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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 2Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okinawa Prefectural
Nanbu Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Haebaru, Okinawa, Japan
20 Hypertens Res Pregnancy 2018; 6: 20–25 Hypertension Research in Pregnancy © 2018 Japan Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy
Reprint request to:
Hypertension Research
Hironobu Hyodo, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15
In Pregnancy
Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan.
E-mail: hyodo-tky@umin.ac.jp
Key words:
bleeding complication, cesarean section, heparin, preeclampsia, prophylactic anticoagulant
Aim: This study aimed to identify risk factors for bleeding complications of postoperative prophylactic
anticoagulation after cesarean section in preeclampsia cases.
Methods: A total of 68 cases of preeclampsia or superimposed preeclampsia at a tertiary perinatal center in Tokyo
between 2012 and 2017 were recruited for this study. Bleeding complications were defined as subcutaneous,
subfascial, or intraperitoneal hematoma detected by ultrasonography or computed tomography. Associations of
clinical and laboratory data with bleeding complications were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses.
Results: Bleeding complications were recorded in nine cases: subcutaneous hematoma in four cases, subfascial
hematoma in four cases, and intraperitoneal hematoma in one case. Univariate analysis revealed preoperative
platelet count and 24-h urine protein level to be associated with bleeding complications. Moreover, multivariate
logistic regression analysis revealed preoperative platelet count (odds ratio, 0.867; 95% confidential interval,
0.756 – 0.994; P = 0.04) and 24-h urine protein level (odds ratio, 1.498; 95% confidential interval, 1.031 – 2.176;
P = 0.03) to be independent risk factors for bleeding complications.
Conclusion: Preoperative platelet count and 24-h urine protein level may help to identify patients at
increased risk for bleeding complications.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a
leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in Japan.1) Not only pregnancy itself, but other factors during
pregnancy and postpartum increase the risk of VTE. Among these, cesarean section is one of the most important risk
factors.2) In Japan, the incidences of DVT and PE after cesarean section are 0.04% and 0.06%, respectively, and
cesarean section increases the risk of developing DVT and PE by 5- and 22-fold, respectively.2,3) As cesarean section
has become more common in Japan, preventing VTE after the procedure is becoming all the more important.
22 Hypertens Res Pregnancy 2018; 6: 20–25 Hypertension Research in Pregnancy © 2018 Japan Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy
Bleeding complications in preeclampsia
Exclusion criteria
The following cases were excluded from this study:
1) lack of data on factors of interest; 2) lack of postoperative UFH; 3) discontinuation, dose reduction, or extended-
interval dosing of UFH due to reasons other than bleeding complications during prophylactic anticoagulation therapy.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR), and categorical variables as number and
percent. Continuous variables were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test, and categorical variables were analyzed
with Fisher’s exact test. Variables with statistical differences were selected to perform multivariate logistic
regression analysis for independent risk factors. Box-Cox transformations were performed on the selected variables to
account for non-normality. P <
0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP 14 (SAS Institute Inc.,
Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia accounted for 6.1% (94 / 1,536) of the total cesarean sections performed
in the 5-year study period. Prophylactic anticoagulation therapy was not performed in one case due to decreased renal
function. Postoperative bleeding complications were recorded in 11 of 93 cases (11.8%). Among the 93 cases, data were
lacking in 21. The discontinuation, dose reduction, or extended-interval dosing of heparin was recorded in four cases.
The final study population consisted of nine cases in the bleeding group and 59 in the non-bleeding group (Figure 1).
Bleeding complications included four subcutaneous hematomas, four subfascial hematomas, and one
intraperitoneal hematoma. These complications were detected within four days after cesarean section. Reoperation to
remove the hematoma was performed in two cases of subfascial hematoma. An interventional radiology procedure
was performed to arrest bleeding
24 Hypertens Res Pregnancy 2018; 6: 20–25 Hypertension Research in Pregnancy © 2018 Japan Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy
N. Tsujimoto et al.
from the left superior vesical artery in one case of intraperitoneal hematoma.
Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative platelet counts were significantly lower in the bleeding group (P =
0.03) and that levels of preoperative 24-h urine protein were significantly higher in the bleeding group (P = 0.04), as
compared to the non-bleeding group (Table 1A). Although cases in the bleeding group tended to have low BMIs and
high serum levels of AST and creatinine, there were no significant differences in these factors between the two groups.
In multivariate logistic regression analysis, both preoperative platelet count (odds ratio, 0.867; 95% confidential interval,
0.756 – 0.994; P = 0.04) and 24-h urine protein level (odds ratio, 1.498; 95% confidential interval, 1.031 – 2.176; P =
0.03) were independent risk factors for bleeding complications.
Discussion
The incidence of bleeding complications in cases of preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia treated with
postoperative prophylactic anticoagulation therapy was 11.8% (11 / 93) in this study. Only a few reports have been
published on bleeding complications during postoperative anticoagulation therapy that focused on preeclamptic women7).
The incidence of bleeding events has been
B
Odds ratio 95% CI P value
Plt (104/μl) 0.867 0.756 – 0.994 0.04
24-h urine protein excretion (g) 1.498 1.031 – 2.176 0.03
Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range, and categorical variables as number and
percent. Box-Cox transformations were performed on variables (Plt and 24-h urine protein excretion level) for the
multivariate analysis.
BMI, body mass index; VTE, venous thromboembolism; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate
aminotransferase; Cre, creatinine; Plt, platelet; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; PT, prothrombin time;
Fib, fibrinogen; CI, confidence interval.
radiology procedures. Intra-abdominal bleeding and hematoma have been reported as the leading indication for
reoperation after cesarean section.11) However, it is sometimes difficult to detect the bleeding point in reoperation due
to poor visualization of the surgical field.12) In the present study, reoperation was performed to remove hematomas and
to relieve pain arising from compression by hematomas, rather than to achieve hemostasis. Currently, interventional
radiology is preferred as a minimally invasive treatment and due to its high success rate in achieving hemostasis. 12) In
this study, interventional radiology was used to stop bleeding from the left superior vesical artery in one case of
intraperitoneal hematoma.
The relationship between proteinuria and adverse maternal outcomes in preeclampsia has been reported in many
studies.13–16) Although some of these studies reported that heavy proteinuria increases adverse maternal outcomes
including reoperation, blood transfusion, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia, 13,14) others suggest that the extent of
proteinuria is not associated with
with caution to patients with severe hypertension because heparin may cause injured vessels to bleed. The JSSHP also
recommends that prophylactic anticoagulants should not be used or postponed in women with poorly controlled
hypertension.8) In the present study, a significant difference was not observed in the use of intravenous antihypertensive
agents, which was used as a surrogate variable for severe hypertension because antihypertensive agents were
intravenously administered in all severe hypertension cases. Since blood pressure was under control in all cases after
the initiation of intravenous injection therapy, the use of intravenous antihypertensive agents may not have reflected
uncontrolled hypertension. Cases of preeclampsia which required discontinuation, dose reduction, or extended-interval
dosing of heparin for reasons other than bleeding were excluded from this study. Most of these cases had reduced
renal function, which was the reason for their exclusion. This may explain the lack of a significant difference in renal
function between the bleeding and non-bleeding groups. Because the clearance of heparin from blood could be delayed
in patients with renal impairment,19) heparin should be administered carefully to such patients. However, there have
been no guidelines or proposals on optimizing heparin administration for preeclamptic women with renal impairment.
A survey involving 66 hospitals revealed that prophylactic anticoagulation therapy was modified and optimized for
women with HDP in only half of the hospitals.7) In the present study, the optimization of heparin administration for
cases of renal impairment was left to the attending physicians’
discretion.
One of the limitations of this study is its retrospective design. Moreover, the exclusion of many cases decreased the
statistical power of the analysis. Excluded cases included 21 cases with missing data, particularly with respect to the 24-
h urine collection test. The spot urinary protein / creatinine ratio (P / C) is currently used widely as a rapid alternative test
to the 24-h urine collection test.20) Thus, further studies using the P/ C ratio may be helpful for evaluating the
relationship between proteinuria and bleeding complications in emergent cases. Second, the number of bleeding
complications may have been underestimated since whether or not to perform imaging examinations was left to the
doctors’ discretion. The third limitation relates to the dosage and administration of prophylactic anticoagulants. UFH
was administered as an anticoagulant, but low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are now widely used as an
alternative for prophylactic anticoagulation therapy.21) The advantages of LMWH over UFH include lower risks of
bleeding complications, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and osteoporosis.22) Although the Royal College of
Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) reported
Acknowledgement
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors hereby declare that there are no conflicts of
interest regarding the contents of this article.
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