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• Source: animal organ fish, dairy products

• yellow to red oily liquid that may solidify when


VITAMINS and
refrigerated.

VITAMIN-CONTAINING DRUGS • Absorb 80-90 % from natural normal intestinal


tract
B. Vitamin D
PRESENTED BY:
ALCAZAREN, Rhuna • Synonym- Cholecalciferol or vitamin
D3
ARGUMENTO, Nicca
BAACO, Dorie • Sources: cereals liver and cream
BLANCAVER, Jenice
• Been called as the sunshine vitamin
since it involved in the conversion of
I. INTRODUCTION
provitamin substances to vitamin D2
• Derived in 1911, when amine thought to prevent and D3
Beri-beri was isolated from rice bran; essential
• Aids in utilization of calcium and
or vital amine
phosphate
• Organic substances, not synthesized within the
• Essential in development and
body
maintenance of Bone
• Essential in small for the maintenance of normal
C. Vitamin E
metabolism functions
• Synonyms-TOCOPHEROL
• Used as special dietary supplement or as drug
• Used to treat a syndrome encounter in premature
• Vitamins together with minerals are measured in
infants for deficiency state
milligrams (mg), micrograms (µg) and
international units (IU) • Requires bile salt and dietary lipids for efficient
absorption from the intestinal tract
• Primary function- Antioxidant- protects against
II. CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
oxidation of other compounds
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-absorption from
intestinal tract is associated with lipids D. Vitamin K
• Synonyms-PHYLLOQUINONE,
• Vitamin A
MENAQUINONE
• Vitamin D
• Distributed widely in dairy products and many
• Vitamin E fruits and (green leafy) vegetables
• Vitamin K • Promotes the hepatic formation of the
prothrombin
• WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS-dominated by
Vitamin B Complex
• Vitamin B1
• Vitamin B2  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
A. Vitamin B1
• Vitamin B3
• Synonym: THIAMINE
• Vitamin B5
• Sources: grains, legumes and meats
• Vitamin B6
• used to supplement an inadequate diet
• Vitamin B7
B. Vitamin B2
• Vitamin B9
• Synonym:RIBOFLAVIN
• Vitamin C
• Sources: yeast richest natural source
• Dairy product, egg
 FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS legumes and meat
A. Vitamin A
• Sensitive to light
• Synonyms:RETINOL
• used to supplement an inadequate diet and to  FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
treat symptoms of riboflavin deficiency of any DEFICIENCY
cause.
C. Vitamin B3 VITAMI DEFICIEN
N CY
• Synonym: NIACIN, nicotinic acid DISEASE
• Sources: lean meats, fish and diary product
A Night blindness, hyperkeratosis,
• Used to treat or prevent deficiency conditions keratomalacia
like genetic error of metabolism
D. Vitamin B5 D Rickets & osteomalacia

• Synonym: PATOTHENIC ACID E Deficiency is rare


• Sources: animal organ and cereal grain
K Bleeding
• Usually used as calcium salt
E. Vitamin B6
• Synonym:PYRIDOXINE
• Sources:eggs, whole-grains and some
vegetables, fish and meat  WATER-SOLUBLE
• Used to supplement dietary intake and to treat VITAMINS DEFICIENCY
deficiency sates, congenital metabolic
dysfunction
VITAMINS DEFICIENCY
DISEASE
F. Vitamin B7
B1 Beri-beri,
• Synonym:BIOTIN Wernicke-korsakoff
syndrome
• Sources: meats, legumes, milk, egg yolk,
whole grain products, most vegetables B2 Ariboflavinosis
• Used as supplements are often recommended
as a natural product to counteract the problem B3 Pellagra
of hair loss.
B5 Paresthesia
G. Vitamin B9
B6 Anemia, peripheral
• Synonym:FOLIC ACID, FOLACIN, neuropathy
PTEROYLOGLUTAMIC ACID
• Sources: leafy vegetables and liver
B7 Dermatitis

• Material with antianemia properties B9 Glossitis, anemia, birth


defects
H. Vitamin B12
• Synonym:CYANOCOBALAMIN B12 Megaloblastic anemia

• Sources: Fortified breakfast cereals, milk,


meat and eggs (and fortified foods). C Scurvy
• Commercially supply of vitamin are obtained
from streptomyces griseus
I. Vitamin C
• Synonym: ASCORBIC ACID
• Sources: meat, seafoods eggs and dietary
products
• Used to prevent and treat cyanide toxicity
associated with sodium nitroprusside
III. PROPERTIES ◦ The enrichment of milk with irradiated
ergosterol has practically eliminated dietary
◦ Organic, low molecular weight substances that
rickets in the USA.
have a key role in metabolism.
◦ Vitamin D occurs only in relatively small
◦ Few are single substances; most are families of
amounts in most foods. Skim milk should, as a
chemically related substances sharing biological
rule, be enriched with vitamins A and D.
activities.
◦ The vitamers comprising a vitamin family may
vary in biopotency. Otherwise, vitamin families V. USES
are chemically heterogeneous; therefore, it is
◦ May be used as special dietary supplements or
convenient to classify the vitamins according to
drugs
their physical properties.
◦ Deficiency conditions are the classic therapeutic
◦ Some are fat soluble; the others are water
uses for vitamins
soluble.
◦ It is essential to have a good balance of the right
◦ The water-soluble vitamins tend to have one or
vitamins in your system, as doing so it
more polar or ionizable groups, whereas the fat-
contributes to you energy level and ability to
soluble vitamins have predominantly aromatic
fight diseases.
and aliphatic characters.
 FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
◦ These traits determine the nature of their
absorption, transport, tissue distribution, and  Vitamin A – for vision, healthy skin
metabolic function. and mucous membranes, bone, and tooth
growth, immune system health
◦ They function as antioxidants, affector of gene
transcription, H+/e- donors/acceptors, hormones  Vitamin D – for proper absorption of
and coenzymes. calcium
 Vitamin E – antioxidant; protects cell
wall
IV. OCCURRENCE
 Vitamin K – needed for blood clotting
◦ All the vitamins required by man are available
from the food supply  WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
◦ To ensure an adequate intake of vitamins from  Thiamine (B1) – for energy
food alone, it is advantageous to eat a variety of metabolism; important to nerve function
foods from both animal and vegetable sources.
 Riboflavin (B2) – for energy
◦ Some vitamins are concentrated in a small metabolism; for normal vision and skin
number of foods, others are widely distributed in health
nature, but may only occur in small quantities
 Niacin (B3) – for energy metabolism;
◦ Most vitamins are considered to be for nervous system, digestive system,
micronutrients. and skin health
◦ It occurs in highest concentration in the liver oils  Pantothenic acid (B5) – for energy
of certain species of fish e.g. halibut (richest metabolism
source), shark, and cod;
 Biotin – for energy metabolism
◦ It also occurs in the livers of other animals, egg
yolk and milk.  Pyridoxine (B6) – for protein
metabolism; helps make red blood cells
◦ In plants it occurs as its precursors, Pro-vitamins
A or carotenes which are yellow-red pigments  Folic acid – for making DNA and new
found especially in carrots, yellow corn, sweet cells, especially RBC
potato, peaches and spinach.  Cobalamin (B12) – for making new
◦ The carotenes do not have any vitamin A cells; important to nerve function
activity but these are converted into vitamin A in  Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) – antioxidant; for
the liver. protein metabolism; important for
◦ Milk products supply about 40% of the required immune system health;
riboflavin and they are also an important source aids in iron absorption
of vitamin A, B6, B12 and thiamine.
VI. EXTRACTION, ISOLATION & Blendor for 5 minutes at high speed.
PURIFICATION The suspension was filtered through
Whatman No. 1 paper on a large
 Isolation of Vitamin A
Buchner funnel. The solid residue
◦ In nature vitamin A is largely found as an ester and, was homogenized with 1 liter of
consequently, is highly soluble in organic solvents ethyl ether for 3 minutes in the
but not in aqueous solutions. blender. The suspension was again
◦ The major provitamin carotenoid, B-carotene, has filtered with suction and washed
similar solvent properties.
with 200 ml of ether on the funnel.
◦ The esters can be directly isolated from these oils by
molecular distillation at very low pressure, a
The solid resi- dues from the two
procedure that has been used extensively for the batches were combined, dried in a
commercial preparation of vitamin A-rich oils stream of air at room temperature,
◦ Alternatively, vitamin A might be directly extracted and weighed.
with chloroform or with some other solvent ◦ Ether Extraction-The aqueous
combination, such as hexane together with ethanol,
solution was extracted three times
followed by purification of vitamin A by
chromatography means. with equal volumes of ether in a
◦ To hydrolyze esters, not only of vitamin A and separatory funnel to re- move lipids,
carotenoid but also of triglycerides and other lipids, and the ether phase was discarded.
saponification with KOH is commonly used, The aqueous phase, after removal of
followed by extraction with organic solvents dissolved ether by evaporation in a
◦ Retinol or its esters can be readily crystallized at low
temperature from a variety of organic solvents, vac- uum to 100 ml, was clear and
including ethyl formate, propylene oxide, and orange in color. Passage through
methanol. Dowex d-OH-The solution was
passed through a 2.1-cm diameter x
18-cm high column of Dowex 2-OH,
 Isolation of Vitamin C 50 to 100 mesh, 8% cross-linked, at
1) Make 90ml oh thawed (Citrus limon) juice conc. Into a flow rate of 1 ml per minute, and
a 250ml beaker and carefully add 10% sodium the column was then sucked free of
hydroxides solution with stirring, until the mixture is liquid.
slightly alkaline. A distinct color change occurs at the
point, the solution passing from a clear yellow to a
VII. IDENTIFICATION TEST
brownish color.
2) Strain the solution through fine muslin to remove VIII. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
large particle of pulp and then filter through paper on
a Buchner funnel. The pores of the filter paper may ◦ The FDA has an important responsibility to
tend to be clogged by the extract in spite og the control interstate traffic in products falsely
previous straining. Should this occur, change the
paper in the funnel once or twice as required to promoted through food faddism and nutritional
complete the filtration. quackery
3) Measure the filtrate, place in a beaker and add 5ml,
stirring constantly, of 10% calcium chloride solution ◦ The discovery of the first vitamin was published
for each 10ml of filtrate. in 1991 by Polish biochemist, Casimir Funk.
4) Heat to boiling and filter off the copious precipitate
of calcium citrate from the hot solution using a
Buchner funnel.
5) Wash the precipitate thus collected twice with small IX. REFERENCES
quantities of boiling water.
6) Re suspend in a minimum quantity of cold water, ◦ Pharmacognosy and and
heat to boiling and once more collect the insoluble Pharmacobiotechnology by James Robbers,
calcium citrate by filtration. Marilyn Speedie and Varro Tyler
7) Allow the salt to air dry, weigh, and calculated the ◦ http://www.studyandexam.com/vitamin-a.html
yield.
8) Weigh the air dried salt, place in a beaker and add ◦ http://www.studyandexam.com/vitamins.html
calculated amount of 1N sulphuric acid required to
convert the salt to the acid.
9) Allow the mixture to stand for few minutes, filter off
the insoluble calcium sulphate, and concentrate the
filtrate to a small volume on a steam bath. Citric acid
crystallizes out.
10) Collect the crystals, dry, weigh, and calculate the
yield.

 Purification of Vitamin B12


◦ Acetone pow&r-Fresh or frozen liver
(1 Kg) was cut into small chunks.
Batches (500 g) were homogenized
with 1 liter of acetone at room
temperature in a large Waring
X. PHILIPPINE SOURCES OF THE 12. Cabbage
CONSTITUENT → Brassica oleracea
→ Vitamin K
1. Malunggay/Horseradish
13. Cucumbers
→ Moringa oleifera
→ Cucumis sativus
(MORINGACEAE)
→ Vitamin K
→ Part used: Leaves
14. Fish oil
→ Antioxidant and Vit C
→ Salmo salar
2. Guava
→ Vit D
→ Psidium guajava
15. Beef Liver
→ Part used: Fruits
→ Bos Taurus
→ Hign in vitamin C (80mg in
→ Vit D
100gm of fruit) w/ large
16. Cod liver oil
amounts of vit A
→ Gadus morhua
3. Kiapo-water cabbage
→ Vit D
→ Pistia stratiotes
17. Red bell pepper
(ARECACEAE)
→ Capsicum annuum
→ Part used: Leaves
→ Vitamin E
→ Demulcent and refrigerant
18. Broccoli
→ Vit A, C and B
→ Brassica oleracea
4. Papaya/Melon tree
→ Vitamin E
→ Carica papaya
19. Wheat
(CARICACEAE)
→ Triticum aestivum
→ Vit C, thiamin, riboflavin,
→ Vitamin E
niacin
20. Avocado
→ Part used: Fruits
→ Persea Americana
→ Antirheumatic
→ Vitamin E
5. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin):
21. Nut (Almond)
→ Pork, green peas and whole-
→ Prunus dulcis
grain and enriched-grain
→ Vitamin E
products like bread, rice,
pasta, tortillas and fortified
22. Orange
cereals
6. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): → Citrus aurantium
→ Milk and dairy foods, → Vitamin C
enriched bread and other 23. Pomelo
grain products, salmon, → Citrus maxima
chicken, eggs and leafy green → Vitamin C
vegetables like spinach 24. Lemon
7. Niacin:
→ Citrus limon
→ High-protein foods like
peanut butter, beans, beef, → Vitamin C
poultry, fish, avocado and 25. Tangerine
enriched and fortified grain → Citrus tangerine
products → Vitamin C
8. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): 26. Kalamansi
→ Baked potato, banana, beef, → Citronella microcarpa
fortified cereals, whole → Vitamin C
grains, nuts, beans, pork, 27. Sweet potato
chicken and fish → Ipomoea batatas
9. Vitamin B12: → Vitamin A
→ Milk and dairy foods, meat, 28. Carrots
fish (especially salmon), → Daucus carota
poultry and eggs → Vitamin A
10. Folate: 29. Squash
→ Orange juice, spinach, → Cucurbita spp.
Romaine lettuce, broccoli, → Vitamin A
peanuts, avocado, enriched- 30. Melon
grain products and fortified → Cucumis melo
breakfast cereals → Vitamin A
11. Onions
→ Allium sativum
→ Vitamin K

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