Em LMS 17-18

Department of Mechanical Engineering
SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Tiruchengode 637 205 , Namakkal District.
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
NAAC Accredited with “A” Grade
Recognition of college under section 2(f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GE 8292- ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(Regulation-2017)
UNIT NOTES
Unit-I : STATICS OF PARTICLES
Unit-II : EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
Unit-III : PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS
Unit-IV : DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
UNIT V : FRICTION AND RIGID BODY DYNAMICS
FOR
I YEAR & II – SEMESTER
(CIVIL & MECH)
Compiled By
G.Chandramohan, M.E.,
Assistant Professor
Sengunthar Engineering College
Tiruchengode.
SUBJECT INCHARGE ACADEMIC COORDINATOR HOD
DEAN-ACADEMICS PRINCIPAL
6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS


SEMESTER II
SL. COURSE CONTACT

COURSE TITLE L T P C
NO CODE PERIODS
THEORY
1. HS8251 Technical English 4 4 0 0 4
2. MA8251 Engineering Mathematics - II 4 4 0 0 4
3. PH8251 Materials Science 3 3 0 0 3
Basic Electrical, Electronics

4. BE8253 and Instrumentation 3 3 0 0 3
Engineering
5. Environmental Science and 3 3 0 0 3
GE8291
Engineering
6. GE8292 Engineering Mechanics 5 3 2 0 4
PRACTICALS
Engineering Practices
7. GE8261 4 0 0 4 2
Laboratory
Basic Electrical, Electronics
8. BE8261 and Instrumentation 4 0 0 4 2
Engineering Laboratory
TOTAL 30 20 2 8 25

GE8292 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS
UNIT I STATICS OF PARTICLES 9+6
Introduction – Units and Dimensions – Laws of Mechanics – Lami’s theorem, Parallelogram and
triangular Law of forces –– Vectorial representation of forces – Vector operations of forces -
additions, subtraction, dot product, cross product – Coplanar Forces – rectangular components –
Equilibrium of a particle – Forces in space – Equilibrium of a particle in space – Equivalent
systems of forces – Principle of transmissibility .
UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 9+6
Free body diagram – Types of supports –Action and reaction forces –stable equilibrium –
Moments and Couples – Moment of a force about a point and about an axis – Vectorial
representation of moments and couples – Scalar components of a moment – Varignon’s theorem
– Single equivalent force -Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in two dimensions – Equilibrium of Rigid
bodies in three dimensions
UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 9+6
Centroids and centre of mass– Centroids of lines and areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular
areas by integration – T section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow section by using standard
formula – Theorems of Pappus - Area moments of inertia of plane areas – Rectangular, circular,
triangular areas by integration – T section, I section, Angle section, Hollow section by using
standard formula – Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem –Principal moments of
inertia of plane areas – Principal axes of inertia-Mass moment of inertia –mass moment of inertia
for prismatic, cylindrical and spherical solids from first principle – Relation to area moments of
inertia.
UNIT IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 9+6
Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their relationship – Relative motion – Curvilinear

motion - Newton’s laws of motion – Work Energy Equation– Impulse and Momentum – Impact
of elastic bodies.

UNIT V FRICTION AND RIGID BODY DYNAMICS 9+6
Friction force – Laws of sliding friction – equilibrium analysis of simple systems with sliding
friction – wedge friction-. Rolling resistance -Translation and Rotation of Rigid Bodies –
Velocity and acceleration – General Plane motion of simple rigid bodies such as cylinder,
disc/wheel and sphere.
TOTAL: 45+30 = 75PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Beer, F.P and Johnston Jr. E.R., “Vector Mechanics for Engineers (In SI Units): Statics and
Dynamics”, 8th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company, New Delhi (2004).
2. Vela Murali, “Engineering Mechanics”, Oxford University Press (2010)
REFERENCES:
1. Hibbeller, R.C and Ashok Gupta, “Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics”, 11th
Edition, Pearson Education 2010.
2. Irving H. Shames and Krishna Mohana Rao. G., “Engineering Mechanics – Statics and
Dynamics”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education 2006.
3. Meriam J.L. and Kraige L.G., “ Engineering Mechanics- Statics - Volume 1, Dynamics-
Volume 2”, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons,1993.
4. Rajasekaran S and Sankarasubramanian G., “Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics”,

3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2005.
5. Bhavikatti, S.S and Rajashekarappa, K.G., “Engineering Mechanics”, New Age International
(P) Limited Publishers, 1998.

SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TIRUCHENGODE- 637 205
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE PLAN
Subject Code : GE-8292
Subject Name : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Name of the faculty & Designation : G.CHANDRAMOHAN,M.E.,
Assistant Professor
Course : II Sem B.E., Civil & Mechanical Engineering
Academic Year : 2017 – 2018 (Even)
RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS / REFERENCE BOOKS
Sl .No Title of the Book Author Reference
Beer, F.P and Johnston

1 Vector Mechanics for Engineers T
Jr. E.R 1
2 Engineering Mechanics Vela Murali T

2
Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Hibbeller, R.C and

3 R
Dynamics Ashok Gupta 1
Irving H. Shames and

Engineering Mechanics – Statics and
4 Krishna Mohana Rao. R
Dynamics 2
G.,
Engineering Mechanics- Statics - Meriam J.L. and Kraige

5 R
Volume 1 & Dynamics- Volume 2 L.G 3
Engineering Mechanics Statics and Rajasekaran S and

6 R
Dynamics Sankarasubramanian G 4
Bhavikatti, S.S and

7 Engineering Mechanics R
Rajashekarappa, K.G., 5

Teaching
TOPIC REFERENCE No. of Hours
Aid
UNIT I
STATICS OF PARTICLES T -C2, T -C3, Chalk

1 2 2 and
Introduction – Units and Dimensions, R -C2, R -C2 Board
2 3
Laws of Mechanics
Lami’s theorem, Parallelogram and T -C2, T -C3, Chalk

1 2 2 and
triangular Law of forces
R -C2, R -C2 Board
2 3
Vectorial representation of forces ,
Vector operations of forces , additions, T -C2, T -C3, Chalk
1 2 2 and
subtraction, dot product & cross
product R -C2, R -C2 Board
2 4
Coplanar Forces, rectangular

T -C2, R -C2, Chalk
components , Equilibrium of a particle & 1 2 2 and
Forces in space Board
R -C2
3
Equilibrium of a particle in space,
T -C4, R –C3, Chalk
Equivalent systems of forces & Principle 2 2 2 and
of transmissibility Board
R –C3
3

Problem Practice 1 2 2 and
R –C3 Board
3

R –C3 Board
3
UNIT II
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES T -C5, R –C4, Chalk

2 2 2 and
Free body diagram , Types of supports - R –C4 Board
3
Action and reaction forces
stable equilibrium , Moments and

Couples & Moment of a force about a 2 3 2 and
point and about an axis Board
R –C5
5

Vectorial representation of moments T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

1 2 1 and
and couples
R –C4, R –C2 Board
3 4
T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

Scalar components of a moment 1 2 1 and
3 4
Varignon’s theorem of Single equivalent
T -C5, T -C4, Chalk
force & Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in 1 2 2 and
two dimensions Board
R –C4, R –C4
2 3
Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three T -C5, T -C4, Chalk
1 2 2 and
dimensions
R –C2 Board
4
T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

R –C4, Board
3
T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

R –C4 Board
2
UNIT III
PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS

T -C6, R -C5, Chalk
Centroids and centre of mass , 2 2 2 and
Centroids of lines and areas of R –C5, R –C5 Board
3 5
Rectangular, circular, triangular areas
by integration
T section, I section, Angle section,

T -C6, R -C5, Chalk
Hollow section by using standard 2 2 2 and
formula & Theorems of Pappus Board
R –C5, R –C5
3 5
Area moments of inertia of plane areas
T -C6, R -C5, Chalk
& Rectangular, circular, triangular areas 2 2 1 and
by integration Board
R –C5, R –C5
3 5
T section, I section, Angle section,
Hollow section by using standard T -C8, T -C7, Chalk
1 2 2 and
formula , Parallel axis theorem and
perpendicular axis theorem R –C6, R –C6 Board
3 4
Principal moments of inertia of plane 2 Chalk

areas – Principal axes of inertia & mass T -C8, R -C7, and
2 2

moment of inertia for prismatic Board

R –C6, R –C6
3 5
mass moment of cylindrical and
T -C8, T -C7, Chalk
spherical solids from first principle & 1 2 2 and
Relation to area moments of inertia. Board
R –C6, R –C6
3 4
T -C6, R -C5, Chalk

3 5
T -C6, R -C5, Chalk

3 5
UNIT IV
DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES T -C8, R -C6, Chalk

2 2 1 and
Displacements, Velocity and R –C6, R –C6 Board
3 5
acceleration
Velocity and acceleration, their T -C8, R -C6, Chalk

2 2 1 and
relationship
3 5
T -C9, T -C8, Chalk

Relative motion & Curvilinear motion 1 2 2 and
3 4
Newton’s laws of motion , Work Energy T -C10, T -C9, Chalk
1 2 2 and
Equation
3 4
T -C9, R -C7, Chalk

Impulse and Momentum & its problems 2 2 2 and
3 5
T -C10, T -C9, Chalk

Impact of elastic bodies & its Problems 1 2 2 and
R -C7, R3 Board
2
T -C10, T -C9, Chalk
R -C7, R3 Board
2
T -C9, R -C6, Chalk
3 5

UNIT V
FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID T -C11, T -C10, Chalk

1 2 2 and
BODY DYNAMICS
Friction force & Laws of sliding friction 3 4
equilibrium analysis of simple systems T -C11, T -C10, Chalk

1 2 2 and
with sliding friction & wedge friction
3 4
Rolling resistance, Translation and T -C11, T -C10, Chalk

1 2 2 and
Rotation of Rigid Bodies
3 4
Velocity and acceleration, General Plane
motion of simple rigid bodies such as 2 2 3 and
cylinder, disc/wheel and sphere. Board
R –C8, R -C11
3 5
Problem Practice 2 2
3 and
R –C8, R -C11 Board
3 5
T -C11, R –C8,
2 2 Chalk
Problem Practice 3 and
R –C8, R -C11
3 5 Board
SCHEDULED HOURS 75
REVISION HOURS 5
TOTAL HOURS 80
10

INDEX
Unit Title PAGE No
I STATICS OF PARTICLES 13
II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 34
III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 50
IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 66
V FRICTION AND RIGID BODY DYNAMICS 85
11

12

UNIT - I
STATICS OF PARTICLES
PART – A
1. Define force.
Force is a physical quantity that changes or tires to change the state of rest or of uniform
motion of an object
2. Differentiate between particles and rigid body.

Particle is a body which has mass but no dimension where as rigid body as both mass
and dimensions. Particle can have only translational motion where as rigid body can have
translational as well as rotational motion.
3. State Newton’s first law of motion.

Everybody tries to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless
it’s acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
4. State Newton’s second law of motion.

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied
force and takes place in the direction of the force.
5. State Newton’s third law of motion.

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
6. State law of parallelogram of vectors.

If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of
the parallelogram drawn from the common point.
7. State the principle of transmissibility of force with simple sketch.
According to principle of transmissibility of force, the force can be transmitted from
one point to another on it is line of action without causing by any change in the motion of
the object. EG: force F can be transmitted from A to B.
13

8. Define unit vector.

A vector having magnitude one unit is known as a unit vector.
9. Define the following terms.

(a) Coplanar forces
(b) Concurrent forces
(c) If all forces act in one plane, they are known as coplanar forces.
(d) If lines of action of all forces intersected at a single point, the forces are known as
concurrent forces.
10. Differentiate between collinear and concurrent forces.

Collinear forces act along the same line where as concurrent forces have lines of
action intersecting at one point.
11. Define resultant of coplanar concurrent force system.

A system of coplanar concurrent forces can be reduced to a single force which is
known as resultant force.
12. What is the difference between a resultant force and equilibrant force?
Resultant force makes the object move whereas equilibrium force keeps it in equilibrium.
13. State triangle law of forces.

If two forces are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle
taken in order, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of
the triangle drawn from starting point of first force to end point of the second force.
14. State parallelogram law of forces.

If two forces are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of
the parallelogram drawn from the common point.
14

15. State lami’s theorem?.

If three concurrent forces are in equilibrium, magnitude of any force is
proportional to the sine of angle between the other two forces.
16. State the necessary and sufficient condition for static equilibrium of a
particle in two dimensions.
For static equilibrium of a particle in two dimensions,
i) The algebraic sum of horizontal components of all forces acting the particle must be zero.
ii) The algebraic sum of vertical components of all forces acting the particle must be zero.
17. State triangle law of equilibrium.

If three forces acting on a particle are represented by the three sides of a triangle in magnitude
and direction when taken in order, the particle will remain in equilibrium.
18. What is coplanar concurrent force system?

A force system, in a plane, in which the lines of action all forces intersect at a single point
is called coplanar concurrent force system.
PART – B
1. (i) The truck shown is to be towed using two ropes. Determine the magnitudes of forces
FA and FB acting on each rope in order to develop a resultant force of 950N directed
along the positive X-axis.
Given Data:
Resultant force, R= 950N
To Find:
Magnitude of forces FA and FB
Solution:
Resolving the forces horizontally,
∑H = FA cos 20 + FB cos 50 ………………….. (1)
Resolving the forces vertically,
∑V= FA sin 20 - FB sin 50 ………………….. (2)
15

Resultant force, R= 950N
So ∑H = 950N and ∑V = 0 apply on equation (1) & (2)
950 = FA cos 20 + FB cos 50
0 = FA sin 20 - FB sin 50
FA sin 20 = FB sin 50
𝐵s
FA =
s
FA = 2.2397 FB
950 = [(2.2397 FB) cos 20] + FB cos 50
950 = 2.104 FB + 0.642 FB
950 = 2.746 FB
FB = 345.86 N
FA = 2.2397 x 345.86
FA = 774.62 N
Result:
FA = 774.62 N
FB = 345.86 N
1. (ii) Determine the magnitude and angle Ө of F so that particle P, shown in figure, is in
equilibrium.
Given Data:
Magnitude (F) & Angle (Ө)
Solution:
∑H = 0
F cos Ө + 2.25 cos 60 – 7.5 cos 60 – 4.5 = 0
F cos Ө = 7.125
∑V = 0
16

F sin Ө - 2.25 cos 60 – 7.5 sin 60 = 0
F sin Ө = 8.443
s Ө .
=
sӨ .
tan Ө = 49083’
F cos 49083’ = 7.125
Result:
F = 11.04 kN
2. In the figure shown, three wires are joined at D. Two ends A and B are on the wall and
the other end C is on the ground. The wire CD is vertical. A force of 60kN is applied at
‘D’ and it passes through a point E on the ground as shown in figure. Find the forces in
all the three wires.
Given data:
To find:
Forces in all the three wires
Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 : B (0, 3,-3,) D (1.5, 2, 0)
− . ⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
− ⃗⃗ + − − 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 =𝑇 [ ]
√ − . + − + − −
17

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑻 =𝑻 [− . ⃗ + . ⃗ − . ⃗⃗⃗
𝒌]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ : A (0, 3, 3,) D (1.5, 2, 0)

𝑇
− . ⃗ + − ⃗⃗ + − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 =𝑇 [ ]
√ − . + − + −
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑻 =𝑻 [− . ⃗ + . ⃗ + . ⃗⃗⃗
𝒌]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 : C (1.5, 0, 0,) D (1.5, 2, 0)
. − . ⃗ + − ⃗⃗ + − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 =𝑇 [ ]
√ . − . + − + −
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑻 =𝑻 [−⃗ ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 : E (7.5, 0, 1.5,) D (1.5, 2, 0)
. − . ⃗ + − ⃗⃗ + . − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇 =𝑇 [ ]
√ . − . + − + . −
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑻 =𝑻 [ . ⃗– . ⃗ + . ⃗⃗⃗
𝒌]
W.K.That condition for equilibrium
∑ Fx = 0
-0.43 TDB – 0.43 TDA + 55.38 = 0
-0.43 TDB – 0.43 TDA = 55.38 ………………….. (1)
∑ Fy = 0
+0.29 TDB +0.29 TDA - TDC – 18.46 = 0
+0.29 TDB +0.29 TDA - TDC = 18.46 ………………….. (2)
∑ Fz = 0
-0.86 TDB + 0.86 TDA + 13.84 = 0
-0.86 TDB + 0.86 TDA = -13.84 ………………….. (3)
(1) X 0.86 = -0.37 TDB - 0.37 TDA = -47.62
(3) X 0.43 = -0.37 TDB +0.37 TDA = -5.95
18

-0.74 TDB = -53.57
Result:
TDB = 72.39 N
TDA = 56.4 N
TDC = 18.88N
Hence all 3 forces are tensile.
3. Two cylinders, having weight WA = 2000N and WB = 1000N are resting on smooth
inclined planes having inclination 600 and 450 with the horizontal respectively as shown
in Fig. They are connected by a weightless bar AB with hinge connections. The bar AB
makes 150 angle with the horizontal. Find the magnitude of the force P required to hold
the system in equilibrium.
FBD of Cylinder A
R1 = Reaction at the point of contact of Roller A with inclined plane
T = Tension in the bar AB
Applying ∑H = 0 ( +)
RA cos 30 – T cos 15 = 0
s
RA = T [ ]
s
RA = 1.115 T
19

Applying ∑V = 0 ( +)
RA sin 30 + T sin 15 – WA = 0
We know that, RA = 1.115 T & WA = 2000N
1.115 T sin 30 + T sin 15 = 2000
0.5575T + 0.2588 T = 2000
T = 2450 N
RA = 1.115 T
= 1.115 x 2450 = 2731.83 N
FBD of Cylinder B
RB = Reaction at the contact surface (unknown)
T = Tension in the bar AB = 2450 N (From previous step)
P = Force required to keep in equilibrium (unknown)
WB = Weight of the cylinder B = 1000 N
T cos 15 – RB cos 45 – P cos 30 = 0
2450 cos 15 – RB cos 45 – P cos 30 = 0
0.707 RB + 0.866 P = 2366.5
RB sin 45 – T sin 15 – P sin 30 – WB = 0
0.707 RB – 0.259 T – 0.5 P = 1000
0.707 RB - 0.5 P = 1000 + (0.259 x 2450) = 1634.5
0.707 RB + 0.866 P = 2366.5 …………… (1)
0.707 RB - 0.5 P = 1634.5 …………… (2)
(1) - (2) = 1.366 P = 732
P = 535.87 N
20

Result:
P = 535.87 N
The force P required to hold the system in equilibrium is 535.87 N
4. Block P = 5 kg and block Q of mass m kg is suspended through the chord is in the

equilibrium position as shown in fig. Determine the mass of block Q.
Solution:
FDB of Joint B
Ө = tan -1 ( )
= 53.13
FBC cos 30 – FBA cos 53.13 = 0

s .
FBC = FBA x ( )
s
FBC = 0.693 FBA
FBA sin 53.13 + FBC sin 30 – 5 = 0
0.8 FBA + 0.5 FBC = 5
21

0.8 FBA + 0.5 (0.693 FBA) = 5
FBA = 4.361 kg
FBC = 0.693 x 4.361 = 3.022 kg
Consider the FBD of joint C
FCD cos 70 - FCB cos 30 = 0
0.342 FCD = 0.866 FCB
0.342 FCD = 0.866 x 3.022
FCD = 7.652 kg
FCD sin 70 - FCB sin 30 - m = 0
7.652 sin 70 – 3.022 sin 30 = m
m = 5.679 kg
Result:
m = 5.679 kg
5. A Ladder is 8m long and weighs 300KN. The centre of gravity of the ladder from the
bottom end. The ladder rests against a vertical wall at B and on the horizontal floor at
A as shown below. Determine the safe height up to which a man weighing 900 N can
climb without making the ladder slip. The coefficient of friction between ladder and
floor is 0.4 and ladder top and wall is 0.3
22

Solution:
It is given, µA =0.4 and µB =0.3
The free body diagram of the ladder at the point of sliding is shown below:-
Applying ∑v=0 ( +)
NA+ FB= 1200 N …….(i)
FA - NB = 0 or FA =NB ……..(ii)
Applying ∑ MA = 0 ( +)
Let θ be the angle of ladder with horizontal
and x is the height up to which the man climb
without making the ladder slip.
From Geometry, θ =cos-1(5/8) = 51.320
(300 x 3 cosθ ) + (900 x xcos θ) –(FBX5) –(NBX 8 sinθ) =0
Substituting θ =51.32 and FB=0.3NB
(300 x 3 cos51.32 ) + (8 sin51900 x xcos 51.32) –(0.3XNBX5)–(NBX32) =0
Or 562 .47 +562.47 x -1.5NB -6.245NB =0
Or 562.47+562.47 x -7.745NB =0 …… (iii).
To Find NB
NA+ FB= 1200 N
Or (FA/0.4) + (0.3NB) =1200
Or (NB/0.4) + (0.3NB) =1200
Or 2.8 NB =1200
NB = 428.57N
Now, substituting the value of NB = 428.57N in eqn … (iv)
562.47+562.47 x -7.745X428.57 =0
562.47x =2756.8
x=4.901m
Result:
The man can climb up to 4.901m from the foot of ladder.
23

6. The parallelogram is formed by drawing a line from the head of F1 that is parallel to F2 ,
and another line from the head of F2 that is parallel to F1 . The resultant force FR extends to
where these lines intersect at point A , Fig. The two unknowns are the magnitude of FR and
the angle .
Given Data:
From the parallelogram, the vector triangle is
constructed, Fig. 2–11 c . Using the law of cosine
7. Determine the magnitude and the coordinate direction angles of the resultant force
acting on the ring in Fig.
SOLUTION
Since each force is represented in Cartesian vector form, the resultant
force, show n in Fig. is
24

8. Find the magnitude and direction of resultant of three forces shown in fig.
25

9. Three cables AB, AC and AD hold a ballon as shown in fig.find Vertical force exerted at
the base of ballon A, knowing that tension in cable AB is 259N.
26

10.Three cables support a load W as shoen in fig. knowing that tension in cable AB is 500 N,
find W. What will be magnitudes of tensions in AC and AD?
27

28

11. A horizontal force P normal to the wall holds the cylinder in the poisition shown in fig.
Determine the magnitude of P and the tension in each cable.
29

12.Find the resultant completely for the coplanar system shown in fig.
30

31

13. Four tug boats are used to bring an ocean liner to its pier. Each tug boat exerts a 5000-lb
force in the direction shown. Determine a). the equivalent force –couple system at the foremast
O. b) the point on the hull where a single, more powerful tug boat should push to produce the
same effect as the original four tug boats.
SOLUTION
a. Force-Couple System at O . Each of the given forces is resolved into
components in the diagram shown (kip units
are used). The force-couple system at O
equivalent to the given system of forces
consists of a force R and a couple defined

as follows:
R =F
= (2.50i- 4.33j)+ (3.00i - 4.00j)+ (-5.00j)+ (3.54i + 3.54j)
= 9.04i - 9.79j
=(r xF)
= (-90i + 50j) x (2.50i - 4.33j)+ (100i + 70j) x (3.00i - 4.00j) + (400i+ 70j) x (-5.00j)
+ (300i - 70j) x (3.54i + 3.54j)
= (390 - 125 - 400 - 210 - 2000 + 1062 + 248)k
= -1035k
32

The equivalent force-couple system at O is thus
R = (9.04 kips)i - (9.79 kips)j =-(1035 kip . ft)k
or R = 13.33 kips 5 = 1035 kip . ft

Remark: Since all the forces are contained in the plane of the figure, we could have expected the sum
of their moments to be perpendicular to that plane. Note that the moment of each force component
could have been obtained directly from the diagram by first forming the product of its magnitude
and perpendicular distance to O and then assigning to this product a positive or a negative sign
depending upon the sense of the moment.
b. Single Tugboat.
The force exerted by a single tugboat must be equal to R , and its point of application A must be such
that the moment of R
about O is equal to . Observing that the position vector of A is
r = xi + 70j
we write
rxR=
(xi + 70j) x (9.04i - 9.79j) = -1035k
-x(9.79)k - 633k = - 1035k
x = 41.1 ft
33

UNIT - II
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
PART – A
1. State varignon’s theorem.
The algebraic sum of moments due to all forces acting on the object about any point is
equal to the moment of their resultant about the same point.
2. Define couple.
Two non collinear parallel forces having same magnitude but opposite direction from a
couple. Couple moment is said to be a free vector as it can be transferred to any point in the
plane without causing any change in its effect on the body.
3. Why the couple moment is said to be a free vector?
Plane without causing any change in its effect on the body
4. Distinguish between couple and moment.
Moment represents the turning effect of a force whereas couple consists of two equal
and opposite forces separate by some distance. Moment of force various from point to
point but moment of a couple is same about any point in the plane.
5. What is meant by force-couple system?
A system of coplanar non concurrent force system acting in a rigid body can be
replaced by a single resultant force and couple moment at a point known as force couple
system.
6. Can a coplanar non concurrent system with zero resultant force necessarily be in
equilibrium?
A coplanar non concurrent system with zero resultant force is not necessarily In
equilibrium as it can have a non zero resultant moment.
7. When is moment of force zero about a point?
The moment of force about a point is zero its line of action passes through that point.
8. When is moment of force maximum about a point?
Moment of force is maximum about a point when,
i) It’s applied at maximum result from the point and,
ii) It is applied perpendicular to the line joining the point to the point of application of force.
34

9. When is moment of force zero about a line?

Moment of force about a line is zero when,
i) Force is parallel to that line or,
ii) Line of action of force intersects that line.
10. State the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies in two
dimensions.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies in two dimensions are:
1) Algebraic sum of horizontal components of all forces acting on the body is
must be zero,
2) Algebraic sum of vertical components all forces acting on the body is must be zero,
3) Algebraic sum of moments due to all forces and couple moments acting the body are in
must be zero.
11. Write the conditions equilibrium of a system of parallel force acting in a plane.
The two conditions of equilibrium of a system of parallel forces acting a plane are:
1) Algebraic sum of all forces must be zero
2) Algebraic sum of moments due to all forces about any point must be zero.
12. What are the reactions at a fixed support of a plane beam that are possible?
1) A reaction force in the plane which can be represented by its two component ( generally
taken to be horizontal and vertical)
2) A reaction moment.
13. Write the equation of equilibrium of a rigid body.
The three equations of a rigid body are:
∑Fx=0,; ∑Fy=0,;Em=0
14. How many scalar equations can be obtained for equilibrium of rigid body in three
dimensions?
Six scalar equations can be obtained for equilibrium of a rigid body in three
dimensions.
35

PART – B
1. Find the resultant of the force system shown in Figure. Radius = 2.5m.
Ans :
Radius = 2.5 m
i. ∑ 𝐹 = 84 cos 400- 55 cos 350 + 79 cos 600 + 50
= 108.79 N
ii. ∑ 𝐹 = -84 sin 400- 55 sin 350 - 79 sin 600 + 123-6
= -90.96 N
∑ 𝐹 = 90.96 N ( )
iii. R=√ (108.79)2 + (90.96)2
R = 141.80 N
.
iv. Ө =tan− .
)
Ө = 39089`
𝑉. ∑ 𝑀𝑜 =84 x2.5 + 123 x2.5 – 55x2.5 + 79x2.5
– 50x2.5 cos 400 + 60x2.5 sin 400
= 158.16 Nm
vi. By varignon`s theorem,
∑ 𝑀𝑜 = Rxd
.
d=
.
d = 1.12 m
36

2. 4000 N load acts on the beam held by a cable PQ as shown in Figure. The weight of
the beam can be neglected. Draw the free body diagram of the beam and find the
tension on the cable PQ. Also find the reaction force at R.
Ans :
∑ 𝑀𝑅 = 0
-4x4 sin 35 + T PQ sin 30x6 = 0
s
T PQ = =3.059 KN
s
∑𝐹 = 0
=HR - T PQ cos 25 = 0
HR = T PQ cos 25
=3.059x cos 25
= 2.772 KN
∑𝐹 =0
= vR -4- T PQ sin 25 = 0
vR= 4 + 3.059 sin 25
= 5.293 KN
Reaction at R = √ . + .
= 5.975KN
𝑉 .
tanӨ= = = 1.9095
𝐻 .
Ө = tan− . = 62.360
37

3. (i)A force (10i +20j -5k ) N acts at a point P( 4,3,2)m. determine the moment of this
forces about the point Q(2,3,4)m in a vector form. Also find the magnitude of the
moment and its angles with respect to x,y,z axes.
Given:
Forces, F = (10i +20j -5k) N
Point, p = (4, 3,2)m
Q = (2,3,4)m
To find magnitude and angles in x, y, and z axes.
Ans :
P-Q = [(4-2), (3-3), (2-4)]
P-Q = [2, 0, -2]
YQp= P-Q = 2i + 0j -2k
𝑀= ⃗ X 𝐹
i j k
= 2 0 -2
10 20 -5
⃗
= (0 + 40) – (-10 + 20) + (40 - 0) 𝑘
M = 40 -10 + 40 𝑘 ⃗
Fx= 10 N; Fy= 20 N; Fz = -5 N
F=√ + + −
F = 22.91 N
Cos Өx = .
Өx= 64.120
Cos Өy = .
Өy= 29.190
−
Cos Өz = .
Өz = 102.60
38

3. (ii) A plate ABCD in the shapes of a parallelogram is acted upon by two couples, as
shown in the figure. Determine the angle β if the resultant couple is 1.8 Nm clockwise.
Given
Resultant couple = 1.8 Nm (clockwise)
To find
Angles, β
Resultant couple is 1.8Nm in clockwise but distance between 12 N force is

considered “d”
(12xd) – (21x0.4) = 1.8
12xd = 1.8 + (21x0.4)
d = 0.85m
.
sin 𝛽 = .
.
β = sin− .
β = 54.040
Result :
Angle,
β = 54.040
4. Determine the reaction at the supports P,Q,T and V for the beam shown in figure.
39

Tofind :
VP , VQ , VT & VV ,
Ans:
Draw free body diagram
30 sin 300
30 cos300
20KN 25KN
2m QQ(7.5)
VV 1m VQ
VP VT
1m 1m 1m 1m
Analyze upper beam.

Apply equation condition.
∑FY = 0
VV + VQ - 30 sin 300 = 0
VV + VQ = 15 KN
∑FX = 0
HV = -30 cos 300
HV = - 25.9 KN
Taking moment about V
(30 sin 300 x 2) – (VQ x 4) = 0
VQ = 7.5 KN
VV = 7.5 KN
Analyze lower beam
∑FY = 0
VP + VT - 7.5 – 20KN -25KN = 0
VP + VT = 52.5 KN
Taking moment about ‘P’
(7.5x1) + (25x3) + (20x13) - (VT x 4) = 0
VT = 35.6 KN
VP = 16.8 KN
Result:
VQ = 7.5
VV = 7.5 KN
VT = 35.6 KN
VP = 16.8 KN
40

5. Determine the reactions and the supports A and E for the beam shown in
figure
To find :
VA , VE
Ans:
Draw free body diagram
12KN 10KN 10kN-m 30KN

HA
2m
VA 1m 1m B 1.5m 1.5m 2m D 2m
Apply equation condition

VA + VE -12KN – 10KN – 30KN = 0
VA + VE = 52KN
Apply equation condition, taking moment about A,

(12 x 1) + (10 x 3.5) -10 - (VE x 8) + (30 x 80) = 0
VE = 42.125KN
VA = 9.87 KN
6. A fixed crane has a mass of 1000 kg and is used to lift a 2400-kg crate. It is held in place
by a pin at A and a rocker at B. The center of gravity of the crane is located at G.
Determine the components of the reactions at A and B.
41

Free-Body Diagram. A free-body diagram of the crane is drawn. By multiplying the masses of
the crane and of the crate by g = 9.81 m/s2, we obtain the corresponding weights, that is, 9810 N
or 9.81 kN, and 23 500 N or 23.5 kN. The reaction at pin A is a force of unknown direction; it is
represented by its components Ax and Ay. The reaction at the rocker B is perpendicular to the
rocker surface; thus, it is horizontal. We as ume that Ax, Ay, and B act in the directions shown.
Free-Body Diagram
Determination of B. We express that the sum of the moments of all external

forces about point A is zero. The equation obtained will contain neither Ax
nor Ay, since the moments of Ax and Ay about A are zero. Multiplying the
magnitude of each force by its perpendicular distance from A, we write
Since the result is positive, the reaction is directed as assumed.

Determination of Ax. The magnitude of Ax is determined by expressing that the sum of the
horizontal components of all external forces is zero.
Since the result is negative, the sense of Ax is opposite to that assumed originally.
Determination of Ay. The sum of the vertical components must also equal zero.
Adding vectorially the components Ax and Ay , we find that the reaction at A is 112.2 kN
17.3°.
42

7. Four forces act tangentially to a circle of radius 2m as shown in fig. Find the
magnitude , inclination and distance of the resultant from the centre of the circle.
8. A body is acted upon a system and a couple as shown in fig. Determine the resultant the
of the system of forces. Also locate the points of intersection of the system of forces. Also
locate the points of intersection of the resultant with arm PQ, QR and RS.
43

44

9. The lever ABC of a component of a

machine is hinged at B and is subjected to
a system of coplanar forces as shown in
fig. Neglecting friction find the magnitude
of the force(P) to keep the lever in
equilibrium. Also determine the
magnitude and direction of the reaction
B.
45

10. A beam 'ABCD' having self weight 2kN/m is subjected to additional load as shown in
fig. Find the support reaction at ;B' and 'C'.
Free Body Diagram
46

11. Find the reaction at A and B for a bent ABC loaded as shown in fig.
Solution :
The FBD for ABC
47

12. A weight W rests on the bar AB as shown in Fig. The cable connecting W and B passes
over frictionless pulley. If bar AB has negligible weight, shown that the reaction at A is
𝑳−𝒂
𝑳+𝒂
48

49

UNIT - III
PROPERTIES OF SURFACE AND SOLIDS
PART – A
1. Define centre of gravity.
Centroid is the geometrical center of the body whereas center of gravity is the point
through which weight of the body acts.
2. Define first moment of an area about of an axis.
The first moment of an area about of an axis is the product of an area
and the perpendicular distance of its centroid from axis.
3. Define line of symmetry.
Line of symmetry is line a about which the area on one side is a mirror image of the
area of the side
4. State pappus-guldinus theorem for finding surface area.
The area of surface of revolution is equal to the product of the length of the generating
curve and the distance travelled by the centroid of the generating curve while
generating that surface.
5. What is uniform motion?
If the velocity of body does not change with time ,then the motion is called as uniform
motion.
6. State parallel axis theorem.
Moment of inertia of an area about an axis is equal to the sum of (a) moment of inertia
an axis passing through the centroid parallel to the given axis and (b) the product of
area and square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
7. Define principal axes and principal moment of inertia.
The axes about which moments or inertia is maximum and minimum are
known as principal axes .when these two axes are passing through centroid of area it
is known a centroidal principal axis. Now the maximum and minimum moments of
inertia are called principal moments of inertia.
50

8. What is called the coefficient of static friction?

As the force ‘P’ increases, ‘F’ also increases but the body remains at rest and is in
equilibrium. If ‘F’ reaches a limiting value friction or from when ‘P’ is increases it loses
its balance and hence the body slides to right
9. State the Coulomb’s laws of dry friction.
When a body kept on another body is subjected to a horizontal force, friction force
developed at the surfaces of contact of two bodies has a magnitude equal to that of the
horizontal force applied. When one body moves over another, the magnitude of the
friction force is less than that of the horizontal force
10. What is the condition in terms of efficiency for a machine to be self-locking?
When the efficiency of a machine is less than 50%, it is said to be self-locking
PART – B
1. Derive, from first principles, the second moment of area of a circle about its diametrical
axis.
Moment of inertia (second moment of area)
The role played by the moment of inertia in the rotary motion is similar to the role played by the
mass in the translatory motion.
The moment of inertia of an area is called as the area moment of inertia or the second
moment of area.
The moment of inertia of the mass of a body is called as the mass moment of inertia.
51

Moment of inertia of an area of a plane figure
Consider a plane figure of area A in the x – y plane as shown in fig
Divide this area A into infinitesimal areas.
Let dA be any element of the area situated at a distance (x, y) from the axes.
The moment of inertia of the area A with respect to the x-axis = Ix = ⌡y2 dA.
The moment of inertia of the area A with respect to the y-axis = Iy = ⌡x2 dA.
Note: Ix and Ixx are same. Similarly Iy = Iyy and Iz = Izz.
Polar moment of inertia and perpendicular axis theorem
The moment of inertia of an area of a plane figure with respect to an axis perpendicular
to the x-y plane and passing through a pole O (z-axis) is called as the polar moment of inertia
and is denoted by J ( or Iz)
Polar moment of inertia Iz = J = ⌡r2 dA.
As x2 + y2 = r2
Iz = J = ⌡r2 dA = ⌡(x2+y2) dA = Ix + Iy
So j = Ix + Iy
i.e Izz = Ixx + Iyy. This is called perpendicular axis theorem.
52

Perpendicular axis theorem
Moment of inertia of the plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to the lamina and
passing through its centroid is equal to the sum of the moment of inertias of the lamina about two
mutually perpendicular axes through the centroid and in the plane of the lamina.
Simply Izz = Ixx + Iyy.
The unit of moment of inertia of an area is m4 or cm4 or mm4
The moment of inertia of an area can be determined with respect to any axis. One
commonly used axis is the centroidal axis. Any axis passing through the centroid of an area is
called centroidal axis. Three of them are centroidal x-axis, centroidal y-axis and centroidal z-
axis.
2. For the section shown in the figure below, locate the horizontal and vertical
centroidal axes.
Given Data:
Solution;
+ +
̅=
+ +
+ +
̅=
+ +
a1 = 800 X 100 = 80 X 103 mm2
a2 = 50 X 400 = 20 X 103 mm2
a3 = 600 X 100 = 60 X 103 mm2
= = mm
= + = mm
x = + = mm
53

y = = mm
y = + = mm
y = + + = mm
X X + X X + X X
̅=
X
X + X + X
̅= . 𝐦𝐦
X X + X X + X X
̅
Y=
X + X + X
̅= . 𝐦𝐦
Result:
̅= . 𝐦𝐦
̅= . 𝐦𝐦
3. Calculate the centroidal polar moment of inertia of a rectangular section with breath
of 100 mm and height of 200 mm.
Given Data:
Solution:
Polar moment of inertia, Ip = Ixx + Iyy
ℎ 𝑋
I = = = . 𝑚𝑚
54

ℎ 𝑋
I = = = . 𝑚𝑚
I = . x + . X
I = . X mm
Result:
𝐈𝐩 = . 𝐦𝐦
4. Find the moment of inertia of the shaded areas shown in figure about the vertical and
horizontal centroidal axes. The width of the hole is 200 mm.
Solution:
Portion (I):
(Triangle)
Area,
55

= ℎ=𝐴
a1=450 X 𝒎𝒎
= = 𝑚𝑚
ℎ
= = = 𝑚𝑚
Portion (2): (Rectangle)
= ℎ= = mm2
X2 = 500 mm
= + = 𝑚𝑚
−
̅=
−
X X − X X
=
X − X
̅= 𝐦𝐦
−
̅=
−
X X − X X
=
X − X
̅= . 𝐦𝐦
Ixx = I1 - I2
̅̅̅
I1 = IG1+ A1 ℎ
ℎ
= +𝐴 ̅ −
= +[ . − ]
56

I1 = 2.0489 X 𝒎𝒎
̅̅̅
I2 = IG2+ A2 ℎ
= + A y̅ − y
= +[ . − ]
I2 = 2.247 X 𝒎𝒎
Ixx = I1 – I2
= 2.0489 X − .
Ixx = 1.824 X 𝒎𝒎
Iyy = 𝐼 ′ - 𝐼 ′
𝐼 ′ = IG1 + A1 ̅̅̅
ℎ
= ̅−x
+A X
= +[ − ]
𝑰 ′ = 1.875 x 1010 mm4
𝐼 ′ = IG2 + A2 ̅̅̅
ℎ
= ̅−x
+A X
= +[ − ]
𝑰 ′ = 200 x 106 mm4

Iyy = 𝐼 ′ - 𝐼 ′
= 1.875 x 1010 - 200 x 106

Iyy = 1.855 x 1010 mm4
57

5. Find the centroid of the lamina shown in fig..all dimension are in mm

Given Data:
Solution:
Divide the section into four portions.
Portions. (1), rectangle of size 110x140mm
Portions (2), smaller rectangle of the size 90mmx80mm
Portions (3), triangle, base, 90 mm, height 60 mm
Portions (4), circle of the dia 60 mm
Portions (1)
Area, aІ = 110x140 =14000mm²
xІ = 100/2= 50mm ; yІ = 140/2=70mm
Portions (2)
Area, aЇ = 90mmx80 =7200 mm²
xЇ = 100+(90/2)=145 mm ; yЇ = 80/2=40 mm
Portions (3)
Area, aЈ =1/2x90x60=2700 mm²
xЈ= 100+(90/3)=130 mm ; yЈ = 80+(60/3)=100 mm
Portions (4)
Area, aЉ = πx60²/4 = 2827.43 mm² ; xЉ = 80 mm; yЉ = 80 mm
X1 = (aІxІ+aЇxЇ+aЈxЈ-aЉxЉ/ aІ+ aЇ+ aЈ- aЉ)
=(14000x50)+(7200x145)+(2700x130)-(2827.43x80)/(14000+7200+7200-2827.43)=88.68mm
58

Y1= (aІyІ+aЇyЇ+aЈxЈ-aЉyЉ/ aІ+ aЇ+ aЈ- aЉ)

=(14000x70)+(7200x40)+(2700x100)-(2827.43x80)/(14000+7200+7200-2827.43)=62.25mm
The Co-ordinates of centroid G is (88.68 mm, 62.25mm).
Result:
X1 = 88.68mm
Y1 = 62.25mm
6. Locate the centroid of the area shown in Fig. The dimension are in mm.
Solution:
59

7. Find the coordinates of centroid of the lamina shown in fig with respect to A.
The Calculations are tabulated as follows:
Component No Component area x (m) y (m)

1 4x4 2 2
2 x4x4 4+ 4/3
x . . .
3 6+ cos 2+ sin
 
 A =36.563 m2,  Ax = 160.704 m3,  Ay=78.454 m2
60

8. Find the moment of inertia of the section shown in fig. about its centroidal axes.
61

62

9. Find the moment of inertia of the section shown in fig. about its centroidal axes.
63

64

65

UNIT - IV
DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
PART – A
1. State D’Alembert’s principle.
The force system consisting of external forces and inertia force can be considered to
keep the particle in equilibrium. Since the resultant force externally acting on the particle is
not zero, the particle is said to be in dynamic equilibriums. The principle is known as
D’Alembert’s principle.
2. What is general plane motion?
Any plane motion which is neither a rotation nor a translation but considered as the sum of
translation and rotation.
3. Define the term co-efficient of restitution.
The co-efficient of restitution between two bodies in a collision is defined as the ratio of
the relative velocity of their separation after collision to the relative of their approach
before collision.
4. Define angle friction.
Angle of friction is the angle between resultant reaction of one body on another and
normal to the common tangent between two bodies when the motion is impending.
5. What are motion curves?
The path described by a particle or a rigid body with respect to time is called motion
curve.
6. State Newton’s law of collision.
It states that “for two colliding bodies, their relative velocity of separation bears a constant
ratio to their relative velocity of approach”.
7. What is Impulse – momentum equation?
Ft = m ( v – u )
Where, F = Impulse force
t = time taken
m = mass of the body
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
66

8. Define time of restitution.

It is defined as the time taken by two bodies to regain the original shape, after impact.
9. What do you understand by kinematics?
Kinematics refers to the study of bodies in motion without considering the
force that causes motion.
10. Define Dynamics.
Dynamics is the branch of mechanics. This deals with the analyst bodies in motion.
PART – B
1. From top of a 60 m tower, a bullet is fired at an angle of 60 0 with the horizontal, with a
velocity of 120m/calculate the maximum height attained by the bullet and the time its
interval, when it strikes the ground.
Given:
h=60m
U=120m/s
V=u+at
S=ut+ at2
V2=W2=2as
Smax = 𝑔
To find: time interval (t) and maximum height (Smax).
Time of interval
t=u/g=120/9.81=12.2 sec
h=ut+ gt2
60=120x t+ 9.81x t2
t=0.49 sec
Smax= = =733.9m
𝑔 ∗ .
Smax=733.9m
67

2. Block A and B connected by rigid horizontal bar planned at each end are placed on
inclined planes as shown in figure. The weight of the block B is 300N.find the limiting
values of the weight of the block A to just start motion of the system.
W=300N
µA=0.25 µB=0.25
600 450
Ans:
LET WA be the weight of block A. consider the free body diagram of B.as shown in figure and
assume AB the axis of reference.
∑v=0
Rsin450 - µRcos450-300=0
R=606.09 N
∑H=0
C-Rcos450 - µRsin450=0
Pulling the value of R ,we get
C=557.14N
Where C is the reaction imparted by rod.
Consider the free body diagram of block A as shown in figure.
∑H=0
C+ ARcos600–Rcos600=0
Pulling all the values we get
R=751.85 N
∑v=0
Rsin600+Rsin600=0
on solving W=538.7 N
68

Hence weight of block A=538.7 N

3. The 50kg block shown in figure is originally at rest on the smooth horizontal surface.
Determine the time needed for the block to attain a velocity of 30m/s if a force of 300N is
acting on the block as shown. use principle of impulse and momentum.
300 N
300
50 Kg
Ans:
RN 300 N
300
50 Kg 30cos 300
W
Smooth horizontal surface and hence no friction force.
Applying impulse momentum equation
∑FX * t = m(v-u)
m=50kg; u=0m/s; V=30m/s
free body diagram refer figure (b)
Horizontal force in the direction of momentum
FX=300cos30 = 259.81 N
FX=259.81 N
Substitute in equation (1)
∑FX * t = m(v-u)
259.81 * t = 50(30-0)
t=5.77sec
69

4. A body A is projected vertically upwards from the top of a tower with a velocity of
40m/s, the tower being 180 m high. After t sec, another body B is allowed to fall from the
same point. Both the bodies reach the ground simultaneously. Calculate t and the velocity
of A and B on reaching the ground.
Given:
u=40m/s; S=180m
Body A
Upward motion of body A
V = u – gt
0 = 40 – 9.81x t
t = 4.07 sec
S= ut- 1/2gt2
S=40 * 4.07 -1/2 x 9.81 x (4.07)2
S=81.54
Total distance travelled by body A
=180 + 81.54
S=261.54m
Downward motion of body A
S=ut+ 1/2gt2
254.54 = ½ x 9.81 x t2
t=7.3 sec
total time taken
= 4.07 + 7.3
=11.37 sec
V2=u2+2gS
V2= 0+2x9.81x261.54
V=71.634m/s
Body B
Downward motion of body B
V2=u2+2gS
V2=2x9.81x180
70

V=59.42m/s
Time taken by body B
V=u+gt
59.42=0+9.81x t
t=6.05 sec
5. A bullet is fired making an angle 30o to the horizontal from a hill which strikes the target
which is 80m lower than the horizontal passing through the firing point. The initial bullet
velocity is 100 m/s.
Find the following :
(i) The maximum height above horizontal to which the bullet will rise.
(ii) The velocity of the bullet when it strikes the target.
(iii) The total time required for the bullet its strikes the target.
Ans:
i)Maximum height attained by the bullet:
𝑖 𝛼 𝑖
hmax= = = 127.42 m
𝑔 ∗ .
ii)The velocity of the bullet when it strikes the target:
let v be the actual velocity of the bullet. It can be resolved into two components vx and vy.
vx= ucos = 86.6 m/s
vertical distance between d and c = hmax + 80
71

h=127.42 + 80= 207.42 m
v2=u2+2gh
=02+(2x 9.81x 207.42)
Vy=63.79 m/s
Velocity at c= √𝑣 +𝑣 =107.55 m/s
iii) The total time required for the bullet its strikes the target:
t1:
T=t1+t2
V=u-gt
0=usinα
U=50m/s
0=50-(9.81xt1)
t1=5.09 sec
t2:
V=u+gt
V=63.79 m/s
v=0+(9.81*t2)
63.79=9.81t2
t2=6.5 sec
T = 5.09 + 6.5
T=11.59 sec
72

6. Find the velocity of blocks, if block B shown in fig. falls vertically at a distance of 1.5m.
The system is initially at rest. Take µ=0.2.
73

7. Two blocks of mass 20kg and 40kg are connected by a rope passing over a frictionless
pulley as shown in fig. Assuming the coefficient of friction as 0.3 for all contact surfaces.
Find the tension in the string, and the acceleration of the system. Also compute the
velocity of the system after 4 seconds starting from rest.
74

8. Two blocks of weight 200 N and 70 N are connected by a string and passing over a
frictionless pulley as shown in figure. Determine the tension in string and acceleration of
blocks A and B.
75

76

9. Two blocks of weight 200 N and 70 N are connected by a string and passing over a
frictionless pulley as shown in figure Find the velocity of the blocks when block A moves
1.5m assuming that the blocks start from rest.
77

78

10. Two weights 800N and 200N are connected by a thread and move along a rough
horizontal plane under the action of a force 400N, applied to the first weight of 800 N
as shown in fig. The coefficient of friction between the sliding surfaces of the weights
and the plane is 0.3. Determine the acceleration of the weights and the tension in the
thread using work energy equation.
79

11. A bus starts from rest from point A and accelerates at 0.8m/s 2 till it reaches maximum
velocity 12m/s. After sometime, brakes are applied so that it comes to stop at point B,
Which is 42m beyond the point where brakes were applied. Knowing that acceleration
is uniform and total travel time is 36 seconds, find the distance between the points A
and B with help of V-t diagram. Also draw s-t diagram.
80

12. Block B starts from rest and moves downward with a constant acceleration. Knowing
that after slider block A has moved 400 mm, its velocity is 4 m/s, determine
a) acceleration of blocks A and B,
b) the velocity and change in position of block B after 2s.
81

82

13. Two roads (N-S and E-W) cross at right angles at an intersection as shown in fig. Car A
is travelling east at constant speed 36 km/h while car B, initially 35m from intersection
starts from rest and travels south at an acceleration of car B relative to car A six seconds
after car A just crosses at the intersection.
83

84

UNIT - V
FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS
PART – A
1. Define instantaneous centre of rotation.

Instantaneous centre of rotation is a point identified with in a body where the
velocity is zero.
2. Define co-efficient of restitution.
It is ratio of magnitudes of impulses corresponding to the period of restitution and
to the period of deformation is called coefficient of restitution
3. Define kinetics.
Study of bodies subjected to forces which are unbalanced is called kinetics.
4. Define kinematics
The study of geometry and time dependent aspects of motion without considering
forces causing motion.
5. Define Angular momentum.
Momentum of linear momentum is called angular momentum.
6. What is general plane motion? give some example
When motion of particles and rigid bodies defined in a plane is called plane motion.
Example: All planets revolving around the sun.
7. Define Relative velocity.
Assume particle A moves with a velocity of Va and particle B moves with a velocity
Vb.
8. Define Resultant velocity.
Assume particle A moves to x direction Vx and in y direction Vy this resultant
velocity.
9. How will you calculate the linear restoring force of an elastic material?
Linear restoring force of an elastic material. F = kx Where k is the stiffness
of the material and x is the displacement.
85

10. State the principle of work and energy.

The principle of work and energy or work energy equation is written as Work done
=final kinetic energy - initial kinetic energy
11. Define instantaneous centre of rotation.
A rigid body in plane motion can be considered to rotate about a point that remains
at a particular instant. This point having zero instantaneous velocity is called the
instantaneous centre of rotation.
PART – B
1. Two blocks A and B are placed on inclined planes as shown in below. The block A
weight 1000N. Determine minimum weight of the block B for maintaining the
equilibrium of the system. Assume that the blocks are connected by an inextensible
string passing over a frictionless pulley. Coefficient of friction µ A between the block A
and the plane is 0.25. Assume the same value for µ B.
Given data:
Solution:
86

Free body diagram of Block A
Resolving the forces normal to the plane,
NA = 1000 cos 300
= 866.025 N
Resolving the forces along the plane,
T – F – 1000 sin 300 = 0 (F = µ A N = 0.25x NA)
T – (0.25 x 866.02) = 1000 sin 300
T = 716.50 N
Consider the free body diagram of block B
Let W be the weight of block B required to keep in equilibrium
Resolving the forces normal to the plane,
NB – W cos 600 = 0
NB = 0.5 W
Resolving the forces along the plane
F + W sin 600 – T = 0
(µ x NB) + 0.866W – 716.5 = 0
(0.25 x 0.5W) + 0.866W = 716.5
0.125 W + 0.866 W = 716.5
Solving W = 723 N
2. Two bodies of 9kg and 13.5kg are suspended on two ends of a string passing over
a pulley of radius 275 mm and moment of inertia = 16.5kgm2 as shown in below.
Determine the strings and the angular acceleration of the pulley.
87

Solution:
Let T1 = Tension in the string connecting 9kg block
T2 = Tension in the string connecting 13.5 kg block
α = angular acceleration of the pulley
Given, radius of pulley = 275 mm
Let a1 = acceleration of block 1 (ie., 9kg block)
a2 = acceleration of block 2 (ie., 13.5kg block)
α = angular acceleration of the pulley
a1 = 0.275 α and a2 = 0.275 α
Consider the free body diagram of (1) (9kg block)
Applying ΣFy – ma = 0
(13.5 x 9.81) – T2 = 13.5 a2
T2 = 132.44 – 13.5 a2
Consider the free body diagram of pulley
ΣMG – IGα = 0
ΣMG = IGα
(T2 x 0.275) – (T1 x 0.275) = 16.5 α
(T2 – T1) = 60 α
Substitute T1 and T2 in the above equation,
(132.44 – 13.5a2) – (88.29 + 9a1) = 60 α
(132.44 – 13.5 x 0.275 α) – (88.29 + 9 x 0.275 α) = 60 α
(132.44 – 3.7125 α) – (88.29 + 2.475α) = 60 α
132.44 – 88.29 = 66.1875 α
α = 0.67 rad/sec2
88

T1 = 88.29 + 9a1
= 88.29 + (9 x 0.275 α)
= = 88.29 + (9 x 0.275 x 0.67)
T1 = 89.94 N
T2 = 132.44 – 13.5 a2
= 132.44 – (13.5 x 0.275 x 0.67)
T2 = 129.91 N
Result:
T1 = 89.94 N
T2 = 129.91 N
3. A cast iron hoop of radius 200 mm is released from rest on a 25 0 inclined as shown in
below. Find the angular acceleration of the hoop and the time taken by it to move a
distance of 4m down the slope. µ s= 0.25
Given data:
r = 200 mm
= 250
s= 4m
µ s= 0.25
Solution:
The cylinder slides downwards and hence rotates in the anticlockwise direction. Hence
the inertia force (max) and inertia torque (IG α) are given in the opposite directions.
89

Applying ΣFx – max = 0
mg sin 250 – max = 0 (Force in direction of motion is positive)
F = mg sin 250 – max …………….. (1)
Applying ΣMG – IG α = 0
.
( F x 0.25) – [ (m x ) α] = 0 (The moment in direction of rotation is positive)
0.2 F = 0.02 m α (IG = )
F = 0.1 m α ……………. (2) (ΣMG = sum of moments about G)
Let us assume that the hoop rolls without slipping. Hence a = r α relation can be
used.
ax = 0.2 α
α = (ax / 0.2) = 5 ax
Sub value of α in eqn (2)
F = 0.1 m α
= 0.1m x 5 ax
= 0.5 m ax ………………… (3)
Solve the equations (1) & (3)
mg sin 250 – max = 0.5 max
g sin 250 – ax = 0.5 ax
g sin 250 = 1.5 ax

𝑔s . s
ax = = = 2.763 m/S2
. .
𝑔s
Sub ax = .
in equation (1)
F = mg sin 25 – max
90

𝑔 s
= mg sin 25 – m [ ]
.
= 0.422 mg – 0.281 mg
= 0.141 mg
Max. Frictional Force, Fmax = µ s x NR
= 0.25 x mg cos 25
= 0.266 mg
To find angular acceleration:

𝑥
α=
.
= .
= 13.815 rad/s2
To find time taken to move 4m distance
s = ut + ½ at2
4 = 0 + ½ x 2.763 x t2 (s = 4m ; u =0)
T = 1.701 Seconds (a = 2.763 m/s2)
4. An effort of 200 N is required just to move a certain body up an inclined plane of angle
150, the force is acting parallel to the plane. If the angle of inclination of the plane is
made 200 , the effort required being again parallel to the plane, is found to be 230 N .
Find the weight of the body and the coefficient of friction.
91

Solution:
Case 1 : Effort required – 200 N; angle of plane - 150
Case 2 : Effort required – 230 N; angle of plane - 200
In both of the cases, the body is to move up; and the effort is applied, parallel to the inclined
plane. Hence, frictional force F = µ N will be acting downwards.
In both the cases, the weight of the body and the coefficient of friction are same. Let,
W = Weight of the body and µ = coefficient of friction
µ = µ 1 (or) µ 2 where, µ 1 = ; µ2 =
𝑁 𝑁
Case 1 : Resolving the forces along the plane
200 – W sin 15 – F1 = 0
200 – W sin 15 – µN1 = 0
W sin 15 + µN1 = 200 …………………… (1)
Resolving the forces normal to the plane
N1 – W cos 15 = 0 (or) N1 = W cos 15….. (2)
Sub value of N1 in eqn (1)
W sin 15 + µ(W cos 15) = 200
W (sin 15 + µ cos 15) = 200 ……………… (3)
Case 2 : Resolving the forces along the plane
230 – W sin 20 – F2 = 0
230 – W sin 20 – µN2 = 0
W sin 20 + µN2 = 230 …………………… (4)
N2 – W cos 20 = 0 (or) N2 = W cos 20….. (5)
Sub value of N2 in eqn (1)
W sin 20 + µ(W cos 20) = 230
92

W (sin 20 + µ cos 20) = 230 ……………… (6)
Solving the eqn (3) & (6) we get W and µ
[Eqn (6) / Eqn (3) ] then we get, µ = 0.25
W = 392.3 N
Result:
Weight of the body = 392.3 N
Coefficient of friction = 0.25
5. Determine the least value of P required to cause the motion impend the system shown
below. Assume coefficient of friction on all contact surfaces as 0.2.
Solution:
(Note: In the figure, angle θ is missing. Assume any suitable angle and proceed)
θ is assumed as 150
93

Consider FBD of Block (1)
Resolving the forces normal to the plane and equated to zero.
N1 – 840 cos 60 = 0
N1 = 420 N
F1 = µ N1
= 0.2 x 420 = 84 N
T – F1 – 840 sin 60 = 0
T – 84 – 840 sin 60 = 0
T = 811.46 N
Consider FBD of Block (2)
N2 + P sin 15 – 560 = 0
N2 = 560 – P sin 45
P cos 15 – 811.46 – (0.2 N2) = 0
0.966 P – 811.46 – 112 – 0.141 P = 0
0.825 P – 923.46 = 0
P = 1119.34 N
Result:
P = 1119.34 N
94

6. Block 'A' weighing 1.5kN rest on a horizontal plane and supports another block
weighing 500 N on top of it as shown in fig. The block b is attached to a vertical wall by an
inclined string, which makes an angle of 450 with the vertical. What should be the value of
force P acting at an angle of 300 to the horizontal to cause the motion of the lower block
impend ? Take µ=0.28 for all the surfaces.
95

7. The coefficients of friction are μs =0.3 and μ' 0.25 between all surfaces of contact.
Determine the smallest force P required to just start block D moving if
a) Block C is restrained by cable AB as shown.
b) Cable AB is removed. Refer Fig.
96

8. A block of weight W1=1290N rest on a horizontal surface and supports another block of
weight W2=570N on top of it as shown in fig. Block of weight W 2 is attached to a vertical
wall by an inclined string AB. Find the force P applied to the lower block that will be
necessary to cause the slipping impend.
Coefficient of friction between blocks 1and 2=0.25
Coefficient of friction between 1and horizontal surface=0.4
Solution:
The two free body diagrams are shown in fig.
For block 2,
∑Fx =0
0.25N1- T cos 36.87 = 0
T= 0.3125N1
∑Fy =0
97

T sin 36.87 +N1-570 =0
0.3125N1 sin 36.87+N1=570
N1=480N
For Block 1
∑Fy =0
N2 -N1-1290 =0
N2=480+1290
N2=1770N
∑Fx =0
P-0.25N1 - 0.40N2 = 0
P= 0.25 X 480 +0.40 X 1770
P=828N
9. A 137kg block is supported by rope which is wrapped 1 ⁄ turns around a horizontal

rod as shown in Figure knowing that the coefficient of friction between rope and the rod is
0.15, determine the range of value of P for which the equilibrium is maintained.
98

10. A force of 300 N is required just to move a block up a plane inclined at 20 0 to the
horizontal , the force being applied parallel to the plane. If the inclination of the plane is
increased to 250, the force required just to move the block up is 340 N, (the force is acting
parallel to the plane). Determine the weight of the block and the coefficient of friction.
99

100

11. Block A weighing 1500 N is to be raised by means of 150 wedge as shown in fig.
Assuming the coefficient of friction between all contact surfaces to be 0.2. Determine the
minimum force (P) required to move the block A upwards.
101

102

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GE 8292- ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Unit-I : STATICS OF PARTICLES

Unit-II : EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

Unit-III : PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS

Unit-IV : DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES

UNIT V : FRICTION AND RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

(CIVIL & MECH)

SUBJECT INCHARGE ACADEMIC COORDINATOR HOD

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

SL. COURSE CONTACT

1. HS8251 Technical English 4 4 0 0 4

2. MA8251 Engineering Mathematics - II 4 4 0 0 4

3. PH8251 Materials Science 3 3 0 0 3

Basic Electrical, Electronics

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

GE8292 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT I STATICS OF PARTICLES 9+6

UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 9+6

UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 9+6

UNIT IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 9+6

Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their relationship – Relative motion – Curvilinear

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT V FRICTION AND RIGID BODY DYNAMICS 9+6

TOTAL: 45+30 = 75PERIODS

2. Vela Murali, “Engineering Mechanics”, Oxford University Press (2010)

4. Rajasekaran S and Sankarasubramanian G., “Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics”,

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TIRUCHENGODE- 637 205

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Code : GE-8292

Subject Name : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Name of the faculty & Designation : G.CHANDRAMOHAN,M.E.,

Course : II Sem B.E., Civil & Mechanical Engineering

Academic Year : 2017 – 2018 (Even)

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS / REFERENCE BOOKS

Sl .No Title of the Book Author Reference

Beer, F.P and Johnston

2 Engineering Mechanics Vela Murali T

Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Hibbeller, R.C and

Irving H. Shames and

Engineering Mechanics- Statics - Meriam J.L. and Kraige

Engineering Mechanics Statics and Rajasekaran S and

Bhavikatti, S.S and

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

STATICS OF PARTICLES T -C2, T -C3, Chalk

Lami’s theorem, Parallelogram and T -C2, T -C3, Chalk

Coplanar Forces, rectangular

T -C2, R –C3, Chalk

T -C4, R –C3, Chalk

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES T -C5, R –C4, Chalk

stable equilibrium , Moments and

6123-SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE I YEAR- II SEM/GE 8292 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Vectorial representation of moments T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

T -C5, T -C4, Chalk

PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS

T section, I section, Angle section,

Principal moments of inertia of plane 2 Chalk