S D H

CONCEPTS

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 1

01, 2005
 CONTENTS
• SDH
• PROTECTION
• PLANNING
• SYNCHRONISATION

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 2

01, 2005
SDH: DISCUSSION AREA
WHAT IS SDH ?
EVOLUTION
DRIVING FORCES
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
ADVANTAGES OF SDH
SIGNAL HIERARCHY
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE
FRAME REPRESENTATION
NETWORK ELEMENTS
NETWORK TOPOLOGY, etc....

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 3

01, 2005
 WHAT IS SDH ?
SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.

DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.

HIERARCHY:

SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL

ORDER.

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 4

01, 2005
 WHAT IS S D H ? (CONTD)

SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY

TELECOM NETWORK.

SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT

SYSTEM, AIM TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL
AND FLEXIBLE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE.

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 5

01, 2005
 SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR

TRANSMISSION OF SYNCHRONOUS SIGNALS
BEGAN IN U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1984, BY
ANSI ACCREDITED T1X1 COMMITTEE.

IN 1985 ‘SONET’ STANDARD WAS BORN.

IN 1986 CCITT BECAME INTERESTED IN SONET

STANDARD.

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 6

01, 2005
 SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION
(CONTD)

CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO ‘T1X1’

COMMITTEE TO ACCOMMODATE BOTH
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HIERARCHIES.

FINAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN 1988

AND CCITT WORKING GROUP-XVIII CAME
OUT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON SDH.

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 7

01, 2005
 DRIVING FORCES

NEW
NEWENHANCED
ENHANCEDSERVICES
SERVICES NEEDING
NEEDINGSYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONIZATION
SOLUTION.
SOLUTION.

QoS
QoS REQUIREMENT
REQUIREMENT

MULTI-OPERATOR
MULTI-OPERATORENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT

LIMITATION
LIMITATIONOF
OFTO-DAY’S
TO-DAY’S NETWORK
NETWORK

ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES OF
OF SDH
SDH

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 8

01, 2005
 LIMITATIONS OF PDH

• NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:

-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING METHODS.

• BASIS OF TODAY’S HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING

• NETWORK REQUIREMENT

-CHANGING REQUIREMENT

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 9

01, 2005
 PDH HIERARCHIES

EUROPE (Mbps) USA (Mbps) JAPAN (Mbps)

565 400
274 x4
x4
140 x6 100
x4 45 x3
34 32
x7 x5
x4
6 6
8
x4 x4 x4
2 1.5 1.5

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 10

01, 2005
 LIMITATIONS OF PDH

• NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:

-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING METHODS.

• BASIS OF TODAY’S HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING

• NETWORK REQUIREMENT

-CHANGING REQUIREMENT

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 11

01, 2005
 BASIS OF TODAY’S NETWORK

M LINE M
U U
X X
M M
U U
X X

M M
U DDF DDF U
X X

DDF DDF

DDF DDF

• ELABORATE DROPPING ARRANGEMENT

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 12

01, 2005
 LIMITATIONS OF PDH

• NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:

-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING METHODS.

• BASIS OF TODAY’S HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING

• NETWORK REQUIREMENT

-CHANGING REQUIREMENT

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 13

01, 2005
 CHANGING NETWORK REQUIREMENT

TODAY’S CUSTOMER’S TOMORROW’S

NETWORK NEED NETWORK
POINT-TO-POINT FASTER PROVISIONING TELECOMMUNICATION
TRANSMISSION OF CIRCUITS AND NETWORKING
SERVICES
SUPPORTED BY & SUPPORTED BY

MANUAL APPROACH DEMANDS FOR COMPUTER BASED

TO NETWORK SOPHISTICATED INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT AND TELECOM SERVICES NETWORK MANAGEMENT
MAINTENANCE. MAINTENANCE

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 14

01, 2005
 SDH- ADVANTAGES

SIMPLIFICATION (ABILITY TO DIRECTLY DROP LOWER TRIB)

CAN ACCOMMODATE BOTH EXISTING AND FUTURE SIGNALS

IMPROVED SERVICE QUALITY (THROUGH SUPERVISION )

ADVANCED N/W MANAGEMENT AND MTCE CAPABILITIES.

N/W SURVIVABILITY

DYNAMIC N/W CAPACITY MANAGEMENT

MULTI VENDOR NETWORKING (MID FIBRE MEET)

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 15

01, 2005
 SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS

1
140M
34M C4
S
D
34M 3
8M C3 H

2M
8M M
U
63
2M X
64K C12
1

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 16

01, 2005
 SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET vs SDH BIT RATES
SONET SDH
SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL BIT RATE SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSPORT SIGNAL CARRIER MBPS TRANSPORT MODULE
STS-1 OC-1 51.84 ----
STS-3 OC-3 155.52 STM-1
STS-9 OC-9 466.56 ----
STS-12 OC-12 622.08 STM-4
STS-18 OC-18 933.12 ---
STS-24 OC-24 1244.16 ---
STS--36 OC-36 1866.24 ---
STS-48 OC-48 2488.32 STM-16
STS-192 OC-192 9953.28 STM-64

*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 17

01, 2005
 REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140Mbps

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

C-3 34Mbps

TUG-2

TU-1 VC-1 C-1 2Mbps

(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 18

01, 2005
• The Container (C)
– Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
– Synchronous to the STM-1
– Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
– Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
– Bit by bit stuffing
• The Virtual Container (VC)
– Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path
Overhead)
– Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
– A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 19
01, 2005
• The Tributary Unit (TU)
– Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
• The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
– Combines several TUs for a new VC
• The Administrative Unit (AU)
– Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
• The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-
1)
– Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
– Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing
in the AU pointer area
– byte by byte stuffing
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 20
01, 2005
 SDH FRAME REPRESENTATION

9 261

S PAY
O LOAD
H

270

(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 21
01, 2005
 270 Columns (Bytes)
270
transmit
1 9 row by row
1
RSOH
3
4 AU Pointer Payload
5 (transport capacity)

MSOH

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 22

01, 2005
 FRAME REPRESENTATION

1ST ROW 2ND ROW 3RD ROW 9TH ROW

9 261 9 261 9 261 9 261

9 261
I I I

S
O PAY LOAD
H

I 270 I
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 23
01, 2005
 270 Columns (Bytes)
270
transmit
1 9 row by row
1
RSOH
3
4 AU Pointer Payload
5 (transport capacity)

MSOH

RSOH: Regenerator section Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s

overhead Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000
MSOH: Multiplex section overhead = 155.520 Mbit/s
Payload: Area for information Frame repetition time: 125 µs
transport
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 24
01, 2005
 THE TRUCK

OVERHEAD PAYLOAD

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 25

01, 2005
 THE TRUCK

OVERHEAD PAYLOAD

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 26

01, 2005
 BIT RATE : STM-N ??
9 261
125
µ SEC
S OPAY
N
O DS
LOAD
H

270

(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 27
01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE
Container-n(
Container-n(n=1-4
n=1-4):):AAcontainer
containerisisthe
theinformation
informationstructure
structure
which
whichforms
formsthe
thenetwork
networksynchronous
synchronousinformation
informationpayload
payloadfor
for
aavirtual
virtualcontainer
container

SIGNAL

CONTAINER

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 28

01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE: CONTAINERS(C-n)
SIG

SIGNAL

C-1
SIGNAL

C-3

C-4

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 29

01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE: VC-n
Virtual
VirtualContainer-n(VC-n):It
Container-n(VC-n):Itisisthe
theinformation
informationstructure
structureused
used
to
tosupport
supportpath
pathlayer
layerconnections
connectionsininthe
theSDH.
SDH.
Two
Twotypes
typesof
ofVCs:
VCs: Lower
Lowerorder
orderVC-n(n=1,2)
VC-n(n=1,2)
Higher
Higherorder
orderVc-n(n=3,4)
Vc-n(n=3,4)

P
O
CONTAINER
H

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 30

01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE: TU-n/ AU
•It
•Itisisan
aninformation
informationstructure
structurewhich
whichprovides
providesadaptation
adaptation between
betweentwo
two
layers:
layers: -Between
-Betweenlower
lowerand
andhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayers
layersfor
forTU
TU
-Between
-Betweenhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayer
layerand
andsection
sectionlayer
layerfor
forAU
AU

P P
T O CONTAINER
R H

POINTER
POINTERisisan anindicator
indicator whose
whosevalue
valuedefines
definesthe
theframe
frameoffset
offsetof
ofaaVCVC with
with
respect
respectto
tothe
theframe
framereference
referenceof
ofthe
thetransport
transportentity
entityon
on which
whichititisissupported
supported

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 31

01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-4 )

S P P
O T O CONTAINER-4
H R H

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 32

01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-3)

S P P
O T O TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3
H R H

P P
T O CONTAINER-3
R H

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 33

01, 2005
 MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-1)

S P P
O T O TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3
H R H

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2

TU-1 TU-1 TU-1

P P
T O CONTAINER-1
R H

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 34

01, 2005
 BIT RATE : STM-N

•• NUMBER
NUMBEROF OFROWS
ROWS==99
•• NUMBER
NUMBEROF OFCOLUMNS
COLUMNS==9+261=270
9+261=270
•• NUMBER
NUMBEROF OFBYTES
BYTES==9x270
9x270
•• NUMBER
NUMBEROF OFBITS
BITS==9x270x8
9x270x8
•• NUMBER
NUMBEROF OFBITS
BITS//SECOND
SECOND==9x270x8x8000
9x270x8x8000
=155520000
=155520000
=155.520
=155.520Mbps
Mbps(STM-1)
(STM-1)
•• BIT
BIT RATE
RATE OF
OFSTM-N
STM-N ==(Nx155.520)
(Nx155.520)Mbps
Mbps

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 35

01, 2005
 RSOH
AU pointer

MSOH VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2
TU-12

Tu pointer

VC-12

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 36

01, 2005
 SECTION OVERHEAD DETAILS
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
A FRAMING B PARITY CHECK
D DATACOM FOR NMS E ORDERWIRE
F USER CHANNEL M MS-REI
K APS MEDIA DEPEDENT
RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE
UNUSED RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 37

01, 2005
 NETWORK ELEMENTS

SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX):

* MAPPING OF PDH SIGNALS INTO SDH.
* MULTIPEXING OF LOWER -ORDER SDH SIGNALS INTO SDH

63 Nos. OF 2Mbps or PDH

3 Nos.of 34Mbps or
1 Nos. of 140Mbps or
TM
combination of above
STM-n
STM-m

(m<n)
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 38
01, 2005
 NETWORK ELEMENTS
ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM):
* PERMITS ADD& DROP OF LOWER ORDER SIGNALS.

STM-n ADM STM-n

(m<n)

STM-m PDH

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 39

01, 2005
 NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC):
* PERMITS SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINES WITH
DIFFERENT BIT-RATES.
* SDXC CAN ADD AND DROP LOWER-ORDER SIGNALS.

STM-n STM-n

STM-n STM-m/PDH
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 40
01, 2005
 NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG):

* REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL.

* SUPERVISE THE TRANSMISSION QUALITY OF THE LINE

STM-n REG STM-n

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 41

01, 2005
 NETWORK ELEMENTS
N
NMM SS

GNE

SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE:

STANDARDISED , CENTRALISED O&M SYSTEM .

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 42

01, 2005
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 43
01, 2005
 SDH MANAGEMENT

¾ Performance Management

¾ Fault / Event Management

¾ Configuration Management

¾ Accounting Management

¾ Security Management

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 44

01, 2005
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

* POINT-TO-POINT:

TM TM

* POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT:

TM ADM TM

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 45

01, 2005
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* HUB-TOPOLOGY:
CO
TM ADM TM

TM ADM TM

(a) HUB WITH TM & ADM

TM DXC TM

TM TM

(b) HUB WITH TM & DXC

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 46

01, 2005
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* RING-TOPOLOGY:

ADM

ADM ADM

ADM

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 47

01, 2005
 SDH NETWORK
STRUCTURE

SDH ISLAND PDH SDH ISLAND

NETWORK

a) Mixed SDH-PDH network

STM -16
MAJOR TRUNKS
STM -4
REGIONAL
STM -1 LOCAL

b) Typical use of SDH rates.

Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 48
01, 2005
Thursday, December ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS 49
01, 2005