 𝑅
=[0 3 0 −30] 𝑅1 ↔ [ 31 ], 𝑅2 ↔ [ 32 ]
0 0 1 4
1 0 0 7
=[0 1 0 −10] ∴𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = −10, 𝑧 = 4 21
0 0 1 4
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

20. 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟎, −𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟓;
1 −1 3 5 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [ 4 2 −1 0 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
−1 3 1 5 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −1 3 5
=[ 4−4 2+4 −1 − 12 0 − 20]
−1 + 1 3−1 1+3 5+5
1 −1 3 5
𝑅
=[0 6 −13 −20] 𝑅2 ↔ [ 23 ]
0 2 4 10
1 −1 3 5
=[0 6 −13 −20] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 5𝑅3
0 1 2 5
1 −1 3 5
=[0 − 0 6−5 −13 − 10 −20 − 25]
0 1 2 5
1 −1 3 5
=[0 1 −23 −45] 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 1 2 5
1+0 −1 + 1 3 − 23 5 − 45 1 0 −20 −40

=[ 0 1 −23 −45 ] =[0 1 −23 −45]
0−0 1−1 2 + 23 5 + 45 0 0 25 50
𝑅3
𝑅3 ↔ [ ]
25
1 0 −20 −40
=[0 1 −23 −45] 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 20𝑅3 ; 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 23𝑅3
0 0 1 2
1+0 0+0 −20 + 20 −40 + 40 1 0 0 0

=[ 0 1 −23 + 23 −45 + 46] =[0 1 0 1]
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 22
∴𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

21. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐;
2 −1 3 9 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [1 1 1 6 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
1 −1 1 2 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅1− 𝑅2
2−1 −1 − 1 3−1 9−6 1 −2 2 3
=[ 1 1 1 6 ] = [1 1 1 6]
1 −1 1 2 1 −1 1 2
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 −2 2 3 1 −2 2 3
= [1 − 1 1+2 1−2 6 − 3 ] = [0 3 −1 3]
1−1 −1 + 2 1−2 2−3 0 1 −1 −1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅3
1 −2 2 3 1 −2 2 3
= [0 − 0 3−2 −1 + 2 3 + 2 ] = [0 1 1 5]
0 1 −1 −1 0 1 −1 −1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1+0 −2 + 2 2+2 3 + 10 1 0 4 13
=[ 0 1 1 5 ] = [0 1 1 5]
0−0 1−1 −1 − 1 −1 − 5 0 0 −2 −6
𝑅
𝑅3 ↔ [ 3 ]
2
1 0 4 13
= [0 1 1 5]
0 0 1 3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 4𝑅3 ; 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 −𝑅3
23
1 0 4−4 13 − 12 1 0 0 1
= [0 1 1−1 5 − 3 ] =[0 1 0 2] ∴𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

24
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600

Page 25
𝟔𝟓 𝟐𝟏
1. 𝑰𝒇 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓 , 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑹 = , 𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝒓𝟏 = ,
𝟖 𝟐
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒
𝑠𝑜𝑙: Given 𝑎 = 13, 𝑏 = 14, 𝑐 = 15

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 13+14+15 42
𝑺= = = = 21
𝟐 2 2
∆= √(𝒔)(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
=√(21)(21 − 13)(21 − 14)(21 − 15)
=√(21)(8)(7)(6)
=√7.3.4.2.7.3.2
=√(7.7). (3.3). (4.4)
=√(7.3.4)2 =84
𝒂𝒃𝒄 13.1.4.15 65
𝑹= = =
𝟒∆ 4.84 8
∆ 84
𝒓= = =4
𝒔 21
∆ 84 84 21
𝒓𝟏 = (𝒔−𝒂) = = =
21−13 8 2
∆ 84 84
𝒓𝟐 = (𝒔−𝒃) = = = 12
21−14 7
∆ 84 84
𝒓𝟑 = (𝒔−𝒄) = = = 14
21−15 6
1
LAQ Q.NO: 24 Transformations | 9000687600

2. If r=1, 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄.
Sol: given r=1, 𝑟1 = 2, 𝑟2 = 3, 𝑟3 = 6
We know that
∆= √𝑟. 𝑟1 . 𝑟2 . 𝑟3
= √1.2.3.6 = √6.6 = √62 =6
∆
𝑆=
𝑟
6
S=1 = 6
6
= 1 =6 ∆
𝑎=𝑠−
𝑟1
6
𝑎 =6−2 =6−3 =3
∆
𝑏=𝑠−
𝑟2
6
𝑏 = 6 − 3 = 6 − 2 = 4.
∆
𝑐 =𝑠−𝑟
3
6
𝑐 = 6 − 6 = 6 − 1 = 5.

3. If 𝑟1 = 8, 𝑟2 = 12, 𝑟3 = 24 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
Sol: given 𝑟1 = 8, 𝑟2 = 12, 𝑟3 = 24
1 1 1 1
We know that 𝑟 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
= 8 + 12 + 24
𝑟
1 3+2+1 6 1
= = 24 = 4 ⇨ 𝑟 = 4
𝑟 24
∆= √𝑟. 𝑟1 . 𝑟2 . 𝑟3
= √4.8.12.24 = √4.4.2.12.12.2
= √42 . 22 . 122 =4.2.12=8.12=96
96
⇨ 𝑆 =𝑆 =
4
∆
𝑟
96
= =24 ∆
4 𝑎=𝑠−
𝑟1
96
𝑎 = 24 − = 24 − 12 = 12
8
∆
𝑏=𝑠−
𝑟2
96
𝑏 = 24 − = 24 − 8 = 16.
12
∆
𝑐 =𝑠−𝑟
3
3
96
c= 24 − 24 = 24 − 4 = 20

𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 1 1
4. S. T 𝑏𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑏1 = 𝑟 − 2𝑅
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Sol: 𝑏𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑏1 =∑ 𝑏𝑐1 a=2𝑅 sin 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
𝑎𝑟1 2𝑅 sin 𝐴.𝑆 .tan 𝑟1 = 𝑠 . tan
2 2
= ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴 sin 𝐴/2
𝐴 𝐴 tan =
2 cos 𝐴/2
2𝑅𝑆 𝐴 𝐴 sin 𝐴/2 sin 𝐴 = 2 sin cos
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∑(2 sin 2 cos 2 ) cos 𝐴/2 2 2
𝑆 1
4𝑅 𝑆 =
4𝑅𝑆 𝐴 𝑆 1−cos 𝐴 = ∆ 𝑟
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∑(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ) =∆ ∑( ) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∆
2
1 𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴
= 2𝑟 [1 − cos 𝐴 + 1 − cos 𝐵 + 1 − cos 𝐶] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 =
2 2
1
=2𝑟 [3 − (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶)] 𝐴 𝐵
(cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶) =1 + 4 sin sin sin
𝐶
2 2 2
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=2𝑟 [3 − (1 + 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 )]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 4𝑅 sin sin sin
2 2 2
=2𝑟 [2 − ] 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin
𝐴 𝐵
sin sin
𝐶
𝑅
2 2 2
1 𝑟 1 1 𝑟
=2𝑟 [2 − 𝑅] =2𝑟 . 2 − 2𝑟 . 𝑅
1 1
= 𝑟 − 2𝑅
4

5. S.T 𝑟 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Sol: W.K.T 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin sin sin ,
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟1 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 ,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟3 = 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟 + 𝑟3 = 4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 + 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
= 4𝑅 sin {sin sin + cos cos } cos
2
= cos cos + sin sin
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
= 4𝑅 sin 2 {cos } ….. (1)
2
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 − 4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 sin = sin cos − cos sin
=4𝑅 cos 2 {sin 2 cos 2 − cos 2 sin 2 } 2 2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
=4𝑅 cos 2 {sin }…..(2)
2
L.H.S ⇨ 𝑟 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝐶 𝐴+𝐵 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
= 4Rsin 2 {cos } + 4𝑅 cos {sin }
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

=4𝑅 [sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin ] sin
2
= sin cos − cos sin
2 2 2 2
2 2
𝐴−𝐵+𝐶
=4𝑅 [sin ]
2
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶= 𝜋
𝜋
=4𝑅 [sin ( 2 − 𝐵)]
5
=4𝑅 cos 𝐵 R.H.S

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cot +cot + cot
2 2 2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
6. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, =
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵+cot 𝑐 𝑎 2 +𝑏2+𝑐 2
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑟⇨cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2
𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐) A 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)

= + + cot ( ) =
2 ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
𝑠
= (𝑠 − 𝑎 + 𝑠 − 𝑏 + 𝑠 − 𝑐)
∆
𝑠
= (3𝑠 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2𝑠
∆
𝑠
=∆ (3𝑠 − 2𝑠)
𝑠 𝑆2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
=∆ ( 𝑠 ) = =
∆ 4∆
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑟 ⇨cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐶

−𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 =
= + sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐶 2𝑏𝑐
sin 𝐴
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2−𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2 +𝑏2 −𝑐 2

= + +
2𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 2casin 𝐵 2absin 𝐶
1
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2 −𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2+𝑏2 −𝑐 2 ∆= (𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴)
= 1 + 1 + 1 2
4( 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴) 4( acsin 𝐵) 4( absin 𝐶)
2 2 2
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 +𝑎 2 −𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑎 2+𝑏2 −𝑐 2
= 4∆
𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
= 4∆
(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
4∆ (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
Now Nr/Dr 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2
=
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
4∆
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cot 2 +cot2 + cot2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
∴ = 6
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵+cot 𝐶 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2

7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆. 𝑇 (𝑖 ) + + = 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑟
1 1 1 1 8∆3 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2
(𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 𝑟 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑃3 . 𝑃3 . 𝑃3 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 =
𝑃1 2 3 3 8𝑅3
1 1 1
Sol: ∆= 2 𝑎𝑃1 , ∆= 2 𝑏𝑃2 , ∆= 2 𝑐𝑃3
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
⇨𝑃1 = , 𝑃2 = , 𝑃3 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖 ) + 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 2∆ + 2∆ + 2∆
𝑃1 2 3
𝑠 1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 2𝑠 1 =
= = 2∆ = 𝑟 ∆ 𝑟
2∆
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 2∆ + 2∆ − 2∆
𝑃1 2 3
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 2𝑠−2𝑐 𝑠−𝑐 1

= = = =𝑟
2∆ 2∆ ∆ 3
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 8∆3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )𝑃3 . 𝑃3 . 𝑃3 = . . = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐
∆=
4𝑅
𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
8( ) 8(𝑎𝑏𝑐)2 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2
4𝑅
= = =
𝑎𝑏𝑐 64𝑅3 8𝑅3

𝑎𝑏−𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑏𝑐−𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑎𝑏−𝑟3 𝑟1

8. 𝑆. 𝑇 = =
𝑟3 𝑟1 𝑟2
Sol: 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑟1 𝑟2
= (2𝑅 sin 𝐴)(2𝑅 sin 𝐵)

− (4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 ) (4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 )
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − [4𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ] (2 sin 2 cos 2 ) (2 sin 2 cos 2 )
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − [4𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ] (sin 𝐴)(sin 𝐵 )
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ]
2
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
𝐶
𝑎𝑏−𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟3 4𝑅 cos cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅 2 (2 sin cos )(2 sin cos )[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
2 2 2 2 2
= 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅 cos cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 𝑟
𝑏𝑐−𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑎𝑏−𝑟3 𝑟1
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 = =𝑟
𝑟1 𝑟2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ∆
9. a𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 =S +𝑅
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S⇨ acos 2 + 𝑏 cos 2 + 𝑐 cot 2
𝐴 1+cos 𝐴
⇨ ∑ 𝑎 cos 2 = ∑ 𝑎( )
2
1
⇨ 2 ∑(𝑎 + acos 𝐴)
1 1
⇨ 2 ∑(𝑎) + 2 ∑(acos 𝐴)
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 1
⇨ + ∑ (2RsinAcos 𝐴)
𝟐 2
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 ∑ (sin2A)
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 (sin2A +sin2B + sin2B)
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 (4sinA sinBsinC)
2𝑅2 sinA sinBsinC

⇨𝒔 + 𝑅
∆
⇨ 𝒔 + 𝑅 R.H.S

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑟
10. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 = 1 − 2𝑅 .
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
1−cos 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴

⇨ + +
2 2 2
1
⇨2 [3 − (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶)]
1 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
⇨2 [3 − (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + cos 𝐶)]
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴
⇨ [3 − (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 )]
2 2 2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴
⇨2 [3 − 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
⇨2 [2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )}]
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
⇨2 [3 − 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨2 [2 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 4𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
⇨2 [2 − ]
𝑅
1 𝑟
⇨ [2 − ]
2 𝑅
2 𝑟
= 2 − 2𝑅
𝑟
= 1 − 2𝑅
R.H.S
10

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Or ⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨1 − {𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 } + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2 2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )}]
2 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
⇨[1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
2 2 2
⇨1 − = 1 − 2𝑅
2𝑅
11

11. 𝑎3 cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 ) + 𝑏3 cos(𝐶 − 𝐴)

+ 𝑐 3 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
Sol: ∑ 𝑎3 cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )=∑ 𝑎. 𝑎2 cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )
=𝑎2 ∑ 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )

=𝑎2 ∑ 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵 + 𝐶). cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 ) + sin(𝐵 + 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶 )]
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝐵 ) + sin(2𝐶 )]
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 2sinCcosC]
= 𝑎2 ∑ [(2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + (2RsinC)cosC]
= 𝑎2 ∑ [(𝑏)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + (C)cosC]
= 𝑎2 [𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐cosC] + 𝑏2 [𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑎cosA] + 𝑐 2 [𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 +

𝑏cosB]
=𝑎𝑏[𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑏cosA] +𝑏𝑐 [𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐cosB] + 𝑐𝑎[𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 +

𝑐cosA]
=𝑎𝑏[𝑐 ] +𝑏𝑐 [𝑎] + 𝑐𝑎[𝑏]
=𝑎𝑏𝑐
12

13

14

Page 15
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 1 3 3
1. If A=[𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒙, A=[1 4 3]
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 1 3 4
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨 4 3 1 3 1 4
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨. |A|=1 | |− 3| |+ 3| |
3 4 1 4 1 3
=1(16 − 9) − 3(−4 − 3) + 3(3 − 4)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
=1(7) + 3(−1) + 3(−1)
Sol: A=[𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 =7-3-3=1
7 −3 −3
1 1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 A-1=|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 1 |−1 1 0|
Now A. adjA= [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] . [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ] −1 0 1
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 7 −3 −3
= |−1 1 0|
= −1 0 1
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
[ 𝑎2 𝐴1 + 𝑏2𝐵1 + 𝑐2 𝐶1 𝑎2 𝐴2 + 𝑏2 𝐵2 + 𝑐2 𝐶2 𝑎2 𝐴3 + 𝑏2𝐵3 + 𝑐2 𝐶3 ] 3. If A=[𝟏 𝟎 𝟏] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨.
𝑎3 𝐴1 + 𝑏3 𝐵1 + 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝑎3 𝐴2 + 𝑏3 𝐵2 + 𝑐3 𝐶2 𝑎3 𝐴3 + 𝑏3𝐵3 + 𝑐3 𝐶3 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 0 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
Sol: 𝐴−1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 .
=[ 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 ]
0 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 2(0 − 2) − 1(1 − 2) + 2(2 − 0) = -4+1+4=1≠ 0
1 0 0 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑠
=𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 [0 1 0] = detA.I
0 0 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴A. detA =I Now Cofactor of 𝐴 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 0 1 1 0
Similarly we can prove that detA = I (0 − 2) (2 − 1) (2 − 0)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 [(4 − 1) (2 − 4) (2 − 4)] [2 1 2 2]
∴𝐴−1 = . 1 2 2 1
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 (1 − 0) (2 − 2) (0 − 1)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 0 1 1 0
2. Find the ad joint and the inverse of the matrix [𝟏 𝟒 𝟑]
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
1 3 3 −2 1 2
Sol: letA=[1 4 3] 𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = [ 3 −2 −2]
1 3 4 1 0 −1
4 3 1 4
Adj (A) =[3 4 1 3] −2 3 1
3 3 1 3 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 1 −2 0 ]
4 3 1 4 2 −2 −1
(16 − 9) (3 − 4) (3 − 4)
=[(9 − 12) (4 − 3) (3 − 3)] −2 3 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
(9 − 12) (3 − 3) (4 − 3) 𝐴−1 = . = [ 1 −2 0 ]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 1
7 −1 −1 2 −2 −1
=|−3 1 0|
−3 0 1
7 −3 −3 1
=|−1 1 0|
−1 0 1
MATRICES | 9000687600
4. Find the inverse of diag [a b c]. 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

𝑎 0 0 5. If A=[𝟐 𝟏 𝟐] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨 − 𝟓𝑰 = 𝟎.
Sol: let A=[0 𝑏 0] If abc≠ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
0 0 𝑐
𝑎 0 0 1 2 2
0, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 [0 𝑏 0]. Sol: A=[2 1 2]
0 0 𝑐 2 2 1
𝑎 0 0
Sol: let A=[0 𝑏 0] 1 2 2 1 2 2
0 0 𝑐 𝐴2 = [2 1 2] [2 1 2]
2 2 1 2 2 1
𝑏 0 0 𝑏 1+4+4 2+2+4 2+4+2 9 8 8
= [2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2] = [8 9 8]
Adj (A) =[0 𝑐 0 0]
0 0 𝑎 0 2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+2 8 8 9
𝑏 0 0 𝑏
9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
(𝑏𝑐 − 0) (0 − 0) (0 − 0) 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = [8 9 8] − 4 [2 1 2] − 5 [0 1 0]
=[ (0 − 0) (𝑎𝑐 − 0) (0 − 0) ]. 8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
(0 − 0) (0 − 0) (𝑎𝑏 − 0)
9−4−5 8−8−0 8−8−0 0 0 0
=[8 − 8 − 0 9 − 4 − 5 8 − 8 − 0]=[0 0 0] = 0.
𝑏𝑐 0 0
=[ 0 𝑎𝑐 0] 8−8−0 8−8−0 9−4−5 0 0 0
0 0 𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 0
𝑏𝑐 0 0
=[0 𝑎𝑐 0 ]. 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒
0 0 𝑎𝑏 If A=[𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝟑 .
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
𝑏 0|
|A|=𝑎 | + 0| | + 0| |=abc 3 −3 4 3 −3 4
0 𝑐
Sol: 𝐴2 = [2 −3 4] [2 −3 4]
𝑏𝑐 0 0 0 −1 1 0 −1 1
1 1
A-1=|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 [ 0 𝑎𝑐 0]
0 0 𝑎𝑏 9 − 6 + 0 −9 + 9 − 4 12 − 12 + 4
1
0 0 =[6 − 6 + 0 −6 + 9 = 4 8 − 12 + 4 ] =
𝑎 0−2+0 0+3−1 0−4+1
1
=0 0. 3 −4 −4
𝑏
1 [ 0 −1 0 ]
[0 0 𝑐] −2 2 −3
3 −4 −4 3 −4 −4
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐴4 = 𝐴2 𝐴2=[ 0 −1 0 ] [ 0 −1 0 ]
−2 2 −3 −2 2 −3
9 + 0 − 8 −12 + 4 + 8 12 + 0 − 12
=[ 0 + 0 + 0 0+1+0 0+0+0 ]=
−6 + 0 + 6 8−2−6 −8 + 0 + 9
1 0 0
[0 1 0] = 𝐼
0 0 1
∴𝐴4 = 𝐼 2
𝐴4 . 𝐴−1 = 𝐼. 𝐴−1 ⇒𝐴3 = 𝐴−1 or 𝐴−1 = 𝐴3 .
MATRICES | 9000687600
𝟏 𝟎] 𝟎 𝟏] 𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂 𝒂+𝒃

6. If I=[ ,𝑬 = [ , 𝑺. 𝑻 (𝒂𝑰 + 𝒃𝑬)𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑 𝑰 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝑬.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 8. Show that |𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝒄 + 𝒂 | = (𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄).
1 0 0 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Sol: (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐸) = 𝑎 [ ]+𝑏[ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 0 0 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 ∶ (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐸)3 = [ ][ ][ ]
0 𝑎 0 𝑎 0 𝑎 Sol:𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐 + 𝑎 |
2 𝑎 𝑏
=[𝑎 + 0 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 ][ ] 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0+0 0 + 𝑎2 0 𝑎 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
2
=[𝑎 2𝑎𝑏 ] [𝑎 𝑏 ] 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
0 𝑎2 0 𝑎 =| 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 |
3 2 2
=[𝑎 + 0 𝑎 𝑏 + 2𝑎3 𝑏 ] 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0+0 0+𝑎 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
3 2 3
=[𝑎 + 0 0 +3 3𝑎 𝑏 ] = [𝑎 0 ] + [0 3𝑎2 𝑏 ]
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
0+0 𝑎 +0 0 𝑎3 0 0 =|𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|=𝑐(𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏) − 𝑎(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝑏(𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=𝒂𝟑 𝑰 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝑬. R.H.S =𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐
=(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐).
𝟑 −𝟒
7. If A=[ ] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻
𝟏 −𝟏 𝒚+𝒛 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏 −𝟒𝒏 ]
𝑨𝒏 = [ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏. 9. Show that | 𝒚 𝒛+𝒙 𝒚 | = 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝒛.
𝒏 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒏
𝒛 𝒛 𝒙+𝒚
1 + 2𝑛 −4𝑛 ]
Sol: let p (n) = 𝐴𝑛 = [ 𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑥
𝑛 1 − 2𝑛
Step-1: put n=1 Sol: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 | 𝑦 𝑧+𝑥 𝑦 |(h/w)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦
1 + 2(1) −4(1)
𝐴1 = [ ]
1 1 − 2(1)
3 −4]
A=[
1 −1
∴𝑝(1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1.
Step-2: let us assume that p(k) is true for n=k
Put n=k
1 + 2𝑘 −4𝑘 ]
𝐴𝑘 = [
𝑘 1 − 2𝑘
Step-3: put n=k+1
1 + 2𝑘 −4𝑘 ] [3 −4]
𝐴𝑘+1 = 𝐴𝑘 . 𝐴 = [
𝑘 1 − 2𝑘 1 −1
3 + 6𝑘 − 4𝑘 −4 − 8𝑘 + 4𝑘
=[ ]
3𝑘 + 1 − 2𝑘 −4𝑘 ∓ 2𝑘
1 + 2(𝑘 + 1) −4(𝑘 + 1)
=[ ]
(𝑘 + 1) 1 − 2(𝑘 + 1)
𝑝(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀. 𝐼, 𝑠(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙
+ 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑛.
(H/W)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃

IfA=[ ] , 𝑆. 𝑇 𝐴𝑛 [ ] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝜃
3
+𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑛.(h/w)
Sol: s(n) is true for n=k+1.
MATRICES | 9000687600
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
10. Show that |𝟏 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 | = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒃 − 𝒄)(𝒄 − 𝒂). 𝝅
12. If 𝜽 − 𝝋 = 𝟐 , then show that
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
[ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽] [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋
] = 𝑶.
𝟐
1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋
Sol: L.H.S |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |
𝜋
1 𝑐 𝑐2 Sol: 𝜃 − 𝜑 = 2
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 𝜋
𝜃 = 2+𝜑
0 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
=|0 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 | 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = sin ( 2 + 𝜑)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = cos(2 + 𝜑)
1 𝑐 𝑐2
=cos𝜑 =-sin𝜑
0 𝑎−𝑏 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
=|0 𝑏 − 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑏 + 𝑐) |
2
1 𝑐 𝑐2 L.H.S[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
0 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
=(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 1 (𝑏 + 𝑐) |
1 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
=[ 2 ][ ]
e𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)1|𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 |
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎). 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑

=[ ]
𝟐
𝒂 + 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟏 𝟏 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑
3 3
11. Show that | 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟐 𝟏| = (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟑 .

𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
𝑎2 + 2𝑎 2𝑎 + 1 1 0 0]
Sol: L.H.S | 2𝑎 + 1 𝑎 + 2 1| =[ = 𝑂.
0 0
3 3 1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2𝑎 − 1 2𝑎 + 1 − 𝑎 − 2 1 − 1
= | 2𝑎 + 1 − 3 𝑎+2−3 1 − 1|
3 3 1
𝑎2 − 1 𝑎 − 1 0
=|2(𝑎 − 1) 𝑎 − 1 0|
3 3 1
𝑎+1 1 0
=(𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 − 1) | 2 1 0|
3 3 1
=(𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 − 1)1|𝑎 + 1 − 2|
=(𝑎 − 1)3
MATRICES | 9000687600
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐
13. If A=[ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟒], then find (A’)-1. 14. If A=[ 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐], then show that the ad joint of A
−𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏
is 3A’. find A-1.
1 −2 3 −1 −2 −2
Sol: A=[ 0 −1 4] Sol: A=[ 2 1 −2],
−2 2 1 2 −2 1
1 0 −2 1 −2 2 1
⇒A’= [−2 −1 2 ] Adj (A) =[−2 1 2 −2 ]
3 4 1 −2 −2 −1 −2
1 −2 2 1
−1 2| −2 2| −2 −1|
|A’|=1 | +0| +3|
4 1 3 1 3 4 (1 − 4) (−4 − 2) (−4 − 2)
=1(−1 − 8) + 0(−2 − 6) + 3(−8 + 3) =[(4 + 2) (−1 + 4) (−4 − 2)]
=−9 +0 +10=1 (4 + 2) (−4 − 2) (−1 + 4)
−1 2 −2 −1 −3 −6 −6
Adj (A’) =[ 4 1 3 4] =[ 6 3 −6]
0 −2 1 0 6 −6 3
−1 2 −2 −1
−3 6 6
(−1 − 8) (6 + 2) (−8 + 3) =[−6 3 −6]…… (1)
=[(−8 + 0) (1 + 6) (0 − 4) ] −6 −6 3
(0 − 2) (4 − 2) (−1 − 0)
−1 2 2
−9 8 −5 And A’=[−2 1 −2]
=[−8 7 −4] −2 −2 1
−2 2 −1
−1 2 2 −3 6 6
−9 −8 −2 ⇒3𝐴′ = 3 [−2 1 −2] = [−6 3 −6]… (2)
=[ 8 7 2] −2 −2 1 −6 −6 3
−5 −4 −1 From (1) and (2) AdjA=3A’
−1 −2 −2
1 A=[ 2 1 −2]
A-1=|𝐴′ | 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴′ ) 2 −2 1
|𝐴| = −1(1 − 4) + 2(2 + 4) − 2(−4 − 2)
−9 −8 −2
1
= [ 8 7 2] =−1(−3) + 2(6) − 2(−6) = 3 + 12 + 12 = 27
1
−5 −4 −1 −3 6 6
1 1
A-1=|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 27 |−6 3 −6|
−9 −8 −2 −6 −6 3
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1 −1 2 2 −1 2 2
3 1
=27 [−2 1 −2]=9 [−2 1 −2]
−2 −2 1 −2 −2 1
MATRICES | 9000687600
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
15. If 3A=[ 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐], then show that A-1=A’.
−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
1 2 2 1 2 −2
Sol: 3A=[ 2 1 −2]⇒(3A’) =[2 1 2]
−2 2 −1 2 −2 −1
1 2 2 1 2 −2
Now (3𝐴)(3𝐴′)=[ 2 1 −2] [2 1 2]
−2 2 −1 2 −2 −1
1+4+4 2 + 2 − 4 −2 + 4 − 2
9AA’=[ 2 + 2 − 4 4 + 1 + 4 −4 + 2 + 2]
−2 + 4 − 2 −4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1
9 0 0 1 0 0
9AA’= [0 9 0] ⇒9AA’=9[0 1 0]
0 0 9 0 0 1
AA’=I⇒A-1=A’.
MATRICES | 9000687600
Jr. MATHEMATICS – IA AIMSTUTORIAL
1. If “ABCDEF” be a regular hexagon with centre ‘’o’’.
S.T AB + AC + AD + AE + AF=3AD=6AO
Sol: AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
⇨ (AB + AE) + (AC + AF) + AD
⇨ (AB + BD) + (AC + CD) + AD
⇨ (AD) + (AD) + AD =3AD
=3(2AO) =6AO
2. In ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪, if O is the circumcentre and H is the orthocenter, then

S.T (i) OA + OB + OC = OH,
(ii) HA + HB + HC =2HO.
𝑂𝐵+𝑂𝐶
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑖 ) 𝑂𝐷 = ⇨ 2𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶
2 ∴2OD = AH
∴ 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐴 + 2𝑂𝐷
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐻 = 𝑂𝐻.
(ii) HA + HB + HC
= OA − OH + OB − OH + OC − OH
=(𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶 ) − 3𝑂𝐻
=𝑂𝐻 − 3𝑂𝐻
= −2𝑂𝐻 = 2𝐻𝑂
AIMSTUTORIAL IPE SAQ: - Q. NO:

1 12
3. 𝑰𝒇 𝒊, 𝒋, 𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒆𝒔, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝒌 , −𝒋 – 𝒌 , 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟗𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , −𝟒𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓.
Sol: let 𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘, 𝑂𝐵 = −𝑗 – 𝑘, 𝑂𝐶 == 3𝑖 + 9𝑗 + 4𝑘,
𝑂𝐷 = −4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘, 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = − 4𝑖 – 6𝑗 − 2𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = − 𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = − 8𝑖 – 𝑗 + 3𝑘
−4 −6 −2
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = |−1 4 3 | [𝑖 𝑗 𝑘] {[𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 ] = 1}
−8 −1 3
= −4(12 + 3) + 6(−3 + 24) − 2(1 + 32) = −4(15) + 6(21) − 2(33) = −60 + 126 − 66 = 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.

4. 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌, −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌,
𝟏𝟒𝟔
𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝝀𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝝀 = − 𝟏𝟕
.
Sol: let 𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖 − 2 𝑗 − 𝑘, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌, 𝑶𝑪 = −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌,
𝑶𝑫 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝝀𝒌, 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = 1 + 7𝑗 + (𝜆 + 1)𝑘 ∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.
−1 5 −3
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = |−4 3 3 |=0
1 7 𝜆 + 1)
(
⇨ −1(3(𝜆 + 1) − 21) − 5(−4(𝜆 + 1) − 3) − 3(−28 − 3) = 0
⇨ −1(3𝜆 + 3 − 21) − 5(−4𝜆 − 4 − 3) + 91 = 0

𝟏𝟒𝟔
⇨ −3𝜆 + 18 + 20𝜆 + 35 + 91 = 0 ⇨17𝝀 + 𝟏𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇨ 𝝀 = − .
𝟏𝟕

2 12
5. 𝑰𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔
𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟐𝒄, 𝒂 − 𝟔𝒃 + 𝟔𝒄 are coplanar.
Sol: Given
𝑂𝐴 = 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝑂𝐶 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟐𝒄, 𝑂𝐷 = 𝒂 − 𝟔𝒃 +
𝟔𝒄, 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑎 − 5𝑏 + 4𝑐
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑎 − 9𝑏 + 7𝑐
−1 −5 4
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = | 1 1 −1| [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] {[𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] = 1}
−1 −9 7
= −1(7 − 9) + 5(7 − 1) + 4(−9 + 1) = −1(−2) + 5(6) + 4(−8) = 2 + 30 − 32 = 0
6. 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 − 𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄, 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄, −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟖𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄, −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝒄
are coplanar.
Sol: Given
𝑂𝐴 = −𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄, 𝑶𝑩 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄, 𝑶𝑪 = −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟖𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄,
𝑶𝑫 = −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝒄 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑎−2b-2c
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −2𝑎 + 4𝑏 − 2𝑐
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = −2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4𝑐
4 −2 −2
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = | −2 4 −2| [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] {[𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] = 1}
−2 −2 4
= 4(16 − 4) + 2(−8 − 4) − 2(4 + 8) = 4(12) + 2(−12) − 2(12) = 48 − 24 − 24 = 0
7. 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, −𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟒𝒄, −𝟏𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄

are coplanar.
Sol: Given

3 12
𝑂𝐴 = 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝑶𝑩 = 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝑶𝑪 = −𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟒𝒄,
𝑶𝑫 = −𝟏𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 4𝑐,
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −7𝑎 − 3𝑐,
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = −18𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 2𝑐
−4 −3 4
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = | −7 0 −3| [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] {[𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] = 1}
−18 −3 −2
= −4(0 − 9) + 3(14 − 54) + 4(21 − 0) = −4(−9) + 3(−40) + 4(21)

= 36 − 120 + 84 = 120 − 120 = 0
8. 𝑷. 𝑻 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌, 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅

−𝟓𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘 ⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = √32 + 52 + 22
= √9 + 25 + 4 = √38 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘 ⇨ |𝐵𝐶| = √22 + 32 + 52
= √4 + 9 + 25 = √38 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐴 = −5𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⇨ |𝐶𝐴| = √52 + 22 + 32
= √25 + 4 + 9 = √38 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
∴ |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐶𝐴|, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙.
9. 𝑆. 𝑇 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴(2, −1, 1), 𝐵(1, −3, −5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (3, −4, − 4)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝐴 = (2𝑖 – 𝑗 + 𝑘), 𝑂𝐵 = (𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘), 𝑂𝐶 = (3𝑖 − 4𝑗 – 4𝑘)

4 12
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = (𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘) − (2𝑖 – 𝑗 + 𝑘) = − 𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 6𝑘
⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = √12 + 22 + 62 = √1 + 4 + 36 = √41 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 – 𝑂𝐵 = (3𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 4𝑘) − (𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘) = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘
⇨ |𝐵𝐶| = √22 + 12 + 12 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 – 𝑂𝐶 = (2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘) − (3𝑖 – 4𝑗 – 4𝑘) = −𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 5𝑘
⇨ |𝐶𝐴| = √12 + 32 + 52 = √1 + 9 + 25 = √35 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| + |𝐶𝐴| ∴A, B, C are vertices of a right angled triangle.
10. Show that the points (5, -1, 1), (7, -4, 7), (1, -6, 10) and (-1, 3, 4) are the vertices of a
rhombus.
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝐴 = (5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘), 𝑂𝐵 = (7𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘), 𝑂𝐶 = (𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 10𝑘 )
𝑶𝑫 = −𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = (7𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘) − (5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘) = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = √22 + 32 + 62 = √4 + 9 + 36 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐵 = −6𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
⇨ |𝐵𝐶| = √62 + 22 + 32 = √36 + 4 + 9 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐶 = −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 6𝑘
⇨ |𝐶𝐷| = √22 + 32 + 62 = √4 + 9 + 36 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐷𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐷 = 6𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘
⇨ |𝐷𝐴| = √62 + 22 + 32 = √36 + 4 + 9 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Thus ⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐶𝐷| = |𝐷𝐴|
Also 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖 − 5𝑗 − 9𝑘
⇨ |𝐴𝐶| = √42 + 52 + 92 = √16 + 25 + 81 = √122 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

5 12
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐵 = −8𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘
⇨ |𝐵𝐷| = √82 + 12 + 32 = √64 + 1 += √74 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
|𝐴𝐶| ≠ |𝐵𝐷|
∴A, B, C, D form a rhombus.
11. In th two dimensional plane, prove by using vector methods the equation of the line whose
𝒙 𝒚
intercepts on the axes are ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’ is 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐵(0, 𝑏)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ′𝑜 ′ 𝑏𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴(𝑎) = 𝑎𝑖, 𝐵(𝑏) = 𝑏𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐴(𝑎), 𝐵(𝑏)𝑖𝑠 𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)(𝑎𝑖 ) + 𝑡(𝑏𝑗)
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)(𝑎𝑖 ) + 𝑡(𝑏𝑗 )𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑖 , 𝑗 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎 ⇨ = 1−𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡 ⇨ =𝑡
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
L.H.S 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 = 1 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

6 12
JR MATHEMATICS 1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
2).
1). a).Find the volume of the parallelopiped with
a). By using vector method, prove that the angle coterminous edges 2 i - 3j + k , i - j + 2k and
in a semicircle is a right angle.
2i + j -k .
A:Let AB be a diameter of a circle with centre O.
A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
Let P be any point on the semicircle with OP = r .
parallelopiped.
Let OA = a
 OB = -a a  2 i - 3j +k
b  i - j + 2k
Consider PA . PB = ( OA - OP).( OB - OP)
c  2i + j -k
= ( a - r). (- a - r)
P
= - | a |2 + | r |2 2 -3 1
A [a b c ] = 1 -1 2 [ i j k ]
= | r |2 - | a |2 O
B
2 1 -1
= | a |2 - | a |2 = 2(1-2)+3(-1-4)+1(1+2)
∵ | r | = | a | = radius ∵ [ i j k ] =1
=0 = -2 - 15 + 3
 APB = 90
0 = -14
Hence the angle in a semicircle is a right angle. Volume of the parallelopiped
= |[a b c]|
b). Prove that the smaller angle  between any = |-14|
1 = 14 cubic units.
two diagonals of a cube is cos = 3 .
b). Find the volume of the tetrahedron having the
A:Without loss of generality we may assume that the
coterminous edges i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k
cube is a unit cube.
Y A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
Let OA = i, OB = j , OC = k
tetrahedron.
B
D a = i + j + k, b = i - j, c  i + 2 j + k
E
G
OG = i + j + k 1 1 1
j
i [a b c ] = 1 -1 0 [ i j k]
AF = - i + j + k k X
O A 1 2 1
BE = i - j + k C F
 [ i j k] = 1
CD = i + j - k Z = 1(-1-0)-1(1-0)+1(2+1)
= -1-1+3
Let  be the acute angle between the diagonals OG = 1.
and AF. Volume of the tetrahedron
1
= | [a b c ] |
|OG . AF| 6
Now cos =
|OG| |AF| 1
= |1|
|( i + j+k).( i - j+k)| 6
= | i + j+k| | i - j+k
| 1
= cubic unit.
| 1 - 1 + 1| 6
= 1
= 3
3 3
.
Product of Vectors
c).Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by e). Find  in order that four points A(3, 2, 1) B(4,
the vertices (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -1, 0), (-1, 0, 1). , 5), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 5, -1) be coplanar.
A: Let ABCD be the given tetrahedron with A: Given points A, B, C, D are coplanar, so
A(1, 2, 1), B(3, 2, 5), C(2, -1, 0), (-1, 0, 1)  AB AC AD   0
Let O be the origin.  
4  3   2 5  1
 4  3 2  2  2  1  0
 OA = i + 2 j + k, OB = 3 i + 2 j + 5k , 6  3 5  2  1  1
1   2 4
OC = 2 i - j, OD = - i + k  1 0  3  0
3 3  2
 AB = OB - OA = 2 i + 4k  1 (0  9 )  (   2 )  (  2  9 )  4 (3  0 )  0
 9  (   2 )7  1 2  0
AC = OC - OA = i - 3 j  k  9  7   1 4  1 2  0
  7   3 5  0
AD = OD - OA = -2 i - 2j    5
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD

1 | [ AB AC AD] |
= 6
2 0 4
[ AB AC AD] = 1 -3 -1 [ i j k]
f). Determine  if the volume of the
-2 -2 0
paralleopiped w hose edges are
[ i j k ] =1
i + j, 3 i - j and 3 j + λk is 16 cubic units.
= 2(0 - 2) - 0 + 4 (-2 - 6) = -4 - 32 = -36.
A: a  i  j , b  3 i  j , c  3 j   k
1 |-36|= 6 cubic unitss
 Volume of the tetrahedron = 6 Formulae : The volume of the tetrahedron having
edges a b c is  a b c  .
1 1 0
d). Determine  if the volume of the
 a b c   3 1 0
paralleopiped whose edges are
0 3 
i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k .
= 1 (-  - 0) - 1 (3 - 0) = -  - 3 = - 4
A: Formulae : The volume of the tetrahedron having  Volume of the parallelopiped
1
edges a, b, c is a b c  .   4  16     4
6 
1 1 1
Here,  a b c   1 1 0
1 2 1
= 1 (- 1 - 0) - 1(1 - 0) + 1 (2 + 1) = 1
 Volume of the tetrahedron
1 1 1
a b c   (1)  cubic unit.
6 6 6
Product of Vectors
3).
a). Show that the points (5,-1,1) (7, -4, 7), (1,- 6,10) b). Show that the four points
and (- 1,- 3,4) are the vertices of a rhombus by
vectors. -a + 4b - 3c, 3a+2b- 5c, -3a + 8b - 5c a n d
A: Let O be the origin and ABCD be the given figure.
- 3a + 2b + c are coplanar, where a, b, c are
 OA = 5 i - j + k, OB = 7 i - 4 j + 7k non-coplanar vectors.
A: Let A, B, C, D be the given four points.
OC = i - 6 j + 10k, OD = - i - 3 j + 4k Let O be any origin.
NowAB = OB - OA = 2 i - 3 j + 6k  OA = -a + 4b - 3c, OB = 3a + 2b - 5c
| AB |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7 OC = -3a + 8b - 5c,OD = -3a + 2b + c

 AB  OB  OA = 4a - 2b - 2c
BC = OC - OB = - 6 i - 2 j + 3k
AC  OC  OA = -2a + 4b - 2c
| BC |= 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
AD  OD  OA = -2a - 2b + 4c
CD  OD - OC = -2 i + 3 j - 6k
4 -2 -2
| CD |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7 Now [ AB AC AD] = -2 4 -2 [a b c ]
-2 -2 4
DA = OA - OD = 6 i + 2j - 3k
= {4(16-4)+2(-8-4)-2(4+8)} [a b c ]
DA = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
= (48 - 24 - 24) [a b c ]
 AB = BC = CD = DA
= 0 [a b c ]
AC = OC - OA = - 4 i - 5 j + 9k =0
| AC | = 16 + 25 + 81 = 122 Hence the given four points are coplanar.
BD == OD - OB = - 8 i + j - 3k
BD = 64 + 1+ 9 = 74
 AC  BD
4).
Hence the given points are the vertices of a rhombus.
a). If a = 2 i + j - k, b = - i + 2 j - 4k and
c = i + j + k , then find (axb). (bxc) .

A: (axb). (bxc) = (a.b) (b.c) - (a.c) (b.b)
= {(2 i + j - k).(- i + 2 j - 4k)} - {(- i + 2 j - 4k).( i + j + k)}

2
-{(2 i + j - k).( i + j + k)} {| b | }
= { -2 +2 + 4} {-1+ 2 - 4} - {2 +1 -1 }{1+ 4 + 16}
= 4(-3) - 2(21)
= - 12 - 42
= - 54.
Product of Vectors
i j k
b). a = i - 2 j + k , b = 2 i + j + k , c = i + 2 j - k ,
Consider b x c  1 1 1

find a x b x c and   a x b x c . 1 1 1
A: Given  i 1  1  j 1  1  k  1  1
a = i - 2 j + k, b = 2 i + j + k, c = i + 2 j - k  2 j  2k
 
a x b x c = (a.c)b - (a.b)c
i j k
Now a x b x c =  2 3 4
  i - 2 j + k  .  i + 2 j - k  b - 0 2 2
 i - 2 j + k  .  2 i + j + k  c  i   6  8   j  4  0   k  4  0 
 2 i  4 j  4k

= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k  - (2 - 2 + 1)  i + 2 j - k  Now consider
= (-4)  2 i + j + k  - 1  i + 2 j - k    
a x b x c  .a  2 i  4 j  4k . 2 i  3 j  4k  
 
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - i - 2 j + k = 4 + 12 - 16
= 16 - 16 = 0
= -9 i - 6 j - 3k

 a x b x c  .a  0 
 a x b  x c =  a.c  b - b . c  a
 
 a x b x c is perpendicular to a .
= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j +k - (2 + 2 - Hence proved.

1) i - 2 j + k  d). I f a = i - 2j - 3k, b = 2i + j - k and c = i +3j - 2k ,
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - 3 i + 6 j - 3k verify that a x b x c ≠ a x b x c .
(
)
(
A: Given ) :
= -11 i + 2 j - 7k
a = i - 2 j - 3k, b = 2 i + j - k and c = i + 3 j - 2k
 
 axb xc = 121+ 4 + 49 a x b x c = a . c b - a .b c
(
)
(
)
(
 174 = { i - 2 j - 3k).( i + 3 j - 2k)} (2 i + j - k)
- { i - 2 j - 3k).(2 i + j - k)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
c).If a = 2 i + 3 j + 4k , b= i + j -k and = -{1(2)-2(1)-3(1)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
c = i - j + k then compute a x b x c   and = (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2-2+3) ( i + 3 j - 2k)
verify that it is perpendicular to a . = 2 i + j - k - 3 i - 9 j + 6k
A: Given vectors are a  2 i  3 j  4k = - i - 8 j + 5k ..........(1)
b i  j k
c i  j k
Product of Vectors
a x b)x c = a . c b - b . c a
(
)
(
)
Maximum value of [ a b c ]
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
= maximum value of a.(bxc
)
= -{2(1) + 1(3) -1(-2)} ( i - 2 j - 3k)
= Max. of | a || b x c | cos(a,b x c)
= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2+3+2) ( i - 2 j - 3k)
=1x 59 x 1  Max. of cos =1
= 2 i + j - k - 7 i +14 j + 21k
= 59 .
= 5 i +15 j + 20k .........(2)
From (1) and (2)
a x ( b x c)  (a x b) x c . c). If a, b, c are non zero vectors and a is
perpendicular to both b and c. If
4).
a). Find the area of the triangle with vertices 2
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 and (b, c )  3 , then
A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2).
1 find | [a b c ] | .
A : Area of the triangle ABC  AB x AC where
A: Given
2
AB  i  j  2k and AC  2 i  j  k
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4
i j k ab&c
AB x AC  1 1 2  a || ( b x c)
2 1 1  a , b x c) = 0
0
(
Now | [ a b c ] | = | a .( b x c) |
 i ( 1  2)  j ( 1  4)  k( 1  2)
= | a | | bxc | cos (a , b x c)
 3 i  3 j  3k
0
 3 i  j k  = | a | | b | | c | sin ( b, c) cos 0
0
= 2 x3 x 4 x sin 120
3 3
 Required area = sq. units . = 24 x 23
2
= 12 3.
b). Let b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k . If a is a unit
vector, then find the maximum value of
[ a b c ].
A: Given : a is a unit vector
b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k
i j k
bxc = 2 1 -1
1 0 3
= i(3 - 0) - j(6 +1) + k(0 - 1)
= 3 i - 7j - k
| b x c |= 9+49+1
= 59 .
Product of Vectors
𝝅 𝟐𝟒
1. 𝑰𝒇 𝟎 < 𝐴 < 𝐵 < 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐𝟓
𝟒
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝑨. 3. If A-B=
𝟑𝝅
, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝑺. 𝑻 (𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨)(𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩) = 𝟐.
𝟓 𝟒
24 3𝜋
Sol:sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 25 Sol: given A-B= , 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛
4
24 3𝜋
⇒tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 7
, ⇒Tan (A-B) =tan ( )
4
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⇒1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = −1
𝟒
& 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟓
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝟑
⇒𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟒 ⇒1 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Adding ‘1’
𝟐𝑨 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑨 − 𝑩) ⇒ 1 + 1 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⇒ 2 = (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧[(𝑨 + 𝑩) + (𝑨 − 𝑩)] ⇒ 2 = (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵)
∴(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵) = 2
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨+𝑩)+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨−𝑩)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝑨)=𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨+𝑩)+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨−𝑩) 𝝅
4. If 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝟒 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 = 𝟏.
+
= 𝟕 𝟒
𝟐𝟒 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩 + 𝑪)
𝟏− × 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∑ = 𝟐.
𝟕 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑪
𝟗𝟔+𝟐𝟏 𝜋
𝟐𝟖
= 𝟐𝟖−𝟕𝟐 Sol: 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 2
𝟐𝟖 𝜋
𝐴+𝐵 = −𝐶
2
𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝜋
=- . ⇒Tan(A+B)=tan(2 − 𝐶)
𝟒𝟒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⇒1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃
2. 𝒊𝒇 = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) 𝒂−𝒃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 1
𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷 = 𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶 . ⇒⇒ =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃
Sol: given that 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) = 𝒂−𝒃
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵) = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
By using componendo and divdendo,
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷)+𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃+𝒂−𝒃
=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷)−𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃−𝒂+𝒃
∴𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪 = 𝟏…..(1)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 𝒂
⇒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝒃
cos(𝐵+𝐶)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ = 2.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 𝒂 cos 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
⇒𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝒃 =∑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
cos 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
= ∑ cos 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
𝒂
⇒𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜷 = 𝒃 =∑(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶) 1
⇒ 𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷. =(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)+(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)+(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)
=3-(tanAtanB+tanBtanC+tanCtanA)
=3-1=2 {from (1)}
MATRICES | 9000687600
5. Prove that (i) sin180=

√𝟓−𝟏 √𝟓+𝟏
, (ii). cos180= 𝟒 . 6. 𝒊𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜶, 𝜷
𝟒
𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Sol: let A=18⇒5A=90
𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄
And 2A=5A-3A 𝟐𝒃𝒄
2A=90-3A 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 (𝟏)𝑺. 𝑻𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝟐
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐
⇒sin2A=sin (90-3A) 𝒄𝟐−𝒂𝟐
(2) Sin𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 .
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝐴
⇒ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 Sol: given
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 3) 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 3) ⇒𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 S.O.B
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = (4(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) − 3) ⇒ (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = (𝑐 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = (4 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 3) ⇒𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⇒4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 1 = 0 ⇒𝑎2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
This is a quadratic equation in sinA, ⇒𝑎2 −𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐 −2±√22−4(4)(−1) ⇒(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0.
sinA= =
2𝑎 2(4) This is a quadratic equation in sin𝜃
−2 ± √4 + 16 −2 ± √4 × 5 −2 ± 2√5 Let sin𝛼, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
= = = 𝑏
8 8 8 Sum of the roots=−
𝑎
−1±√5
= 4
since A lies in first quadrant 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑎2+𝑏2
2𝑏𝑐
√5−1 √5−1 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = ∴ sin18= And product of the roots =𝑎
4 4
(ii). Cos36=cos2 (18) 𝑐 2 −𝑎 2
Sin𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = .
𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
7. 1

3
 4
sin 10 0 cos 10 0
Cos36=1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 √3
Sol: LHS 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠10
√5−1 2
= 1 − 2( 4
)
𝑐𝑜𝑠10−√3𝑠𝑖𝑛10
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑐𝑜𝑠10
2(5+1−2√5)
=1− 16 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠10−√3𝑠𝑖𝑛10)
=
2𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑐𝑜𝑠10
8−6+2√5
= 8 1 √3
2×2( 𝑐𝑜𝑠10− 𝑠𝑖𝑛10)
2 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛20
2(1+√5)
=
8 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑐𝑜𝑠10−𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑠𝑖𝑛10)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛20
√5+1
∴c𝑜𝑠36 = 4 4(sin(30−10))
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛20
=
4(sin20)
=4 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛20
MATRICES | 9000687600
8. 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟗 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝟕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐𝟕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟗 = 𝟒. 𝟒

9. 𝒊𝒇 𝟏𝟖𝟎 < 𝜃 < 270 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 𝟓
𝑠𝑜𝑙: tanA + cotA 𝜽 𝜽
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ).
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝟐 𝟐
4 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 1 Sol:𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 5 , cosθ = − 5
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
3
2 2 𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−(− )
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝐴 sin ( 2 ) = √ == √ 5
2 2
let A = 9 3
𝜃 1+ 8 8
𝑡𝑎𝑛9 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡9 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐18 sin ( 2 ) = √ 2
5
= √2×5 = √10
Again let A=27
𝑡𝑎𝑛27 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡27 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐54
𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos ( 2 ) = √ 2
LHS= 𝑇𝑎𝑛9 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛27 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡27 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡9
3
1+(− )
=2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐18 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐54 =√ 5
2
1 1
= 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛18 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛54] 1−
3
=√ 2
5
4 4 2
=2 [ − ] =√
√5−1 √5+1 2×5
1
√5+1−√5+1 = √5 {𝜃 ∈ 𝑄2}
=8 [ ]
√5−1√5+1
𝜃 1
cos ( ) = −√
2 5
2
=8 [ 2 ]
√5 −1
10. P.T 1  cos   3   5   7  1
   1  cos   1  cos   1  cos 
2  10   10   10   10  16
= 8[ ] = 4
4 LHS
=(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠18)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠54)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠126)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠162)
=(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠18)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠54)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠54)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠18)
=(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 18)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 54)
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 18)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 54)
=(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 18)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 36)

2
√5−1 √5−1
=( . )
4 4
(5−1)2 16 1
= 16×16
= 16.16 = 16 //
3
MATRICES | 9000687600
11. P.T cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A cos 8 A  sin(16 A) .and hence 12. prove that cos 4   cos 4 3  cos 4 5  cos 4 7  3
16 sin A 8 8 8 8 2
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟏𝟔𝝅 𝟏
deduce that cos𝟏𝟓 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟏𝟔 sol:
𝟏𝟓
5𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
Sol: LHS=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜋 − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 8 8 8
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴) 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜋 − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 8 8 8
1
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
1 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
=4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 8 8 8 8
1
=4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8
1
=8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴
1 𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 =2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 )
8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 8 8
1 2𝜋 2 𝜋
=16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 =2((𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 ) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 8 )2 )
1
=16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛16𝐴
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛16𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠3
∴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 = ….(1) =2 ([ 4
] +[ 4
] )
16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2 2
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 16𝜋
Cos15 . cos 15 . cos 15 cos 15 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛16(24) {∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = }
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠24𝑐𝑜𝑠48𝑐𝑜𝑠96𝑐𝑜𝑠192 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛24 2
sin(384) sin(360+24) sin(24) 1
= 16𝑠𝑖𝑛24 = = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛24=16 2 1 2 1 2
16𝑠𝑖𝑛24 =4 [(1 + ) + (1 − ) ]
√2 √2
{∴ (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )}
1 1 3
=2 (2 (1 + 2)) = 2.
MATRICES | 9000687600
MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
3 +cos-1 12 = cos-1 33 .
1. Prove that sin-1 5 4  3  -1  27 
13 65 3. Prove that cos-1   + sin-1 
 = Tan   .
A: Here we use the result 5  34   11 
1  4  1  3 
cos-1x + cos-1y = cos-1 [xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 ] A: Let cos    A and sin  B
5  34 
Now sin-1 3 -1 12
5 + cos 13
4 3
4  cos-1 12
-1  cos A  and sinB 
= cos 5
13 5 34
 cos  5
-1 4 12
 13  
 1 - 16 1 - 144 
25 169 
tan A 
3
4
and tanB 
3
5
 cos
-1  4  12   3  5 
 5 13 5 13 
tan A  tanB
 cos  48  15 
-1
 65 65  Now tan(A  B) 
1  tan A  tanB
 cos 33
-1
65 3 3

 4 5
3 3
2. Prove that 1 .
4 5
4  7   117 
sin -1   + sin -1   = sin -1  .  15  12 
5  25   125   
20 
4  7  
Let sin1    A and sin1    B  20  9 
5  25   
 20 
4 7 27
 sin A  and sinB  
5 25 11
3 24  27 
cos A  and cosB   A  B  Tan1  
5 25  11 
Now sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
4  3  1  27 
 4   24   3   7  cos1    sin1    Tan  
        5  34   11 
 5   25   5   25 
96  21

125
117

125
 117 
 A  B  sin1  
 125 
4  7   117 
sin1    sin1    sin1  
5  25   125 
InverseTrigonometric Functions 1
 2
 3 5  RHS  sin Tan1 
7. Find the value of tan sin -1 + cos -1  3
5 .
 34   sinB
3 5 2
Let sin1  A and cos1 B 
5 34 3
 LHS  RHS
3 5  13   1 2 
 sin A  and cosB  Thus cot sin1   sin Tan
5 34  17   3 
4 +2tan-1 1 =  .
2. Show that sin-1 5
3 3 3 2
tan A  and tanB  .
4 5 4 + 2tan-1 1
A: Now sin-1 5
 1 3 5  3 1 - x2
 tan  sin  cos 1   2tan x  cos
-1 -1
 5 34  1 + x2
 tan  A  B  1- 1
= sin 4-1
 cos
-1 9
5 1+ 1
tan A  tanB 9

1  tan A tanB
= sin 4  cos 8
-1 -1
3 3 5 10

 4 5  sin 4  cos 4
-1 -1
3 3 5 5
1 .
 sin x  cos x  
-1 -1
4 5
2
 15  12 
   .
20 

2
 20  9  1  = sin  4tan -1 1 
9. Provethat cos  2tan
-1
 
 20  7  3 .
27 1 = and tan-1 1 =
 . A: Let tan-1 7 3
11
 tan   71 and tan   1
3
 -1 13   -1 2 
8. Show that cot sin  = sin Tan .
 17   3  LHS  cos  2 tan
-1 1
1 13 2  7
A: Let sin  A and Tan1  B
17 3   cos2 
1 -tan2
13 2  
 sin A  and tanB  1 +tan2
17 3
1- 1
49
  1 + 1
49
48
  50
 13 
LHS  cot sin1    24
 17  25 
 cot A
2

13
323
2. 1 
tan2  
2tan 
= 3 =2 9 = 3
1 - tan2 1 - 1 3 8 4  325
323
9  2A  B  cos1
325
RHS  sin  4tan
-1 1
 3 3
Thus 2 sin1  cos1
5 323
 cos1 .
= sin 4β 5 13 325
= sin 2(2β)
11. Prove that ta n -1 1 + t an
-1 1 + t an -1 1 = π .
2tan2 2 5 8 4

1 +tan 2  2   A: We use the formula
2  3  x+y
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1  1 - xy 
  49  
1+
  + tan
16
Now tan 1 + tan 5
-1 -1 1 -1 1
 3  16 2 8
2 25
 24  21+ 51  -1 1
25 -1
= tan  1 - 1 . 1  + tan 8
 LHS = RHS  2 5
1   sin  4tan -1 1  .
cos  2tan
 107 x 109  + tan
-1
 -1 -1 1
 7  3 = tan
8
= tan 7 + tan 1
-1 -1
3 5 323 9 8
10.Prove that 2sin-1 - cos -1 = cos -1 .
5 13 325  7 1
+
-1  9 8 
= tan
3
A: Let sin1
5 1 - 7. 1
 A and cos1  B. 98
5 13
3
 sin A  and cosB 
5
5
13
= tan
-1
 56+9
72-7 
12
= tan 65
-1
sin 2A  2 sin A cos A and sinB  65
13
3 4
 2. . = tan 1
-1
5 5

24 =π
4.
25
7
 cos 2A 
25
Now cos  2A  B 
 cos 2A cosB  sin 2A sinB
 7   5   24   12 
       
 25   13   25   13 
35  288

325
12. If sin-1x + sin -1 y + sin-1 z = , then prove that


14.If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = 2 , then prove that
x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z 2 = 2xyz .
xy + yz + zx =1.
A: Let sin-1x = A, sin-1y = B, sin-1 z = C 
A: Given: tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = 2
 sinA = x, sinB = y, sinC = z

cosA = 2  tan-1x + tan-1y = 2 - tan-1 z
1 - x 2 , cosB= 1 - y , c osC
x+y 
= 1 - z2  tan-1 1 - xy = 2 - tan-1 z
Now sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z =  becomes x+y 
 1 - xy = tan( 2 -tan z)
-1
A+B+C=
consider (sin2A + sin2B) + sin2C x+y
 1 - xy =cot(tan z)
-1
= 2sin(A+B) cos(A-B) + sin2C
= 2sin( - C) cos (A-B) + 2sinC cosC x+y -1 1
= 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cosC]  1 - xy =cot (cot z )
= 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cos{ - (A+B)}] x+y 1
= 2sinC [cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)]  1- xy = z
= 2sinC. 2sinA sinB  xz + yz = 1 - xy
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
 2sinA cosA + 2sinBcosB + 2sinCcosC = 4sinA  xy + yz + zx =1.
sinB sinC
 sinAcosA+sinBcosB+sinCcosC=2sinAsinBsinC
 x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z2 = 2xyz .
13. If cos-1p + cos-1q + cos-1r = , then prove that 15. Solve: tan
-1 x - 1 + t an -1 x + 1 =  .
x-2 x+2 4
p2+q2+r2 + 2pqr =1.
A: Given: tan x - 1 + tan -1 x + 1 = 
-1
x -x2- 1 x + 1x + 2 4
A: Given cos p + cos q + cos r = 
-1 -1 -1

x-2 x+2  
-1
 tan
 cos-1p + cos-1q =  - cos-1r  
1- x - 1 x + 1
x-2 x+2
4

cos-1 pq - 1 - p 1 -q  = - cos-1 r  x +x-2+ x -x-2
2 2
 tan  = 1
2 2
  
x2 -4- x2 +1 4
 pq - 1 - p2 1 -q2 = cos ( - cos r)
-1
2 x2 - 2
(
 =1
= -cos (cos-1 r) -3
 x - 2 = -3
= -r 2
2
 pq + r = 1 - p2 1 -q2
 x =2- 3  1
2
2 2
Squaring on bothsides, we get
x 1 .
 (pq + r)2 = (1-p2) (1-q2) 2
 p2q2 + 2pqr + r2 = 1-p2-q2+p2 q2
 p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr =1.
18. If cos
-1
 pa +cos  bq = α , then prove that
-1
16. Solve tan

-1
 2x1+1 + tan  4x1+1 = tan  x2  .
-1 -1
2
p 2 2pq q2 2
A: Given equation is - cos  + 2 = sin 
a 2 ab b .
tan
-1
 2x1+ 1 + tan  4x1+ 1 = tan  x2 
-1 -1
2 A: Given: cos
-1
 pa  + cos  bq  = 
-1
 2x1+ 1 4x1+ 1  p q 
 1 - 1 . 1   tan x22 p2 q2
-1 -1
 tan  cos -1  a . b  1-
2
1-
2 
 2x + 1 4x + 1   a b 
 tan
-1
 4x+1+2x+1
8x +6x+1-1
2 = tan
-1 2
x2 pq
 ab 
 p 2   q2 
1 -  1 -   cos
 a2   b 2 
  
 6x+2  22
28x +6x x
pq p2 q2 p 2q2
 3x+1  12 .
 ab  cos  1
2
  S.O.B
28x +6x x a b 2 a2b2
 3x3 + x2= 8x2 + 6x

p2q2 2pq 2 p2 q2 p2q2
 cos cos  = 1  2  2  2 2
3x3 - 7x2 - 6x = 0 ab
2 2 ab a b ab
 p2  q2  2pq
2 2
2
 x [3x2 - 7x - 6] = 0 3x2 - 7x - 6 cos = 1- cos 
a ab b
 x (x - 3) (3x + 2) = 0 = 3x2 - 9x + 2x - 6 p2 2pq q2 2
  cos  2  sin 
a2 ab b
 x = 0, 3, -2
3 = 3x(x-3)+2(x-3)
= (x-3) (3x+2) -1 4 5 16 π
19.Prove that sin + sin-1 + sin -1 = .
5 13 65 2
17. Solve:
1 4 5
A: Let sin A and sin1 B
 1+2xx  - 4cos  11+- xx  +2tan  12x- x  = π3

2 5 13
-1 -1 -1
3sin 2 2 2 .
4 5
A: Given that sin A  and sin B 
5 13
3sin
-1
 1+2xx  2 - 4cos
-1
 11+- xx 
2
2 + 2tan
-1
 12x- x  = 3
2
 cos A 
3
cos B 
12
5 13

 3(2tan-1x) -4(2tan-1x) +2(2tan-1x) = 3 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
 3 12 4 5 16
 6tan-1x - 8tan-1x + 4tan-1x = 3 x  x 
5 13 5 13 65

 2tan-1 x = 3
16
 A  B  cos1
 tan x = 6
-1
65
 4 5 16
 x = tan 6  sin1  sin1  cos1
5 13 65
1
 x= 3
. -1 4 5 16
Thus sin + sin -1 + sin -1 .
5 13 65
16 16 
 co s  1  sin  1 
65 65 2
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
C s2
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c 2
A B
1. Prove that cot + cot + cot = 3. Show that r 2 + r 2 + r 2 + r 2 = Δ2 .
2 2 2 Δ 1 2 3
s s-a s s -b s s -c
(
)
(
)
(
)
A: LHS = + + A: We know that r =  Δ Δ Δ
Δ Δ Δ s , r1 = s-a , r2 = s-b , r3 = s-c .
s 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
= [s - a + s - b + s - c] Now r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2
Δ 1 2 3
s
= [3s - (a + b + c)] s-a 2 s-b 2 s-c 2
 s 
2
)
(
)
(
)
Δ  
Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
s
= [3s - 2s] 1
Δ = [s2 + (s-a)2 + (s-b)2 + (s-c)2]
Δ2
s 1
= .s = [s2+s2 -2as+a2 +s2 -2bs+b2 +s2 - 2cs+c2]
Δ Δ2
s2 1
= = RHS = [4s2 - 2s (a +b+c)+a2+b2+c2]
Δ Δ2
1
= [4s2 -2s(2s) + a2+b2+c2]
Δ2
2. Show that a2 + b2 + c 2
= .
Δ2
cotA+cotB+ cotC  a + b 2 + c
2 2
4  .
Now cotA + cotB + cotC 4. Show that

cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b2 + c 2
+ + = .
 cosA + cosB + cosC a b c 2abc
sinA sinB sinC
cos A cos B cos C
A: + +
b2 +c2 - a2 c2 +a2 - b2 a2 +b2 - c2 a b c
= + +
2bc sinA 2ca sinB 2bc sinC b 2 + c 2 - a2 c 2 + a2 - b 2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
= + +
2abc 2cab 2cab
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
b 2 + c 2 - a 2 + c 2 + a 2 - b 2 + a 2 + b2 - c 2
=
2abc
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b +a +b - c
4Δ a2 + b2 + c 2
= .
2abc
 a 2 +b 2 + c 2
.
4 
1
Properties of Triangles
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
5. If a = (b - c) sec, prove that tan = 2 bc sin A

2.
b-c s(s  a)
A: Given a = (b - c) sec 4
b  c 
2
 secθ = a
b-c
bc s(s  a)
4 .
b  c 
2 2 2
 tan θ = sec θ - 1 bc
= a2 -1
(b - c)2 2 bc s(s  a)
cos θ 
bc bc
a2 - (b - c)2
=
(b - c)2 bc A
2 cos
(a+b-c) (a-b+c) bc 2
=
(b - c)2
7.In ABC, if cot A B C
2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7,
2(s-c) 2(s-b)
= show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4.
(b - c)2
A: Given cot A B C
(s-b)(s-c) 2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7
= 4bc 2
(b - c) bc s s-a s s-b s s-c
)
(
)
(
)
 : : =3:5:7
  
 tan θ = 4bc 2 sin A
2 2
(b - c) 2  s-a : s-b : s-c = 3 : 5 : 7
2 bc sin A Let k be the proportionality constant

2
 tanθ =
(b - c)
a  s-a = 3k, s-b = 5k, s-c = 7k

6. If sinθ = , then show that
b+c on addition, we get
2 bc A s-a + s-b + s-c = 3k+5k+7k
cosθ = cos .
b+c 2
 3s-(a+b+c) = 15k
a
A: Given sin θ   3s -2s = 15k
bc
Now cos2= 1 - sin2  s = 15k
s-a = 3k  a = 12k
a2
 1 s-b = 5k  b = 10k
b  c 
2
s-c = 7k  c = 8k
b  c   a2
2
 a : b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k

b  c 
2
= 12 : 10 : 8

b  c  a b  c  a  =6:5:4
b  c 
2
2s(2s  2a)

b  c 
2
2
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
8.In DABC, if a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9, then

find cosA : cosB : cosC.
10. In ABC, prove that Tan  B 2- C  = bb +- cc cot A2 .
A: Given that a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 A: In ABC, from sine rule,
Let k be the proportionality constant b = 2R sinB, C = 2R sinC.
a = 7k, b = 8k, c = 9k.
2 R ( s in B - s in C )
Now cos A : cos B : cos C H e re b - c =
b + c 2 R ( s in B + s in C )
b 2  c 2  a2 c 2  a 2  b 2 a 2  b2  c 2
= : : = s in B - s in C
s in B + s in C
2bc 2ca 2ab
  
2 c o s B + C s in B - C 
64k 2  81k 2  49k2 81k 2  49k 2  64k 2 =
2 2
 :   
2 s in B + C c o s B - C
2 2 
2(8k)(9k) 2(9k)(7k)
49k 2  64k 2  81k 2 = cot  B +2 C  T a n  B 2- C 
:
2(7k)(8k)
96k 2 66k 2 32k 2 = Tan A Tan
2  B 2- C   cot  B +2 C  = T a n A
2
 : :
144k 2 126k 2 112k 2
 Tan  B 2- C  = b -c c o t A .
b+c 2
2 11 2
 : :
3 21 7 .
 14 : 11: 6
9. If r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12, then prove that the

triangle is right angled at A. 11. Show that r + r3 + r1 - r2 = 4R cosB.
A: Given : r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12 A: In ABC, r + r3 + r1 - r2
 r = 2k, R = 5k, r1 = 12k for some kR = (r3 + r1) - (r2 - r)
Now r1 - r = 12k - 2k = 10k = 2(5k) = 2R =[4R cos A B C A B C
 r1 - r = 2R 2 cos 2 sin 2 +4Rsin 2 cos 2 cos 2 ]
C C - [4Rcos A B C A B C
 4R sin A B A B
2 cos 2 cos 2 - 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 =2R 2 sin 2 cos 2 -4Rsin 2 sin 2 sin 2 ]
C C = 4Rcos B C A A C
 4R sin A B B
2 [cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2 ] = 2R 2 [sin 2 cos 2 +sin 2 cos 2 ]
- 4Rsin B A C A C
 4R sin A
2

B+C 

cos 2  = 2R 2 [cos 2 +cos 2 -sin 2 sin 2 ]
 sin2 A 1
2 = 2
= 4Rcos B
2 sin  C+A
2  -4Rsin 2 cos  2 
B C+A
 sin A
1 = 4Rcos B B B B
2 cos 2 -4Rsin 2 sin 2
2 = 2
 A = 4R[cos2 B 2B
2 - sin 2 ]
2 = 45
0
 A = 900 = 4R cosB.
Hence the triangle is right angled at A.
3
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
12. In ABC. show that

b 2 - c 2 sin B - C 
(b-c)2 cos2 A 2 A 14. In ABC, show that =
2 +(b+c) sin 2 = a . sin B + C  .
2 2
a2
In ABC, (b-c)2 cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b+c) sin 2
2
b2  c 2
A: In ABC,
a2
= (b2 + c2 -2bc) cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b + c + 2bc)sin 2
2 2
 2R sinB    2R sin C 
2 2
= (b + c ) [cos A
2 2 2 A 2 A
2 + sin 2 ] -2bc [cos 2 -
2 
 2R sin A 
2
sin2 A
2]
= b + c -2bc cosA
2 2


4R 2 sin2 B  sin2 C 
2 2
= a2 4R sin A
 (b - c)2 cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b+c) sin 2 = a .
2 2 sin A  sin 1800  B  C  
sin B  C  sin B  C 

sin2 B  C 
1 + 1 = 3
13. If a + c b + c a + b + c , show that C = 60 .
0
sin B  C 

1 + 1 = 3 sin B  C 
A: In ABC a + c b +c a+b+c
 sin B  C 
 b+c +a+c  3
a + c b+ c a + b + c
(
)
(
15. If A, A1, A2, A3 are the areas of incircle and


 a +b + 2c  a+b + c  = 3(a + c)(b +c) excircles of a triangle respectively, then prove
2 2 2 1 + 1 + 1 = 1
 a +b + 2ab + 3ac + 3bc + 2c that A A
1 A A . 2 3
2
 3ab + 3ac + 3bc + 3c A: If r, r1, r2, r3 are the inradius and exradii of the circles
2 2 2
of a triangle respectively, then
 a +b - c = ab A = r2, A1=r12, A2 = r22, A3 = r32
 2abcos C = ab  A = π . r, A 1 = π . r1 ,
 cos C = 1 A2 = π . r2 , A 3 = π . r3
2
0 
1  1  1
 C = 60 A1 A2 A3
 1  1  1
 .r1  .r2  .r3
 1  s-a  s-b  s-c 

     
 1  3 s - (a + b + c) 
   
 1  3 s - 2s 
   
 1 s
   
 1 .1
 r
 1 .
A
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Mathematics 1a Study Material 1

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Mathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL

1. If f : A  B, g : B  C are two bijections, 2. If f: A  B, g : B C are bijections, then

Now f: A  B, g: B C are one-one (gof) -1: C  A is a bijection.

Part 3:- To show that g = f -1

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-1: put n=1

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

⇨ P(k+1)=1.2.3+2.3.4+….+𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝐾 + 3)

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 +𝟑𝟑 𝒏

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +13𝑘+6(𝑘 2 +4𝑘+4)

(2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +13𝑘+6𝑘 2 +24𝑘+24)

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

10. Show that 𝟒𝟗𝒏 + 𝟏𝟔𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟔𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏.

Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

⇒𝟒𝟗𝒌 = (𝟔𝟒𝒎 − 𝟏𝟔𝒌 + 𝟏)…. (1)

=49{64𝑚 − 16𝑘 + 1} +16k+15

= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 49 + 49 + 16𝑘 + 15

∴thus the statement is divisible by 64

Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

11. Show that 𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝟑𝒏+𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏.

Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Step-1: put n=1

P (1) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 =3.53 + 24

Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

⇒𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟏 = (𝟏𝟕𝒎 − 𝟐𝟑𝒏+𝟏 )…….. (1)

=25(17𝑚 − 23𝑛+1) + 23𝑘+1. 8

=25.17m -25. 23𝑛+1 + 8. 23𝑛+1

∴thus the statement is divisible by 17

Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,

LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600

12. S.T 2. 𝟒𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝟑𝒏+𝟏 is divisible by 11, for all 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵.

Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.

⇒𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝒌+𝟏 = (𝟏𝟏𝒎 − 𝟐𝟑𝒌+𝟏 )…….. (1)