Mechanics of Fluids II CVNG 2005

Title: Hydraulic Jump Lab

Name: Adrian Rampersad
I.D#:
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Procedure:..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Experiment Results ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Sample calculations ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Graphs Plotted ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 16
References .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Introduction
The experiment in the lab involved the use of an open channel flow to demonstrate
the occurrence of a hydraulic jump. From the data collected one will be able to
determine the different parameters involved in a hydraulic jump and the
relationships between these parameters. Four different cases were studied where
the flow rate was manipulated in each case

Objectives
 To measure the various parameters of the hydraulic jump produced in the lab
in order to compare its theoretical behavior with the experimental results.
 From the analysis of the experimental results be able to identify the main
parameters that affect the nature of the hydraulic jump.

Apparatus:
 Hydraulic channel
 Depth gauge or ruler
 Flowmeter
 Stop watch

Procedure:
 The flow rate and tail gate elevation were set so that a stable hydraulic jump
occurs about midway through the channel.
  The depths of the flow before and after the hydraulic jump was measured as
well as the corresponding length of the jump.
 All the relevant dimensions of the flume equipment were measured.
 The procedure was repeated for three (3) other discharge values.

Theory
In open channel flow the flow can change from supercritical to subcritical this
change in flow causes a hydraulic jump. Liquid at a high velocity discharges into a
zone that has a lower velocity, this slowing of the liquid abruptly causes a rise in
the fluid level/height. Some of the kinetic energy is converted to potential energy
which is responsible for the rise in fluid level the rest is dissipated in the form of
heat through turbulence being created. Flow rate must be constant before and after
the jump.
The hydraulic jump is effective as an energy dissipater for high energy flows.
Super critical flow is needed to induce the hydraulic jump Fr# > 1 the depth at
which the supercritical flow transitions to subcritical flow is known as the critical
depth and contains the minimum energy and momentum in the flow.

𝑸
 Velocity, 𝒗 =
𝑨
𝟏
𝒒𝟐 𝟑 𝒗
 Critical depth, 𝒚𝒄 = ( ) Froude’s Number, 𝑭𝒓# =
𝒈 √𝒈𝒚
𝒗𝟐
 Specific Energy, 𝑬 = 𝒚 +
𝟐𝒈
∆𝑬
 Energy Dissipation = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑬𝟏
𝒅𝒊 𝟐
 Force, 𝑭𝒊 = 𝒑𝒈𝒃
𝟐
 𝑴𝒊 = 𝒑𝑸𝑽𝒊

𝑸 𝑨𝑽
 Specific Flowrate, 𝒒 = =
𝑩 𝑩
  ρQV1 + Fp1 = ρQV2 + Fp2

Diagram representation of Hydraulic jump

Table showing the classification of hydraulic jumps

Name F1 Energy Dissipation

Undular jump 1.0 – 1.7 < 5%

Weak jump 1.7 – 2.5 5 – 15%

Oscillating jump 2.5 – 4.5 15 – 45%

Steady jump 4.5 – 9.0 45 – 70%

Strong jump > 9.0 70 – 85%

Experiment Results
Table 1 Hydraulic Jump data
Flow Rate, Q Upstream Downstream Width of Channel,
3
Jump Length (m) (m /s) Depth, d1 (m) depth, d2 (m) b (m)
1 0.69596 0.00661 0.05283 0.10363 0.105
2 0.86106 0.00766 0.04521 0.12954 0.105
3 1.00076 0.00851 0.04902 0.14173 0.105
4 1.2192 0.00941 0.04674 0.16104 0.105

Table 2 Areas and Specific discharge

Area Upstream Area downstream Specific Discharge, q

Jump (m2) (m2) (m2/s)
1 0.00554715 0.01088115 0.062952381
2 0.00474705 0.0136017 0.072952381
3 0.0051471 0.01488165 0.081047619
4 0.0049077 0.0169092 0.089619048

Table 3Critical Depths and Velocities

Velocity
Critical Depth, Velocity Downstream, Velocity Critical,
Upstream, V1
Yc (m) V2 (m/s) Vc (m/s)
(m/s)
0.07392394 1.191602895 0.607472556 0.851583143
0.08155864 1.61363373 0.563164899 0.894477648
0.08748572 1.653358202 0.571845192 0.926409691
0.093550019 1.917395114 0.556501786 0.957980004
Table 4 Froude number

Fr #,V1 Fr#,V2 Fr#,Vc

1.65522387 0.6024894 1
2.42299884 0.49957319 1
2.38421709 0.48496799 1
2.83160557 0.44275674 1

Table 5 Specific energies and Energy dissipation %

Specific Specific Specific Energy

Energy, E1 Energy, E2 Energy, Ec ∆ E Dissipation
0.12520092 0.122438507 0.11088591 0.0027624 2.206384376
0.177922223 0.145704868 0.122337961 0.0322174 18.10754995
0.188346878 0.15839702 0.13122858 0.0299499 15.90143603
0.234120429 0.17682462 0.140325029 0.0572958 24.47279368

Table 6 Upstream and downstream Momentum

Upstream Downstream
Momentum Momentum Critical Momentum
7.876495137 4.015393594 5.628964574
12.36043438 4.313843123 6.851698786
14.0700783 4.866402583 7.88374647
18.04268802 5.236681806 9.014591834

Table 7 Calculated force

Jump Force 1 Force 2 Force c

1 1.437439 5.530945 2.814482
2 1.052682 8.642434 3.425849
3 1.237585 10.34551 3.941873
4 1.125138 13.3566 4.507296
Table 8 Force + Momentum, Upstream and downstream

Force + Momentum 1 Force + Momentum 2 Force + Momentum c

9.313934496 9.546338176 8.443446861
13.41311669 12.95627761 10.27754818
15.30766298 15.21191211 11.82561971
19.16782585 18.59327918 13.52188775

Table 9 Graphical data Depth vs Specific Energy & Depth vs Force + Momentum

Jump Point Specific Energy Depth F+M

1 Downstream 0.122438507 0.10363 9.546338
Critical 0.11088591 0.073924 8.443447
Upstream 0.12520092 0.05283 9.313934

2 Downstream 0.145704868 0.12954 12.95628

Critical 0.122337961 0.081559 10.27755
Upstream 0.177922223 0.04521 13.41312

3 Downstream 0.15839702 0.14173 15.21191

Critical 0.13122858 0.087486 11.82562
Upstream 0.188346878 0.04902 15.30766

4 Downstream 0.17682462 0.16104 18.59328

Critical 0.140325029 0.09355 13.52189
Upstream 0.234120429 0.04674 19.16783

Sample calculations
Sample Calculation for Jump 1 in Table Above

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙

 = 0.0.05283 × 0.105
= 0.0.00554715 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙

= 0.10363 × 0.105
= 0.0.01088115 𝑚2

𝑄
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 =
𝐵
0.00661/ 0.105
= 0.062952381m2/s

1
𝑞2 3
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑌𝑐 = ( )
𝑔
1
2 3
0.062952381
= ( )
9.81

= 0.07392394 𝑚

𝑄
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚, 𝑉1 = ( )
𝐴
0.00661
=( )
0.00554715

= 1.191602895𝑚/𝑠

𝑄
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚, 𝑉2 = ( )
𝐴
0.00661
=( )
0.01088115
 = 0.607472556 𝑚/𝑠

𝑞
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑉𝑐 = ( )
𝑦𝑐

0.062952381
=( )
0.07392394

= 0.851583143𝑚/𝑠

𝑣
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝐹𝑟 # 𝑉1 =
√𝑔𝑦
1.191602895
=
√9.81 × 0.05283

=1.65522387
𝑣
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝐹𝑟 # 𝑉2 =
√𝑔𝑦
0.607472556
=
√9.81 × 0.10363

=0.6024894
𝑣
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝐹𝑟 # 𝑉𝑐 =
√𝑔𝑦
0.851583143
= =1
√9.81×0.07392394

𝒗𝟐
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚, 𝑬𝟏 = 𝒚 +
𝟐𝒈
 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟑 +
𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
∆𝑬 = 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚, 𝑬𝟏 − 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚, 𝑬𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟏
=0.0027624
∆𝑬
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑬𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟒
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
= 2.206384376

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚, 𝑀1 = 𝑝𝑄𝑉1
= 1000 × 0.00661 × 1.191602895
= 7.876495137

𝑑1 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹1 = 𝑝𝑔𝑏
2
0.052832
= 1000 × 9.81 × 0.105 ×
2
=1.437439

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 + 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝐹1 + 𝑀1
= 1.437439 + 7.876495137
=9.313934496
Graphs Plotted
GRAPH 1 SHOWING DEPTH(M) VS
SPECIFIC ENERGY
jump 1 jump 2 jump 3 jump 4

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12
DEPTH (M)

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
SPECIFIC ENERGY

GRAPH 2 SHOWING DEPTH(M) VS

FORCE + MOMENTUM
jump 1 jump 2 jump 3 jump 4

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12
DEPTH(M)

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
FORCE + MOMENTUM
 Length vs Upstream Froude Number
1.4

1.2
y = 0.4187x - 0.0286
1

0.8
Lenght

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Upstream Froude Number

Graph 3 showing energy loss vs Fr#1

0.07

0.06
y = 0.0449x - 0.0739
0.05
energy loss

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
upstream froude #
Discussion
From observation of the graph Energy loss vs upstream Froude number it can be
observed that as the Froude number increases the energy loss in the hydraulic jump
increased. The upstream Froude number and Specific Energy are both functions of
velocity as seen in the theory with increase in velocity there will be an increase in
Froude number and an increase in the Specific energy. Upstream Froude number
can give a good indication of the type of jump occurring and the level of energy
dissipation associated with that value/range as seen in the table 1 theory, from the
table it can be seen that at higher ranges of upstream Froude number there was
more energy dissipation. The results from the lab coincides with this theory as
(refer to table 4&5 results). From observation of Jumps 2 and 3 it can be seen that
jump 3 had a higher velocity than jump 2 however the upstream Froude number
didn’t coincide with the theory that increase of velocity would give and increase in
upstream Froude number (refer to table 3&4 results) the reason for the higher
velocity could be attributed to the larger flow rate associated with Jump 3, however
in calculation of the upstream Froude number the upstream depth of Jump 3 can be
seen to be higher than that of Jump 2 (refer to table 1 results) form the equation of
𝑣
Froude number Fr = increase in depth would cause a decrease in the value of
√𝑔ℎ
Froude number.
From the graph of Length of Jump vs Upstream Froude number it can be seen that
there is a linear rise in length as the upstream Froude increased, generally as stated
before higher ranges of Froude number would coincide with higher velocities and
therefore higher kinetic energy associated with the fluid and also making the flow
more critical and thereby increasing the distance travelled by the fluid it should
also be noted that velocity is a function of displacement hence with an increased
upstream velocity the length of the jump would generally increase.
The Specific energy curve indicates two branches a supercritical branch and a
subcritical branch, the curve gives an indication of how the specific energy varies
with depth. Typically subcritical flow is deep and at a lower velocity there is high
potential energy and low kinetic energy, supercritical flow tends to be the opposite
at lower depth and increased velocity and higher energy, this is evident in the
results of the experiment. From the principle of continuity because for each jump
the flow rate is constant throughout, smaller areas will have increased flow
velocity and higher kinetic energy as compared to larger areas which will have
lower flow velocities and lower kinetic energy. This principle is evident in the
experimental results where the upstream velocities are higher than the downstream
velocities. It is important to note that the difference is energy in the supercritical
and subcritical zone of the specific energy curve is not an indication that the
energy from the flow is destroyed the kinetic energy is converted into potential
energy hence the rise of fluid during the hydraulic jump this rise in height is
indicated by the increased downstream depths, some energy is also converted into
heat from turbulence, the loss in energy is equal to the change in specific energy.
The specific energy curve also indicates a point of minimum specific energy the
depth at which this occurs is the critical depth where supercritical flow transitions
into subcritical flow.
The Momentum + Force curve is similar in shape to that of the specific energy
curve at the critical depth indicates the point of minimum momentum + force just
as in the specific energy curve, the supercritical flows are indicated by and point on
the momentum curve below the critical depth and subcritical flows correspond to
any point on the curve with depths greater than the critical depth. This Momentum
+ force depth relationship is similar to the Specific energy curve. In a hydraulic
jump there exists an energy loss which is equal to the change in specific energy,
however according to the laws of conservation of momentum the momentum
should be conserved throughout the jump, from the equation of hydrostatic
pressure force plus momentum ( refer to equation in theory) theoretically the force
+momentum at flow depths on either side of the jump should be equal, in the
experimental results the values of force + momentum at upstream and downstream
depths were close but not equal, the conservation of momentum holds for a closed
system with no influence of external interactions however this parameter was not
met for this reason there is a difference in the force + momentum values for
upstream and downstream depths for the jumps.

From the experimental results we can attempt to classify the types of jumps by
looking at the upstream Froude numbers.
Jump 1 can be classified as an Undular jump since it falls within the upstream
Froude number range of 1.0-1.7 it has low energy dissipation with little to no
turbulence and a smooth downstream fluid profile, very stable.
Jumps 2 & 3 can be classified as a weak/ undular jump since it falls within the
range of upstream Froude number 1.7-2.5 the jump can be described as a standing
wave with many undular jumps, it has a wave like profile with decreasing
amplitude and it also has low energy dissipation, it contains very little turbulence
and this can account for the small dissipation in energy.
Jump 4 can be classified as an oscillating jump since it falls within the range of
Froude number 2.5-4.5, in comparison to the other jumps it is more unstable, that
has irregular fluctuations in the flow and causes turbulence downstream it has
higher energy dissipation because of its turbulence.
Some practical applications of the hydraulic jump are dissipation of high energy
flows, it can be used to trap air into the liquid when turbulence is involved in the
jump which can be used in waste water treatment, and it can help maintain a high
level of water downstream due to the transition of kinetic energy to potential
energy.
In the case of waste water treatment the hydraulic jump is used to create
turbulence that traps air from the atmosphere in the form of air bubbles these in
turn provides oxygen for the aerobic digestion of waste via useful bacteria and
microorganisms. The use of weirs is implemented to help produce the hydraulic
jumps.
Froude number can be seen as the primal parameter that defines the stability of the
hydraulic jump and its effect downstream. Froude number indicates they type of
flow whether supercritical, critical and subcritical, it also gives an indication of the
velocity and the kinetic energy involved.
Errors
The flow rate may not have been stable/constant throughout each of the Jumps.
There is some difficulty in determining the length of the jumps due to turbulence
and visibility; this will cause an associate human error in the experimental data.
They water may contain impurities this could affect the momentum and energy
values

Conclusion
From the experimental data it can be seen that Froude number upstream and
downstream and flow depths are the defining characteristics in the type of
hydraulic jump and its associated energy dissipation capabilities. The experimental
results also show that the flow rate was conserved and holds with the principle of
continuity.
References
Mechanics of Fluids. Eighth edition. Bernard Massey
Fluid Mechanics, 8th Edition by Frank White
Web Sources
International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279533608_International_Journal_of_Applied_Engine
ering_and_Technology
‘Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Channel’’

https://www.lmnoeng.com/Channels/HydraulicJump.php