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A flaky particle is the one whose least dimension (thickness) is less than 0.6 times the mean size.
ELONGATED PARTICLES:
These are the particles having length considerably larger than the other two dimensions and it is
the particle whose greater dimension is 1.8 times its mean size.
SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE:
The degree of packing of the particles of one size depends upon their shape.
Due to high surface area to volume ratio, the flaky and elongated particles lower the
workability of concrete mixes.
Flaky and elongated particles are considered undesirable for base coarse construction as they
may cause weakness with possibilities of braking down under heavy loads.
BS-1241 specifies a Flakiness index not exceeding 30% irrespective of the aggregate size.
Maximum permitted Elongated index is 35, 40 or 45% for aggregate sizes 2 ½’’ – 2’’, 1 ½’’ –
¾’’ & ½’’ – 3/8’’.
Both Flakiness and Elongation tests are not applicable to sizes smaller then 6.3mm i.e. ¼’’
sieve.
Related Theory:
Angular (crushed)
Round aggregates are use in the concrete roads as workability increase due to less friction
between the surfaces.
Angular shape is use in granular base coarse due to better interlocking and stability.
APPARATUS:
FLAKY:
A flaky particle is the one whose least dimension is less then 0.6times the mean size
These are the particles of which the thickness is small as compared to the other two
dimension
Limit of flaky particle in the mixes is 30%. Then the aggregate is considered undesirable for
the intended use
FLAKINESS INDEX: It is the percentage by weight of flaky particle in a sample.
PROCEDURE:
These are then arranged into number of closely limited particles size group -2 ½” -2, 1 ½”-
₃ ⁄₄” and ½”-3/8, 3/8”-₁ ⁄₄”.
Each group is tested for weighed and then tested for thickness by passing each particle
through slot of specified thickness along least dimension.
The flakiness index is calculated by the weighed particle of flaky particles as a percentage of
total weighed of the sample.
ELONGATED PARTICLES:
These have length larger then two dimension and particle whose dimension is 1.8 times
larger its mean size
Limit of the elongated particles is 45% thus it elongated particles are greater then 45% then
aggregate are considered as undesirable for the intended use.
ELONGATION IONDEX:
While sieving, care must be taken that the particles that are chocked in the sieve must not
be forced down into the next sieve. Such particles should be pushed back into the same
sieve
Be careful while selecting opening of the flakiness and elongation gauge for any particular
fraction.
Sieve Size
Cumulative
Weight Percentage Percentage
Retained weight
Passing Retained Retained passing
retained
(in.) (gm)
(in.) (%) (%)
(%)
Calculation for Flaky Particles:
Sieve Size
Weight of Individual Weighted
Weight Percentage
Retained Flaky Flakiness Flakiness
Passing Retained Retained
Particles Index Index
(in.) (gm)
(in.) (%)
(gm) (%) (%)
ELONGATED PARTICLES:
These are the particles having length considerably larger than the other two dimensions and it is
the particle whose greater dimension is 1.8 times its mean size. Limit of elongated particles in
the mixes is 45%. Thus, if the elongated particles are greater than 45%, then the aggregate is
considered undesirable for the intended use.
ELONGATION INDEX:
It is the percentage by weight of elongated particles in a sample. The Elongated index is calculated
by expressing the weight of Elongated particles as percentage of total weight of the sample.
Calculation for Elongated Particles:
Comments:
Job#03
RELATED THEORY:
ABRASION
POUNDING ACTION
Striking action of an object on a surface for a short instant of time is called the pounding
effect.
Where,
SPECIFICATIONS:
This test is used to assess the hardness of the aggregate used in road construction. The
road aggregate is subjected to wearing action by the moving traffic and therefore resistance to
wear or hardness is an essential property of the aggregate. The aggregate should be hard enough
to resist abrasion due to traffic.
Los Angeles Abrasion test is used to find out the percentage wear due to relative rubbing
action between aggregate and steel balls used as abrasive charges. Pounding action of these balls
also exists while conducting the test. The test is considered more dependable as rubbing and
pounding action simulate field conditions.
AASHTO T 96, recommendations are that Base Course has a percent wear of 40% or less.
For Sub-base Course the requirement is 50% or less.
NOTES
Larger the LAA value, softer will be the aggregate and vice versa.
If we have two samples to be used in the wearing surface having LAA value of 0% & 10%,
then we should use the one having LAA value of 10% (note this is true only for wearing
surface and the opposite is true for sub-grade, sub-base and base coarse). This is because,
even though 0% will provide a good hard surface but its coefficient of friction will be too
high and it will severely damage the tires.
If two different samples are obtained from the same source, then the results of the LAA
value will be same for both of the samples because LAA value is a material property.
APPARATUS
The sample taken should be representative and confirming to any of the grading given in
the table.
The sample is placed in the cylinder along with the abrasive charges and the machine is
rotated for the required number of revolutions (500 – 1000).
After the required number of revolutions, material is discharged from the machine and
sieved through #10 US sieve.
Wash the material coarser than #10 sieve, oven dry and weigh. Then compute the LAA
value
Where,
NOTES
If a large rock piece is provided for the test, first of all crush it then sieve it and then
proceed in the same manner.
If the amount of aggregate collected in the lower sieves is less than the required
amount, then crush the aggregate in the higher sieves to get the required quantity in
the lower sieves.
If the amount of aggregate collected in the top sieves is less than the required amount,
then sieve more aggregate in order to collect enough quantity of aggregate.
General Values
Basalt 10 – 17
Dolomite 18 – 30
Gneiss 33 – 57
Granite 27 – 49
Limestone 19 – 30
Quartzite 20 – 35