CHAPTER 8 Design of reinforced concrete slabs CHAPTER INTRODUCTION Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the deck of bridges. The floor system of a structure can take many forms such as in site solid slabs, ribbed slabs or precast units Slabs may span in one direction or in two directions and they may be supported on monolithic concrete beams, stee! beams, walls or directly by the structure's columns Continuous slabs should in principle be designed to withstand the most unfavourable arrangements of loads, in the same manner as beams. As for beams, bending moment coefficients, as given in table 8.1, may be used for one-way spanning slabs. These coefficients are comparable to those in figure 3.9 for continuous beams and are based on UK experience. I these coefficients are used the reinforcement must be of ducti- Ity class B or C and the neutral-axis depth, x, should be no greater than 0.25 of the effective depth such that the lever arm, 2 (= d—0.8x/2), is not less than 0.9d to allow for moment redistribution incorporated in the values given (which may be up to 20 per cent). In addition, as for beams, table 8.1 should only be used when there are at least three spans that do not differ in length by more than 15 per cent, and should be less than or equal to 1.256, and also less than 5 kN/m?. a Bree re a a) qed210 F reinorced concrete design — ‘The moments in slabs spanning in two directions can also be determined using tabulated coefficients. Slabs which are not rectangular in plan or which support an irregular loading arrangement may be analysed by techniques such as the yield line method or the Hilleborg strip method, as described in section 8.9. Concrete slabs are defined as members where the breadth is not less than $ times the overall depth and behave primarily as flexural members with the design similar to that for beams, although in general it is somewhat simpler because: 1. the breadth of the slab is already fixed and a unit breadth of 11m is used in the calculations; 2. the shear stresses are usually low in a slab except when there are heavy concentrated loads; and 3. compression reinforcement is seldom required. Minimum thicknesses and axis distances for fire resistance are given in table 6.5 but deflection requirements will usually dominate. Table 8.1. Ultimate bending moment and shear force coefficients in one-way spanning slabs End support condition Pinned Continuous Outer Near —End_—«End span At frst At middle. At interior support middle of support interior of interior supports fend span support spans Moment 0 0.0867 - 00757 - 0063 0.0481 0.0861 0.06341 Shear oF - : 2 0.46F 0.6F O56 T= elective span Az ol exch bay 2 300 (A bay pf sab ar the sce beeen ent rns ot F = total ultimate load ~ 1.386, + 150Q. 8.1 | Shear in slabs The shear resistance of a solid slab may be calculated by the procedures. given in chapter 5. Experimental work has indicated that, compared with beams, shallow slabs fail at slightly higher shear stresses and this is incorporated into the values of the ultimate concrete shear resistance, Viu.c. a8 given by equations 5.1 and 5.2, Calculations are usually based on a strip of slab 1 m wide. Since shear stresses in slabs subject to uniformly distributed loads are generally small, shear reinforcement will seldom be required and it would be usual to design the slab such that the design ultimate shear force, Vey, is less than the shear strength of the uunreinforced section, Vay... In this case it is not necessary to provide any shear reinforcement, This can conveniently be checked using Table 8.2 which has beeninterior .063F1 OsF -given in Jow slabs es of the jeulations, generally design the gth of the py shear has been Design of reinforced concrete slabs j2i Table 8.2 Shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement vgs, N/mm? (Class C30/35 concrete) py = Abd Effective depth, d (mm) £200 225250 300-350 400—=—i«S 00.0 750 0.25% 054 052 050 047 045 043 040 038 0.36 0.50% 059 057 0.56 054 0520510484? a5 0.75% 068 066 064 062 0.59 058 055 053 0.51 1.00% 075 072 071 068 065 064 061 059 0:57 1.25% 080 078 0.76 073 071 069 066 063 061 1.50% 085 083 0.81 «0.78 «= 075073070765 2.00% 094 091 0.89 08S = 08208007774 k 2.000 1.943 1.894 1.816 —«1.756=—«.707—=—«d4.632—=«*0.S77—*41.516 Table 83 Concrete strength modification factor fe, (N/mm?) os 30 35 40 45 50 Modification factor 094° 1.00 (1.051.101.1419 derived from Equations 5.1 and 5.2 for class C30 concrete on the basis that the allowable shear stress in the unreinforced slab is given by Vrae = Ut NERO ier In this case, the applied ultimate shear stress Pa » Src Table 8.2 also clearly illustrates the effect of increasing slab thickness on the depth related factor k, as noted above. Where different concrete strengths are used, the values, in table 8.2 may be modified by the factors in table 8.3 provided p; > 0.4%. As for beams, the section should also be checked to ensure that Vey does not exceed the maximum permissible shear force, Vig nax- If shear reinforcement is required then the methods given in chapter 5 can be. used, although practical difficulties concemed with bending and fixing shear reinforcement make it unlikely that shear reinforcement could be provided in slabs less than 200 mm thick. Localised ‘punching’ actions due to heavy concentrated loads may, however, cause ‘more critical conditions as shown in the following sections 8.1.1 Punching shear ~ analysis ‘Aconcentrated load on @ slab causes shearing stresses on a section around the load; this effect is referred to as punching shear. The critical surface tor checking punching shear is shown as the perimeter in figure 8.1 which is located at 2.0¢ from the loaded area. ‘The maximum force that can be carried by the slab without shear reinforcement (Vic) can be obtained using the values of vgs,< given in table 8.2 based on equations 5.1 and 5.2 for normal shear in beams and slabs, where py = y/(oyp) where py and p, are