RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

Signals And Systems

Dr. Faraz Akram

Contents

Course Objective

Learning outcomes

Recommended books

Assessment plan

Introduction to Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals

Biomedical Signals
Course Introduction
Course Introduction
• Signals and Systems introduces you to broad range of signals that
are found in real life and analyze them using different techniques.

• We also study systems and how generally available physical systems

across the field of science work by reducing them in to
mathematical entities.

• Different analysis tools like Fourier, Laplace and z-transforms etc. are
further applied to understand system’s behavior.
Learning Outcomes

Apply the basic knowledge of signals and systems to

CLO-1 categorize and solve basic operations of signals and
systems.

Analyze continuous-time and discrete-time signals and

CLO-2
systems in the time domain using convolution

Analyze continuous-time and discrete-time signals and

CLO-3 systems in frequency domain using the Fourier series and
Fourier transform
Required Text

Signals and Systems

By
Alan V. Oppenheim
Books
Assessment Plan

Endterm Exam Quiz (4~6)

50% Midterm • Sometimes without pre-
30% announcement

Assignments (2~3)
• One week deadline
8% 12% No assignment will be accepted
Quiz after deadline
Assignments • No marks for copy-paste

End term Exam

• All course included
• 75% class attendance is
mandatory to appear in exam
Endterm Exam Midterm exam
Quiz Assignments
Assessments
Quiz /
CLOs Midterm Endterm PLOs
Assignments

CLO-1 Q1, A1 Q1, Q2 Q1 1

CLO-2 Q2, Q3, A2 Q3, Q4 Q2, Q3 2

CLO-3 Q4, A3 Q4, Q5 2

Course Instructor

Name : Dr. Faraz Akram

E-mail : faraz.akram@riphah.edu.pk
Office : B202
Phone (Off.) : +92-51-8446000-8 (EXT: 297)

Visiting Hours:

• Tuesday: 10:00 - 13:00

• Wednesday: 14:00 - 16:00
• Thursday: 10:00 - 01:00
Signals
What is a Signal?

• Signal is a function or sequence of values that represents information

OR
• “Signal is a single-valued representation of information as a function of
an independent variable (e.g., time)” (Bruce, 2001).

Examples: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires.

𝑓(𝑡)
In this course, we shall be
exclusively concerned with
signals that are a function of
a single variable: time

𝑡
Examples of Signals

• Electrical Signals: Voltages and currents in a circuit

• Acoustic signals: Acoustic pressure (sound) over time

• Mechanical signals: Velocity of a car over time

• Radio signals:

• Broadcast or cable TV:

Examples of Signals

• Speech: 1-Dimension signal as a function of time 𝑠(𝑡).

• Grey-scale image: 2-Dimension signal as a function of space 𝑖(𝑥, 𝑦)

• Video: 3 x 3-Dimension signal as a function of space and time

{𝑟(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), 𝑏(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)}.
 Continuous-time
vs
Discrete-time Signals
Continuous-time Signals
• A value of signal exists at every instant of time

t
Independent variable

t
Independent variable
Discrete-time Signals
• The value of signal exists only at equally spaced discrete points in time

t
Independent variable

t
Independent variable
 Notation
A continuous-time signal is represented by enclosing the independent
variable (time) in parentheses ( )
𝑥(𝑡)

A discrete-time signal is represented by enclosing the independent variable (index)

in square brackets [ ]

𝑥[𝑛]

𝑛
Examples of Biomedical Signals
• The ECG Signal

Do you know any other Biomedical

Signals?
Examples of Biomedical Signals
Temperature
• Most Infections cause a rise in temperature of the body, that can be measured
quantitatively by an instrument “thermometer”
• A single measurement 𝑥 of temperature is a scaler:
• Represents the thermal state of the body at a particular or single instant of time 𝑡
• If we record the temperature continuously
• We obtain a signal as a function of time
• Expressed in continuous-time or analog form as 𝑥(𝑡)

Continuous-time temperature
39
38
37
Temperature in degrees

36
35
34
33
32
31
30
16
10
11
12
13
14
15

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
8
9

Time in hours
Discrete-time temperature

Time 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝐶 33.5 33.3 34.5 36.2 37.3 37.5 38.0 37.8 38.0

39

38
Temperature in degrees

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time in hours
• When the temperature is measured at discrete points of
time, it may be expressed in discrete-time form as
𝑥(𝑛𝑇) or 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑛: index or measurement sample number of the array of values
𝑇: uniform interval between the time instants of measurements
Blood Pressure
• Another basic measurement in heath care and monitoring: Blood
pressure (BP)
• Each measurement consists of two values
• The systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure
• Units: millimeters of mercury (𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔)
Time 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
Systolic 122 102 108 94 104 118 86 95 88
Diastolic 66 59 60 50 55 62 41 52 48

140
Blood Pressure (mmHg)

120
100
80
60 Systolic
40 Diastolic
20
0

Time in hours
Time 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
Systolic 122 102 108 94 104 118 86 95 88
Diastolic 66 59 60 50 55 62 41 52 48
140
systolic diastolic

120
Blood Pressure (mmHg)

100

80

60

40

20

0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time in hours
More Biomedical Signals

Action Potential: Mother of all biological signals

Electromyogram (EMG): Electrical activity of the muscle cells

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Electrical activity of the heart /cardiac cells

Electroencephalogram (EEG): Electrical activity of the brain

Electrooculogram (EOG): Electrical activity of the eye muscles

Electrogastogram (EGG): Electrical activity of the stomach

Phonocardiogram (PCG): Audio recording of the heart’s mechanical activity

Electoretinogram (ERG): Electrical activity of the retinal cells

Review: What we did today

Course Objective

Learning outcomes

Recommended books

Assessment plan

Introduction to Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals

Biomedical Signals