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Integrative Medicine Research

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1 Original Article

2 Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of

3 glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
4 surface methodology

5 Q1 Seol Jang a , A. Yeong Lee b , A. Reum Lee b , Goya Choi b , Ho Kyoung Kim a,∗
6 Q2 a Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon
7 305-811, Republic of Korea
8 Q3 b K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811,
9 Republic of Korea
10

11 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
12

13 Article history: Background: The present study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to max-
14 Received 20 July 2017 imize extraction yields of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice.
15 Received in revised form Methods: The optimal extraction temperature (X1 ), extraction time (X2 ), and methanol
16 11 August 2017 concentration (X3 ) were identified using response surface methodology (RSM). A central
17 Accepted 24 August 2017 composite design was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain the
18 Available online xxx optimal processing parameters.
19 Results: Statistical analyses revealed that three variables and the quadratic of X1 , X2 , and
20 Keywords: X3 had significant effects on the yields and were followed by significant interaction effects
21 glycyrrhizic acid between the variables of X2 and X3 (p < 0.01). A three-dimensional response surface plot and
22 licorice contour plots derived from the mathematical models were applied to determine the opti-
23 optimization mal conditions. The optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows:
24 response surface methodology extraction temperature, 69 ◦ C; extraction time, 34 minutes; and methanol concentration,
25 ultrasound-assisted extraction 57%. Under these conditions, the experimental yield of glycyrrhizic acid was 3.414%, which
agreed closely with the predicted value (3.406%).
Conclusion: The experimental values agreed with those predicted by RSM models, thus indi-
cating the suitability of the model used and the success of RSM in optimizing the extraction
conditions.
© 2017 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Published by Elsevier. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

has been the most important ingredient of Chinese tradi- 28

1. Introduction tional medicine since ancient times, and is prescribed in 60% 29

of all cases.2 It is beneficial due to its antioxidant, antidotal, 30

26 Licorice is a well-known Chinese herb, which has been used in
antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, gastropro- 31
27 food and medicinal remedies for thousands of years.1 Licorice
tective, and immunomodulatory properties.3,4 32

Phytochemical studies have revealed that licorice con- 33

tains two major types of secondary metabolites: triterpene 34

∗
Corresponding author.
saponins and flavonoids.5 Triterpenes and flavonoids contain 35
E-mail address: hkkim@kiom.re.kr (H.K. Kim).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003
2213-4220/© 2017 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Published by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
surface methodology. Integr Med Res (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003 IMR 268 1–7
 IMR 268 1–7
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36 glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and glycyrrhetinic acid of triter- USA). The analytical grade acetic acid was obtained from J. T. 91

37 pene, liquiritinapioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritinapioside, and Baker Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). The GA standard was pur- 92

38 isoliquiritin of flavonoids.6 GA is the principal saponin in chased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). 93

39 licorice and is an indicator of licorice quality.5,7 GA is

40 widely used as a major therapeutic agent to treat chronic
2.2. Sample preparation 94
41 viral hepatitis and allergic dermatitis.8 It is also known
42 to have anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiallergic,
Samples (0.5 g) were placed into an extraction vessel with 95
43 antiarthritic, antiasthmatic, antibacterial, analgesic amphie-
12 mL of the extraction solvent and sonicated (ultrasonic 96
44 strogenic, and hepatoprotective properties.9,10
cleaner 8510; 250 W, 44 kHz; Branson Co., Danbury, CT, USA)3 97
45 In recent years, the ultrasound-assisted extraction method
for various experimental durations and temperatures. The 98
46 has been used to effectively extract chemical constituents
extracted liquid fraction and the residue were then collected 99
47 from plant materials.11,12 Ultrasound enhances the extraction
separately, and the residue was re-extracted. After extraction, 100
48 efficiency of organic compounds possibly through cavitation,
the sample volumes were made up to 25 mL in volumetric 101
49 which occurs in the solvent by the passage of ultrasonic
flasks and filtered through a 0.2-␮m membrane filter prior to 102
50 waves.13 This facilitates better penetration of the solvent into
HPLC analysis. 103
51 the sample, increasing the release of compounds from the
52 matrix into the solvent.14 Optimization of the experimen-
53 tal conditions is a critical step in developing a successful 2.3. HPLC analysis 104

54 ultrasound-assisted extraction process since several process

55 variables, such as, ultrasound power, process temperature, The HPLC system consisted of a Waters e2695 liquid chro- 105

56 and sonication time affect the extraction efficiency.15 matography system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA), equipped with 106

57 Response surface methodology (RSM) is a collection of sta- a Waters 2998 photodiode array detector. Data processing was 107

58 tistical and mathematical techniques used for developing, carried out with the Empower software (Waters). An XBridge 108

59 improving, and optimizing processes in which a response C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5.0 ␮m; Waters) was used. The 109

60 of interest is influenced by several variables, with the even- mobile phase was 7% acetic acid and acetonitrile (60: 40, v/v) 110

61 tual objective of optimizing this response.16 RSM has a major with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The injection volume for all 111

62 advantage over the one-factor-at-a-time approach, in that it the samples was 20 ␮L. A wavelength of 254 nm was used for 112

63 allows for the evaluation of the effect of multiple variables the detection of GA. The GA peak was identified by comparing 113

64 and their interactions on the output variables with a lesser its retention time with that of standards, and the concentra- 114

65 number of trials.17 The optimization of the extraction pro- tion was calculated from the calibration curves. Results are 115

66 cess using RSM not only serves as a visual aid to have a expressed as the mean values of assays for each experiment, 116

67 clearer picture about the effects of various factors on extrac- which were performed in triplicate. 117

68 tion, but also helps us to locate the region where the extraction
69 is optimized.18 In order to extract the bioactive compounds
2.4. Experimental design 118
70 of the natural products, the RSM has been widely used in
71 many studies.19–23 For modeling, we used the central com-
To further study the interaction between the factors, we opti- 119
72 posite design (CCD) method for experimental design, and the
mized the operating conditions by RSM and used the CCD 120
73 results were fitted with a polynomial equation in the vicinity
method. The range and center point values of three inde- 121
74 of the optimal condition.24
pendent variables presented in Table 1 were based on the 122
75 Therefore, the aim of the present study was to optimize
results of preliminary experiments. This generated 20 treat- 123
76 variables of the ultrasound-assisted extraction method such
ments with six replications at the central points to estimate 124
77 as temperature, time, and concentration of methanol using
the repeatability of the method (Table 2). Extraction temper- 125
78 RSM, by using CCD to maximize the extraction of GA from
ature (X1 ), extraction time (X2 ), and methanol concentration 126
79 licorice.
(X3 ) were chosen as the independent variables. This design 127

was applied to investigate the optimal working conditions for 128

the extraction of GA from licorice. 129

2. Methods

80 2.1. Plant material and reagents 2.5. Statistical analysis 130

81 The licorice used in this study was grown in China and pur- All the analyses were carried out in triplicate and the 131

82 chased from an Oriental pharmacy in Geumsan, South Korea. experimental results were expressed as mean values. Sta- 132

83 It was authenticated by Dr. Goya Choi at the Korea Institute tistical analysis was performed using the Minitab version 133

84 of Oriental Medicine (KIOM; Daejeon, Korea). Prior to extrac- 16 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). A response sur- 134

85 tion, the sample was pulverized using a disintegrator and face analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used 135

86 then passed through a 600-␮m sieve. A voucher specimen was to determine the regression coefficients and statistical sig- 136

87 deposited in the herbarium of the Herbal Medicine Resources nificance of the model terms and to fit the mathematical 137

88 Group at KIOM. The high performance liquid chromatogra- models of the experimental data that aimed to optimize the 138

89 phy (HPLC) grade acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, and distilled overall region for response variable.25 A second order polyno- 139

90 water were obtained from Burdick & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, mial model was applied to predict the response variables as 140

Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
surface methodology. Integr Med Res (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003 IMR 268 1–7
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Q7 Table 1 – Independent variables and codified values used for optimization of the extraction procedure.
Independent variables Code units Coded levels

−1.68 −1 0 1 1.68
◦
Temperature ( C) X1 43 50 60 70 77
Time (min) X2 28 35 45 55 62
Methanol concentration (%) X3 53 60 70 80 87
X1 , extraction temperature; X2 , extraction time; X3 , methanol concentration.

Table 2 – Central composite design of three variables Table 3 – Contents of glycyrrhizic acid for licorice in
with their observed responses. various solvents.
No. X1 (◦ C) X2 (min) X3 (%) Glycyrrhizic acid (%) Solvent Content of glycyrrhizic acid (%)
1 50 (−1) 35 (−1) 60 (−1) 3.307 Mean SD Post hoc*
2 70 (1) 35 (−1) 60 (−1) 3.414
3 50 (−1) 55 (1) 60 (−1) 3.183 Methanol 0.845 0.030 A
4 70 (1) 55 (1) 60 (−1) 3.272 Ethanol 0.169 0.004 B
5 50 (−1) 35 (−1) 80 (1) 3.160 Distilled water ND — C
6 70 (1) 35 (−1) 80 (1) 3.266 * Post hoc by Tukey test.
7 50 (−1) 55 (1) 80 (1) 3.199 ND, not detected; SD, standard deviation.
8 70 (1) 55 (1) 80 (1) 3.332
9 43 (−1.68) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.208
10 77 (1.68) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.337
regression equation was Y = 17842X − 4192.5, which presented 158
11 60 (0) 28 (−1.68) 70 (0) 3.275
good linearity (r2 = 1.0000). 159
12 60 (0) 62 (1.68) 70 (0) 3.260
13 60 (0) 45 (0) 53 (−1.68) 3.332
14 60 (0) 45 (0) 87 (1.68) 3.208 3.2. Effect of solvent type on the extraction method 160
15 60 (0) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.371
16 60 (0) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.356 The effect of solvent type on the extraction method was 161
17 60 (0) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.368
investigated at the beginning of the study. The choice of an 162
18 60 (0) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.343
19 60 (0) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.332
appropriate solvent is the most important parameter to be 163

20 60 (0) 45 (0) 70 (0) 3.360 optimized for the extraction of specific constituents.12 The GA 164

molecule has several hydroxyl groups, which renders it easily 165

X1 , extraction temperature; X2 , extraction time; X3 , methanol
concentration. soluble when extracted by polar solvents.28 In previous stud- 166

ies, different solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and water 167

have been tested.8,9,28,29 To select the appropriate extraction 168

solvent, we measured the yields of GA in different solvents. 169

141 shown in Eq. (1)
Table 3 shows significant differences in the extraction yields 170

for the three solvents used (p < 0.001). The yield of GA was high- 171
142 Y = ␤0 + ␤1 X1 + ␤2 X2 + ␤3 X3 + ␤11 X1 2 + ␤22 X2 2 + ␤33 X3 2 est with methanol (0.845 ± 0.030), and therefore methanol was 172

143 + ␤12 X1 X2 + ␤13 X1 X3 + ␤23 X2 X3 (1) chosen as the extraction solvent for the design of experiments. 173

144 where Y is the predicted response; ␤0 is the constant (inter- 3.3. Statistical analysis and model fitting 174

145 cept); ␤1 , ␤2 , and ␤3 are the regression coefficients for the

146 linear effect terms; ␤11 , ␤22 , and ␤33 are the quadratic effect A total of 20 runs were needed for optimizing the three indi- 175

147 terms; and ␤12 , ␤13 , and ␤23 are the interaction effect terms, vidual parameters in the current CCD. Table 2 shows the 176

148 respectively.26 The adequacy of the model was determined by experimental conditions and the GA extraction yield results 177

149 evaluating the lack of fit, coefficient of determination (p value), according to the factorial design. The ANOVA results (Table 4) 178

150 and the Fisher test value (F value) obtained from the ANOVA show that it is possible to plot the response surface for this 179

151 that was generated by the software. Statistical significance of experimental design. The correlation measure for testing the 180

152 the model and model parameters were determined at the 5% goodness-of-fit of the regression equation is the adjusted 181

153 probability level.27 determination coefficient (R2 adj ).30 The value of R2 adj is 0.902, 182

which is reasonably close to 1, and indicates a high degree 183

of correlation between the observed and predicted values.15 184

3. Results and discussion The lack-of-fit (p value) was calculated as 0.126. The fitness of 185

the model was evaluated through the lack of fit test (p > 0.05), 186

154 3.1. HPLC analysis which indicated the adequacy of models to accurately predict 187

the variation.25 188

155 The major compound of licorice, GA was detected at 254 nm, The significance of the F value depends on the number of 189

156 and representative HPLC chromatograms are shown in Fig. 1. degrees of freedom in the model and is shown in the p-value 190

157 For GA concentrations from 12.5 ␮g/mL to 200 ␮g/mL, the column (95% confidence level). Thus, the effects lower than 191

Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
surface methodology. Integr Med Res (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003 IMR 268 1–7
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0.18
Glycyrrhizic acid A)
0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10
AU

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

-0.02

0.090
Glycyrrhizic acid B)
0.080

0.070

0.060

0.050
AU

0.040

0.030

0.020

0.010

0.000

-0.010
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00
Minutes

Fig. 1 – High performance liquid chromatography of glycyrrhzic acid. (A) Standard and (B) sample.

Table 4 – Analysis of variance for fitted quadratic Table 5 – Regression coefficients result from the data of
polynomial model of extraction of glycyrrhizic acid. central composite design experiments.
Source DF Sum of squares F p Term Coefficient Standard error t p
Regression 9 30.1335 61.57 0.000 Intercept 33.5559 0.05491 611.086 0.000
Linear 3 15.6342 95.83 0.000 X1 0.5153 0.03643 14.145 0.000
X1 1 10.8811 200.09 0.000 X2 −0.1342 0.03643 −3.682 0.001
X2 1 0.7373 13.56 0.001 X3 −0.3131 0.03643 −8.593 0.000
X3 1 4.0158 73.84 0.000 X1 X1 −0.2457 0.03547 −6.929 0.000
Square 3 9.2582 56.75 0.000 X2 X2 −0.3175 0.03547 −8.952 0.000
X1 X1 1 1.5775 48.01 0.000 X3 X3 −0.3074 0.03547 −8.667 0.000
X2 X2 1 3.5957 80.13 0.000 X1 X2 0.0123 0.04760 0.258 0.797
X3 X3 1 4.0850 75.12 0.000 X1 X3 0.0543 0.04760 1.141 0.259
Interaction 3 5.2411 32.12 0.000 X2 X3 0.4640 0.04760 9.747 0.000
X1 X2 1 0.0036 0.07 0.797
X1 , extraction temperature; X2 , extraction time; X3 , methanol
X1 X3 1 0.0708 1.30 0.259
concentration.
X2 X3 1 5.1667 95.01 0.000
Residual error 50 2.7191 — —
Lack of fit 5 0.4597 1.83 0.126
sideration. By applying multiple regression analysis on the 205
Pure error 45 2.2594 — —
Total 59 32.8526 — — experimental data, the response variable and the test vari- 206

ables are related by the following second-order polynomial 207

DF, degrees of freedom; X1 , extraction temperature; X2 , extraction
equation: 208
time; X3 , methanol concentration.

Y = 33.5559 + 0.5153X1 – 0.1342X2 – 0.3131X3 – 0.2457X1 2 209

192 0.05 in this column were considered The corre- significant.31 2 2

– 0.3175X2 – 0.3074X3 + 0.0123X1 X2 210
193 sponding variables would be more significant if the F value
194 becomes greater and the p value becomes smaller.32 The F + 0.0543X1 X3 + 0.4640X2 X3 (2) 211

195 test suggested that the model had a high F value (F = 61.57)
196 and a low p value (p < 0.001), indicating that this model was where Y is the yield of GA (%) and X1 , X2 , and X3 are the 212

197 highly significant. In this case, the linear, quadratic, and inter- coded variables for extraction temperature, extraction time, 213

198 action terms had high model F values of 95.83, 56.75, and 32.12, and methanol concentration, respectively. 214

199 respectively, and all p values (p < 0.001) were low, indicating Table 5 shows the regression coefficients for each term in 215

200 that this model was highly significant. the model and the Student t test statistics and probability val- 216

ues for the significance of the terms. The p value is used as a 217

201 3.4. Optimization of GA extraction conditions by RSM tool to check the significance of each coefficient and the inter- 218

action strength between each independent variable.33 The 219

202 The application of RSM offers, based on parameter estimates, corresponding variables will be more significant if the abso- 220

203 an empirical relationship between the response variable lute t value becomes larger and the p value becomes smaller.34 221

204 (extraction yield of GA) and the test variables under con- Thus, the smaller the values of p were, the more significant 222

Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
surface methodology. Integr Med Res (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003 IMR 268 1–7
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223 the corresponding coefficients were. It can be seen from this for all factors X1 X1 , X2 X2 , and X3 X3 and the interaction factors 226

224 table that the linear coefficients (X1 , X2 , and X3 ) were signif- X2 X3 were significant, with small p values (p < 0.001). The other 227

225 icant at the level of p < 0.01 or p < 0.001. The quadratic terms coefficient terms were considered not significant (p > 0.05). 228

60 3.25 A)
3.15

55
3.35

Time (min)
50
Glycyrrhizic acid (%)

3.4
45
3.3
40
3.2
60
35
3.1 50
40 Time (min)
40 30 3.20
50 30 3.30
60
70
Temp (°C) 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Temp (°C)

B)
85 3.10 3.20

3.30
80 3.15

75
Conc (%)
Glycyrrhizic acid (%)

3.4
70
3.3

3.2 65

3.1 80 60
70
Conc (%)
40 60 55 3.25 3.35
50
60 50
70 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Temp (°C)
Temp (°C)

C)
85 3.10 3.20

3.15
80 3.30

75 3.25
Conc (%)
Glycyrrhizic acid (%)

3.4 70
3.3

3.2 65

3.1 80 60
70
3.20
Conc (%)
60 3.25
30 55 3.15
40 50 50 3.35
60
Temp (°C) 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time (min)

Q6 Fig. 2 – Response surface plots and contour plots showing the effects of variables on the response Y (glycyrrhizic acid yield).
Conc., concentration; temp., temperature.

Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
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229 RSM plays a key role in identifying the optimum val- value of 3.414%, was obtained from the actual extraction pro- 289

230 ues of the independent variables efficiently; optimum values cedure, and this demonstrates the validity of the RSM model, 290

231 under which dependent variables could achieve a maximum indicating that the model is adequate for this extraction pro- 291

232 response.27 The three-dimensional (3D) response surface plot cess. 292

233 and two-dimensional contour plot are the graphical repre-

234 sentations of the regression equation, and the results of the
235 GA extraction yield, as affected by the extraction temperature Conflicts of interest
236 (X1 ), extraction time (X2 ), and methanol concentration (X3 ),
237 are presented in Fig. 2. They provide a method to visualize All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Q5 293

238 the relationship between responses and experimental levels

239 of each variable and the type of interactions between two test
240 variables.30 Acknowledgments
241 In Fig. 2A, the 3D response surface plot and the contour
242 plot were developed for the extraction yield of GA with varying This research was supported by Project (K17091, K14142) of the 294

243 extraction temperature and extraction time at fixed methanol Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. 295

244 concentration (70%). At a fixed extraction time, the GA yield

245 increased with increasing extraction temperatures ranging 296

Q4 from 43 ◦ C to 69 ◦ C. The same result was obtained by Charpe

246
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Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
surface methodology. Integr Med Res (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003 IMR 268 1–7
 IMR 268 1–7
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Please cite this article in press as: Jang S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using response
surface methodology. Integr Med Res (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.003 IMR 268 1–7