TOPIC 2

AREA LO G O

&
VOLUME
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LOGO OBJECTIVES

1
Explain
Explainthe
thebasic
basicconcept
conceptof
ofArea
Areaand
and
Volume
VolumeMethod.
Method.

2 Define
Definethe
theusage
usageof
Calculation.
Calculation.
ofArea
AreaAnd
AndVolume
Volume

3
Describe
Describethe
themethods
methodsthat
thathave
havebeen
beenused
used
in
inArea
Areaand
andVolume
VolumeCalculation
Calculation..
 INTRODUCTION

Estimation of area and volume is basic to

most engineering schemes

Earthwork volumes must be estimated :

•To enable route alignment to be located at such lines

and levels that cut and fill are balanced as far as
practical.
•To enable contract estimates of time and cost to be
made for proposed work.
•To form the basis of payment for work carried out.
AREA CALCULATION

1 2

The The irregular

rectilinear areas
of the strips
areas
between these
enclosed by the
lines and the
survey lines
boundary
The Rectilinear areas

Method

• Mathematical Mechanical
equation - use of a
planimeter
• Coordinates
station
traverse
 MECHANICAL - PLANIMETER
Cont..
 MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
Cont..
Triangular equation Rectangular equation Trapezium equation
i) Area = √[S(S-a)(S-b)(S-c)] i) Area = a x b i) Area = ½ (a + b) x h
where; S = ½ (a+b+c)
b
B

a b h
c

A b C a a

ii) Area = ½ (height x width)

= ½ (b x h)
B

h
A b C

iii) Area = ½ a b sin c0

c0
b
 BY COORDINATES
Cont..

The position or location of a point / station in a plan can be described in terms of “Easting”
and “Northing” similar to x, y co-ordinates system.
The location of point P can be given by Np, Ep.

Area enclosed by co-ordinates ABCDE is given by:

= ½ [Ni (Ei+1 – Ei-1)]

or
= ½ [Ei (Ni+1 – Ni-1)]
where

N = northing of that ordinate

E = easting of that ordinate
 The irregular areas

Trapezoidal rule

Irregular plane surface

Text

Simpson’s rules Mid-ordinate rule

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 Trapezoidal Rule
This rule assumes that the short lengths of boundary between the ordinates are
straight lines so that the area is divided into a series of trapezoids.

The total area = d x [(F + L) / 2 + other ordinates] where

or = d/2 x [(F + L) + 2(other ordinates)]

or = d/2 x [(O1 + On + 2(O3 + O4 +………+ On-1)]

D = equal distance between ordinates

F = first ordinate
L = last ordinate
O1 = first offset
On = last offset

o1 o2 o3 o4 o5 o6 o7
 Trapezoidal Rule
Cont.. The total area = d /2 x [(F + L) + 2 (other ordinates)]
Example

01 02 03 04 05 06

8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
Distance 0 8 16 24 32 40
Offset
0 1.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.1

A = d/2 x [(O1 + O6 + 2 (O2 + O3 + O4 + O5)]

A = 8/2 x [(0 + 1.1 + 2 (1.5 + 2.2 + 2.0 + 2.1)]

A = 66.8 m2
Mid-ordinate rule

o1 o2 o3 o4 o5 o6 o7

O1+ O2 O2+ O3 O3+ O4 O4+ O5 O5+ O6 O6+ O7

2 2 2 2 2 2

The total area = d x [sum of mid-ordinates]

 Mid-ordinate rule
Cont.. The total area = d x [sum of mid-ordinates]
Example

0.75 1.85 2.10 2.05 1.60

01 02 03 04 05 06

8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
Distance 0 8 16 24 32 40
Offset
0 1.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.1

A = 8 x [((0+1.5)/2)+[((1.5+2.2)/2) [((2.2+2.0)/2) [((2.0+2.1)/2) [((2.1+1.1)/2)]

A = 8 x [0.75 + 1.85 + 2.10 + 2.05 + 1.60]

A = 8 x 8.35 = 66.8m2
 Simpson Rule
where
The total area = 1 / 3 d [F + L + 4 (Es) + 2 (Os)] D = equal distance between ordinates
F = first ordinate
L = last ordinate
E = even numbered ordinates
O = odd numbered ordinates

o1 o2 o3 o4 o5 o6 o7

Example formula

The total area = d / 3 [O1 + O7 + 4 (O2 + O4 + O6) + 2 (O3 + O5)]

 Simpson Rule
Cont.. The total area = 1 / 3 d [F + L + 4 (Es) + 2 (Os)]
Example

01 02 03 04 05 06

8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
Distance 0 8 16 24 32 40
Offset
0 1.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.1

A = d/3 x [(O1 + O6 + 4 (O2 + O4) + 2 (O3 + O5)]

A = 8/3 x [(0 + 1.1 + 4 (1.5 + 2.0) + 2 (2.2 + 2.1)]

A = 8/3 x 23.7 = 63.2 m2

Calculation of cross sectional area

“Cut” means an excavation of the earth

“fill” means the filling or raising of the original ground surface.

1) Sections with 2) Sections with 3) Sections part in

level across cross-fall cut and part in fill

4) Cross sections of
variable level or three
level sections
 Calculation of cross sectional area
Cont..
1)Sections with 2)Sections with
level across cross-fall

Depth of centre line or height of embankment = h Area = 1/2m [(b/2 + mh)(w1 + w2) – b2/2]
Formation width = b
Side width = w
Area = h(b + mh)
 Calculation of cross sectional area
Cont..
3) Sections part in
cut and part in fill
4) Cross sections of
variable level or three
level sections

Area of fill = ½ [(b/2 + kh)2/(k-m)]

Area = 1/2m[(w1 + w2)(mh + b/2) – b2/2]
Area of cut = ½ [(b/2 - kh)2/(k-n)]
 Volume calculation
These volumes must be calculated and depending on the
shape of the site, this may be done in three ways :

by cross-sections
generally used for long, narrow works
such as roads, railways, pipelines, etc.
by spot height
generally used for small areas such as
underground tanks, basements,
building sites, etc. volume

by contours
generally used for larger areas such
as reservoirs, landscapes,
redevelopment sites, etc.
 Computational of volumes based on
area of CROSS SECTIONS

Mean End
areas areas

Vol. = {[A1 + A2 + A3 + ……… A n+1 + An] / n} . L Vol. = D/2 {(A1 + An) + 2(A2 + A3 + …… A n-1)}

Prismoidal
formula

Vol = D/3 (A1 + An + 4ΣEven Areas + 2Σodd Areas)

 Computational of volumes based on
area of CROSS SECTIONS
Example calculation
Calculate, using the prismoidal formula, the cubic contents of an embankment of which the
cross-sectional areas at 15m intervals are as follows :
Distance (m) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Area (m2) 11 42 64 72 160 180 220
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

Solution - Mean areas method Solution – Prismoidal method

Vol. = {[A1 + A2 + A3 + ……… A n+1 + An] / n} . L V = D/3 (A1 + A7 + 4Σ( A2 + A4 + A6) + 2Σ ( A3 + A5)
=15 / 3 (11 + 220 + 4 ( 42 + 72 + 180 ) + 2( 64 + 160))
V = {(11 + 42 + 64 + 72 + 160 + 180 + 220)/ 7 } . 90 V = 5 ( 231 + 1176 + 448 )
V = 9630 m3 V = 9275 m3

Solution - End areas method

Vol. = D/2 {(A1 + An) + 2(A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 )}

V = 15/2 {(11 + 220)+ 2 (42 + 64 + 72 + 160 + 180) }

V = 9502.5 m3
 Volume calculation based on
CONTOUR LINES
The volume can be estimated by either end area method or prismoidal method. The distance
D is the contour interval, and for accuracy this should be as small as possible. If required,
the prismoidal formula can be used by treating alternate areas as mid area.

Example:
The areas within the underwater contour lines of a reservoir
are as follows:
Calculate the volume of water in the reservoir between 172 m
and 184 m contours.
Contour (m) 184 182 180 178 176 174 172
Areas (m2) 3125 2454 1630 890 223 110 69

Answer:-

End area method;

Volume =
2/2 [3125+69 + 2(110 + 223 + 890 + 1630 + 2454)]
= 13808 m3
 Volume from SPOT LEVELS
This method is useful in the determination of volumes of large open
excavations for tanks, basements, borrow pits, and for ground levelling
operations such as playing fields and building sites. Having located the outline of
the sites, divide the area into squares or rectangles or triangles. Marking the
corner points and then determine the reduced level. By substracting from the
observed levels the corresponding formation levels, a series of heights can be
found.

The volume per square = {[ha + hb + hc + hd] / 4} 1 x b

where;
ha, hb, hc and hd are the side spot height
l and b are the side dimensions
 Volume from SPOT LEVELS – Square method

Figure 1 shows a rectangular plot, which is to be

Solution:
excavated to the given reduced level. Assuming
area is subdivided into square method, calculate Station Reduced Excavated Depth Of No. Of Product
Level Level excavated Rectangles ( hn x n )
the volume of earth to be excavated ( Excavated (hn) (n)
level = 10.00m )
A 16.54 10.00 6.54 1 6.54
B 17.25 10.00 7.25 2 14.50
A(16.54m) B(17.25m) C(15.40m) C 15.40 10.00 5.40 1 5.40
D 16.32 10.00 6.32 2 12.64
E 12.95 10.00 2.95 4 11.80
F 15.55 10.00 5.55 2 11.10
G 16.17 10.00 6.17 1 6.17
H 15.84 10.00 5.84 2 11.68
25.5 m D(16.32m) E(12.95m) F(15.55m)
I 13.38 10.00 3.38 1 3.38
Total 16 83.21

Average excavated depth = Σ h x n

Σn
= 83.21 = 5.2 m
16
G(16.17m) H(15.84m) I(13.38m)
Base area = 25.5 x 30.0 = 765 m2

30.0 m
Volume to excavated = 5.2 x 765 = 3978 m3
 Volume from SPOT LEVELS – Triangle method

Figure 1 shows a rectangular plot, which is to be

Solution:
excavated to the given reduced level. Assuming
area is subdivided into triangle method, calculate Station Reduced Excavated Depth Of No. Of Product
Level Level excavated Rectangles ( hn x n )
the volume of earth to be excavated ( Excavated (hn) (n)
level = 10.00m )
A 16.54 10.00 6.54 2 13.08
B 17.25 10.00 7.25 3 21.75
A(16.54m) B(17.25m) C(15.40m) C 15.40 10.00 5.40 1 5.40
D 16.32 10.00 6.32 3 18.96
E 12.95 10.00 2.95 6 17.70
F 15.55 10.00 5.55 3 16.65
G 16.17 10.00 6.17 1 6.17
H 15.84 10.00 5.84 3 17.52
25.5 m D(16.32m) E(12.95m) F(15.55m)
I 13.38 10.00 3.38 2 6.76
Total 24 123.99

Average excavated depth = Σ h x n

Σn
= 123.99 = 5.17 m
24
G(16.17m) H(15.84m) I(13.38m)
Base area = 25.5 x 30.0 = 765 m2

30.0 m
Volume to excavated = 5.17 x 765 = 3955 m3
LOGO

End of topic
Exercise