• yellow to red oily liquid that may solidify when
VITAMINS and refrigerated.
VITAMIN-CONTAINING DRUGS • Absorb 80-90 % from natural normal intestinal
tract B. Vitamin D PRESENTED BY: ALCAZAREN, Rhuna • Synonym- Cholecalciferol or vitamin D3 ARGUMENTO, Nicca BAACO, Dorie • Sources: cereals liver and cream BLANCAVER, Jenice • Been called as the sunshine vitamin since it involved in the conversion of I. INTRODUCTION provitamin substances to vitamin D2 • Derived in 1911, when amine thought to prevent and D3 Beri-beri was isolated from rice bran; essential • Aids in utilization of calcium and or vital amine phosphate • Organic substances, not synthesized within the • Essential in development and body maintenance of Bone • Essential in small for the maintenance of normal C. Vitamin E metabolism functions • Synonyms-TOCOPHEROL • Used as special dietary supplement or as drug • Used to treat a syndrome encounter in premature • Vitamins together with minerals are measured in infants for deficiency state milligrams (mg), micrograms (µg) and international units (IU) • Requires bile salt and dietary lipids for efficient absorption from the intestinal tract • Primary function- Antioxidant- protects against II. CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS oxidation of other compounds • FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-absorption from intestinal tract is associated with lipids D. Vitamin K • Synonyms-PHYLLOQUINONE, • Vitamin A MENAQUINONE • Vitamin D • Distributed widely in dairy products and many • Vitamin E fruits and (green leafy) vegetables • Vitamin K • Promotes the hepatic formation of the prothrombin • WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS-dominated by Vitamin B Complex • Vitamin B1 • Vitamin B2 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS A. Vitamin B1 • Vitamin B3 • Synonym: THIAMINE • Vitamin B5 • Sources: grains, legumes and meats • Vitamin B6 • used to supplement an inadequate diet • Vitamin B7 B. Vitamin B2 • Vitamin B9 • Synonym:RIBOFLAVIN • Vitamin C • Sources: yeast richest natural source • Dairy product, egg FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS legumes and meat A. Vitamin A • Sensitive to light • Synonyms:RETINOL • used to supplement an inadequate diet and to FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS treat symptoms of riboflavin deficiency of any DEFICIENCY cause. C. Vitamin B3 VITAMI DEFICIEN N CY • Synonym: NIACIN, nicotinic acid DISEASE • Sources: lean meats, fish and diary product A Night blindness, hyperkeratosis, • Used to treat or prevent deficiency conditions keratomalacia like genetic error of metabolism D. Vitamin B5 D Rickets & osteomalacia
• Synonym: PATOTHENIC ACID E Deficiency is rare
• Sources: animal organ and cereal grain K Bleeding • Usually used as calcium salt E. Vitamin B6 • Synonym:PYRIDOXINE • Sources:eggs, whole-grains and some vegetables, fish and meat WATER-SOLUBLE • Used to supplement dietary intake and to treat VITAMINS DEFICIENCY deficiency sates, congenital metabolic dysfunction VITAMINS DEFICIENCY DISEASE F. Vitamin B7 B1 Beri-beri, • Synonym:BIOTIN Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome • Sources: meats, legumes, milk, egg yolk, whole grain products, most vegetables B2 Ariboflavinosis • Used as supplements are often recommended as a natural product to counteract the problem B3 Pellagra of hair loss. B5 Paresthesia G. Vitamin B9 B6 Anemia, peripheral • Synonym:FOLIC ACID, FOLACIN, neuropathy PTEROYLOGLUTAMIC ACID • Sources: leafy vegetables and liver B7 Dermatitis
• Material with antianemia properties B9 Glossitis, anemia, birth
defects H. Vitamin B12 • Synonym:CYANOCOBALAMIN B12 Megaloblastic anemia
• Sources: Fortified breakfast cereals, milk,
meat and eggs (and fortified foods). C Scurvy • Commercially supply of vitamin are obtained from streptomyces griseus I. Vitamin C • Synonym: ASCORBIC ACID • Sources: meat, seafoods eggs and dietary products • Used to prevent and treat cyanide toxicity associated with sodium nitroprusside III. PROPERTIES ◦ The enrichment of milk with irradiated ergosterol has practically eliminated dietary ◦ Organic, low molecular weight substances that rickets in the USA. have a key role in metabolism. ◦ Vitamin D occurs only in relatively small ◦ Few are single substances; most are families of amounts in most foods. Skim milk should, as a chemically related substances sharing biological rule, be enriched with vitamins A and D. activities. ◦ The vitamers comprising a vitamin family may vary in biopotency. Otherwise, vitamin families V. USES are chemically heterogeneous; therefore, it is ◦ May be used as special dietary supplements or convenient to classify the vitamins according to drugs their physical properties. ◦ Deficiency conditions are the classic therapeutic ◦ Some are fat soluble; the others are water uses for vitamins soluble. ◦ It is essential to have a good balance of the right ◦ The water-soluble vitamins tend to have one or vitamins in your system, as doing so it more polar or ionizable groups, whereas the fat- contributes to you energy level and ability to soluble vitamins have predominantly aromatic fight diseases. and aliphatic characters. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS ◦ These traits determine the nature of their absorption, transport, tissue distribution, and Vitamin A – for vision, healthy skin metabolic function. and mucous membranes, bone, and tooth growth, immune system health ◦ They function as antioxidants, affector of gene transcription, H+/e- donors/acceptors, hormones Vitamin D – for proper absorption of and coenzymes. calcium Vitamin E – antioxidant; protects cell wall IV. OCCURRENCE Vitamin K – needed for blood clotting ◦ All the vitamins required by man are available from the food supply WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS ◦ To ensure an adequate intake of vitamins from Thiamine (B1) – for energy food alone, it is advantageous to eat a variety of metabolism; important to nerve function foods from both animal and vegetable sources. Riboflavin (B2) – for energy ◦ Some vitamins are concentrated in a small metabolism; for normal vision and skin number of foods, others are widely distributed in health nature, but may only occur in small quantities Niacin (B3) – for energy metabolism; ◦ Most vitamins are considered to be for nervous system, digestive system, micronutrients. and skin health ◦ It occurs in highest concentration in the liver oils Pantothenic acid (B5) – for energy of certain species of fish e.g. halibut (richest metabolism source), shark, and cod; Biotin – for energy metabolism ◦ It also occurs in the livers of other animals, egg yolk and milk. Pyridoxine (B6) – for protein metabolism; helps make red blood cells ◦ In plants it occurs as its precursors, Pro-vitamins A or carotenes which are yellow-red pigments Folic acid – for making DNA and new found especially in carrots, yellow corn, sweet cells, especially RBC potato, peaches and spinach. Cobalamin (B12) – for making new ◦ The carotenes do not have any vitamin A cells; important to nerve function activity but these are converted into vitamin A in Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) – antioxidant; for the liver. protein metabolism; important for ◦ Milk products supply about 40% of the required immune system health; riboflavin and they are also an important source aids in iron absorption of vitamin A, B6, B12 and thiamine. VI. EXTRACTION, ISOLATION & Blendor for 5 minutes at high speed. PURIFICATION The suspension was filtered through Whatman No. 1 paper on a large Isolation of Vitamin A Buchner funnel. The solid residue ◦ In nature vitamin A is largely found as an ester and, was homogenized with 1 liter of consequently, is highly soluble in organic solvents ethyl ether for 3 minutes in the but not in aqueous solutions. blender. The suspension was again ◦ The major provitamin carotenoid, B-carotene, has filtered with suction and washed similar solvent properties. with 200 ml of ether on the funnel. ◦ The esters can be directly isolated from these oils by molecular distillation at very low pressure, a The solid resi- dues from the two procedure that has been used extensively for the batches were combined, dried in a commercial preparation of vitamin A-rich oils stream of air at room temperature, ◦ Alternatively, vitamin A might be directly extracted and weighed. with chloroform or with some other solvent ◦ Ether Extraction-The aqueous combination, such as hexane together with ethanol, solution was extracted three times followed by purification of vitamin A by chromatography means. with equal volumes of ether in a ◦ To hydrolyze esters, not only of vitamin A and separatory funnel to re- move lipids, carotenoid but also of triglycerides and other lipids, and the ether phase was discarded. saponification with KOH is commonly used, The aqueous phase, after removal of followed by extraction with organic solvents dissolved ether by evaporation in a ◦ Retinol or its esters can be readily crystallized at low temperature from a variety of organic solvents, vac- uum to 100 ml, was clear and including ethyl formate, propylene oxide, and orange in color. Passage through methanol. Dowex d-OH-The solution was passed through a 2.1-cm diameter x 18-cm high column of Dowex 2-OH, Isolation of Vitamin C 50 to 100 mesh, 8% cross-linked, at 1) Make 90ml oh thawed (Citrus limon) juice conc. Into a flow rate of 1 ml per minute, and a 250ml beaker and carefully add 10% sodium the column was then sucked free of hydroxides solution with stirring, until the mixture is liquid. slightly alkaline. A distinct color change occurs at the point, the solution passing from a clear yellow to a VII. IDENTIFICATION TEST brownish color. 2) Strain the solution through fine muslin to remove VIII. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION large particle of pulp and then filter through paper on a Buchner funnel. The pores of the filter paper may ◦ The FDA has an important responsibility to tend to be clogged by the extract in spite og the control interstate traffic in products falsely previous straining. Should this occur, change the paper in the funnel once or twice as required to promoted through food faddism and nutritional complete the filtration. quackery 3) Measure the filtrate, place in a beaker and add 5ml, stirring constantly, of 10% calcium chloride solution ◦ The discovery of the first vitamin was published for each 10ml of filtrate. in 1991 by Polish biochemist, Casimir Funk. 4) Heat to boiling and filter off the copious precipitate of calcium citrate from the hot solution using a Buchner funnel. 5) Wash the precipitate thus collected twice with small IX. REFERENCES quantities of boiling water. 6) Re suspend in a minimum quantity of cold water, ◦ Pharmacognosy and and heat to boiling and once more collect the insoluble Pharmacobiotechnology by James Robbers, calcium citrate by filtration. Marilyn Speedie and Varro Tyler 7) Allow the salt to air dry, weigh, and calculated the ◦ http://www.studyandexam.com/vitamin-a.html yield. 8) Weigh the air dried salt, place in a beaker and add ◦ http://www.studyandexam.com/vitamins.html calculated amount of 1N sulphuric acid required to convert the salt to the acid. 9) Allow the mixture to stand for few minutes, filter off the insoluble calcium sulphate, and concentrate the filtrate to a small volume on a steam bath. Citric acid crystallizes out. 10) Collect the crystals, dry, weigh, and calculate the yield.
Purification of Vitamin B12
◦ Acetone pow&r-Fresh or frozen liver (1 Kg) was cut into small chunks. Batches (500 g) were homogenized with 1 liter of acetone at room temperature in a large Waring X. PHILIPPINE SOURCES OF THE 12. Cabbage CONSTITUENT → Brassica oleracea → Vitamin K 1. Malunggay/Horseradish 13. Cucumbers → Moringa oleifera → Cucumis sativus (MORINGACEAE) → Vitamin K → Part used: Leaves 14. Fish oil → Antioxidant and Vit C → Salmo salar 2. Guava → Vit D → Psidium guajava 15. Beef Liver → Part used: Fruits → Bos Taurus → Hign in vitamin C (80mg in → Vit D 100gm of fruit) w/ large 16. Cod liver oil amounts of vit A → Gadus morhua 3. Kiapo-water cabbage → Vit D → Pistia stratiotes 17. Red bell pepper (ARECACEAE) → Capsicum annuum → Part used: Leaves → Vitamin E → Demulcent and refrigerant 18. Broccoli → Vit A, C and B → Brassica oleracea 4. Papaya/Melon tree → Vitamin E → Carica papaya 19. Wheat (CARICACEAE) → Triticum aestivum → Vit C, thiamin, riboflavin, → Vitamin E niacin 20. Avocado → Part used: Fruits → Persea Americana → Antirheumatic → Vitamin E 5. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): 21. Nut (Almond) → Pork, green peas and whole- → Prunus dulcis grain and enriched-grain → Vitamin E products like bread, rice, pasta, tortillas and fortified 22. Orange cereals 6. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): → Citrus aurantium → Milk and dairy foods, → Vitamin C enriched bread and other 23. Pomelo grain products, salmon, → Citrus maxima chicken, eggs and leafy green → Vitamin C vegetables like spinach 24. Lemon 7. Niacin: → Citrus limon → High-protein foods like peanut butter, beans, beef, → Vitamin C poultry, fish, avocado and 25. Tangerine enriched and fortified grain → Citrus tangerine products → Vitamin C 8. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): 26. Kalamansi → Baked potato, banana, beef, → Citronella microcarpa fortified cereals, whole → Vitamin C grains, nuts, beans, pork, 27. Sweet potato chicken and fish → Ipomoea batatas 9. Vitamin B12: → Vitamin A → Milk and dairy foods, meat, 28. Carrots fish (especially salmon), → Daucus carota poultry and eggs → Vitamin A 10. Folate: 29. Squash → Orange juice, spinach, → Cucurbita spp. Romaine lettuce, broccoli, → Vitamin A peanuts, avocado, enriched- 30. Melon grain products and fortified → Cucumis melo breakfast cereals → Vitamin A 11. Onions → Allium sativum → Vitamin K