Cable-Stayed Bridge:- Cable-stayed bridge is a bridge similar to suspended bridge in

that it has towers (or pylons) and a deck that is held by cables, but its cables hold the
deck by connecting it directly to the towers instead via suspender cables as in
suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from
the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers.
Distinctive features are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to the
deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. The cable-stayed
bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension
bridges. This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier,
and suspension bridge cabling would be more costly.

Brief History:-

Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio was the first to design cable stayed bridges
(he was also the first to design modern suspended bridge). He published his works in
1595 in his book “Machinae Novae”. First built cable-stayed bridges appeared in the
19th century and many early suspension bridges were cable-stayed
like footbridge Dryburgh Abbey Bridge, James Dredge's Victoria Bridge, in Bath,
England (Built in 1836), Albert Bridge (built in 1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Other
early cable-stayed bridges in the United States were Barton Creek Bridge between
Huckabay, Texas and Gordon, Texas (built in 1889), bridge over Bluff Dale, Texas,
(built in 1890a and it still largely stands).

Cable-stayed bridges have been known since the 16th century and used widely
since the 19th. Early examples often combined features from both the cable-stayed and
suspension designs, including the Brooklyn Bridge. The design fell from favor through
the 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, and
shorter ones using various systems built of reinforced concrete. It once again rose to
prominence in the later 20th century when the combination of new materials, larger
construction machinery, and the need to replace older bridges all lowered the relative
price of these designs.
Types of Cable Stayed Bridge:-

A cable-stayed bridge can be built in different variation:

 A side-spar cable-stayed bridge has only one tower and is supported only on
one side. This design allows the construction of a curved bridge. One bridge built
on this principle is bridge in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and is made to carry
pedestrians. Other is Jerusalem Chords Bridge which is also made to be curved
which this design allows for.

 Cantilever-spar cable-stayed bridge has a single cantilever spar on one side of

the span. Its spar is made to resist the bending caused by the cables because
cable forces of this bridge are not balanced by opposing cables and bridge
applies large overturning force on its foundation. Puente de la Mujer (2001),
Sundial Bridge (2004) and Chords Bridge (2008), all in Spain, are bridges of this
type.

 Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge is a cable-stayed bridge with more than 3

spans. It is a more complex bridge because the loads from the main spans are
not anchored back near the end abutments. This also makes structure less stiff
so additional design solutions (like “cross-bracing” stays and stiff multi-legged
frame towers) have to be applied.

 Extradosed bridge has stiffer and stronger deck and its cables are connected to
the deck further from the towers which are also lower than those of standard
cable-stayed bridges.

 Cable-stayed cradle-system Bridge is one of the newest variants. It has so

called “cradle system” which carries the strands within the stays from bridge deck
to bridge deck. These cables are continuous which means that this bridge has no
anchorages in the pylons and its cables can be removed, inspected and replaced
individually
Designs

There are four major classes of rigging on cable-stayed bridges:

 Mono Design:- In this design uses a single cable from its towers and is one of the
lesser-used examples of the class.

Mono Design

 Harp or parallel Design:- In this design the cables are nearly parallel so that the
height of their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower
to their mounting on the deck.

Harp or Parallel Design

 Fan Design:- In this desing the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the
towers. The fan design is structurally superior with a minimum moment applied to
the towers, but, for practical reasons, the modified fan (also called the semi-fan) is
preferred, especially where many cables are necessary. In the modified fan
arrangement, the cables terminate near to the top of the tower but are spaced from
each other sufficiently to allow better termination, improved environmental
protection, and good access to individual cables for maintenance.
 Fan Design

 Star design:- In this another relatively rare design, the cables are spaced apart on
the tower, like the harp design, but connect to one point or a number of closely
spaced points on the deck.

Star Design
Comparison with suspension bridge
Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges, but in fact, they
are quite different in principle and in their construction.
In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers
and are anchored at each end to the ground. This can be difficult to implement when
ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the
towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are
under tension from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods
connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the
cables increases, as it does with the live load of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension
on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by
downwards compression on the towers.

Difference between types of bridges

Suspension bridge Cable-stayed bridge, fan design

A cable-stayed bridge

 A horizontal span is subject to huge downward Gravitational Forces.

 A perfectly vertical tower is strong and stable because gravity works with it
 Once you have a strong, stable tower, it can take some of the weight of the
span through the cables

 It’s almost as good as having a ‘skyhook’.

 Cable-stayed bridges, in their simplest form are based on one Tower
Secondly, a suspension bridge

 Again, these bridges use the vertical strength of the tower (which uses rather
than fights the forces of gravity).
 A cable runs from anchors on the earth, over the towers. While this cable is
subject to forces of gravity, it is held far above the road surface by the strong
towers.

 The suspension bridge hangs or is suspended from the upper cable by

secondary vertical cables going down to the road surface.
 Suspension bridges typically have two towers in order to span the space and to
hol up the main upper cable.
 The bridge is supported vertically by the orange cables.
 By contrast, a cable-stayed bridge is stayed (a cross between supported and
braced) on an oblique angle by its cables.
 Both bridges use vertical towers as the closest thing to ‘skyhooks’ that we have
been able to invent.
  Suspension bridges tend to be older than cable-stayed bridges.
Equilibrium of forces in structure.
The different transmission way of forces in
A. Cable Stayed Bridge

if one car pass on the bridge, here is the sequence of force transmission for the cable-stayed
bridge:
1. to the deck;
2. to the stay cable;
3. to the bridge tower;
4. and also is the last, to the foundation.
B. The suspension bridge

here is the sequence of force transmission for the suspension bridge:

1. to the deck;
2. to the suspender;
3. to the main cable;
4. to the bridge tower;
5. and also is the last, to the foundation.