Parameters symbols value units Remarks

Bulk modulus of elasticity of water K 2030670000 N/mm² Ref: Emil Mosonyi page 345
acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²
gross head H 179 m
Penstock stretches
upstream of wye downstream of wye after reducer units
Length of Penstock Pipe L 178 14.5 8m
velocity of flow through pipe v 1.20 1.73 2.71 m/s
Diameter of penstock D 0.6 0.5 0.4 m
Area of Penstock Ap 0.2827 0.1963 0.1257 m²
valve closure time Tc 5 5 5 sec
density of water ρ 1000 1000 1000 kg/m³

water hammer analysis for penstock pipe

Rigid Water Column Theory
Dynamic head hd 10.63 m k*lv/gt k=1 to 2 Ref: Emil Mosonyi for higher safety factor use k=2
max pressure developed In pipe Hmax 189.63 m in terms of water head
min pressure in pipe due to hammering Hmin 168.37 m OK

Transmission of water hammer wave in headrace tunnel

contraction coefficient ᶋ 1.5 1.3 to 1.7 Ref: Emil Mosonyi
Parameters symbols value units Relevant Formulae
Headpond waterlevel SWL 1554 masl Zmax= (Qt/Ast)*√(Ast*Lt/g/At)
Gross head H 179.8 m Po= hf/Zmax
frictional headloss in HR pipe hf 8.99 Zup= Zmax*(1-2Po/3+Po²/9) Charles Jaeger empirical relation for instantaneous closure
Net head Hn 170.81 m Zdown= Zmax*(-1+2Po) Charles Jaeger empirical relation for instantaneous closure
Normal water level at surge tank NWL 1545.01 masl
Dia of headrace tunnel D 0.6 m E.Braun for instantaneous opening
Area of headrace tunnel At 0.2827433 m²
Length of headrace tunnel Lt 765 m Ph. Forchheimer for instantaneous opening
discharge through headrace Qt 0.34 m³/s
Velocity of flow in headrace Vo 1.202504 m/s Calame and gaden for instantaneous opening
Dia of surge shaf Ds 1.00 m >=penstock pipe
Velocity of flow at surge shaf Vs 0.4329014 m/s
minimum area of surge tank Ast,min 0.0103814 m² D. Thoma formula of surge tank area

Surge tank optimization

Instantaneous closure Instantaneous opening Adopted values
Area of Zdown min submergence Floor level Time of
Diameter of surge Z,max Po Pipe crown Pipe invert upsurge water free board Height of Remarks
tank (Dst) m tank, Ast Submerg level level level (m) of surge surge tank oscillation
(m²) Zup Zdown Calame and Zdown tank (sec)
Ph. Forchheimer A. Schafer E. Braun hsub hsub ence
Gaden
1 0.785 6.371 1.411 1.787 -11.609 8.169 8.408 8.365 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.408 1.500 1544.092 1543.092 1555.787 0.3 1542.892 13.1949986 92.4751047
1.5 1.767 4.248 2.116 0.368 -13.732 6.139 7.239 7.270 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.270 1.500 1545.230 1544.230 1554.368 0.3 1544.030 10.6379956 138.712657
2 3.142 3.186 2.822 0.011 -14.794 5.165 6.746 7.223 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.223 1.500 1545.277 1544.277 1554.011 0.3 1544.077 10.2342485 184.950209
2.5 4.909 2.549 3.527 0.079 -15.431 4.610 6.493 7.388 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.388 1.500 1545.112 1544.112 1554.079 0.3 1543.912 10.4670508 231.187762
3 7.069 2.124 4.233 0.359 -15.856 4.259 6.349 7.568 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.568 1.500 1544.932 1543.932 1554.359 0.3 1543.732 10.9263989 277.425314
3.5 9.621 1.820 4.938 0.760 -16.160 4.024 6.258 7.724 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.724 1.500 1544.776 1543.776 1554.760 0.3 1543.576 11.4840819 323.662867
4 12.566 1.593 5.644 1.237 -16.387 3.858 6.198 7.855 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.855 1.500 1544.645 1543.645 1555.237 0.3 1543.445 12.0917537 369.900419
4.5 15.904 1.416 6.349 1.765 -16.564 3.737 6.156 7.963 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.963 1.500 1544.537 1543.537 1555.765 0.3 1543.337 12.7279243 416.137971
5 19.635 1.274 7.055 2.328 -16.706 3.646 6.126 8.054 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.054 1.500 1544.446 1543.446 1556.328 0.3 1543.246 13.381764 462.375524
5.5 23.758 1.158 7.760 2.917 -16.822 3.576 6.103 8.130 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.130 1.500 1544.370 1543.370 1556.917 0.3 1543.170 14.0472723 508.613076
6 28.274 1.062 8.466 3.525 -16.918 3.521 6.086 8.196 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.196 1.500 1544.304 1543.304 1557.525 0.3 1543.104 14.720873 554.850628
6.5 33.183 0.980 9.171 4.148 -17.000 3.477 6.072 8.252 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.252 1.500 1544.248 1543.248 1558.148 0.3 1543.048 15.400308 601.088181
7 38.485 0.910 9.877 4.783 -17.070 3.441 6.062 8.301 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.301 1.500 1544.199 1543.199 1558.783 0.3 1542.999 16.0840843 647.325733
7.5 44.179 0.850 10.582 5.427 -17.130 3.412 6.053 8.344 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.344 1.500 1544.156 1543.156 1559.427 0.3 1542.956 16.7711763 693.563286
8 50.265 0.796 11.288 6.079 -17.184 3.388 6.046 8.382 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.382 1.500 1544.118 1543.118 1560.079 0.3 1542.918 17.4608569 739.800838
8.5 56.745 0.750 11.993 6.736 -17.230 3.367 6.040 8.416 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.416 1.500 1544.084 1543.084 1560.736 0.3 1542.884 18.1525963 786.03839
9 63.617 0.708 12.699 7.399 -17.272 3.350 6.035 8.447 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.447 1.500 1544.053 1543.053 1561.399 0.3 1542.853 18.8459998 832.275943
9.5 70.882 0.671 13.404 8.067 -17.309 3.335 6.031 8.474 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.474 1.500 1544.026 1543.026 1562.067 0.3 1542.826 19.5407674 878.513495
10 78.540 0.637 14.110 8.738 -17.343 3.323 6.027 8.499 N/A 0.014 1.5 8.499 1.500 1544.001 1543.001 1562.738 0.3 1542.801 20.2366668 924.751047
2.2 3.801 2.896 3.104 0.003 -15.084 4.909 6.626 7.281 N/A 0.014 1.5 7.281 1.500 1545.219 1544.219 1554.003 0.3 1544.019 10.2848331 203.44523