Content

ENGLISH III In this session we are going to:

™ use the present continuous to describe
current workplace activities.
™ Describe situations with ‘ready-made’
Topic: phrases
A working day

Warm-up
Warm-up
Do you have friends/colleagues/relatives in different
parts of the world?
What are they doing?

Hamburg Æ Germany
Hanoi Æ Vietnam
Santiago Æ Chile
Tokyo Æ Japan
Luanda Æ Angola
New York Æ the USA

Where do they live?

Warm-up Warm-up
What is Gerard Butler doing? What are Chiara and Bruno doing?

act present

Present continuous
Present continuous Affirmative
We use the present continuous to talk about SUBJEC COMPLEMEN
VERB ‘BE’ V-ING
an activity in progress now. T T
am
I discussing a new project.
‘m
Ex.
Monique is having lunch with a colleague. We
are
You driving home.
They are discussing a new project. ‘re
They
Alvaro is visiting the warehouse. He is
writing an email.
Tania and Becky are talking about their boss. She ‘s
Present continuous Present continuous
Interrogative Interrogative
SUBJE VERB SHORT SUBJEC VERB
V-ING COMPLEMENT WH-WORDS V-ING ANSWER
CT ‘BE’ ANSWERS T ‘BE’

Am I am I
(Who,
we Yes, they what, About a
we
Are you are. where, project.
discussi a new are you discussing?
they No, they when,
ng project? they
aren’t. how, why, At the office.
etc.) he
he is
Is Yes, he is. She
she writing an email?
No, he isn’t.

Present continuous Present continuous

Negative Spelling rules

SUBJECT VERB ‘BE’ NOT V-ING COMPLEMENT

CASE VERB EXAMPLE
1 Discuss, meet Discussing, meeting
am 2 Hope, make Hoping, making
I
‘m
not 3 Agree, see Agreeing, seeing
We
are a new 4 Die, lie Dying, lying
You discussing
‘re (isn’t project.
They 5 Run, stop Running, stopping
aren’t)
He is 6 Answer, offer Answering, offering
She ‘s 7 Admit, prefer Admitting, preferring

Present continuous (Form Present continuous (Form

exercises) exercises)
Complete the table with the correct form of the verb

Affirmative Negative Question

I I am working.
You You are jumping.
He He is not dreaming.
She Is she sleeping?
It It is snowing.
We Are we singing?
You You are not fighting.
They Are they reading?

Present continuous (Exercises) Present continuous (Exercises)

Put the verbs into the present continuous: Put the verbs into the present continuous:
Useful vocabulary Conclusions
Use these expressions to talk about where your
colleagues are:
• At work Present continuous:
He’s singing in a karaoke bar.
• Working at home Checklist
Say where people are:
• Out of the office Off work, in a meeting
• Out to lunch
• Ill and off work
• In a meeting
• On holiday
• On a business trip

Bibliography Electronic references

Images
Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Heinle
Cengage Learning.
•http://activegraduates.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/How-to-
Make-Every-Working-Day-a-Happy-And-Productive-One.jpg
•http://rebootblueprint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Young-Man-
Reading-a-Book1.jpg
•http://www.lactancia-materna.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mujer-
fumando.jpg
•http://aboutyourip.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/couple-
cooking.jpg
•http://www.roxanegay.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/gerard-
butler-leonidas-300-large-msg-131112387682.jpg
 Content
In this session we are going to:
ENGLISH III ™ use all the forms of the present simple,
both in context of open and close
questions.
Topic:
I spend all my
time in meetings

Warm up Warm up

ƒ Time flies.
ƒ Time is money.
ƒ There’s no time like the present.

Present simple Present simple - Use 1

USE 1: Repeated Actions

USE 2: Facts or generalizations
USE 1: Repeated Actions

Use the Present Simple to express the idea that an action

is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a
daily event, a scheduled event or something that often
happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or
usually does not do.

Examples – Use 1 Present simple – Use 2

-I play tennis.

- She does not play tennis. USE 2: Facts or Generalizations

The Present Simple can also indicate the speaker

- The train leaves every morning at 8 am. believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and
will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker
is correct about the fact. It is also used to make
- The train does not leave at 9am. generalizations about people or things.
 PRESENT3-9SIMPLE
THE SIMPLE PRESENT: NEGATIVE
Examples - Use 2 AFFIRMATIVE

I
We
- Cats like milk. + main verb
.
You
They
- Birds do not like milk.
They drink milk.
- Windows are made of glass. She
He + main verbs / es / ies
- Windows are not made of stone. It

She drinks milk.

3rd person singular - spelling What’s the 3rd person singular?

1. In general, the third person singular is formed by adding an s to the
base verb. 1. push
work He works
2. sneeze
2. Verbs ending in ss, x, ch, sh, o add “es” to the third person
singular. 3. glorify
dress She dresses 4. annoy
fix He fixes
watch She watches T.V. 5. kiss
wash She washes
go It goes ! 6. deny
3. Verbs ending in consonant + y, changes the y to i and add “es”. 7. marry
Consonant + y € i + es: cry – cries, fly – flies,
terrify - terrifies

What’s the 3rd person singular? PRESENT3-9SIMPLE

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: NEGATIVE

NEGATIVE

1. push ¾ pushes I NEGATIVE:

We
2. sneeze ¾ sneezes You + do not + main verb
3. glorify ¾ glorifies They (don’t)
4. annoy ¾ annoys
They do not drink milk.
5. kiss ¾ kisses
6. deny ¾ denies She
He + does not + main verb
7. marry ¾ marries It (doesn’t)
She does not drink milk.

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE - YES/NO QUESTIONS
I
CONTRACTIONS: Do you + main verb (simple form)
we
do not = don’t they
does not = doesn’t Short answers:
- Yes, I/you/we/they do.
I don’t drink milk. - No, I/you/we/they don’t.
They don’t go to the lake. Do you like salad? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Do they like salad? – Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.
He doesn’t drink milk.
Do we like salad? – Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.
Jack doesn’t like dogs.
PRESENT SIMPLE
INTERROGATIVE - YES/NO QUESTIONS Time expressions
he There are time expressions that we use only with the
Does she + main verb (simple form) Present Simple and they are:
it
Short answers:
1. Every day, every Friday, every week, every month, every
- Yes, he, she, it do. summer, every year, always, usually, etc.
- No, I/you/we/they don’t.
2.All the time
Does he like salad? – Yes, he does.
Does she like salad? – No, she doesn’t. I go to school every day.

Does it like salad? – Yes, it does. He visits me every summer.

Find and correct the mistakes: Find and correct the mistakes:
1. I’m work for a very good company, and I
also student study at MiraCosta College.
2. The manager talkes talks with all
1. I’m work for a very good company, and I also employees once a week.
student at MiraCosta College. 3. The manager and I has have a meeting
2. The manager talkes with all employees once a today.
week. 4. The company’s profits looks look good.
3. The manager and I has a meeting today. 5. The technician fixxes fixes any computer
4. The company’s profits looks good. problems we have.
5. The technician fixxes any computer problems we 6. Everybody working works hard every
have. day, and company morale is high.
6. Everybody working hard every day, and 7. The people in this company really likes
company morale is high.
like working here.
7. The people in this company really likes working
here.

Negatives in Simple Present Tense Negatives in Simple Present Tense

• Change these to negative: • Change these to negative:
1. I work. 1. I don’t work.
2. I like my job. 2. I don’t like my job.
3. They have benefits. 3. They don’t have benefits.
4. We have a nice boss. 4. We don’t have a nice boss.
5. She has a lot of experience. 5. She doesn’t have a lot of experience.
6. He drives to his work. 6. He doesn’t drive to his work.
7. The new employee comes early. 7. The new employee doesn’t come early.
8. My co-worker talks to me. 8. My co-worker doesn’t talk to me.

Questions in Simple Present Tense Questions in Simple Present Tense

• Change these statements to questions: • Change these statements to questions:
1. I work. 1. Do I work?
2. I like my job. 2. Do I like my job?
3. They have benefits. 3. Do they have benefits?
4. We have a nice boss. 4. Do we have a nice boss?
5. She has a lot of experience. 5. Does she have a lot of experience?
6. He drives to his work. 6. Does he drive to his work?
7. The new employee comes early. 7. Does the new employee come early?
8. Your co-worker talks to you. 8. Does your co-worker talk to you?
Useful vocabulary Conclusions
Use these expressions to comment on your own and
other’s people’s good and bad working habits.
Present simple:
• punctual • nice Repeated actions, facts and
generalizations.
• organized • efficient
Checklist Present simple:
• get on well with • in a good mood 3rd person spelling and time expressions.
people • good with detail Ways of working:
Punctual, organized, etc.
• good with • polite
computers
• tidy

Bibliography Electronic references

Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook.
Heinle Cengage Learning.
Images
•http://www.livemint.com/rf/Image-
621x414/LiveMint/Period1/2014/05/24/Photos/business_meeting--621x414--
621x414.jpg
•http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/Images/bndfig2.gif
•http://www.anglistikdidaktikwiki.uni-jena.de/images/1/13/Wordle1.jpg
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tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ0l3aZU7DxE1OftD-
4f8cgF5CC8UpaGeZteYPSje0zB4ykIOsm
•http://ukproedits.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/et_temp/resume-mistakes-
49870_400x230.jpg
•http://www.sierafm.gr/sierafm/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/lets-do-it.jpg
•http://www.vibrantsurrey.ca/wp-content/gallery/this-gallery/lets-do-it.jpg
 Content
In this session we are going to:
ENGLISH III
• Form
• Meaning and Use
Topic:
We’re behind the
schedule

Past Simple
Past Simple
Use Use
1. Use the Past Simple to express an action that started and
• 2. We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions
finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker
in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have Examples:
one specific time in mind. ™ I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to
swim.
Examples:
™ He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
™ I saw a movie yesterday.
™ Last year, I traveled to Japan. and met the others at 10:00.

™ Did you have dinner last night? ™ Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
™ She washed her car two hours ago.

Past Simple
Use Time Expressions
3.The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and
stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated
by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day,
all year, etc.
Examples:
™ I lived in Brazil for two years.
™ Ruti studied Japanese for five years.
™ They sat at the beach all day.
™ They did not stay at the party the entire time.
™ We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

THE PAST SIMPLE FORM: 8-4

8 4 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED
ED

AFFIRMATIVE USING -ED THE PAST SIMPLE FORM: AFFIRMATIVE USING -ED

SIMPLE PRESENT verb + -ed = the simple past

(a) We walk to school every day. I
SIMPLE PAST you
(b) We walked to school yesterday. she
SIMPLE PRESENT he + walked (verb + -ed)
(c) Hakim walks to school every day. it
SIMPLE PAST we
(d) Hakim walked to school yesterday. they
 8-4 Let’s Practice
EXAMPLE Spelling Rules
• If a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed:
Every day I brush my teeth. carry - carried, study - studied, fry - fried, try - tried
Yesterday I brushed my teeth.
• If a one syllable regular verb ends consonant + vowel + consonant
double the final consonant and add -ed -- >
Every day Julie plays the piano. stop - stopped, plan - planned, rob - robbed, beg - begged

Yesterday she played the piano.
Every day Edgar cooks.
Yesterday he cooked.
• If a regular verb has more than one syllable and ends in consonant +
vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant only if the final
syllable is stressed -- > preFER - preferred, regRET - regretted
• Exception: In British English verbs ending in -l have -ll before -
ed whether the final syllable is stressed or not -- > travel -
travelled.

THE PAST SIMPLE FORM: THE PAST SIMPLE FORM:

Affirmative - Irregular verbs Affirmative - Irregular verbs
PRESENT PAST

eat ate go went

I go swimming every Tuesday. I went swimming last Tuesday.

write wrote

I write a letter to
my grandmother every week. I wrote a letter to her last week.
come came

I come home every afternoon. I came home this afternoon.

EXAMPLES
THE SIMPLE SIMPLE FORM: Negative
SUBJECT + DID + NOT (DIDN’T) + MAIN VERB
I + did not + main verb (a) I did not drive to work yesterday.
you (b) You did not drive to work yesterday.
she NEGATIVE CONTRACTION (c) Mike did not cook dinner yesterday.
he did + not = didn’t
(d) They did not drive to work yesterday.
it Examples:
(e) I didn’t watch a movie last night.
I didn’t play tennis yesterday.
we He didn’t clean the windows. (f) Ade didn’t play soccer yesterday.
they We didn’t go to the dentist.

8-8 THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS 8-9 IRREGULAR VERBS (GROUP 2)
THE PAST SIMPLE FORM: Some Irregular verbs
Interrogative – Yes / No questions
PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST
DID + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
buy bough fly flew
(a) Did Laurie walk to work? catch caught hear heard
Yes, she did. Yes, she walked to work. drink drank leave left
read read pay paid
No, she didn’t. No, she didn’t walk to school.
ride rode ring rang
(b) Did you practice the violin? shut shut send sent
teach taught speak spoke
Yes, I did. Yes, I practiced the violin.
think thought take took
No, I didn’t practice the violin.
No, I didn’t.
 Exercises (1
1) Exercises 1 (answers)
Write the past forms of the irregular verbs. Write the past forms of the irregular verbs.
1. go Æ ________ 1. go Æ went
2. come Æ ________ 2. come Æ came
3. buy Æ ________ 3. buy Æ bought
4. have Æ ________ 4. have Æ had
5. do Æ ________ 5. do Æ did
6. bring Æ ________ 6. bring Æ brought
7. write Æ ________ 7. write Æ wrote
8. find Æ ________ 8. find Æ found
9. speak Æ ________ 9. speak Æ spoke
10. take Æ ________ 10. take Æ took

Exercises (2
2) Exercises 2 (answers)
Complete the table in the past simple. Complete the table in the past simple.

Affirmative Negative Question

Jane was tired.
Sean did not work.
Did I have a car?
Mary did not sing.
Did she see us?

Exercises (3
3) Exercises 3 (answers)
Put the sentences into Past simple. Put the sentences into Past simple.

Exercises (4
4) Exercises 4 (answers)
Write sentences in past simple. Write sentences in past simple.
 Conclusions Bibliography
Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Heinle Cengage
Learning.

Past simple:
Checklis Recruit enough developers.
t Past simple:
Regular and irregular verbs.

Electronic references
Images

•http://www.globaldms.com/Portals/139031/images/iStock_000016351137XSmall
.jpg
•http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
dMA3b5hJa_g/T6WpJmVtPuI/AAAAAAAAAA0/SuHzMk6ifFY/s1600/simple_past
%5B1%5D.gif
•http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nQc-
Dj517_o/UTns6klEtTI/AAAAAAAAAEw/F9nK5uSVUBQ/s1600/people_talking_on
_phone.jpg
•http://pavilionrelocation.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/walking-to-school.jpg
•http://fitflopssingapore.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/brush-teethemoticon-
brushing-teeth-royalty-free-stock-photo---image--28709395-im6howeh.jpg
•http://www.smartypantsvillage.com/images/Products/1315-GrandPiano-
withKid.jpg
•https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTvt2Ioe5r8E7_n-
zc_ScZFGMnqbrDeGjm1ywzlKMWBwuW_C5Ts
•http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PVr5zf5O1qQ/T9-
k2e0KsnI/AAAAAAAAAgI/640JMtYLaJ0/s1600/apple+core.jpg
•http://missmarant.free.fr/didapages/verbes%20irreguliers/sleep.jpg
 Content

In this session we are going to:

ENGLISH III
• Gerunds and infinitives
• -ing spelling rules
• Emails

Topic:
Are you a team player?

Read the letter Presentation

From this letter, we We also find some
Dear Grandma:
learn some verbs verbs that take the
How are you? I had some problem with math at school. I hated take “–ing” form, term “to,” such as
doing it—it was so difficult. Then I decided to study really hard. Mom such as •forget,
suggested taking extra classes after school. I didn’t want to take
extra classes but I agreed to do so because I wanted to pass the •stop, •remember,
test. So I began taking Math classes three times a week. At first, I •finish, •try,
didn’t like missing all the fun my friends have—soccer practice,
picnics, trips to the park, but now I really enjoy going to the math
•hate, •decide,
classes. I learned to do long division and I practiced solving all sorts •continue, •want,
of problems and, guess what! I passed the test. But I’m planning to •suggest, •agree,
take another course—for A students. If I continue studying this hard,
I’ll be better than the teacher! I promise to write again soon. Are you •begin, •learn,
coming to Jason’s party? I hope to see you there. •like, •plan,
Love, Alex.
•enjoy, •promise, and
•and practice. •hope.

Pay attention!
How is the gerund form?
Please note that some
verbs can take either
“to” or the “-ing” form,
such as
• love,
• learn,
• like,
• hate, play – playing / read - reading
• start,
• begin, and
• continue.

Examples Verbs that take only Gerunds

Go + gerund

We often use this to describe activities such as

shopping, fishing, skiing, swimming, and camping.

Where did you use to go camping

when you were a kid?
-ING spelling rules
CASE VERB
1 Discuss, meet
2 Hope, make
3 Agree, see
4 Die, lie
5 Run, stop
6 Answer, offer
7 Admit, prefer
Complete the sentences with Gerunds
EXAMPLE 1. I enjoy _________ Chinese food (eat)
Discussing, meeting 2. They suggested _________ a picnic by the river.
(have)
Hoping, making
3. We practice _________ the ball into the goal. (hit)
Agreeing, seeing
4. Everyone loves _________ to parties. (go)
Dying, lying 5. It began _________. (rain)
Running, stopping 6. I continued _________ in the library. (work)
Answering, offering 7. We enjoy _________ to Italy for our holidays. (go)
Admitting, preferring 8. I really dislike _________ in traffic. (wait)
9. She couldn’t help _________. (laugh)
10. I don’t mind _________ the kitchen. (clean)

Complete the sentences with the

Complete the sentences with Gerunds
1. I enjoy eating Chinese food. (eat)
2. They suggested having a picnic by the river. (have)
3. We practice hitting the ball into the goal. (hit)
4. Everyone loves going to parties. (go)
5. It began raining. (rain)
6. I continued working in the library. (work)
7. We enjoy going to Italy for our holidays. (go)
8. I really dislike waiting in traffic. (wait)
9. She couldn’t help laughing. (laugh)
10. I don’t mind cleaning the kitchen. (clean)
correct form of the verbs
1. I enjoy _______especially Chinese food. (eat )
2. They suggested _____ a picnic by the river.
(have)
3. He promised _____his homework. (do)
4. She learned _____the piano last year. (play )
5. We practiced _____ the ball into the goal. (hit)
6. She wants ____ psychology when she’s older.
(study)
7. We decided ______ a movie on television. (see)

Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs Verbs that take gerund and infinitive

1. I enjoy eating especially Chinese food. (eat ) Some verbs can be followed by both gerund
2. They suggested having a picnic by the river. or infinitive with no change in meaning:
(have)
Begin, hate, like, start, love, prefer, continue
3. He promised to do his homework. (do)
4. She learned to play the piano last year. (play )
5. We practiced hitting the ball into the goal. (hit) Examples:
6. She wants to study psychology when she’s I like cooking.
older. (study) I like to cook.
7. We decided to see a movie on television. (see) She started losing weight
She started to lose weight.

Verbs that take gerund and infinitive

Some verbs although they can be used after
ALL ABOUT E-MAILS
both gerunds and infinitives have a difference
in meaning:
Remember, forget, regret, stop, try, get
Examples:
They stopped smoking.
(They stopped the action of smoking.)
They stopped to smoke. (They stopped for
the purpose of smoking.)
He forgot buying bread. (He bought it but he
didn’t remember it)
He forgot to buy bread. (He didn’t buy it)
 SENDING MESS GES
WHAT IS IT?
• Email users create and send messages from
• Email or e-mail is short for electronic mail. individual computers using commercial programs:

• It’s a modern method of:

transmitting data, text files, digital photos, and

audio and video files from one computer to
another over the internet. • To send the message, the user has to specify the
addresses. Messages to more than one recipient are
called broadcasting.

SENDING MESSAGES THE PARTS OF AN EMAIL

The email address needs to be followed by the • To: enter the exact email address of your
symbol @ (means “at”), followed by the domain, recipient (remember: name@provider.domain)
the organization's name, and finally the country.
– For multiple recipients, separate each
address with a comma.
yourname@yahoo.com.br • CC: carbon copy.
• BCC: BLIND carbon copy – is anonymous.
at dot • Subject: the topic of your email – very important.
• Body: the message of your email.
COUNTRY • Attachments: the paperclip symbol - files or
USER
photos.
ORGANISATION

Conclusions Bibliography
Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Heinle Cengage
Gerund and infinitive: Learning.
I enjoy sharing an office.
Checklist I decided to attend the meeting.
Office communication:
E-mails

Electronic references
Images

•http://strategicsense.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Team-700x350.jpg
•http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pEySc99r_M8/T1oP6xiiKPI/AAAAAAAAAHc/Rj_-
wwPPJJA/s1600/gerund_and_infinitive1.jpg
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4/Children-camping-campsite.jpg
•http://res.mindbodygreen.com/img/ftr/cooking_kitchen_class_healthy_CROPP
ED_katrine.jpg
•http://www.tmdhosting.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/email.jpg
 Content
In this session we are going to describe:
ENGLISH III
™ Count and uncount nouns.
™ A and an.
™ Some and any.
Topic: ™ Nouns and adjectives.
Staying in

Count nouns Count nouns

Count nouns are easy to recognize. They are Count nouns can be singular or plural:
things that we can count. For example: "pen". We
. can count pens. We can have one, two, three or . • My dog is playing.
more pens. Here are some more count nouns: • My dogs are hungry.

• dog, cat, animal, man, person We can use the indefinite article a/an with count
• bottle, box, liter nouns:
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork • A dog is an animal.
• table, chair, suitcase, bag

Count nouns Uncount nouns

Now, look around the room or the classroom you're
in at this moment. Name some things that you can
count including the things that are part of the room
itself.
Examples:
desks, chairs, flag, clock, computers, keyboards,
projector, books, bookcases, pens, notebooks,
backpacks, lights, floor, wall, ceiling, windows, door,
chalkboard, etc.
Uncount nouns are substances, concepts, etc. that we
cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count"
. them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can
count "bottles of milk" or "liters of milk", but we cannot
count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncount nouns:
• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency

Uncount nouns Nouns that can be count and uncount

We usually treat uncount nouns as singular. We Sometimes, the same noun can be count and uncount, often
use a singular verb. For example: with a change of meaning.
• This news is very important.
. • Your luggage looks heavy. Count nouns

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an

with uncount nouns. We cannot say "an
information" or "a music". But we can say a
something of:
• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice
Nouns that can be count and uncount Some tips

Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually

uncount. But if we are thinking of a cup or a
glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):

• Two teas and one coffee please.

A or An A
A and an are indefinite articles. But how do we
know when to say ‘a’ and when to say ‘an’?

The rule is really very simple. It depends on the

sound at the start of the following word. (It does
not depend on the way we write the following
word, it depends on the way we say it.)

AN The importance of sounds

Normally, we pronounce consonant letters with a consonant sound, and
vowel letters with a vowel sound. But there are some exceptions. The
rule about a or an is still the same. You just need to think about the
sound, not the writing. Look at these examples:

A and An: exercises A and An: exercises

Complete the following sentences with ‘a’ or ‘an’ Complete the following sentences with ‘a’ or ‘an’

1. There is ____ new English book on the desk. 1. There is a new English book on the desk.
2. She's reading ____ old comic. 2. She's reading an old comic.
3. They've got ____ idea. 3. They've got an idea.
4. He is drinking ____ cup of coffee. 4. He is drinking a cup of coffee.
5. The girl is ____ pilot. 5. The girl is a pilot.
6. Leipzig has ____ airport. 6. Leipzig has an airport.
7. This is ____ expensive bike. 7. This is an expensive bike.
8. Look! There's ____ bird flying. 8. Look! There's a bird flying.
9. My father is ____ honest person. 9. My father is an honest person.
10. My friend likes to be ____ astronaut. 10. My friend likes to be an astronaut.
Some and Any Some
The words some and any are used for count and Count and uncount nouns
uncount nouns. In general, we could say that some
means a few / a little and any means none in
negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.

Some Any

Some and any: exercises Some and any: exercises

Complete the following statements with ‘some’ or ‘any’. Complete the following statements with ‘some’ or ‘any’.

1. He has ______ sandwiches. 1. He has some sandwiches.

2. There are ______ boys in the room.
3. There isn’t ______ water in the glass.
4. There is ______ milk in the bottle.
5. Are there ______ oranges in the basket?
6. I have ______ money.
7. Is there ______ tea in the cup?
8. She has ______ flowers in her hand.
9. I don’t have ______ apples.
10. There aren’t ______ bananas on the basket.
2. There are some boys in the room.
3. There isn’t any water in the glass.
4. There is some milk in the bottle.
5. Are there any oranges in the basket?
6. I have some money.
7. Is there any tea in the cup?
8. She has some flowers in her hand.
9. I don’t have any apples.
10. There aren’t any bananas on the basket.

Noun and adjective forms Noun and adjective forms

Noun Adjective
'She is intelligent' or 'she is intelligence'?
Anger Angry
Let's take a look at the adjective form of nouns. Beauty Beautiful
These words will help you to build your vocabulary Craziness Crazy
and will, hopefully, stop you from using the wrong Danger Dangerous
word in the wrong context. It makes your English
Ease Easy
sound very strange when you use an adjective
instead of a noun (or vice-versa). Take a look at Familiarity Familiar
this, mostly complete, A-Z and then choose the Guilt Guilty
correct words to complete the five sentences Hapiness Happy
below.
Intelligence Intelligent
Noun and adjective forms Noun and adjective forms
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
Kindness Kind Truth True
Luck Lucky Ugliness Ugly
Misery Miserable Violence Violent
Nature Natural Warmth Warm
Offence Offensive Youth Young
Pain Painful Zeal Zealous
Question Questionable
Romance Romantic
Strenght Strong

Noun and adjective exercises Noun and adjective exercises

1. She's the most ___ person I have ever met. 1. She's the most intelligent person I have
a. intelligence b. intelligent ever met.
2. To have ___ is important when you gamble.
2. To have luck is important when you gamble.
a. luck b. lucky
3. It was nice to see the animals in their ___ environment. 3. It was nice to see the animals in their
a. nature b. natural natural environment.
4. I have a ___ in my shoulder. 4. I have a pain in my shoulder.
a. painful b. pain 5. Not everything you read in the newspaper is
5. Not everything you read in the newspaper is ___. true.
a. true b. truth

Conclusions Bibliography
Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook.
Count nouns: Heinle Cengage Learning.
Office – offices , pen - pens …
Uncount nouns:
Rice, salt, furniture …
Checklist
A / an
Some / any
Nouns and adjetives:
Truth – true, danger - dangerous …

Electronic references
Images
•http://blog.marketamerica.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/07/shutterstock_132012515.jpg
•http://www.belvedereoffice.co.uk/gfx/Belvedere-Eco-Office-Desk.jpg
•https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRmgzd8o9YTUEbqdFxR72M-
olxfqCXi2PTH8ZYZZUfL1kJefrZu
•http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/rawmilk/milk_home.jpg
•http://www.amaze.org.au/uploads/2012/05/newspaper.jpg
•http://www.drifterandthegypsy.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/11/thisorthat_coffeetea.jpg
•http://www.speechtechnologygroup.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/Pronouciation-image.jpg
•http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
aqJidVaZrGI/UNIIfnS_tuI/AAAAAAAAAhA/b4gkx3VDvMY/s1600/Dibujo.jpg
•http://grammaropolis.com/images/slides/adjectiveIntroTOC.png
•http://f0.bcbits.com/img/a3069347731_10.jpg
 Content
In this session we are going to describe:
ENGLISH III
™ Present perfect form and use.
Topic: ™ Past simple form and use.
Museums ™ Contrast between both tenses.
and
exhibitions

The present perfect The present perfect form

In general, the present perfect simple expresses an [have/has + past participle]
action that is still going on or that stopped recently,
but has an influence on the present. It puts Affirmative Negative Interrogative
emphasis on the result. I / you I have not
I have spoken. Have I spoken?
we / they spoken.
He has not
He / she / it He has spoken. Has he spoken?
spoken.

Examples:
• You have seen that movie many times.
• You have not seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?

The present perfect form The present perfect form

No contraction Contraction For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of
irregular verbs, 3rd column).
I / you
have not haven’t For regular verbs, just add “ed”. But there are some
we / they
exceptions in spelling when adding ‘ed’:
He / she / it has not hasn’t

Interrogative Short answers

I / you Yes, I have.
Have you visited Machu Picchu?
we / they No I haven’t.
Yes, she has.
He / she / it Has she traveled to Lima?
No, she hasn’t.

The present perfect form The present perfect form

Uses of the Present perfect:
Here we have the most common ‘Time expressions’ or
• To put emphasis on the result ‘signal words’ used with the Present perfect:
Example: She has written five letters.
• When an action is still going on • already,
Example: School has not started yet. • ever,
• When an action stopped recently • just,
Example: She has cooked dinner. • never,
• With a finished action that has an influence on the present • not yet,
Example: I have lost my key. • so far,
• With an action that has taken place once, never or several • till now,
times before the moment of speaking • up to now
Example: I have never been to Australia.
The past simple The past simple form
In general, the past simple expresses an action in [VERB-ed] or irregular verb
the past taking place once, never, several times. It
can also be used for actions taking place one after Affirmative Negative Interrogative
another or in the middle of another action. All pronouns I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak?

Examples:
• You called Debbie.
• You did not call Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?

The past simple form The past simple form

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of
No contraction Contraction irregular verbs, 2nd column).
All pronouns did not didn’t For regular verbs, just add “ed”. But there are some
exceptions in spelling when adding ‘ed’:

Interrogative Short answers

Yes, I did.
All pronouns Did you go to the office yesterday?
No, I didn’t.

The past simple form The past simple form

Uses of the Past simple: Here we have the most common ‘Time expressions’ or
• With an action in the past taking place once, never or several
‘signal words’ used with the Past simple:
times.
Example: He visited his parents every weekend. • yesterday,
• With actions in the past taking place one after the other. • 2 minutes ago,
Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down. • in 1990,
• With an action in the past taking place in the middle of another • the other day,
action.
• last Friday
Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone
suddenly rang.
• With an if sentences type II (If I talked, …)
•Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

Present perfect and past simple

(I have done and I did)
Present perfect vs. Past
• The present perfect is a present tense. It
simple always tells us something about now.

• The past simple tells us only about the

past.
 Examples: Remember:
Do not use the present perfect if there is no
• Jack grew a beard but now he has connection with the present (for example, things that
happened a long time ago):
shaved it off.
• The Chinese invented printing.
• They went out after lunch and they have • How many plays did Shakespeare write?
just come back.
• Shakespeare wrote many plays. We use the present perfect to give new information or
• My sister is a writer. She has written many books. to announce a recent happening:
• Ow! I have cut my finger!
• The police have arrested two men in connection
with the robbery.

Exercises Exercises
Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or
present perfect). present perfect).

A: (you / taste / ever) ___ sushi?
B: Yes, I (eat) ___ sushi at least five times so far.
A: When (you / eat) ___ sushi for the first time?
B: I (eat) ___ sushi for the first time on my dad's 50th
birthday.
He (invite) the whole family to a Japanese restaurant.
A: ___ (you / like) it?
B: Absolutely. In fact, it (be) ___ so good that we (be) ___ to
that restaurant three times yet. And on my mum's birthday,
we (order) ___ some sushi and (have) ___ it at home.
A: Have you ever tasted sushi?
B: Yes, I have eaten sushi at least five times so far.
A: When did you eat sushi for the first time?
B: I ate sushi for the first time on my dad's 50th birthday.
He invited the whole family to a Japanese restaurant.
A: Did you like it?
B: Absolutely. In fact, it was so good that we have been to that
restaurant three times yet. And on my mum's birthday,
we ordered some sushi and had it at home.

Conclusions Bibliography

Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook.

Present perfect: Heinle Cengage Learning.
I haven’t done the shopping yet
Checklist
Past simple:
I grew up in a small country town.

Electronic references
Images

http://c468711.r11.cf0.rackcdn.com/penn-museum-sphinx-eygpt-philadelphia-
587.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
cjVUiOW_bnM/UgI4tnkAFTI/AAAAAAAAFrg/qqw3mbXU_aE/s758/Present%2BP
erfect%2BLogo%2B-%2BBlue%2BBG%2B%252872dpi_RGB%2529.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
jf8_QjCcoW8/T1QLlns6nmI/AAAAAAAAA6M/jgP7HiVg6eY/s1600/Ask-
questions.jpg
http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/imagenbiografias/shakespeare01.jpg

ENGLISH III
Topic:
Family
entertainment
What is an adjective?
Adjectives are descriptive words.
Adjectives are used to describe or give
information about things, ideas and people:
nouns or pronouns.
For example:
The young businessman spoke.
(The adjective young
describes the noun “businessman".)
Types of adjectives
There are different types of adjectives in the
English language:
• Numeric: six, one hundred and one, etc.
• Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more
than enough, etc.
• Qualitative: color, size, smell, etc.
• Possessive: my, his, their, your, etc.
• Interrogative: which, whose, what, etc.
• Demonstrative: this, that, those, these, etc.
Adjectives to give opinion
Here we have a list of common opinion adjectives:
Content
In this session we are going to describe:
™ What an adjective is.
™ Types of adjectives.
™ Opinion adjectives.
™ Writing a memo.
What is an adjective?
The good news is that in English the form of an
adjective does not change, it does not matter if the
noun being described is male or female, singular or
plural, subject or object.
Some adjectives give us factual information about
the noun - age, size, color, etc. (fact adjectives - can't
be argued with).
Some adjectives show what somebody thinks about
something or somebody - nice, horrid, beautiful, etc.
(opinion adjectives - not everyone may agree).
Adjectives to give opinion
Adjectives can be used to give your opinion about
something:
Good, pretty, right, wrong, funny, light, happy, sad, full,
soft, hard etc.
For example:
He is a happy man. / She is a pretty woman.
Adjectives position
Adjectives usually come before the noun:
For example:
• An outstanding company.
• A lovely restaurant.
• A spectacular view.
• An effective meeting.
• A comfortable office.
Writing a memo
A memo is intended to inform a group of people about
a specific issue, such as an event, policy, or resource,
and encourages them to take action. The word
“memorandum” means something that should be
remembered or kept in mind.
Consider who the audience should be
In order to get people to read and respond to the memo,
it’s important to tailor the tone, length, and level of
formality of the memo to the audience who will be
reading it. Doing this effectively requires that you have a
good idea of who the memo is intended for.
• Think about your audience’s priorities and concerns
are, and try to imagine why the information you are
presenting would be important to them.
• Try to anticipate any questions your readers might
have. Brainstorm some content for the memo, such as
examples, evidence, or other information that willll
persuade them.
• Considering the audience also allows you to be
sensitive to including any information or sentiments
that are inappropriate for your readers.
Suggest ways to address the issue
In the summary segment, what you are summarizing are
the key actions you would like your readers to take.
• This can also include some evidence to back up your
recommendations.
• In a very short memo, it might not be necessary to
include a separate summary segment. Instead, this
can be integrated into the next segment, the
“discussion segment”.
Closing the memo
Close the memo with a friendly ending that restates what
actions you want the reader to take. You might want to
include a statement like, "I will be glad to discuss these
recommendations with you later on and follow through on
any decisions you make.".
• Give the reader a sense of solidarity and optimism if
possible.
• Emphasize a particular next step that they can take.
• This should generally take about  of the total length of
the memo.
Writing the memo segment
Specify who the memo is for and who sent it. The
heading segment should also include the complete
and exact date the memo was written, and the subject
matter (what the memo is about). A sample heading
would look like:
To: Name and job title of the recipient.
From: Your name and job title.
Date: Complete date when the memo was as
written.
Subject: (or RE:) What the memo is about
(highlighted in some way).
Introduce the problem or issue to your readers
In the opening segment, briefly give them the context
behind the action you wish them to take. This is
somewhat like a thesis statement, which introduces the
topic and states why it matters.
• Include only as much information as is needed, while
ht still being convincing that a real problem exists.
s • As a general guideline, the opening should take e up
about ¼ of the total length of the memo.
e
Support your course of action
In the discussion segment, be persuasive. State how the
readers will benefit from taking the action you
recommend, or be disadvantaged through lack of action.
• Give evidence and logical reasons for the solutions you
propose. Feel free to include graphics, lists, or charts,
especially in longer memos. Just be sure they are truly
relevant and persuasive.
• Start with the most important information, then move to
specific or supporting facts.
• The general guideline for length is that the summary
and discussion segments combined should ld comprisse
comprise
about ½ of the memo.
Reviewing and editing
Review and edit your memo to make sure that it is clear,
concise, persuasive, and free of errors. Check that you are
consistent in the type of language that you use, and
eliminate unnecessary scholarly words or technical jargon.
• Review for spelling, grammar, and content errors. Pay
particular attention to names, dates, or numbers.
• Check that it is not excessively long, and cut out any
extraneous material.
Model
Useful vocabulary

Positive adjectives Negative adjectives

• comfortable • terrifying
• exciting • unattractive
• clean • dangerous
• professional • boring

Conclusions Bibliography

Adjectives: Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook.

A young businessman. Heinle Cengage Learning.
Checklist good, pretty, right, wrong …

Memos

Electronic references
Images

•http://diyali.net/en/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/family-entertainment.jpg
•http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_6UaMTyxI03k/TJJgt1GjV0I/AAAAAAAAAYE/1eYzMen
1wcA/s400/businessman.jpg
•http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
sXgbmj9KDvo/UKwWNC7UmmI/AAAAAAAAA0g/XbbQyJYKP7Y/s1600/mzl_ulej
odre.png
•http://dcprosportsreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/thumbsupdown2.jpg
•http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
KEJqL5PlKfA/Tx_V_3OExAI/AAAAAAAADnY/Me5oTVeLdYc/s1600/alternative-
adjectives-word-cloud.jpg
•http://www.crews.org/curriculum/ex/compsci/8thgrade/memo2.gif
•http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2rQqgKRpg_4/THwiD-
OlY6I/AAAAAAAABMQ/LmuQN0EUgpY/s1600/LS_10.jpg
 Content
In this session we are going to describe:
ENGLISH III
™ Modal verbs of prediction.
™ Writing a letter of complaint.

Topic:
Leisure in 2050

PREDICTIONS FOR THE FUTURE Predictions with ‘will’

Predictions for the future vary insofar as the attitude of • We use ‘will’ when we want to say that something in
the speaker or the actual truth about facts related to the future is quite certain.
the future vary. will (‘ll) + verb (base form)

Predictions can have the following values: certainty,
(im)possibility / probability, likelihood.
* The negative form is will not (won’t) +
verb (base form).
Example:
• There will be a crisis next year, too. It’s in the newspapers!
• The shareholders won’t be very happy; the dividends
have lost their value on the market.

Predictions with ‘might’, ‘may’ or EXERCISES

‘could’ CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1. We haven't got a lot of money, so we ___ go on holiday next
` We use might, may, or could to say that it is
year.
probable, but not certain, that something will a. couldn’t b. may not
happen in the future. 2. He ___ help you with your homework if you ask him.
a. may probably b. ‘ll probably
could / may (not) / might (not) + verb (base 3. It ___ snow later. I'm not sure.
form) a. ‘ll b. could
4. Who do you think ___ win the next World Cup?
Example: a. may to b. will
• There may be a crisis next year, too – nobody can tell 5. ___ play at the concert?
for sure. a. Will Metallica definitely b. Might Metallica definitely
• They might have to move; at least, that’s how
the rumours go.

EXERCISES (answers) Make predictions…

1. Will people use mobile phones in the future?
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
I think people might not use mobile phones in
1. We don’t have a lot of money, so we may not go on the future.
holiday next year.
2. He ‘ll probably help you with your homework if you ask 2. Will they write letters?
him.
3. Will people spend more time at home?
3. It could snow later. I'm not sure.
4. Who do you think will win the next World Cup?
4. Will they still play computer games?
5. Will Metallica definitely play at the concert?
Make predictions…
5. Will people still read books?
6. Will people still use CDs?
7. Will we use the internet?
8. Will computers replace teachers?
Warm-up
• Have you ever complained about anything?
• Did you have your problem solved?
• What did you do?
• Which kind of product or service do you think it is
worth complaining about?

Letter of complaint Letter structure

PURPOSE The opening

•The purpose of the
letter of complaint is Start your letter with the greeting: Dear Mr. (or
not to blow off steam. Mrs., Ms., Miss, etc.) and surname.
•The less whiny your
letter sounds, the If you don’t know the name of the person you
more likely you are to are writing to, begin with Dear Sir or Dear
get a positive Madam; if you don’t know their name or sex,
response from your use Dear Sir or Madam.
reader.

Letter structure Letter structure

The content (1) The content (2)

Begin with a heading alerting the reader to the
subject of the letter, and in your first sentence
draw their attention to the matter you’re going to
raise or discuss.
Example: I am writing to complain..., or I wish to
express my dissatisfaction with ... or Thank you
for your letter of ...
Introduce your main point as early as possible,
stating your reason for writing in a clear, concise
way. Once you have done this, you may want to
give more details, perhaps adding further
background or relevant facts.

Letter structure Letter structure

The content (3)
In conclusion, you should state what your
expectations are, for example Please let me
know as soon as possible what action you
propose to take or I look forward to hearing from
you within the next ten days.
The close
The wording at the end of a formal letter follows a
standard format:
• If you know the name of the person you’re writing
to, you should end the letter with Yours sincerely.
• If your letter begins with Dear Sir or Dear Madam,
it should end with Yours faithfully.
• Your own name should be typed out underneath
your signature.
Letter of complaint (example) Useful vocabulary
Words associated with predictions
• Crystal ball • Strategy
• Forecast • Trend
• Futurology • Science
• Objective • Asset
• Prediction • Long-term

Conclusions Bibliography

Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Heinle

Cengage Learning.
Modal verbs for prediction:
Will, might, may and could.
Checklist
Letters of complaint.

Electronic references
Images
•http://tommytoy.typepad.com/.a/6a0133f3a4072c970b014e8938940e970d-
550wi
•http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/sites/default/files/public_images/crystal-
ball.jpeg
•http://ak.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/1172467/preview/stock-footage-
businesswoman-talking-on-mobile-phone-isolated-on-white.jpg
•http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2011/11/generalpress-110311-001-
617x416.jpg
•http://www.milehighmamas.com/wp-
content/blogs.dir/66/files/2013/09/safeinternet.jpg
•http://goldeneaglescoaching.com/wp-content/uploads/complain.jpg
•https://headburroantfarm.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/blowing-off-steam.jpg
•http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/media/words/assets/faulty-product.pdf
 Content
In this session we are going to describe:

ENGLISH III ™ Comparatives.

™ Superlatives.

Topic:
Getting fit

Comparative adjectives Comparative adjectives

In the example below, "bigger" is the comparative form
When we talk about two things or people, we can of the adjective "big":
"compare" them. We can see if they are the
same or different. Perhaps they are the same in
some ways and different in other ways. We can
use comparative adjectives to describe the
differences.
There are two ways to make or form a comparative
adjective:
• Short adjectives: add "-er"
• Long adjectives: use "more"

Formation of comparative adjectives Formation of comparative adjectives

SHORT ADJECTIVES
• One-syllable adjective old, fast LONG ADJECTIVES
• Two-syllable adjectives ending in ‘y’ happy, easy
• Two-syllable adjectives not
General rule: add ‘-er’ old Æ older modern, pleasant
ending in -y
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just • All adjectives of three or more
late Æ later expensive, intellectual
add –r syllables
Variation: if the adjective ends in modern Æ more modern
consonant, vowel, consonant, double the big Æ bigger General rule: use ‘more’
expensive Æ more expensive
last consonant.
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y,
happy Æ happier
change the ‘y’ to ‘i’

Irregular adjectives Exercises

Exception
The following adjectives have irregular forms: 1. Our house is ___ than theirs. (big)
• good  better 2. I'm ___ than my brother. (tall)
• bad  worse 3. Tortoises live ___ than cats. (long)
• far  farther/further 4. Electrical goods are usually ___ in America than in Britain. (cheap)
5. Electrical goods are usually ___ in Britain than in America. (expensive)
6. Bob Dylan is a ___ singer than George Michael. (good)
7. I think studying mathematics is ___ than learning English. (difficult)
8. Switzerland is much ___ than Germany. (small)
9. My brother is 30 and I am 25 - I am ___ than him. (young)
10.Oxford is quite near to London, but Liverpool is ___. (far)
Exercises (Answers) Superlative adjectives
1. Our house is bigger than theirs. A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or
2. I'm taller than my brother. highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative
3. Tortoises live longer than cats. adjective to describe the extreme quality of one
4. Electrical goods are usually cheaper in America than in Britain.
thing in a group of things.
5. Electrical goods are usually more expensive in Britain than in America.
6. Bob Dylan is a better singer than George Michael.
7. I think studying mathematics is more difficult than learning English.
8. Switzerland is much smaller than Germany. (small)
9. My brother is 30 and I am 25 - I am younger than him.
10.Oxford is quite near London, but Liverpool is further/farther.

Superlative adjectives Formation of superlative adjectives

We also usually add 'the' at the beginning.
In the example below, "biggest" is the superlative
ig":
ig"
form of the adjective "big": SHORT ADJECTIVES
• One-syllable adjective old, fast
• Two-syllable adjectives ending in ‘y’ happy, easy
General rule: add ‘-est’ old Æ the oldest
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just
late Æ the latest
add –st
Variation: if the adjective ends in
consonant, vowel, consonant, double the big Æ the biggest
As with comparative adjectives, there are two ways to last consonant.
form a superlative adjective: Variation: if the adjective ends in -y,
• Short adjectives: add "-est" happy Æ happiest
change the ‘y’ to ‘i’
• Long adjectives: use "most"

Formation of superlative adjectives Irregular adjectives

Exception
LONG ADJECTIVES
The following adjectives have irregular forms:
• Two-syllable adjectives not • good  the best
modern, pleasant
ending in -y • bad  the worst
• All adjectives of three or
expensive, intellectual • far  the farthest/furthest
more syllables
modern Æ the most modern
General rule: use ‘most’
expensive Æ the most expensive

We also usually add 'the' at the beginning.

Exercises (1) Exercises 1 (answers)

1. Peter is the most intelligent student of the school.

1. Peter is ___ (intelligent) student of the school.
2. The Grand Canyon is ___ (long) canyon in the world.
3. But ___ (deep) is Hell's Canyon.
4. John Wayne was ___ (famous) cowboy in Hollywood.
5. Marie is ___ (tall) girl in the town.
6. I am ___ (good) pupil in the class.
7. He is ___ (bad) pupil in the school.
8. He is ___ (fast) boy in the world.
9. This dog is ___ (nice) in the country.
10. You are ___ (funny) boy in the world.
2. The Grand Canyon is the longest canyon in the world.
3. But the deepest is Hell's Canyon.
4. John Wayne was the most famous cowboy in
Hollywood.
5. Marie is the tallest girl in the town.
6. I am the best student in the class.
7. He is the worst student in the school.
8. He is the fastest boy in the world.
9. This dog is the nicest in the country.
10. You are the funniest boy in the world.
Exercises (2) Exercises 2 (answers)
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets
(comparative or superlative).

1. My house is (big) ___ than yours.

2. This flower is (beautiful) ___ than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) ___ book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ___ than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) ___ animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ___ than a holiday in the
mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ___ than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) ___ woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) ___ than last
summer.
10. He was the (clever) ___ thief of all.

Conclusions Bibliography

Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Heinle

Comparative adjectives: Cengage Learning.
Fun Health club is the cheapest.
Checklist
Superlative adjectives:
Dynamo is the most convenient.

Electronic references
Images

•http://www.womensagenda.com.au/images/stories/flexicontent/m_getting_fit.j
pg
•http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gT3zYhKXV-w/T7P-
1bu3mLI/AAAAAAAAAEo/bBS2uQHxLqg/s1600/big.jpg
•http://www.tekmoz.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Lets-start22.jpg
•http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/let-s-start-29574630.jpg
 Content

In this session we are going to:

ENGLISH III
™ Use wh-questions in the Present simple.
™ Form structures with ‘do’ and ‘be’.
Topic:
Asleep on the
job?

Wh-questions Structure with ‘Do’

Wh-questions ask for information. They are different Wh questions in Present simple use “do” or “be”:
than Yes/No questions.
Wh questions with "do"
There are 6 different Wh- question words:
WH + DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB

Examples:
• Where do you work?
• When does she wake up?
• Who is your brother?

Structure with ‘Be’ Structure

Wh-questions are similar to YES/NO questions except
WH Questions with "be" they have WH words at the start.

WH + BE + SUBJECT Examples:
Are you from Canada? / Where are you from?

Examples: Here are some example questions and answers:

• Where are you from?
• Who is that man? • Where are you from? I am from Japan.
• What is your name? My name is Jacob.
• When is your class? • When do you wake up? I wake up at 7:30 am.
• Why are you angry? I am angry because I
did not pass my exam.

Exercises (1) Exercises 1 (answers)

Make present
presen simple 'wh' questions
prese Make present simp
simple
ple 'w
'wh'
wh questions

1. (where / you / go to school)? 1. Where do you go to school?

2. (what / you / do)? 2. What do you do?
3. (where / John / come from)? 3. Where does John come from?
4. (how long / it / take from London to Paris)? 4. How long does it take from London to Paris?
5. (how often / she / go to the cinema)? 5. How often does she go to the cinema?
6. (how many children / you / have)? 6. How many children do you have?
7. (when / you / get up)? 7. When do you get up?
8. (how often / you / study English)? 8. How often do you study English?
9. (what time / the film / start)? 9. What time does the film start?
10. (where / you / play tennis)? 10. Where do you play tennis?
 Exercises (2) Exercises 2 (answers)
Write 'wh' questions for each answer with the Write 'wh' questions for each answer with the
word in the brackets. word in the brackets.

1. This car has two doors. (how many) 1. How many doors does this car have?
2. Wool comes from sheep. (where) 2. Where does wool come from?
3. Raccoons come out at night. (when) 3. When do raccoons come out?
4. She takes two sugars in her coffee. (how many) 4. How many sugars does she take in her coffee?
5. A fox lives in our garden. (what) 5. What lives in our garden?

Useful vocabulary Conclusions

Study this vocabulary about how people feel at work.

• He feels tired and stressed. Wh-questions in Present simple:

• He feels fine. What, which, where, when …
Checklist
• She feels exhausted and very sleepy.
How people feel at work:
• They drink coffee moderately.
Stressed, sleepy, exhausted …
• I have a nap after lunch.
• She works with enthusiasm.
• I feel sleepy in the afternoon.
• I work normal office hours.
• It keeps me awake at night.

Bibliography Electronic references

Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook.
Heinle Cengage Learning.
Images
http://engineerblogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/sleeping-on-the-job.jpg
http://www.thelanguageplayground.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Question-
face.png
http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/rosaria2010/sogang2A-unit1-
vocabulary/where-are-you-from.gif
http://www.gschneiderphoto.com/gallery3/var/albums/wildlife/red_fox/red_fox-
5622.jpg?m=1292890763
http://problemwildlifemanagement.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/racoon.jpg
http://www.satprepgroup.com/Portals/229704/images/vocabulary.gif
 Content
In this session we are going to:
ENGLISH III
™ Talk about ‘should’.
™ Talk about ‘must’.

Topic:
Dealing with stress

Should Should (form)

should + verb (base form)

Must Must (form)

must + verb (base form)

Must and should Exercises (1)

We use must and should to tell people what to
do.
Must is stronger than should.
We use mustn’t (must not) and shouldn’t
(should not) to tell people what not to do.
Mustn’t is stronger than shouldn’t.
Choose the correct
rrect modal
m (should or must) for the
following sentences
1. Tenants ___ pay their rent.
2. Pedestrians ___ look both ways before they cross the
street.
3. Drivers ___ stop for pedestrians at marked crossings.
4. Telephone callers ___ give their names.
5. Homeowners ___ report thefts to the police.
6. All workers ___ pay unemployment insurance.
7. In order to vote you ___ come in person.
8. People who are sick ___ stay home from work.
9. Construction workers ___ wear hard hats.
10. Waiters ___ be pleasant to customers.
Exercises 1 (answers)
Choose the correct modal (should or must) for the
following sentences
1. Tenants must pay their rent.
2. Pedestrians should look both ways before they cross the
street.
3. Drivers must stop for pedestrians at marked crossings.
4. Telephone callers should give their names.
5. Homeowners should report thefts to the police.
6. All workers must pay unemployment insurance.
7. In order to vote you must come in person.
8. People who are sick should stay home from work.
9. Construction workers must wear hard hats.
10. Waiters should be pleasant to customers.
Exercises 2 (answers)
Choose th
Ch the correct modal (should, shouldn’t, must or
mustn’t) for the following sentences
1. You must bring your passport to travel to another country.
2. You should bring a camera.
3. You mustn’t bring plants, food, or animals to other countries.
4. You must go through customs when you enter a new
country.
5. You must have a ticket to go on an airplane.
6. You should bring a bathing suit if you are going to the
beach.
7. To be safe, you shouldn’t take a lot of cash with you.
8. You should research the places you plan to visit.
9. You must check in before you get on the airplane.
10. You should be at least 2 hours early for your flight.
Bibliography
Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook.
Heinle Cengage Learning.
Exercises (2)
Choose the
Ch th correctt modal (should, shouldn’t, must or
mustn’t) for the following sentences
1. You ____ bring your passport to travel to another country.
2. You ____ bring a camera.
3. You ____ bring plants, food, or animals to other countries.
4. You ____ go through customs when you enter a new
country.
5. You ____ have a ticket to go on an airplane.
6. You ____ bring a bathing suit if you are going to the beach.
7. To be safe, you ____ take a lot of cash with you.
8. You ____ research the places you plan to visit.
9. You ____ check in before you get on the airplane.
10. You ____ be at least 2 hours early for your flight.
Conclusions
Should:
People who are sick should stay
Checklist home from work.
Must:
Tenants must pay their rent.
Electronic references
Images
•http://www.thedigeratilife.com/images/work-stress-4.jpg
•http://pathtowellness.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/should-not1.jpg
•http://must.sourceforge.net/must.png
 INSTRUCTIONS

• Work alone.
• The topic will be assigned by the
teacher.
Oral presentation

INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCT
TIONS
POWER POINT
• Design a PPT
presentation.
• Use from 8 to
12 slides.
Use different sources: YOUR BOOKS, No more!!!
MAGAZINES, and INTERNET.

ƒ Use pictures, graphics.

ƒ Don’t write sentences on the slides,
only the tittle, sub tittles & key
words.

™Students have to upload their PPT

presentation on the virtual campus and
have to record their presentation,
upload it on youtube, and send the link
on the virtual campus to access to it.

PRESENTATION ™INTRODUCTION:
Preview the content of your presentation
OUTLINE using a brief outline.
™BODY:
Explain and support your ideas, give
opinions, reasons, examples, etc.
™CONCLUSION:
Make a summary of the presentation and
say why your topic is important for you
and your classmates.
TOPICS:
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSABILITY (CSR)
DESCRIPTION:
1. Choose a country (Exclude PERU)
2. Government regulations.
3. CSR policies.
4. Choose two companies that practice CSR.
5. Describe the project (How, where, etc.)?
6. Bilateral relationship with Peru.
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
3. Introducing each point
• OK. Let’s start with …
• Now we come to …
• Finally, let’s look at / talk about …
4. Ending
• To conclude …
• Thanks for listening .
• Do you have any questions?
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
1. Greetings
• Good (afternoon) teacher …
2. Presenting the structure of talk
• I’m going to talk about / give a presentation on …
• The subject of my talk is …
• First, ….
• Then, … I want to talk about / to give you …
• Finally, …
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBSITES
Examples:
BOOKS:
Nicholas B. "Sculpture, The History of Western." New
Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998 ed.
WEBSITES:
http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html
 Content
In this session we are going to describe:
ENGLISH III
™ Present perfect use.
™ Use of for and since.
™ Letter of application vocabulary.

Topic:
Work-life balance

The present perfect The present perfect form

Here we have the most common ‘Time expressions’ or
In general, the present perfect simple expresses an ‘signal words’ used with the Present perfect:
action that is still going on or that stopped recently,
but has an influence on the present. It puts • already,
• ever,
emphasis on the result.
• just,
• never,
• not yet,
• so far,
• till now,
• up to now

Warm-up For
When to use For?
How would you answer this question?
For is used with a duration (length) of time. Use for with
How long have you been learning English? how long the action has been happening.

• I have been learning English for ___. EXAMPLES:

• I have been learning English since ___.
For and since can be used when talking about time in
present perfect sentences (for can be used with all
tenses).
• "I have lived here for three years"
o Three years is the duration/length of time.
• "Our flight was delayed for two hours."
o Two hours is the duration/length of time.
• "We've been living here for a long time."
o A long time is the duration/length of time.

Since Exercises (1A)

Do we use for or since with the following time
When to use Since references?

Since is used with a starting point. Use since with the time 1. She hasn't phoned home ___ New Year’s day.
when the action started. a. for b. since
2. They've been here ___ four o'clock.
EXAMPLES: a. for b. since
• "I have lived here since 2009." 3. I have worked for International House ___ more than
o 2009 is the starting point. ten years.
• "They've all been in a meeting since 11am." a. for b. since
o 11am is the starting point. 4. You haven't visited your home town ___ I left high school.
• "She's been sleeping since last night." a. for b. since
o Last night is the starting point. 5. I haven't been to the theater ___ ages.
a. for b. since
 Exercises 1A (answers) Exercises (1B)
Do we use for or since with the following time Do we use for or since with the following time
references? references?
6. They have studied non-stop ___ 4:30.
1. She hasn't phoned home since New Year’s day. a. for b. since
2. They've been here since four o'clock. 7. She has had a driving license ___ I was eighteen.
3. I have worked for International House for more a. For b. since
than ten years. 8. He hasn't had a day off ___ 2010.
4. You haven't visited your home town since I left a. For b. since
high school. 9. Johan has been in France ___ more than one week
5. I haven't been to the theater for ages. now.
a. for b. since
10. Allan has been my best friend ___ we were five.
a. for b. since

Useful vocabulary
Exercises 1B (answers) A letter of application for a job. Important expressions

1. Reasons for writing:

Do we use for or since with the following time
references? • I am writing to apply for the position/post of ...
• I am writing to apply for the job you advertised in ...
6. They have studied non-stop since 4:30. • I am writing in connection with the job advertisement in ...
7. She has had a driving license since she was eighteen.
8. He hasn't had a day off since 2010.
9. Johan has been in France for more than one week now.
10. Allan has been my best friend since we were five.

Useful vocabulary Useful vocabulary

A letter of application for a job. Important expressions A letter of application for a job. Important expressions

2. Education/Qualifications: 3. Work experience:

• I graduated from ... in ... • I have experience of ...

• In secondary school I majored in ... (ex. -English and
History-)
• I hold a certificate/degree in ...
• I have been working as ...
• I am currently (a student/employed) at ...
• I have completed the following courses ...
• I will graduate this year with ...(a Bachelor of Arts)
• As my references show ...
• I feel I have necessary qualities for this job because ...
• I am ... (ex. - friendly and hard-working-).
• I am a motivated professional with a variety of skills and
experience.
• I would also like to add ...

Useful vocabulary
A letter of application for a job. Important expressions Conclusions
4. Closing the letter:
Present perfect: for and since.
• I would be happy to attend an interview at any time I have lived here for three years.
convenient to you. Checklist I have lived here since 2009.
• I am available for the interview ...
Letter of application.
• Please contact me if you have any queries at (0568292974).
• If you have any questions, please call me at ...
• I enclose a ... (CV/my references).
• I look forward to meeting you /hearing from you soon.
• Thank you for reviewing my letter and my enclosed CV.

• Yours faithfully/Yours sincerely

Bibliography Electronic references
Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Images
Heinle Cengage Learning.
•http://m.c.lnkd.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/2/005/050/3ef/340ab4f.jpg
•http://teacherdeingles.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/foto_present_p
erfect.jpg
•http://letstalk-
business.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/5/8/7958448/5029756.jpg
 Content
In this session we are reviewing:

ENGLISH III ™ Present simple & present continuous.

™ Past simple & present perfect.
™ Count and Uncount nouns.
™ Predictions with will, might, may and
could.
™ Comparatives and superlatives.
™ Must and should.
Topic: Review

Present simple Present simple

Present simple Present continuous

is
specialize
starts
works
start
have

specialiazes
are
work

Present continuous Present continuous

Is he staying

You aren’t listening

I am leaving

are those German engineers visiting

 Present simple & continuous Past simple
Which tense do we use to talk about …

Present continuous
Present continuous
Present simple

to be

Past simple Past simple

visited
met
took
had
didn’t finish
wanted

Present perfect Present perfect

Present perfect Present perfect

have told

have not/haven’t found

has become

has been

have already left

have not/haven’t recruited
have/’ve asked

has/’s asked

have not/haven’t lost

have not/haven’t had
Countable and uncountable nouns Countable and uncountable nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns Countable and uncountable nouns

information
flight luggage
hotel money
reservation travel
suitcase work

Predictions with will, may and might Predictions with will, may and might

May / May not / Might / might not / Could

Will / will not

Predictions with will, may and might Predictions with will, may and might

We’ll finish the report today.

The manager may not / might not be in her office right now.

The secretary may / might / could know when the meeting is.

I won’t get the job I applied for.

They may not / might not give us a pay rise this year.

He won’t go on any more business trips.

 Comparatives and superlatives Comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives and superlatives Must & should

more profitable

largest

more expensive

better

most famous
the worst

the biggest

Must & should Must & should

Must & should

Conclusions

Present simple & present continuous.

could Past simple & present perfect.
Count and Uncount nouns.
mustn’t Checklist Predictions with will, might, may and
could.
Comparatives and superlatives.
should Must and should.
must
Bibliography Electronic references
Images
• Mascull, B. (2005) Best Practice Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Heinle
Cengage Learning. http://realboxscore.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/shutterstock_117743374-
review-600px.jpg
• Grant, D. Hudson, J. (2009) Business Results Pre-intermediate Student’s
Book. Oxford University Press.