Tissues

GIANINA D. DACUYA, RMT

CELLS
2 BASIC CELLS TYPES:

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 A cell type that has a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear
membrane or envelope.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 Lacks of nuclear envelope and nuclear substance mixed or
indirect contact with the rest of the protoplasm
 FUNCTIONAL / CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF
CELLS
I. Cell Membrane
Entrance of substances toward the cell :
1. SIMPLE DIFFUSION – Small molecules such O2
2. GATED CHANNELS – Ions
3. ENDOCYTOSIS – Large molecules
Release of products by :
1. EXOCYTOSIS – Majority of secretory products
2. SIMPLE DIFFUSION – Most small and lipid-soluble particles
 FUNCTIONAL / CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF
CELLS
II. Organelles with clinical relevance
1. LYSOSOMES – Key roles in storage diseases and in acute
inflammatory reactions.
EX : Tay-Sach’s Disease
2. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – Ability of its
cytochrome p-450 enzymes.
3. MITOCHONDRIA – Site of oxidative phosphorylation
 FUNCTIONAL / CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF
CELLS
III. Cell Proliferation and Renewal
MITOSIS
- Parent cell divides and each of the daughter cells receives a chromosomal
set identical to that of the parent cell.

MEOSIS
- Specialized process involving 2 closely associated cell divisions that
occurs only in the cells that will form sperm and egg cells in the gonad.
- Cells produced are haploid with just one chromosome from each pair
present in the rest of the body’s somatic cell
 FUNCTIONAL / CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF
CELLS
IV. Programmed Cell Death

Cell may undergo selective elimination through activation of

some intrinsic program of self-destruction, as distinct from
being killed by some exogenous lethal agent.
Nuclear condensation and cell shrinkage are frequently cited
as representing the degradation phase of such programmed cell
death, is known as APOPTOSIS
 PARENCHYMA
• Parenchymarefers to the principal, characteristic or
functional cell of the organ. This form the main bulk of the
human body.

Examples:
 Skeletal Muscles Cells = Parenchyma of Skeletal Muscle
 Liver Cells (Hepatocytes) = Parenchyma of Liver
 Nerve Cells (Neurons) = Parenchyma of the Spinal Cord
 Bone Cells (Osteocytes) = Parenchyma of Bone
HUMAN ANATOMY
CELLS

TISSUES

ORGANS

SYSTEM
 4 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF
TISSUE
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Composed of cells in CLOSE APPOSITION over a large portion

of their surface and with little or no intercellular substance. The
intercellular substance containing only tissue fluids; there is no
ground matrix and intercellular fibers.
 4 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF
TISSUE
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Composed of cells that are relatively few and far apart

with abundant intercellular substance, containing tissue
fluid, ground matrix and intercellular fibers.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Functions:
1. Providing & maintaining the form of organs
throughout the body.
2. Provide matrix that connects & binds other
tissues & cells in organs.
3. Medium for diffusion of nutrients & waste
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Three component of connective tissue:
1. Cells
2. Fibers
3. Ground substance

Major constituent of connective tissue is the

extracellular matrix (protein fibers & ground
substance)
 4 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF
TISSUE
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

Composed of cells whose cytoplasm is predominantly

structures with machinery necessary to bring out extreme
force generating and sometimes rapid changes in cell shape
during contraction.
 4 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF
TISSUE
4. NERVOUS TISSUE

Characterized by enormous diversity among its cells and many

of which display great complexity. The neurons, in CNS and
PNS, participate in synaptic contacts.
Epithelial Tissue
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Epithelialtissues have a varied morphology
depending on their function and position in the body.
The ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS are the ff:

Protection
Absorption
Secretions
Excretion
Sensory Receptors
Filtration
Lubrication
 CHARACTERISTIC OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
1. EPITHELIA TISSUES ARE FORMED OF EPITHELIAL
CELLS
CHARACTERISTIC OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
2. EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE PROVIDED
WITH BASEMENT MEMBRANES
CHARACTERISTIC OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
3. EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE EXTREMELY
COHESIVE
 Tight Junctions
•-a series of integral protein
molecules in the plasma
membranes
of adjacent cells fuse together.
•-help prevent molecules from
passing through the extra-cellular
space between adjacent cells.
 Desmosomes
•- anchoring junctions
•- bind neighboring cells together and
contribute to a continuous internal
network of strong “guy-wires”.
•- the arrangement distributes tension
throughout a cellular sheet and reduces
the chance of tearing when it is subjected
to pulling forces
• Plaque – Button-like thickening on the
cytoplasmic face of each plasma
membrane.
 Gap Junctions (Nexus)
•- is a communicating junction
between adjacent cells.
•- present in electrically excitable
tissues such as heart and smooth
muscle.
• Connexons – a hollow cylinders
that connects the cells in the
adjacent plasma membranes.
CHARACTERISTIC OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
4. EPITHELIAL TISSUE ARE AVASCULAR
CHARACTERISTIC OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
5. EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE DERIVED FROM
THREE GERM LAYERS
CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)
 The COVERING OR SURFACE EPITHELIA are tissues
whose cells are organized in membranous layers that cover
the external surfaces of line the cavities of the body.

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
 Subtype of epithelium formed of cells specialized in
PRODUCING SECRETIONS that differs in composition
from blood or intercellular fluid.
COVERING EPITHELIUM
(Surface Epithelium)
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
 CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A type of epithelium lined by a single layer of SQUAMOUS

CELLS (flat cells)
Seen in Endothelium of blood vessels, Mesothelium of body
cavities, thin loop of henle in kidney, Parietal layer of
bowman’s capsule, testis
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)
B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

A type of epithelium lined by a single layer of CUBOIDAL CELLS.

Seen in Tubules of kidneys, Covering of Ovary, Choroid plexus,
Capsule of lens, pigment epithelium of retina and thyroid
follicles.
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A type of epithelium lined by a single layer of COLUMNAR

CELLS
(height of the cell is greater than the width). Seen in lining
of intestines and gall bladder
COVERING EPITHELIUM
(Surface Epithelium)
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

A. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A type of epithelium lined by several layers of cells, but the UPPERMOST

layer of cells is of the FLATTENED TYPE. The INTERMEDIATE layer of
cells is POLYHEDRAL while the innermost layer is formed of COLUMNAR
cells.
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

A.1 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED

EPITHELIUM (CORNIFIED)

A type of epithelium lined by a layer of flat cells; is formed of dead

cells. It is referred to as “dry skin”. Seen in Epidermis of Skin
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

A.2 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON KERATINIZED

EPITHELIUM (NON-CORNIFIED)

Type of epithelium lined by several layers of cells, but the UPPERMOST layer of
FLATTENED cells are LIVING CELLS referred to as “MOIST SKIN”. Seen in
Epithelium of Mouth, Esophagus, Vagina and Anal Canal
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

B. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Infrequent type of epithelium in which the superficial layer of cells consist of

CUBOIDAL CELLS. The underlying layer of cells consists of POLYHEDRAL
CELLS. Seen in Ducts of Sweat glands, Ovarian Follicles, Penile Urethra.
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

C. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Infrequent type of epithelium in which the superficial layer of cells

consist of COLUMNAR CELLS. Seen in Conjunctiva, Part of
Epiglottis, Part of penile urethra, Large excretory ducts.
COVERING
EPITHELIUM
(Surface Epithelium)
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
 CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

A modification of simple, all cells are in contact with the basal lamina
but not all them reach the surface. The nuclei are found at different
levels of the broadest portion of the cytoplasm. Therefore, this is a
“False Straficiation”. Seen in Goblet cells, Respiratory Passages
(trachea and bronchi)
COVERING
EPITHELIUM
(Surface Epithelium)
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
COVERING EPITHELIUM (Surface Epithelium)

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

This is an intermediate or a transitional form between stratified squamous and

columnar epithelium. This type of epithelium is characteristic of the mucosa of
the EXCRETORY PASSAGES of the URINARY SYSTEM. Hence, sometimes called
as “uroepithelium” (Urinary Bladder)
GLANDULAR
EPITHELIUM
Glandular epithelia
Two classification of gland
I. based on the number of cells
a. unicellular gland
- single secretory cell
- goblet cells

b. multicellular gland
- cluster of cells
Glandular epithelia
II. based on the presence/ absence of duct
a. exocrine (with duct)
- retain the connection with the surface epithelium

b. endocrine (ductless)
- loss their connection to the surface which they
originated
- secretions are transported by the bloodstream
Classifications:
I. based on the mode of
secretion
b. Holocrine
a. merocrine/ eccrine
- whole cell being disrupted
- secretory cells remained intact
- and shed (sebaceous glands)
- typical exocytosis
- most common mode of secretion c. Apocrine
(sweat glands, salivary glands) - secretes with some of the
-Apical cytoplasm containing
cell product
(mammary gland)
II. based on secretory
products b. Mucous
a. serous - thick secretion (mucin)
- watery secretions - Found in lacrimal gland,
salivary gland, mammary
gland, sweat gland and the
seminiferous tubule of the
testis.
 CLASSIFICATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
D. According to Morphology or Structure
1. SIMPLE
 SIMPLE TUBULAR
 SIMPLE ACINAR
 SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR

2. COMPOUND
 COMPOUND TUBULAR
 COMPOUND TUBULO-ALVEOLAR
 COMPOUND ALVEOLAR