Ied Unit3 Lecture2

Principle Of Step-up Chopper
I L D
+
+ 
L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper

1
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load
voltage higher than the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen depending
upon the requirement of output voltage and
current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor
stores energy during the ON time of the
chopper, tON.
2
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I
is forced to flow through the diode D and load
for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO  V  L i.e., VO  V
dt
3
• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the
load, will provide a continuous output voltage
.
• Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative
braking of dc motors.
4
Expression For Output Voltage
Assume the average inductor current to be
I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L  V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I .tON
Where tON  ON period of chopper.
5
When Chopper is OFF
(energy is supplied by inductor to load)
Voltage across L  VO  V
Energy supplied by inductor L  VO  V  ItOFF
where tOFF  OFF period of Chopper.
Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor
L = energy supplied by inductor L
6
 VItON  VO  V  ItOFF
V tON  tOFF 
VO 
tOFF
 T 
VO  V  
 T  tON 
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching.
7
T  tON  tOFF
 
 1 
VO  V  
tON
 1 
 T 
 1 
 VO  V  
 1 d 
tON
Where d   duty cyle
T
8
For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the
range of 0  d  1 the output voltage VO
will vary in the range V  VO  
9
Performance Parameters
• The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
• Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
• Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
• To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.
10
Problem
• A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the
load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the
conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.
11
V  460 V, Vdc = 350 V, f = 2 kHz
1
Chopping period T
f
1
T 3
 0.5 m sec
2 10
 tON 
Output voltage Vdc   V
 T 
12
Conduction period of thyristor
T  Vdc
tON 
V
3
0.5 10  350
tON 
460
tON  0.38 msec
13
Problem
• Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The

output required is 600 V. If the conducting time
of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
– Chopping frequency,
– If the pulse width is halved for constant
frequency of operation, find the new output
voltage.
14
V  200 V , tON  200  s, Vdc  600V
 T 
Vdc  V  
 T  tON 
 T 
600  200  6 
 T  200 10 
Solving for T
T  300  s
15
Chopping frequency
1
f 
T
1
f  6
 3.33KHz
300  10
Pulse width is halved
6
200  10
 tON   100 s
2
16
Frequency is constant
 f  3.33KHz
1
T   300  s
f
 T 
 Output voltage = V  
 T  tON 
 300 106 
 200  6 
  300 Volts
  300  100  10 
17
Problem
• A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and

input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON,
its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping
frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%,
determine the average output voltage and the
chopper on time.
18
VS  220V , R  20, f  10 kHz
tON
d  0.80
T
Vch = Voltage drop across chopper = 1.5 volts
Average output voltage
 tON 
Vdc    VS  Vch 
 T 
Vdc  0.80  220  1.5   174.8 Volts
19
Chopper ON time, tON  dT
1
Chopping period, T
f
1 3
T  0.110 secs  100 μsecs
10 10 3
Chopper ON time,
tON  dT
3
tON  0.80  0.110
3
tON  0.08 10  80 μsecs
20
Problem
• In a dc chopper, the average load current is 30
Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply
voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and OFF
periods of the chopper if the load resistance is
2 ohms.
21
I dc  30 Amps, f  250 Hz , V  110 V , R  2
1 1
Chopping period, T    4 103  4 msecs
f 250
Vdc
I dc  & Vdc  dV
R
dV
 I dc 
R
I dc R 30  2
d   0.545
V 110
22
Chopper ON period,
3
tON  dT  0.545  4 10  2.18 msecs
Chopper OFF period,
tOFF  T  tON
tOFF  4 103  2.18 103
tOFF  1.82 103  1.82 msec
23
• A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of R
= 10 and input voltage of V = 200 V. When
chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V and the
chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle is
60%, determine
– Average output voltage
– RMS value of output voltage
– Effective input resistance of chopper
– Chopper efficiency.
24
Chopper
i0
+
V R v0
V  200 V , R  10, Chopper voltage drop Vch  2V

d  0.60, f  1 kHz.
25
Average output voltage
Vdc  d V  Vch 
Vdc  0.60  200  2  118.8 Volts
RMS value of output voltage
VO  d V  Vch 
VO  0.6  200  2   153.37 Volts
26
Effective input resistance of chopper is
V V
Ri  
I S I dc
Vdc 118.8
I dc    11.88 Amps
R 10
V V 200
Ri     16.83
I S I dc 11.88
Output power is
V  Vch 
dT 2 dT 2
1 v 1
PO 
T 
0
R
dt 
0
T 
0
R
dt
27
d V  Vch 
2
PO 
R
0.6  200  2
2
PO   2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi 
T  Vi dt
0
O
1
dT
V V  Vch 
PO 
T 0 R dt
28
dV V  Vch 
PO 
R
0.6  200  200  2
PO   2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
  100
Pi
2352.24
  100  99%
2376
29
Problem
• A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
– Average load current
30
L  5 H , R  10, f  1000 Hz ,
V  200 V , tON : tOFF  2 : 3
Chopping period,
1 1
T   1 msecs
f 1000
tON 2

tOFF 3
2
tON  tOFF
3
31
T  tON  tOFF
2
T  tOFF  tOFF
3
5
T  tOFF
3
3
tOFF  T
5
3 3
T   1 10  0.6 msec
5 32
tON  T  tOFF
tON  1  0.6  103  0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d  3
 0.4
T 110
Maximum value of load current is given by
 
dRT

V 1  e L  E
I max 
R  
RT  R
 1  e L 
33
Since there is no voltage source in
the load circuit, E = 0
 
dRT

V 1  e L 
 I max 
R  
RT 
 1  e L 
 
3
0.410 110

200 1  e 5

I max   101103 
10 
 1  e 5 
34
1  e 0.8103 
I max  20  2103

 1  e 
I max  8.0047A
Minimum value of load current with E = 0
is given by
 
dRT
V  e  1 L
I min 
R  RT 
 e L
 1 
35
 
0.4101103
200  e  1 5
I min   7.995 A
10  101510 
3
 e  1 
Average load current
I max  I min
I dc 
2
8.0047  7.995
I dc  8 A
2
36
Problem
• A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH, f
= 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
– Average value of load current.
– RMS load current.
– Effective input resistance as seen by source.
– RMS chopper current.
37
V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1 1 3
T   110 secs
f 110 3
Chopper
i0
+
R
v0
FWD L
E
38
Maximum value of load current is given by
 
dRT

V 1  e L  E
I max  
R 
RT  R
 1  e L

    
3
0.5 5 1 10

200 1  e 510 
3
I max   51103 
0
5 
 1  e 5103 
 
1  e 0.5 
I max  40  1 
 24.9 A
 1 e 
39
Minimum value of load current is given by
 dRT 
V  e  1 E
L
I min  
R L RT  R
 e  1 
 
3
0.551 10
 1
3
200  e 510
I min   5110 3   0
5
 e 5103  1 
 
 e0.5  1 
I min  40  1   15.1 A
 e 1 
40
Average value of load current is
I1  I 2
I dc 
2
for linear variation of currents
24.9  15.1
 I dc   20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
 2  I max  I min  
2 2
I O RMS    I min   I min  I max  I min  
 3 
41
1
  24.9  15.1 
2 2
I O RMS   15.1 
2
 15.1 24.9  15.1 
 3 
1
 96.04  2
I O RMS    228.01   147.98  20.2 A
 3 
RMS chopper current is given by
I ch  d I O RMS   0.5  20.2  14.28 A
42
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri 
IS
I S = Average source current
I S  dI dc
I S  0.5  20  10 A
Therefore effective input resistance is
V 200
Ri    20
IS 10
43

Ied Unit3 Lecture2

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Principle Of Step-up Chopper

• Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The

• A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and

V  200 V , R  10, Chopper voltage drop Vch  2V

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