Proceedings of the First Makassar International Conference on Civil

Engineering (MICCE2010), March 9-10, 2010, ISBN 978-602-95227-0-9

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMULSION MIXTURE FOR PATCHING ON

HIGHWAY

Ismail bin Yusof 1 and Madi Hermadi2

ABSTRACT: Road maintenance by patching usually is needed for repairing pothole on asphaltic pavement. For
patching on highway, the asphaltic mixture is used ideally has deformation stability equal with hot mix petroleum
bitumen. If hot mix petroleum bitumen is used, the mixture production has to use Asphalt Mixing Plan. It is not
effective because need long time and high energy in preparation. Besides that, the production cannot be in small volume
so not match with pothole that generally in small volume. In application, hot mix has limited time because of mixture
temperature actually pothole spread on road and need long time to patch. To solve the problems, cold mix emulsion can
be used because can be produced manually by cement concrete mixture in small volume, in site or in plan. Besides that,
it has long time in application until more than 3 days if the water content in the mixture can be maintained by covering
the mixture. But the problem is cold mix emulsion mixture has lower dynamic stability than hot mix asphalt. Specially
for patching on highway, the emulsion mixture is not resistance on rutting damage. In this study, the technical in using
cold mix emulsion mixture as a patching material was investigated to produce cold mix emulsion pavement that has
dynamic stability equal with hot mix asphalt pavement. The result is combining layer of Open Graded Emulsion
Mixture (OGEM) and Dense Graded Emulsion Mixture (DGEM) can produce dynamic stability of total layer equal
with hot mix asphalt layer. The combination layer also has dynamic stability nine times higher than single layer of
OGEM and 30% higher than single layer of DGEM.

Keywords: Emulsion Mixture, OGEM, DEGEM, Patching.

INTRODUCTION The problem of cold mix emulsion mixture is the

Road maintenance by patching usually is needed for
repairing pothole on asphaltic pavement. For patching on
highway, the asphaltic mixture is used ideally has
deformation stability equal with hot mix asphalt. If hot
mix asphalt is used, the mixture production has to use
Asphalt Mixing Plan. It is not effective for patching
because the production cannot be in small volume so not
match with pothole that generally in small volume.
In application, hot mix has limited time because
mixing, laying and compacting of the mixture should be
in hot temperature. Actually pothole spread on road and
need long time to patch.
In application, cold mix emulsion can be used more
easy because can be produced by simple equipments that
are cement concrete mixture or pan mixer, so can be
produced in small volume. The production can be in site
or in plan. Besides that, cold mix emulsion mixture can
be stored until more than 3 days if the water content can
be maintained by covering the mixture. It gave enough
time for doing patching even the pothole spread on road.
mixture has lower dynamic stability than hot mix
petroleum bitumen mixture. Specially for patching on
highway, the emulsion mixture is not resistance on
rutting damage. In this study, the technical in using cold
mix emulsion mixture as a patching material will be
investigated to produce cold mix emulsion pavement that
has dynamic stability equal with hot mix asphalt
pavement.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The characteristics of CSS-1 (Cationic Slow Setting-
1) emulsion and CMS-2 (Cationic Medium Setting-2)
emulsion that used in this study are shown in Table 1
and Table 2. The CSS-1 was used as binder in DEGEM
(Dense Graded Emulsion Mixture) and The CMS-2 was
used as binder in OGEM (Open Graded Emulsion
Mixture).

1
Assoc. Profesor, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400, Malaysia
2
PhD. Student, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400, Malaysia
Table 1 CSS-1 Emulsion Characteristics
No. Characteristics Test Results
1. Saybolt furol viscosity at 250C; sec 22
2. Storage stability 24 hours; % 0.53
3. Particle charge positive
4. Cement mixing; % 1.8
5. Distillation residue; % 58.2
6. Penetration at 250C, 5sec, 100g of 104 Figure 2 Mixture Gradation of OGEM
distillation residue; dmm
At the optimum composition, the DGEM and hot mix
Table 2 CMS-2 Emulsion Characteristics asphalt mixtures have characteristics as shown in Table
No. Characteristics Test Results 4. The characteristic tests were done in 22.20C and 600C.
1. Saybolt furol viscosity at 500C; sec 67 According to the mix design procedures, 22.2 0C is
2. Storage stability 24 hours; % 0.75 DGEM temperature test and 600C is hot mix asphalt
3. Particle charge positive temperature test. So in order to compare the mixture
4. Cement mixing; % - characteristics, the tests were done in both temperatures.
5. Distillation residue; % 67.0
6. Penetration at 250C, 5sec, 100g of 195 Tabel 4 Characteristics of DGEM and Hot Mix Asphalt
distillation residue; dmm Mixtures
Mixture DGEM Hot Mix
To find out the optimum composition of the Characteristics Asphalt
mixtures, modified Marshall Method was used for 22.20C 600C 22.20C 600C
DEGEM and Hveem Method was used for OGEM (MS- Density, Kg/l 2.257 2.254 2.437 2.415
14). At the optimum composition, the mixtures were Void in mix, % 11.09 11.21 4.87 4.98
tested in mixture characteristics especially dynamic Marshall Stability, 790.9 169.7 - *) 885.7
stability to indicate rutting resistance. The test was used Kg
to each mixture layers and combining layer. The Flow 2.3 1.5 - *) 3.5
combining layer is an emulsion mixture layer that Loss stability after 2.53 9.72 - *) 5.50
consists of OGEM layer (3 cm thickness) covered by soaking, %
DGEM layer (2 cm thickness). As a control, a hot mix Coating, % > 95 > 95 > 95 > 95
asphalt mixture that used petroleum bitumen pen grade *) The test is inappropriate
60/70 as binder was tested at the same gradation with
DGEM and at the optimum composition based on Referring to Table 4, mixture density of the DGEM
Marshall Method mix design. The characteristics of is lower than the hot mix asphalt. It caused at the same
petroleum bitumen are shown in Table 3. temperature (600C) the DGEM has lower Marshall
Stability about 1 to 5 than the hot mix asphalt (Figure 3).
Table 3 Petroleum Bitumen Characteristics In addition, the penetration value of CSS-1 emulsion
No. Characteristics Test Results bitumen residue (104 dmm) in DGEM is higher, that
1. Penetration at 250C, 5sec, 100g of 63 mean the bitumen is softer, than the penetration value of
distillation residue; dmm petroleum bitumen (63 dmm) in hot mix asphalt. It also
2. Softening point, 0C 49.5 caused the DGEM has lower Marshall Stability than the
3. Solubility in trichloroethylene, % > 99 hot mix asphalt. Because of that, Asphalt Institute stated
4. Mass loss after thin film oven test, % 0.035 that DGEM is not sufficient for heavy traffic pavement.
Although, the stability of DGEM is low, it is only the
initial stability. The stability is increased in line with the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION increase of density caused by the traffic in field

In this study, the mixture gradation of DGEM and

hot mix asphalt are shown in Figure 1 and the mixture
gradation of OGEM is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Mixture Gradation of DGEM and Hot Mix Figure 3 Marshall Stability of DGEM and Hot Mix
Asphalt Asphalt Mixture

Void in mix of DGEM (around 11%) is two times
higher than void in mix of hot mix asphalt (around 5%).
Higher void in mix caused higher loss stability after
immersion in water. The loss stability of DGEM (9.7%)
is higher than the loss stability of hot mix asphalt (7.5%).
In order to use emulsion mixture as patching
materials in highway, the mixture quality of emulsion
mixture, especially in rutting resistance, should be equal
with hot mix asphalt mixture. Accordance to rutting data
in Table 5 and Figure 4, the DGEM has dynamic
stability lower than dynamic stability of the hot mix
asphalt mixture. So to maximize the dynamic stability of
emulsion mixture, OGEM and DGEM layers were
combined.
OGEM was used as first layer. OGEM can increase
the dynamic stability of the combined layer because
there was stone-on-stone contact in OGEM. Normally,
stone-on-stone contact can greatly reduce rutting.
OGEM has high void in mix. It cause the OGEM is
not resist on water damages. To solve the problem, The
DGEM was used as a second layer to cover the OGEM
layer.
The rutting characteristic of the mixtures expressed
by initial stability (D0), dynamic stability (DS) and rate
of deformation (RD) from Wheel Track Machine Test.
The test results are shown in Table 5 and Figure 4.
Table 5 Dynamics Stability of Emulsion and Hot Mix
Asphalt Mixture
Figure 4 Dynamic Stability of Emulsion and Hot Mix
Asphalt Mixture
From Table 5 and Figure 4, rutting characteristics of
emulsion and hot mix asphalt mixture can be explained
as follow:
1) OGEM is the feeblest to deformation. The dynamic
stability value is 533.9 track/mm whereas the initial
deformation in the test is 12.2 mm.
2) DGEM has dynamic stability value of 3705.9
track/mm whereas initial deformation in the test is
3.6 mm.
3) Combining OGEM and DGEM layers have increased
the deformation resistance to 4846.2 track/mm with
initial deformation in the test is 2.2 mm.
4) Combining OGEM and DGEM layers increased the
dynamic stability of the combined layer multiple by
nine from DGEM and multiple by 1.3 from DGEM.
5) Comparing with hot mix asphalt, combined layer of
OGEM-DGEM has dynamic stability 92% of
dynamic stability of hot mix asphalt. This is better
than DGEM that has dynamic stability 70% of
dynamic stability of hot mix asphalt.
The combined layer of OGEM-DGEM could be
chosen for patching because the mixture can be produced
in field or in plant and in small or in large quantity. The
mixture can be produced by Asphalt Mixing Plant
equipment or simple equipment for example cement
concrete mixer or pan mixer. The mixtures can be stored
until more than three days if the water content can be
maintained by covering the mixture stock. Applying time
is not limited by mixture temperature because the
mixtures applied in ambient temperature.
Figure 5 Simple Equipments that can be used to Produce
Cold Mix Emulsion Mixtures
CONCLUSION
Based on the previous explanation, it can be
concluded:
1) Emulsion mixtures that are OGEM and DGEM have
very low Marshall Stability and dynamic stability
compared to hot mix asphalt mixture.
2) Combining OGEM and DGEM layers can produce an
emulsion layer that has dynamic stability relatively
equal with hot mix asphalt layer.
3) Combined OGEM-DGEM layer can be used for
patching on highway because it is sufficient in
practical and in rutting resistant. sponsor (for
proceedings); and inclusive page numbers. The
references are 5mm hanging indentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of

Higher Education, Malaysia for supporting this research
under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).

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