Formula sheet

Kozeny equation:

h J  (1   ) 2 V S 2

 g 3d 2
where J = 6 for filtration in the laminar flow region
S = Shape factor, dimensionless = 6.0 for spherical grains (e.g., sand) = 7.5 for angular
grains (e.g., anthracite)
g = acceleration of gravity, ft/sec2 or m/sec2 = 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2

Fair and Hatch equation

n
h 36 k  (1   ) 2 V
 d i2
P

 g 3  2 i 1 i
where k = costant, dimensionless = 5.0
ψ = sphericity of grains, ratio of surface area of equal volume spheres to the actual surface
area of grains, dimensionless
= 0.8 - 0.7, rounded to angular for filter sand
= 0.7 - 0.4, angular to jagged for anthracite

Blake-Kozeny equation

- To determine head loss in a homogeneous granular- media bed; clean water flows through a
bed of clean filter media of ordinary grain size (i.e., 0.5 - 1.0 mm) at ordinary filtration
velocities (5 - 12 m/h or 2 - 5 gpm/ft2).

k z  (1   )2  a 
2
h

 g  3  V  a
v

where
kz = dimensionless Kozeny constant, commonly found to be close to 5 under most flitration
conditions.
a/V = grain surface area per unit grain volume
(i.e., specific surface Sv = 6/d for spheres and 6/ᴪdeq for irregular grains)
deq = grain diameter of a sphere of equal volume, m2/m3 or m-1.
ᴪ = sphericity, dimensionless
= 0.7 - 0.8 for silica sand
= 0.46 - 0.60 anthracite coal
va = applied water velocity, or loading rate, m3/s.m2 or m/s
μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid, Pa.s
ρ = mass density of the fluid, kg/m3

Note   kinematic viscosity, m2 /s

1
Rose equation

n
. ( v a ) 2 ( )

1067 (CD )( f )
hL 
( )( g )( ) 4
i 1
d

For 0.5 < R < 104,

24 3
CD    0.34
R R /2
1

For R < 0.5

24
CD 
R
v  d va  d
R s 
 

C T = 0.9847 C0.1758 pH2.7519 temp-0.1467

Nt
 (1  0.23 Ct t ) 3
No

b K p s 1  n  K p
R f  tr  1   1 log Koc  0.72 (log Kow )  0.5 K p  Koc foc
n n

Log Kp = 0.72 log Kow + log foc + 0.5

For Ideal gas, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L at STP.

PV = n RT where R = 8.32 J/mole K = 1.987 cal/mole K

Standard Temperature and Pressure for atmosphere: 0 °C (273 K), 1 atm (101.325 kPa)

The combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur yields sulfur dioxide in direct proportion to the
sulfur content of the fuel: S + O2  SO2

2
    1  y     1  H  2  
2

 exp     exp     
Q
C( x, y,0, H )   
   
y z  
u  2   y     2   z  
 
    

 Q   1 y2 H2 
C( x, y,0, H )    exp   (  )
   y  z u   2  y2 z2 
 

v d  T  Ta  
.   2.68 x 10 2 ( p)( s
H  s 15 )d  
u   Ts 

 y  a x 0.894 z  c xd  f

3
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