Application of Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique

in Slope Stability Study in UTP, Perak.

Muhammad Nur Adib bin Yahaya
Bachelor of Technology (Hons) Petroleum Geoscience
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan
Email: adibyahaya96@gmail.com

Abstract-- Slope stability study using resistivity survey in UTP
was executed with the aim of identifying the subsurface lithology.
This study later will be succeeded with sieving analysis for more
accurate results on the subject matter. Two sites were proposed to
be studied for this project and each site will consist of two-lines 80
m long resistivity survey. This survey will be conducted using
Schlumberger array with electrode spacing of two meter between
each electrode. This array was selected as it will produce the most
promising results compared to other configurations. Although the
depth is considerably shallow, slope stability study is more focused
on near surface lithology. Four-line survey has already been
conducted at the slope near block 17 and block 14, which produces
results that is the near surface lithologies consist of mainly clay
and sand. The result also shows that the subsurface is dominated
by water-bearing sediment, which may be the cause of slope failing
in future.
Keywords- resistivity; slope stability; hydraulic
conductivity; subsurface modelling
1.3 Objective
The main objective of this project is to apply electrical
resistivity imaging technique to study the subsurface of the
slope on the hills of UTP.
1.4 Scope of Study
This study includes the execution of resistivity survey using
the ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter. This study will be focusing
on the study of resistivity value in correlation for each lithology
of the rock. The data that been obtain will also be used to
correlate with each other to build a subsurface model to
virtually image the condition and mechanism of the slope. The
last part of this study will consist of identifying soil hydraulic
conductivity also known as permeability using sieving analysis.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Regional Geology of Peninsular Malaysia

I. INTRODUCTION Peninsular Malaysia was primarily formed during the

Paleozoic Era, in which it is divided into three belts which are
1.1 Background of Study
the Eastern, Central and Western. Each of this belt is classified
by their significant tectonic evolution, stratigraphy,
The study area of this project is located within the vicinity of
metamorphism, structure and sedimentary sequence [1]. The
University Technology PETRONAS (UTP) which is situated at
western belt is further divided into the northwestern zone and
Seri Iskandar, Perak. Ipoh, the capital city of Perak is situated
the western zone [2]. The northwestern zone consists of the
approximately 34 km from Seri Iskandar and about 220 km
Langkawi Island, Perak and Kedah whereas the western zone
from Malaysia’s capital city, Kuala Lumpur. There are two
consists of the Perak-Thai border all the way until Malacca [1].
areas of interest which are located at Block 17 and Block 14
Figure 1 shows the distribution of the belt in peninsular
near the pocket C building of UTP. This study covers an area
Malaysia.
about 100 m2 and 60 m2 respectively. The boundaries for site
located at Block 14 is from N484979, E330210 to N484960,
E330228 whereas site at Block 17 is from 484708N, E330401
to N485203, E330435.

1.2 Problem Statement

The slope of the hills in University Technology PETRONAS

(UTP) are very poor and unsatisfactory in condition. In
addition, the stability of the slope is especially threatened after
recent landslide which had occurred at the hill slope of the study
area.
figure 1- Belt distribution of peninsular Malaysia

The Lower Paleozoic rock make up the northwestern zone

whereas the Upper Paleozoic rock is found in all three belts [3].
The formations of this zone are younger in age from the west to
the east. The westerly clastic deposits were deposited along the
river of Perak territory sorted under the Kati Formation.
Subsequently, Seri Iskandar was claimed by Foo to have the
same formation as previously mentioned. Due to processes such
as thermal metamorphism, most of the fossils are destroyed in
the sequence and causes the western zone to be poorly dated
[2]. Essentially, Paleozoic formation of the western belt of
Peninsular Malaysia are composed of the Kubang Pasu
Formation in Langkawi, Kedah and Perlis, the Kati Formation
in Perak and the Kenny Hill Formation in Selangor [1][4].
2.2 Geology of Study Area
The geological formation in this study area belong to the Kati
Formation. The Kati Formation obtained its name from the term
“Kati Beds” that was introduced to describe a formation that
formed in Kuala Kangsar, which extends southwards along the
western bank of Perak river to Kinta Valley [1]. The Kati
Formation constitute a huge part of Upper Paleozoic rocks in
the western zone of Peninsular Malaysia [2]. It lies between the
granites of the Bintang and Kledang ranges and stretch out
southwards to Tapah and Teluk Intan. It stretches further to the
west and southwest parts of the Kinta Valley and the
encompassing area of Kuala Kangsar [2]. The rock presentation
is extremely uncommon in area that is still covered in thick
tropical forest [2]. They also described the Kati Formation in
Seri Iskandar as poorly uncovered, very scarce and sparsely
dispersed. The Kati Formation is less metamorphosed and
indirectly affected by the regional metamorphism, as thermal
metamorphism is mainly restricted to the far northeast part of
the zone [1][5]. Figure 2.2 shows the geological map of the
study area.
figure 2- Map of the study area and geological map of study area
Due to highly folded and interbedded beds of the Kati
Formation in Kuala Kangsar, the definite thickness of the
formation is hard to attain [1]. Nevertheless, the estimated
thickness of Kati Formation at Cangkat Hulu Denak at Lumut
and Teluk Intan area has an estimated value of 900 m [5]. The
Kati Formation in Seri Iskandar, on the other hand, has an
estimated thickness of approximately 780 m [6]. The Kati
Formation is compromised by a repetitive order of interbedded
metamorphosed reddish-brown carbonaceous shale, mudstone
and sandstone with minor siltstone (Foo, 1990). In Seri
Iskandar, the Kati Formation sequence bed is defined by the
alternating beds of sandstone, shale, mudstone and siltstone.
The sandstone that is discovered in Seri Iskandar displays
graded bedding. The age of Kati Formation is estimated to be
from Upper Paleozoic which is Carboniferous to Permian age
due to absent of fossil within the Kati beds [3].
2.3 Geophysical Survey on Slope Stability
Slope stability is closely related to the water content in the
soil. Investigating water content in the subsurface is best used
with electrical resistivity imaging method, most geologic
materials holding water have lower electrical resistivities than
their adjacent dry counterparts [7]. Resistivity is an active
geophysical method that uses electric current, injected into the
ground during the study through two current electrodes [8]. The
current voltage difference is then measured by two potential
electrodes, and resistivity measurements are based on the
difference in resistivity between different sub-surface materials
[8]. The value of current (I) and voltage (V) is then obtained
and apparent resistivity is computed. The range of resistivity
value and it correlation for lithology is shown in figure 3.
figure 3- The value of resistivity and its corresponding lithology
The implementation of resistivity method for this study is
advantageous as resistivity value of water can easily be
distinguished by this method in comparison to other
geophysical survey. However, the accuracy and its penetration
depth can be very speculative. These geophysical methods
supply wide scale data on the subsurface properties. The
resistivity distinction between unstable weathered material and
underlying stable bedrock is conceivable at areas where they
have distinctive porosities, clay content, saturation and
therefore related the contrasts in resistivity.
Be that as it may, the refinement between shallow water
saturated with silica-rich residue, muds, metallic minerals or
graphite may not be conceivable by utilizing conventional
resistivity procedures, since they are portrayed by a similar
scope of low resistivities. In these cases, the inversed
polarization (IP) system shall be utilized as clay, metallic
minerals and graphite are polarizable such that their IP
properties contrast from those in most water-soaked silica-rich
sediment [7].
Hydrogeology has been one of the important specialization
from numerous geological and civil studies. One of the purpose
behind examining water flow is that it can altogether increment
the danger of incline insecurities which resulted in avalanches,
rockslides or mud flow [9]. This kind of events such as slope
failure that arose in Malaysia were mostly activated by rainfall IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
due to tropical forest environment [10]. This grievous occasion
frequently occurs from November to March, when the 4.1 Geophysical Survey
Northeast monsoon brings along exceptional precipitation.
Water penetration will escalate the pore water pressure inside Electrode Coordinate
the soil. This causes a reduction in the viable pressure acting
along the potential weakness plane, which at that point lessens
the accessible shear quality of the soil

Accordingly, the slope will no longer be capable of managing

the balance and slope failure occur as a consequence, such
slopes are only firm within a certain range of water saturation,
when the consequence of suction generates an apparent
interconnection between the soil particles and develops the
shear resistance. On the other hand, suction and shear resistance
are decreased significantly if the saturation is above the critical
value. Particularly after heavy rainfalls, water saturation may
surpass a critical perimeter in certain parts of the slope,
triggering a local failure such as landslide or debris flow [11].
The 2-D resistivity method generally measures the resistivity
distribution of the subsurface material [12]. Volcanic and
Metamorphic rocks regularly have high resistivity value. The
resistivity of these rocks is subjected to levels of fracture. The
water table in Malaysia is shallow, hence, the fracture is usually
loaded with ground water. More prominent fractures will result
in lower resistivity estimation of the rock [10]. For instance, the
resistivity of unweathered granite altered from 5000 ohm-m in
wet condition to 10,000 ohm-m when it is dry [10]. At the point
when these rocks are immersed with groundwater and
weathered, the resistivity value are low to direct, from a couple
of ohm-m to not as much as a hundred ohm-m [10]. Soils over
the water table is drier and has a higher resistivity estimation of
a few hundred to a few thousand ohm-m, while soils underneath
the water table essentially have resistivity estimations of under
100 ohm-m. Additionally, clay has a distinct resistivity value in
contrast with sand [10].

III. METHODOLOGY

Pre-fieldwork Phase
Preparation for project execution by
referring to books, journal and research
paper.

Data Collection Phase

1) Geological Survey
2) Geophysical Acquisition
• Using Schlumberger array

Data Processing Phase

1) Resistivity Data Processing
2) Sieving Analysis

Result Documentation and Thesis

Writing
4.2 Geophysical Survey Result and Interpretation

Potential Area of
Slope Failing

figure 4-Pseudosection of Resistivity Survey for Line 1

Compacted
unconsolidated sediment

figure 5-Pseudosection of Resistivity Survey for Line 2

Potential Area of Compacted unconsolidated

Slope Failing sediment

figure 6-Pseudosection of Resistivity Survey for Line 3

Potential Area of
Slope Failing Potential Area of
Slope Failing
Bedrock

figure 7-Pseudosection of Resistivity Survey for Line 4

 The Pseudosection above shows the four line of resistivity
survey that have been conducted at block 17 and block 14. The
first and second line is conducted at block 17 and the other two
line is at block 14. Figure 4, 5, 6 and 7 represent the value of
resistivity of the subsurface and visualization of the subsurface.
The data had been processed to minimize the error as well as
minimizing the data that need to be excluded. The error might
still be considered high this is due to heterogeneous lithology
varied along the survey line.
In survey line 1 in figure 4, the most significant layer can be
seen at the center of the pseudosection. At electrode 0-2 m from
the center and at depth of 3m–11m the value of resistivity peaks
at a value range of 1000 ohm to 3000ohm. This high in
resistivity value reflects to a hard layer of rock or a compacted
area of sediment at the particular area and depth. Also, can be
deduced from the value is the rock type, which might be a
granite or any metamorphosed rock. Surrounding the high
resistivity value rock, is a slightly lower value of resistivity
layers of around 200 ohm to 900 ohm. This might be a fractured
granite or sandstone, gravel and conglomerate. A granite
bedrock is usually associated with a fractured granite
surrounding it as a product of weathering. Top part of the slope
illustrates a very low resistivity value ranging from 4 ohm to
approximately 100 ohm. This value indicates that it is made up
of a very loose material such as clay, silt or sand. This layer is
also water-saturated. The value is considered quite high to make
such assumptions, however, weather conditions are considered
into the analysis. The survey is done during a dry weather and
non-rainy season. Hence, it can be concluded that the area in
green and blue in figure 4.2 is filled with water during the rainy
season. This occurrence is all around the surface might be the
cause of slope failing. Higher content of water in this lithology
will put more pressure on the slope which eventually causes a
landslide. The area that has been circled in figure 4.2 is where
the highest possibility of resulting in slope failure. Early
indications of this is slumping, which can be observed at the
base of the slope, pushes the drain concrete away from where it
was originally located. This result shows that if rain occurs for
a long period of time, this area near the surface will be saturated
with water and potentially cause a slope failure.
Survey line 2 in figure 5 is conducted perpendicular to the
survey line 1 and it intersected at electrode number 10 of the
first line. The electrode in the red box in figure 4.3 is where the
intersection between the two line. On this line pseudosection, it
can be observed at the electrode 20 until 40, at shallower depth
of 0-1.5 m the resistivity value lies mostly at 115 and lower.
This indicating that at this depth the sediment is unconsolidated
and readily to be filled with water. This sediment might also be
clay, silt or sand which are unconsolidated materials. Most of
the area in this pseudosection show relatively high resistivity
ranging from 200 ohm-1000 ohm, this trend is also observable
in survey line 1. This suggests the presence of fractured granite
or sandstone. Highest resistivity values observed in this survey
line is around 1000 ohm-3000 ohm where the grey circled is
located in figure 4.3. This value gives justification for the
presence of fractured basement rock be it igneous or
metamorphosed. There might also be build up by gravel or
conglomerate. The value also can be high due to fortification of
the slope using rock structure as barricading of the slope already
been constructed due to previous landslides. The area marked
in green need to be monitored as it might be sand which can be
filled by water during rainy season. The green area shows that
the lateral extension of it might be deeper.
Survey line 3 on figure 6 is conducted at block 14. The red
box is where the intersection between line 3 and line 4. The
result shows an obvious indication that the slope is filled by
water. On the highest point of the slope in the black circle, at
electrode 1 until center electrode in the circled area at depth of
0.5 m until 8 m, the subsurface indicated a very low resistivity
value of 4 ohm – 100 ohm. This is the resistivity value for clay,
silt or sand. This value is also an indication that water is
saturated inside the unconsolidated materials. Beneath the area
in blue, the high value of resistivity on electrode number 10
until 15 at depth of 5 m-13.5 m might be the bedrock of the area.
This is because of the presence of high resistivity value is
observed which is commonly for a bedrock to have a high
resistivity value. The possible type of bedrock in this area is
igneous rock, metamorphic rock, sandstone or gravel. This is
because the value of resistivity fits the range of value for those
type of rock. On the other half of the slope in the grey circle
area, the value of resistivity is very high at a shallower depth.
This may be due to the unconsolidated material that had been
compacted and harden due external factor. It is also may be
because of cement found at the lower part of the slope built to
hold the slope and the drainage concrete. This subsurface rock
of this area might not be weathered as bad as block 17 as the
value is higher than the value at block 17.
Survey line 4 on figure 6 is conducted slightly higher than
the center of survey line 3. Electrode 15 which is in the red box
is where the intersection between this line and line 3 intersected.
This survey line pseudosection is observed to support the top
area of the slope which is before deduced in survey line 3 to be
filled by water. Most of the area has low resistivity values which
range from 4ohm until 100 ohm. This value belongs to clay, silt,
sand and water. This might be an indication that the
unconsolidated materials in the subsurface is filled water. The
areas which are circled in black is where the saturation of water
is very high due to it lower value of resistivity. These two areas
are where attentions need to be drawn. When these two areas
are been filled by water exceeding their capabilities to hold the
water, this is when the slope began to fail. Resulting from that,
a landslide might occur in these two areas. The area in green
and yellow which has value ranging from 100 ohm until 1000
ohm might be denser unconsolidated sediment such as gravel or
sandstone. The highest value of resistivity on this survey line
can be observed at the deepest depth of 14.8 m until 17.2 m,
with values ranging from 3000 ohm to 10000 ohm, this might
be the bedrock. The bedrock of this area might be igneous rock,
metamorphic rock or sandstone. Surrounding it is slightly lower
value of resistivity at 1000 ohm until 3000ohm. This gives
indication of a weathered bedrock, producing a fractured
basement rock at this area. The value lessen as weathered rock
tends to give space for water to seep in thus eventually lower
the resistivity value of the particular area. It can be deduced that
this result shows an obvious potential of slope failing at this
area and at elevation of greater than 50m.
4.3 Grain Size Analysis Table 2- Result of particle size distribution at Block 17
Mass of mass
Some empirical equations to compute hydraulic conductivity Sieve opening (ps) di retained (mr) fraction Percent
using grain size distribution of unconsolidated sediment (mm) (g) (mf) Passing (pp)
2 5 0.01 99
materials have been evaluated in this study. Classifying analysis
1.18 13 0.026 96.4
of soil samples extracted from hole drilled using hand auger
0.6 26 0.052 91.2
during project investigation was performed to determine their
0.425 38 0.076 83.6
classification and particle size distribution characteristics. The
0.3 62 0.124 71.2
grain size distribution will lead to the computation of hydraulic
0.212 105 0.21 50.2
conductivity. Results show that five of the empirical formulae
0.15 127 0.254 24.8
reliably estimated hydraulic conductivities of the various soil
0.063 70 0.14 10.8
samples well within the known ranges.
0.016 54 0.108 0

Hydraulic conductivity is defined as volume of mobile water

Table 3- Result of particle size distribution at Block 14
in m3 transmitted perpendicularly to the flow direction in unit
Mass of mass
time (d) through a unit cross-section in m2, under the effect of Sieve opening (ps) di retained (mr) fraction Percent
a unit hydraulic gradient. Hydraulic conductivity has the (mm) (g) (mf) Passing (pp)
dimensions of velocity and is expressed either in cm/s, m/s or 2 5 0.01 99
m/d. It has long been documented that hydraulic conductivity is 1.18 13 0.026 96.4
related to the grain-size distribution of granular porous media 0.6 26 0.052 91.2
[13]. The information of saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil 0.425 38 0.076 83.6
is essential for modelling the water flow in the soil, both in the 0.3 62 0.124 71.2
saturated and unsaturated zone. Other than that, transportation 0.212 105 0.21 50.2
of water-soluble pollutants in the soil is also an important 0.15 127 0.254 24.8
parameter for designing the drainage of an area [14]. Figure 4.6 0.063 70 0.14 10.8
shows the range of values of permeability for solid rock as well 0.016 54 0.108 0
as unconsolidated materials.
Table 4- Dominant sediment in sample from block 17

mm Type of Unconsolidated Sediment % in sample

>64 Boulder
16 - 64 coarse gravel
8 - 16 medium gravel
2-8 fine gravel 1
0.5 - 2 coarse sand 7.8
0.25 - 0.5 medium sand 20
0.063 - 0.25 fine sand 60.4
0.016 - 0.063 coarse silt 10.8
0.008 - 0.016 medium silt
0.002 - 0.008 fine silt
<0.002 clay
Figure 8- Range of values of permeability
Table 5- Dominant sediment in sample from block 14
Table 2 and 3 below shows the result of particle size
distribution after the sieving was conducted for block 17 and mm Type of Unconsolidated Sediment % in sample
block 14. The weight of the sample taken is 500 grams and the >64 Boulder
depth where the sample was taken is 2.4 m and 1.8 m in the 16 - 64 coarse gravel
subsurface respectively. The sample was taken near electrode 8 - 16 medium gravel
number 26 for block 14 and electrode number 24 for block 14. 2-8 fine gravel 1
To further analyze the distribution of the particles and to help 0.5 - 2 coarse sand 7.8
classify the samples, the test results were then plotted on a 0.25 - 0.5 medium sand 20
0.063 - 0.25 fine sand 60.4
logarithmic graph to obtain the grain-size distribution curves
0.016 -
for the sample as shown in figure 9 and figure 10 below and 0.063 coarse silt 10.8
also included is the bar graph for the unconsolidated sediment 0.008 -
generated from the percentage of the distribution in figure 11 0.016 medium silt
and figure 12. The percentage of the grain size corresponding 0.002 -
0.008 fine silt
to which type of unconsolidated sediment is shown in table 4
<0.002 clay
and table 5.

Figure 9 - Grain Size Distribution Curve for block 17
Figure 10 - Grain Size Distribution Curve for block 14
Figure 11 – Bar graph showing the dominant type of unconsolidated
sediment for block 17
Figure 12 – Bar graph showing the dominant type of unconsolidated
sediment for block 14
4.3.1 Hydraulic Conductivity Analysis
Based from the result computed from the grain size
distribution analysis, the value of hydraulic conductivity or
permeability has been calculated using several empirical
formulae. The geometrical mean and arithmetic mean are taken
to be correlated with the range of values of permeability for
unconsolidated material. The value for geometric mean and
arithmetic mean is 3.4 x 10-3 and 4.5 x 10-3 respectively for
blocm 17 and for block 14 the geometrical mean and arithmetic
mean are taken to be correlated with the range of values of
permeability for unconsolidated material. The value for
geometric mean and arithmetic mean is 7.2 x 10 -4 and 1.2 x 10-
3
respectively. This value lies on the range for silty sand and
clean sand which is 10-5 to 10-1 and 10-4 to 100 (1). Hence, it can
be assumed that the subsurface is made up by these two
unconsolidated which is silty sand and clean sand.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this project revolves mainly on geophysical
survey which is resistivity survey followed by the study about
the grain size analysis using the soil sample on the study area.
This project survey will be conducted using ABEM Terrameter
and the processing will use RES2DINV software whereas the
soil sample will be taken using hand drill, an auger, and a sieve
analysis will be performed. The calculation will be made using
the information obtain from the sieving. The result of this
project is expected to generate a subsurface model of the slope
as well as the information regarding the water in the soil. The
resistivity survey on line 1 and 3 at block 17 and 14 show that
the subsurface at the highest point of the slope is filled by water.
This will cause the slope loses it balance when the slope unable
to contain more water.
VI. RECOMMENDATION AND FURTHER STUDIES
In future study, it is best to have multiple types of survey to
obtain more reliable results on the study of lithology of the
study area. More data obtained can be used to correlate between
the data and produce a better accuracy subsurface model of the
area. The area of the survey should be cleared properly and the
pin point for electrode must be hammered correctly in the
ground to avoid any error in the survey. The tools must also be
inspected before use to prevent any malfunctioning which could
cause an error or furthermore increase the result error.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr Muhammad Noor
Amin Zakariah for the opportunity to conduct this study and
their guidances and supports they provided throughout the
course of my final year project. My sincere appreciation also
goes to Mr Hafiz Musa for his advices and helpful comments
on my works. Not to forget, my gratitude to all the lab
technologists in assisting me with the geophysical survey and
lab works. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my family
and friends for their endless moral support and help in
completing this project.
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