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Expanding Networks
• Networks cannot be made larger by simply adding
new computers and more cables
• Less efficient !!
• connect LANs
• Required components
• Repeaters, bridges, routers, switches or gateways
Network Devices
Functions of network devices
• Separating (connecting) networks or expanding
network
• e.g. repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers,
switches, gateways
• Remote access
• e.g. 56K Modems and ADSL modems
Repeaters
Switch
Full-Duplex
operation
Frame Forwarding
Store-and-Forward Switching
Features of Store-and-Forward
Switching:
Error Checking– After receiving the
entire frame, the switch compares the
frame-check-sequence (FCS) value in the
last field against its own FCS
calculations. Only error-free frames are
forwarded
Automatic Buffering– ingress port
buffering provides the flexibility to
support any mix of Ethernet speeds.
Store-and-Forward is Cisco’s primary
LAN switching method.
Frame Forwarding
Cut-Through Switching
Rapid Frame Forwarding - The switch can
make a forwarding decision as soon as it
has looked up the destination MAC
address.
Frames with errors are forwarded.
Fragment Free - modified form of cut-
through switching. The switch waits for the
collision window (64 bytes) to pass before
forwarding the frame.
Provides better error checking than cut-
through, with practically no increase in
latency.
VLAN Definitions
VLANs can segment LAN devices without regard for the
physical location of the user or device.
In the figure, IT users on the first, second, and third floors
are all on the same LAN segment. The same is true for HR
and Sales users.
A VLAN is a logical partition of a Layer 2 network.
Multiple partitions can be created and multiple VLANs can
co-exist.
The partitioning of the Layer 2 network takes place inside a
Layer 2 device, usually via a switch.
Each VLAN is a broadcast domain that can span multiple
physical LAN segments.
Hosts on the same VLAN are unaware of the VLAN’s
existence.
VLANs are mutually isolated and packets can only
pass between VLANs via a router.
Benefits of VLANs
Routers
Operates at network layer = deals with packets not frames
Connect LANs and WANs with similar or different protocols
together
Switches and bridges isolate collision domains but forward
broadcast messages to all LANs connected to them. Routers isolate
both collision domains and broadcast domains
Deals with global address ( network layer address (IP)) not local
address (MAC address)
Routers Communicate with each other and exchange routing
information
Determine best route using routing algorithm by special software
installed on them
Forward traffic if information on destination is available
otherwise discard it (not like a switch or bridge)
Routers connecting independent LANs and WANs
Routers
End of sub topics