Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DNB
GENERAL
SURGERY FINALS
CONTENTS
No. TOPICS Questions page
General surgery
a. Principles of general surgery 174 4-16
(Metabolic response to surgery, IV fluids,
blood & blood products, surgical
nutrition, wounds & tissue repair,
intensive care, surgical infections,
oncology, operative room, PSM, universal
precautions, investigations, anaesthesia
& pain relief, operations)
b. Trauma (head injury, abdomen injuries, 52 17-20
neck injuries, chest injury, emergency
room, orthopaedics)
c. Burns 10 21
d. Skin & subcutaneous tissue 16 22
e. Head and Neck 38 23-25
f. Salivary glands 15 25-26
g. Chest 19 26
Systemic Surgery
a. Breast 42 27-29
b. Thyroid 31 30-31
c. Parathyroid 9 32
d. Adrenal gland 9 33
e. Vascular disorders (arterial, venous) 60 34-37
f. Abdominal wall, Hernia & umbilicus 17 38-39
g. Peritoneum, omentum, mesentry & 6 39
retroperitoneal space
Abdomen
a. Esophagus 22 40-41
b. Stomach & duodenum 30 41-42
c. Small bowel 51 43-46
d. Intestinal obstruction 19 46
e. Vermiform appendix 4 47
f. Rectum 17 47-48
3
Neurosurgery 19 63-64
Transplantation 20 64-65
Metabolic surgeries 8 67
Recent advances 7 68
4
GENERAL SURGERY
❶ PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL SURGERY
1) What is SIRS & how does it affect the outcome in surgical patients? 3+7
FAT 2016/a
2) Pathophysiology of sepsis & effects cause by it on various systems.
(5+5)-June, 2013.
3) Describe in brief SISR. (June, 2012). Define SIRS, clinical profile. What is
sepsis? Outline of management of septic shock. Dec, 2004.
4) Define shock. Classify shock. What are the causes, Ix and Mx principles in
septic shock? Apr 2016; 1+2+3+4 FAT 2017/a
Classification of shock. C/F of shock. Monitoring of patient in shock.
3+4+3 Dec 2017
5) What is septic shock? (6).Describe various scoring systems for sepsis.
(2).Describe various components of SIRS. June, 2011. Pathophysiology of
septic shock? 10 marks FAT 2015; Jun 2010
6) What is surgical site infection? Name common organisms and how will
you prevent it. Dec, 2010.
7) Mechanism/pathophysiology of SIRS. June, 2009; Dec,2008
8) What is septic shock? Outline its pathophysiology? (June, 2009; Dec,
2008; Dec, 2000). Clinical features, principles of management. (June,
2007)
9) Discuss management of hemorrhagic shock. Dec, 2008
10)Discuss pathogenesis & Mx of multiple organ dysfunction failure
(MODS). 5+5 Jun 2015; June, 2005
11)Metabolic response to trauma. June, 2013.
12)Physiologic changes that occur after major trauma. Apr 2016
5
4) What is wound dehiscence? What are the various causes for it? How will
you manage such a case? (1+4+5). Dec, 2013.
5) What are the differences between a hypertrophic scar and a keloid?
What are the treatment options for each of these? Rx of presternal
keloid in a young girl. Jun 2016; (5+5) June 2012.
6) What are the principles of antibiotic therapy with special reference to
their selection? Enumerate indications of prophylactic antibiotic
therapy? (7+3) Dec, 2012.
7) Describe the various “dynamics” of wound healing. Wound
healing/Ideal dressing (4). Management of a non-healing wound (3).
Describe an “ideal dressing” (3). Jun 2011; Dec 2007
8) Discuss the physiology of vacuum assisted closure of the wounds, its
indications and contraindications? 5+5 FAT 2017/a
9) Factors affecting wound healing. Principles of negative pressure wound
therapy. Types of wound dressing. 3+3+4 Dec 2016
10) What are pressure sores? What are common sites? How would you
prevent development of sores? June 2011; Dec, 2010.
11) Factors that govern wound healing? June 2010
12) Management of 16 yr old lady with complete wound dehiscence after
laparotomy for perforation peritonitis? June 2010.
13) Classify operative wounds? Discuss the principles of prophylactic
antibiotics in surgery? Dec 2008; June 2008; June 2007; Dec, 2001.
14) Universal precautions in AIDS? Dec 2007
15) Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of Gossypoma? Dec 2007
16) Classification of wounds. What are the factors affecting wound healing.
How do you Mx keloids at various sites? 2+4+4 FAT 2017/a; Dec 2007
17) Management of facial injury following RTA. (Dec, 2005). Role of
prophylactic antibiotics for wounds. (June 2003).
9
INTENSIVE CARE
1. In a patient admitted to ICU with severe peritonitis with shock:
a. Options for hemodynamic monitoring.
b. Use of ionotropes/vasopressors.
c. Principles of ventilatory support.
2. Risk factors for development of pulmonary complications in surgical
patients. Strategy to minimize risk of post op pulmonary complications. 4+6
Dec 2016
3. What are the general aspects of critical care? How do you assess a surgical
patient in critical care? 4+6 Dec 2014
10
SURGICAL INFECTIONS
1) Treatment regimen in Tuberculosis and its failure in adults and
children. June 2013.
2) Universal precautions for blood borne infections. Prevention & Rx of
surgical infections. 4+6 Jun 2016
3) What are universal precautions? Discuss post exposure prophylaxis
4) Gas gangrene (GG) – its bacteriology, clinical features, Dx and
management. 3+2+5 Jun 2015; 2+3+5, June 2013; June 2012. How will
you treat a case of GG involving lower limb extending on to the
abdominal wall? June 2005; Dec 2002.
5) What is necrotizing fasciitis? What are its causes? How will you manage
such a case? 2+2+6 Dec 2013; June 2009.
6) Describe anatomy of sub-diaphragmatic (sub-phrenic) spaces. How will
you diagnose and treat it? /How do you manage sub-phrenic abscess
and its complications? June 2012; June 2011
7) Define SSI. Describe surgical site infection (SSI). What are the risk
factors for wound infection? How will you prevent it? Discuss the role of
prophylactic antibiotics in reducing SSI. Dec 2014; 1+5+4 Dec 2015; 5+5
June 2012.
8) Hydradenitis suppurativa- etiopathogenesis, C/F, Mx. Jun 2015; Dec
2009; June 2012.
9) Discuss the management of anaerobic infection in surgical practice.
Dec 2003.
10)Tetany. June 2012.
11)Describe the causes, investigations and treatment of post op fever.
3+4+3 Dec 2013.
11
PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
1) What are Oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes? Briefly discuss
targeted molecular therapies and gene therapy for cancer treatment.
4+3+3 Dec 2012; June 2000
2) What are tumor markers? What are different types of tumor markers?
Role of tumor markers in Mx of testicular tumors. 2+4+4 Dec 2015
3) Enumerate various tumor markers relevant to clinical practice (and
their role in management of specific cancers). Discuss the role of CEA.
4+6 Dec 2011; June 2011; Dec 2008; June 2008; June 2004
4) Describe cell cycle in relevance to cancers (3). Describe scientific basis
to hormone therapy in cancers (4). Describe limitations of hormone
therapy and its side effects (3). June 2011
5) TRANSFECTION. June 2010.
6) Sentinel L.N & biopsy. What are the various cancers where sentinel LN
biopsy can be helpful in the Mx. Jun 2015; Dec 2009
7) Principles and indications of RFA (Radio frequency ablation) of
neoplasm. Dec 2009; June 2007
8) Briefly describe the principles & role of radiofrequency ablation in
surgery. Dec 2011
9) Tumor lysis syndrome. Dec 2009
10)Discuss the care of a terminal cancer patient. Dec 2008.
11)Classify chemotherapeutic agents. Advantages of combination
chemotherapy. Dec 2008.
12) Discuss the principles of radiotherapy. Dec 2005.
13)Clinical implications of ‘Gompertzion growth’ in oncology. Lead time &
length bias in breast ca screening. Principles of ‘breast conserving
therapy’ in breast ca. Dec 2017
14)What is the basis of NACT (neo adjuvant chemotherapy)? Various
methods of predicting response to NACT? 5+5 Jun 2015
15)Principles of targeted therapy for treatment of cancer. Enumerate
various agents, their targets & indications for use of targeted therapy in
surgical practice. 5+5 Jun 2015
16)Define screening. What are the ideal attributes of the disease to be
screened? Various methods used for screening of colorectal cancer.
2+5+3 Dec 2013; 1+4+5 Dec 2015
12
OPERATIVE ROOM
1) Describe the types and characteristics of sutures which influence their
usage in surgical practice. FAT 2015. Discuss their merits and demerits.
4+6 June 2014; Jun 2001. Synthetic absorbable suture material. Jun
2000. What are good and bad qualities of silk and polyglactin sutures?
Jun 2016; Dec 2013.
2) Desirable characteristics of surgical sutures. Types of wound healing.
Stapling devices for bowel anastomosis. 4+3+3 Dec 2017
3) What are the characteristics of an ideal suture (4)? Jun 2011
4) Discuss various methods of sterilization for surgical instruments and
disposables. Jun 2016. Describe various steps for adequacy of chemical
sterilization. 6+4 Jun 2014; Dec 2011; Jun 2005. What are the various
steps in prevention and control of hospital acquired infections (6). Dec
2012.
5) Methods of sterilization of surgical instruments. Prophylactic antibiotics
in surgical practice. 5+5 Jun 2016
6) Principles of prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Define biofilms. Universal
precautions. 4+3+3 Dec 2017
7) Infection control in operation theatre. FAT 2015
8) Describe in short various energy sources used for cutting and
coagulating during surgery. Enumerate their advantages and
disadvantages. 5+5 Dec; 2015; 6+4 Jun 2014; Jun 2011
9) Discuss the principles, effects and types of diathermy. Mention
complications of diathermy (open & laparoscopic) & how to avoid it?
FAT 2017/a; 3+3+4 Dec 2013.
10)Principles of electro-surgical diathermy. Limitations of minimal access
surgery. Complications of creating pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy.
3+4+3 Dec 2017
11)What is scrubbing? Describe stepwise technique of scrubbing. Name the
scrub disinfectant solutions. 2+6+2 Dec 2013.
12)Discuss merits and demerits of drains in surgery (10). Dec 2013.
13)Use of staplers in surgery/describe various types of staplers used in
surgery. 7+3 Dec 2014; Dec 2010; Jun 2003; Dec 2003
14)Discuss various essential requirements to establish a minor OT.
Dec 2007.
15)Advances in drug delivery systems. Dec 2002
13
16)How would you Mx a health worker who sustained a needle stick injury
in the operating room? Jun 2017
PSM
1) Enumerate differences between Research, clinical audit and service
evaluation. What is “BIAS” in clinical research and how it can be
minimized? 6+4 Jun 2014.
2) What is clinical audit? How many types of audits exist and what role do
they serve. How does it differ from research? 2+2+3+3 Fat 2016/a
3) Define surgical audit. What is its role in reducing SSI? Jun 2013; Dec
2006. Methods available & advantages of surgical audit. 3+3+4 Apr 2016
4) Types of research studies. 10 marks Fat 2015
5) Compare & contrast research, clinical audit & service evaluation. 4+3+3
Jun 2015
6) Enumerate types of study in clinical research. Informed consent prior to
Sx. Evidence based Sx. 4+3+3 Dec 2017
7) What are the important components of informed consents? What are the
practical difficulties in getting such consents in some surgical patients?
(6+4) Dec 2012.
8) Informed consent & its medicolegal implications. Consumer protection
act & its implication for a surgeon. 5+5 Jun 2013
9) What is evidence based surgery and how is it affecting the Mx of
controversial surgical problems? 4+6 FAT 2016/a
10)In the context of evidence based Sx:
Dec 2016 3+3+4
a. Levels of evidence
b. Categories of recommendation
c. Types of study designs
11)Describe levels of evidence in surgery (5). What are phase 2 trials? (3).
Describe the significance of NSABP trials (The National Surgical
Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project)-(2). Jun 2011
12)List the criteria for a good research topic for PG thesis. Method of
calculation of sample size for a therapeutic trial. What is meant by
strength of evidence and quality of evidence in a clinical trial? 6+2+2 Jun
2017
14
UNIVERSAL PRECATIONS
1) What are universal surgical precautions? Jun 2010; Jun 2008; Jun 2002;
Dec 2002.
2) What is the role of it in prevention of “Hospital acquired infections”?
(3+7) June 2013.
3) Discuss post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (10). Dec 2011.
4) Describe management of needle stick injuries following treatment in
HIV patients. Dec 2010; Dec 2004.
5) Outline the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Dec 2004.
6) Surgery and HIV. Jun 2003; Jun 2002
OPERATIONS
1) Anatomy, patho-physiology and methods of A-V fistula. Jun 2010.
2) What are the techniques of creating pneumo-peritoneum? Discuss
physiological change associated with it. 5+5 Dec 2013.
3) Describe the principles of electro-surgery. What are the complications
that can occur while using electro surgery and how can these be
prevented. 2+4+4 Dec 2012.
4) Energy devices in operation theatre. Principles of safe use of electro
surgery. 6+4 Dec 2016
5) Various types of energy sources used in surgery, their advantages and
disadvantages. 2+8 Apr 2016
6) Name the various abdominal incisions with their advantages and
disadvantages. Jun 2016
16
❷ TRAUMA
HEAD INJURY
1) How would you classify head injuries and discuss briefly the Mx in each
type. 4+6 FAT 2016/a
2) Describe GCS. How will you treat a case of head injury who is unconscious
(3+7). Jun 2012; Jun 2011; Jun 2000
3) What are parameters of GCS in adults and children? What are the
components of primary and secondary survey in polytrauma patient? 4+6
Fat 2017/a
4) GCS in paediatric patients. Mx of Extra dural hematoma in a 12 yr old child.
5+5 Jun 2015.
5) GCS in head injury. Jun 2010; Dec 2004; Dec 2000
6) What is secondary brain injury? How can it be prevented? How will you
manage a case of EDH? 2+3+5 Dec 2012; Dec 2009
7) Differentiate between primary and secondary brain injury. Jun 2009
8) Depressed fracture of frontal region. Dec 2000
9) Management of SDH (6). Jun 2011
ABDOMEN INJURIES
1) Classify pelvic injuries. Enumerate the visceral injuries associated with
pelvic fractures. How will you treat urinary bladder injuries? Pelvic injuries.
2+3+5 Jun 2014
2) Principles of management of colonic injuries. Dec 2010
3) Role of DPL (diagnostic peritoneal lavage) in management of blunt trauma
abdomen? Dec 2003; Dec 2004
4) What is DPL? Indications and contraindications of DPL. Describe the
procedure. Discuss the grades of splenic injury. Jun 2011; 3+3+4 Apr 2016
5) Discuss diagnosis and management of blunt trauma abdomen. Jun 2003
6) Traumatic hemoperitoneum. Dec 2000
18
NECK INJURIES
1) Management of thoracic duct injury (chylous fistula). Jun 2010
2) Management of thoracic duct injury following radical neck dissection. Jun
2008
3) Triangles of neck with reference to trauma zones. Dec 2009
4) Zone based algorithm for management of penetrating injuries to anterior
neck. Jun 2006
5) Classification of penetrating injuries of neck. Principles of Ix & Rx of
penetrating neck injuries. 4+6 Dec 2016
CHEST INJURIES
1) Define flail chest. Discuss mechanisms of various derangements resulting
from flail chest. Outline management of a 50 yr old smoker having fracture
of ribs 4th, 5th, 6th & 6th flail chest. 5+5 Jun 2013; Jun 2010; Jun 2006; Jun
2001; Jun 2000. How would you manage a case of anterior flail? Jun 2016
2) What is definition of flail chest? What are the types of flail chest? How
would you manage a 40 yr old man with right flail chest involving 6 ribs?
1+2+7 Jun 2017
3) What is flail chest and stove in chest? How will you manage a case with
associated massive hemo-pneumothorax? 4+6 FAT 2017
4) Plan out Mx of young male with hemo-pneumothorax following road side
accident. Fat 2016/b
5) Discuss the indications of thoracotomy in chest trauma (emergency room
thoracotomy). Dec 2013; Jun 2011
6) What is tension pneumothorax? What are its clinical features? How will you
diagnose and treat such a case? 1+2+3+4 Jun 2012
7) Discuss the etio pathology, patho-physiology clinical features, and
management of tension pneumothorax. 4+4+2 Jun 2011; Dec 2008; Dec
2007
8) What is cardiac tamponade? Discuss its management in a 40 yr old lady.
Enumerate indications for an emergency room thoracotomy. 3+4+3 Jun
2011
19
EMERGENCY
1) Define damage control surgery. Its principles? What are its indications?
Describe important steps in damage control surgery. 2+4+4 Dec 2015;
2+3+5 Dec 2013; Dec 2010. Brief note on damage control surgery (10). Jun
2005.
2) Principle of golden hour in trauma. Criteria for non-operative Mx of blunt
abdominal trauma. Principles of damage control Sx. 3+4+3 Dec 2017
3) Describe triage in a disaster situation. Discuss the approach to management
of a 10 year old boy with polytrauma. What are the principles in
management of a polytrauma patient? Enumerate various imaging invasive
diagnostic modalities in blunt abdominal trauma. 5+5 Dec 2012; Jun 2011.
4) A victim of Polytrauma due to vehicular accident, outline the:
Dec 2016; Jun 2013.
a. Principles of assessment in hospital
b. Evaluation of pelvic injuries.
5) Principles of Mx of an RTA patient presenting in casualty in shock? FAT
2016/a
6) Enumerate emergency procedures for upper airway obstruction.
Indications, steps & complications of tracheostomy. 2+2+3+3 Apr 2016
7) What are the types & indications of tracheostomy? How would you take
care of tracheostomy? 2+3+5 Dec 2014
8) How will you investigate & Mx a case of post traumatic hematuria in a
polytrauma patient? Write an algorithm. 3+7 FAT 2017/a
9) How will you evacuate a trauma patient from the site of accident? Dec 2012
10)Discuss the approach to management of a 10 yr old boy with polytrauma
(6). Enumerate various imaging invasive modalities in blunt trauma
abdomen (2). Jun 2011
11)How will you manage a patient of polytrauma in shock? What are the Mx
strategies in a patient with per urethral and per rectal bleeding in such a
patient? FAT- 2017
12)Explosive blast injury. Dec 2002
13)Scoring systems to assess severity of injury in trauma victim? Jun 2008
14)Briefly describe the principles of managing the crush injury of leg. Discuss
in brief the pathophysiology of crush syndrome. List steps to prevent
compartment syndrome (6+2+2) Jun 2014.
15)Role of USG in investigation of acute abdomen. FAT 2015
20
ORTHOPEDICDS
1. Enumerate causes of non union bone fractures. Radiological features of
POTT’S spine. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Dec 2017
2. Enumerate causes of avascular necrosis of femoral head. Charcot’s foot.
Classification of bone tumours. Dec 2017
3. Discuss the presentation, Mx and complications of fracture neck of femur
in an old lady. 2+5+3 Fat 2016/b
4. C/F, etiopathology, Dx, Rx of osteomyelitis of Ribs. 3+2+3+2 Jun 2017
5. Anatomical basis of carpal tunnel syndrome. How would you manage a 40
yr old lady with this problem? 4+6 Jun 2016
6. How would you diagnose and treat a case of compartment syndrome of leg
following fracture both bones? 5+5 Jun 2016
7. Mx of a discharging sinus on the leg of a 60 yr old man following trauma.
The sinus is discharging bony fragments. Jun 2015
8. Classify fractures of pelvis. Complications of fracture pelvis. 3+7 Dec 2015
9. Enumerate the causes of Psoas abscess. How will you diagnose & treat
such a case? 2+4+4 Dec 2014
21
❸ BURNS
❻ SALIVARY GLANDS
1. Anatomy of parotid gland (Jun 2005). What are the pointers for locating
facial nerve during parotid gland surgery (Jun 2008)? Complications
following injury to facial nerve (Jun 2005)? What are the steps you would
take to treat a case of traumatic facial nerve paralysis? 4+6 Jun 2014
2. Surgical anatomy of parotid gland. Principles of superficial parotidectomy.
Complications following superficial parotidectomy. 3+4+3 Dec 2016
3. Classification of salivary gland neoplasms. Complications of parotid gland
Sx. Dec 2017
4. Frey’s syndrome. Dec 2007
5. Anatomy of facial nerve, course and variations. Jun 2009
6. Describe the anatomy of submandibular salivary gland. Discuss the
management of submandibular siladenitis. Mention complications of its
surgery. 3+5+2 Dec 2014; 5+5 Jun 2012. Discuss the Mx of a patient with
calculus in duct of submandibular gland. 5 Dec 2015.
7. Salivary gland calculi? Dec 2005
8. What is a plunging ranula? How is it diagnosed? Briefly describe its
management. 2+3+5 Jun 2014
9. Classify salivary neoplasms. How will you identify and safeguard facial
nerve during superficial parotidectomy? 4+6 Dec 2012. Describe various
surgical procedures and their role in management of parotid tumors (6).
Dec 2011
10. Describe the anatomy of extracranial facial nerve. How will you
manage a case of pleomorphic adenoma? 4+6 FAT 2017
11. Classify salivary gland tumors. Management of pleomorphic adenoma of
parotid glands? 5+5 FAT 2016/b; Dec 2008; Jun 2006. Describe various
surgical procedures & their role in Mx of parotid tumors. Dec 2011
26
❼ CHEST
1) What is flail chest? Describe its pathology. How will you manage a case of
flail chest? 2+3+5 Dec 2012
2) Enumerate various types of chest wall injuries. How would you manage a
case of 50 yr old man with flail chest? Dec 2011
3) Surgical treatment of flail chest. Dec 2010
4) Management of flail chest. Dec 2010
5) Surgical treatment of 25 yr old lady with cervical rib. Dec 2010
6) Boundaries of thoracic inlet. Clinical features of cervical rib? Jun 2006
7) Classify thoracic outlet syndromes. Clinical features & Mx of cervical rib.
2+3+5 Apr 2016.
8) Thoracic outlet syndrome. Describe the etiopathogenesis and Mx of
thoracic outlet syndrome. FAT 2017; Jun 2011; Jun 2001
9) Boundaries of thoracic inlet? How would you manage a young boy with dry
gangrene of tip of index finger? 3+7 Jun 2017
10) Anatomy of mediastinum. Management of primary mediastinal tumor in
anterior mediastinum. Dec 2005
11) Surgical Rx of coronary artery disease. Dec 2010
12) What are causes of chylothorax? Dx & Mx of chylothorax. 3+2+5 Dec 2015
13) Etiopathogenesis, C/F & Mx of empyema thoracis. 2+4+4 Apr 2016
14) Classification of mediastinal neoplasms. Dec 2006
15) C/F and management of Thymoma.
16) Role of surgery in treatment of pulmonary TB. Jun 2010
17) Solitary pulmonary nodule. Jun 2005
18) Oncological emergencies. Dec 2002
19) Solitary hydatid cyst of lung. Dec 2000
27
SYSTEMIC SURGERY
❶ BREAST
18) What are basic requirements for cancer screening? Describe the methods
of breast screening, advantages and disadvantages? Dec 2008
19) Etiopathogenesis of breast cancer. Comment on screening for breast Ca.
6+4 Fat 2015
20) Discuss the Mx of T3N0M0 Breast Ca in a 35 yr old lady. FAT 2016/b
21) Anatomical basis of physical signs (all possible) in a case of carcinoma
breast. Jun 2013
22) Ductal Ca in Situ. Jun 2009
23) How would you manage a 70 yr old lady with 5x5 cm lump in right breast
with palpable ipsilateral axillary Lymphadenopathy? Jun 2017
24) Discuss anatomical basis of various clinical features of Ca breast and also
enumerate the structures removed in various types of mastectomies? Jun
2006
25) Describe lymphatic drainage of breast and discuss treatment of Ca Breast
T2N1M0. Jun 2002
26) What is LABC? Approach to Ix and Management of LABC (Locally
advanced breast Ca)? 2+3+5 Apr 2016; Jun 2008; Dec 2007
27) C/F & Mx of inflammatory breast Ca. 4+6 Jun 2015
28) What are various levels of L.N in axilla? What are types of L.N dissection?
Dec 2010
29) Discuss prognostic factors in Ca Breast. 10 marks (Dec 2007; Dec 2001).
What are contraindications of breast conservative surgery? 4+6 Dec 2013
30) Describe the diagnostic approach to a 2cm breast lesion in a 35 yr old lady.
What are the principles of breast conservation surgery? 5+5 Jun 2012
31) Describe various skin flaps used in breast reconstruction. 10 Jun 2012;
Dec 2008
32) Discuss role and indications of breast conservation surgery (BCS) for Ca
Breast? Briefly discuss the principles of BCS. 4+6 Dec 2012; Dec 2010; Jun
2007; Jun 2000 Breast conservative surgery (10 marks) Dec 2004; Dec
2003.
33) What is the role of Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in Mx of Ca breast? Mx of
80 yr old lady with 3x3 cm Ca in the central quadrant of left breast? 3+7
Dec 2015.
34) What are the principles of chemotherapy? Discuss the chemotherapy used
for Ca breast. 5+5 Dec 2014
29
35) What are various techniques of breast reconstruction? Discuss briefly the
types and pros & cons of early vs. late reconstruction. 2+6+2 FAT 2016/a.
Role of breast reconstruction in Ca breast. 10 marks Jun 2010
36) Enumerate indications of BCS. Briefly describe the operative and
prosthetic options for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Dec 2011
37) Anatomical boundaries of axillary dissection. Jun 2008
38) Role of reconstruction of breast in Ca Breast.
39) Role of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in breast. Dec 2010
40) Role of hormonal therapy in Ca breast. Dec 2009; Dec 2000
41) Role of aromatase inhibitors in Ca Breast. Jun 2010
42) Enumerate causes of gynecomastia. What is the differential diagnosis?
Give algorithm for management of gynecomastia. 4+3+3 Dec 2014 4+6 Jun
2012; Jun 2006
30
❷ THYROID
❸ PARATHYROID GLAND
❹ ADRENAL GLANDS
❺ VASCULAR DISORDERS
ARTERIAL DISORDERS
1. How will you investigate and treat a case of chronic limb ischemia?
Chronic limb ischemia. 4+6 Jun 2014
2. Regarding chronic lower limb ischemia:
Dec 2016 3+2+5
a. Role of imaging Ix
b. D/D of intermittent claudication
c. Principles of Rx of critical limb ischemia.
3. Vascular anomalies and its management. Jun 2013
4. In a patient of DM with foot infection:
Dec 2016 3+3+4
a. Clinical evaluation of the patient
b. Principles of Rx of foot infection
c. Prevention of recurrence
5. Describe etiology, pathophysiology of diabetic foot. Dec 2013; Principles
of management of diabetic foot? Dec 2008; Jun 2008; Dec 2003; Jun 2007
6. Write short notes on Diabetic foot and telemedicine in surgery. 5+5 FAT
2016/b
7. Describe pathophysiology of diabetic foot. How will you screen a newly
detected DM patient for risk factors of developing an ulcer? 5+5 FAT
2017/a
8. Pathology and management of Diabetic gangrene? Dec 2007
9. Drugs used in DM 1 & 2. Clinical features of diabetic keto acidosis
Management of diabetic foot with critical limb ischemia. Dec 2005
10. C/F of thrombangitis obliterans. Importance of ankle-brachial pressure
index. Mx of acute arterial embolism of the limbs. Dec 2017
11. Buerger’s disease. Etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Dec 2004; Dec
2007; Jun 2001
12. What are the causes of PVD (peripheral vascular diseases)? How will you
treat a case of buerger’s disease? 3+7 Jun 2012
13. What is Raynaud’s phenomenon & Raynaud’s disease? Name the Ix you
will use to diagnose. How will you treat Raynaud’s disease? 3+2+5 Dec
2014
35
AMPUTATION
o Meningo amputation. June 2002
o Syme’s amputation. Jun 2002
36
VENOUS DISORDERS
1. Briefly describe the surgical anatomy and physiology of venous return of
the lower limb - with diagram. Jun 2006 (Venous drainage of lower limb.
10 marks- Jun 2013). Enumerate treatment options/management
outlines/ operations done with their indications for treating varicose
veins of lower limbs. 5+5 Jun 2014; Dec 2007; Jun 2007; Jun 2005; Dec
2002. Management of recurrent varicose veins (10 marks). Dec 2006.
Complications of varicose veins. 2 marks. Dec 2012
2. Enumerate complications of varicose veins. How will you treat a case of
varicose ulcer? 3+7 Dec 2014
3. Investigations done for assessment of varicose veins along with findings.
Newer techniques for the treatment of varicose veins. 7+3 Dec 2015
4. Minimal invasive methods used in Rx of varicose veins. Jun 2016
5. Chronic venous insufficiency. Treatment of venous ulcer of the ankle. Dec
2017
6. Draw a labelled diagram depicting anatomy of the superficial and deep
veins of lower limbs. Fat 2015
7. Describe the etiology/pathology, factors for development, clinical features
and treatment of a venous ulcer. Apr 2016; 2+3+5. Jun 2003; Dec 2003;
Jun 2006
8. Enumerate causes of foot ulcers. How will you investigate? Discuss the
management of varicose ulcer. 3+3+4 Jun 2011; Jun 2010
9. Assessment of patient with chronic venous ulcer and its management. 5+5
Jun 2013
10. Etiopathogenesis of a non healing ulcer. Mx of suppurating non
healing ulcer. 5+5 Jun 2015
11. Management of non healing ulcer on left foot in a diabetic patient. Jun
2010
12. Enumerate the indications for thromboprophylaxis in surgery. How
would you manage a patient who has undergone coronary bypass surgery,
and is on anti-platelets & aspirin and is to undergo laparoscopic
cholecystectomy? 3+7 Jun 2017
13. What are the causes & risk factors for thrombo-embolism? How will you
manage a case of DVT? Apr 2016 Dec 2013; Dec 2005
14. Pathophysiology of DVT. Principles of its prevention. Mx of a patient with
acute lower limb DVT. 3+3+4 Dec 2016
37
15. How do you stratify the risk factors of DVT? What prophylactic measures
do you take to prevent DVT in pre-op, intra op and post op patients? 4+6
FAT 2017/a
16. Etiopathology & Risk factors for development of DVT. Clinical
features/presentation suggestive of DVT and its possible complications.
Discuss various diagnostic tests to establish diagnosis of DVT in 65 yr old
lady. Describe management of this patient. Fat 2016/b; 4+3+3 Jun 2011;
Dec 2004.
17. Management of 30 yr old lady with post partum DVT? Dc 2009
18. Discuss prophylaxis and treatment of DVT? Dec 2008; Jun 2008; Dec
2006
19. Treatment of ileo-femoral DVT. Jun 2006
20. Briefly describe management of a young soldier with a 3.3cm ulcer just
above medial malleolus. Dec 2011
21. Use of intravenous filters in fluid management of critically ill patients.
Dec 2001.
LYMPHATIC DISORDDERS
1. Classify lymphedema. List the symptoms frequently experienced by
patients with this problem. Enumerate general management advice for
these patients with this problem. 5+2+3 Jun 2014
2. Pathophysiology & C/F of lower limb lymphedema. Principles of Dx & Mx
of lower limb lymphedema. Apr 2016; 2+2+2+4 Dec 2016
3. Etiology, pathology and surgical management of lymphedema. 3+3+4 Dec
2013. Briefly discuss the surgical options in Rx of lymphedema. Dec 2010.
4. Management of lymphedema of lower limb. Jun 2007; Dec 2002.
5. Secondary lymphedema. Dec 2000
6. Enumerate causes for generalized Lymphadenopathy. Describe
classification and staging of Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Treatment
of NHL. 3+5+2 Jun 2011. Investigation workup before starting treatment.
Jun 2010
7. Staging of Hodgkin’s disease & investigative workup before starting
therapy. Jun 2010
8. Describe classification of lymphoma? Jun 2007
9. Draw capillary fluid exchange at tissue level. Describe the mechanism of
edema formation. Dec 2009
38
ABDOMEN
❶ ESOPHAGUS
1. Describe the lower oesophageal sphincter. Briefly discuss the investigations
to evaluate its function. 3+7 Jun 2014
2. Classify trachea-oesophageal fistula and outline their management. 3+7 Jun
2012
3. What are the types of TOF in newborn? Its C/F, Ix, Mx of Tracheo-
oesophageal fistula (TOF). 3+2+5 FAT 2017; Jun 2009; Jun 2008
4. C/F, Ix, Mx of a neonate with TOF with oesophageal atresia. Dec 2003
5. Describe the lymphatic drainage of esophagus and its surgical importance.
6+4 Dec 2012
6. Enumerate clinical features of oesophageal perforation. How would you
manage a 15 yr old child with oesophageal perforation following dilatation?
3+7 Dec 2011
7. Management of a 4 yr girl with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Jun 2008;
Dec 2005
8. Diagnosis and Mx of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Jun 2013
9. Effects of acids vs. alkali on upper GI. Describe the Mx of such injuries. Dec
2009
10. Describe the pathophysiology of injury following ingestion of strong alkali.
How is it different from acid injury? Briefly discuss the Ix & Rx of patients
with corrosive oesophageal injury. 2+2+2+4 Dec 2012
11. Etiology, diagnosis, treatment of achalasia cardia. Dec 2005. Merits and
demerits of various therapeutic options of achalasia cardia. Jun 2006;
Principles of medical & surgical Mx. Dec 2016.
12. Enumerate causes of dysphagia in a young lady. Treatment of ‘Corrosive
injury of esophagus’. 3+7 Jun 2016. Ix of a 60 yr old man with dysphagia.
3+7 Dec 2015
13. Etiology, features, Mx of benign oesophageal strictures. Dec 2007
14. What is GERD? Discuss etiology and clinical features. How would you
manage an uncomplicated GERD? 2+3+5 Dec 2013; Dec 2004; Jun 2005.
Discuss surgical options available for management of GERD with their
indications. 4+6 Jun 2012; Jun 2007
15. List the indications for Sx in oesophageal reflux disease. Principles of Sx for
GERD. 3+7 Jun 2017
41
16. Define Barert’s esophagus. Discuss its management. Dec 2008; Jun 2008;
Dec 2006.
17. Surgical anatomy of Hiatus and antireflux procedures. Dec 2003
18. Lymphatic drainage of esophagus. Clinical features of Ca Esophagus.
Investigation of a patient of Ca esophagus. 3+3+4 Jun 2011. Management of
an unresectable Ca esophagus. 10 marks Dec 2006
19. How would you manage a case of 40 yr old lady with dysphagia more to
liquids than solids? Dec 2010
20. Describe mechanism of swallowing. Enumerate causes of dysphagia. Mx of
lower third oesophageal Ca. Jun 2003
21. Merits and demerits of gastric vs. Colonic conduit for oesophageal
replacement. Jun 2017
22. Blood supply of colon and anatomical basis of construction of colonic
conduits for replacement of esophagus. Jun 2010
❸ SMALL BOWEL
1. Diagnostic work up of a patient with Obscure GI hemorrhage? Jun 2007;
Dec 2006; Jun 2001.
2. Surgical anatomy of peritoneum & factors favouring development of diffuse
peritonitis & its complications. Jun 2013.
Describe etiology of acute bacterial peritonitis. Discuss the investigations &
treatment of acute bacterial peritonitis. 2+4+4 Dec 2012
3. Classify cephalosporins. Which one would you chose & why in case of
peritonitis. Jun 2012
4. Differential diagnosis of a freely mobile lump in the abdomen? How will you
manage such a case? 5+5 Jun 2012
5. Factors influencing GI Anastomotic healing? Jun 2005
6. Essentials of safe bowel Anastomosis? Dec 2007
7. Mesenteric artery occlusion. Jun 2003
8. Briefly discuss the presentation & Mx of acute mesenteric artery
thrombosis. 5+5 FAT 2016/b
9. Describe briefly the role for sentinel L.N biopsy in GI cancers. Dec 2003
10. Mesenteric artery occlusion. Jun 2013
11. Bowel preparation in elective colonic surgery? Jun 2010. Its advantages
and disadvantages. Jun 2009; Dec 2007; Dec 2000
12. Briefly describe merits and demerits of various methods of bowel
preparation in surgical practice (10). Dec 2011.
13. Role and techniques of pre-op bowl preparation of bowel in patients
scheduled for elective colonic surgery. Jun 2006
14. Define “SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME”. What are its causes? Role of Sx in Mx
of SBS. Jun 2016. Pathophysiology of metabolic abnormalities in massive
small bowel resection (3+2+5 Dec 2015; Jun 2010; Jun 2006; Dec 2004; Dec
2001). What are their sequels? Name the procedures that can be done to
treat such a case. 2+3+5 Dec 2013; Dec 2009; Dec 2007.
Pathophysiologic changes seen in short bowel syndrome & how do you
manage it? 2+8 FAT 2017
15. Discuss causes and clinical features of EC Fistula (entero cutaneous
fistula). Discuss the management. 5+5 Jun 2011
16. What are the biochemical changes produced in a case of ileal fistula? How
will you treat such a case? 6+4 Jun 2012
44
17. Define complex anal fistula. How would you manage a 20 yr old man with
complex anal fistula? 2+8 Dec 2011
18. Classify umbilical fistula. Discuss in brief the investigations and treatment
of urachus. 3+7 Dec 2011
19. How would you manage a 25 yr old man who started having fever 48 hrs
after repair of duodenal perforation? Dec 2011
20. Management of a young man with EC fistula following appendicectomy?
Jun 2010
21. Classification and diagnostic workup of a patient with entero cutaneous
fistula. Jun 2007
22. How will you manage a patient of duodenal fistula following failure of
repair of duodenal perforation? Jun 2006
23. How will you manage the nutrition in a patient of high output EC fistula?
Dec 2008
24. Enteral fistula. Jun 2001
25. What is abdominal compartment syndrome? Etiology, pathophysiology,
clinical features, diagnosis/Ix & Mx of abdominal compartment syndrome.
3+2+5 Dec 2015; FAT 2017/a; Dec 2010; Jun 2010; Jun 2008; Jun 2007; Dec
2006; Jun 2004; Dec 2004
26. Abdominal compartment syndrome. Enumerate methods to control
hemorrhage from a lacerated liver. Enumerate risk factors for deep venous
thrombosis in post op patient. 3+3+4 Dec 2017
27. Enumerate causes of burst abdomen? How would you manage a 30 yr old
female with burst abdomen following surgery for perforation peritonitis?
Dec 2010; Jun 2008: Jun 2005. Discuss factors causing burst abdomen after
laparotomy? Jun 2006. Dehiscence of laparotomy wound-Burst abdomen.
Jun 2000.
28. Gases used for creating pneumoperitoneum? Jun 2016. Write short note
on physiological effects of pneumoperitoneum? Jun 2006. Complications of
pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Jun 2016; Jun 2000
29. Amoeba and enteric perforation. 5+5 Jun 2013
30. Intestinal complication of enteric fever and their management? Jun 2008
31. What is GUT barrier function? Discuss bacterial translocation in surgical
patients? Jun 2007
32. Discuss etiology, pathology, diagnosis & Mx of intestinal & abdominal TB?
Fat 2015; Jun 2000
45
51. Port site recurrence following laparoscopic surgery for cancer. Jun 2003
❹ INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
1. Post operative ileus. Jun 2013
2. Etiopathogenesis & Rx of paralytic ileus? 4+6 FAT 2017/a; Dec 2010
3. Discuss the special features and basic principles based on which you will
prepare a 5 yr old child for surgery of acute intussusceptions. Dec 2012
4. Classify intestinal obstruction. How will you manage a 60 yr old lady with
suspected sigmoid volvulus? 4+6 Dec 2011; Jun 2010
5. Discuss the pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction. Dec 2008
6. Decision making for surgical intervention in patients with small bowel
obstruction? Dec 2010
7. What are the surgical complications of roundworm infestation? Discuss the
Mx of a child with intestinal obstruction due to worms. Dec 2011
8. Etiopathology and Mx of large bowel obstruction? Jun 2008
9. Mx of 50 yr old woman with suspected sigmoid volvulus? Jun 2010; Mx of a
50 yr old man with recurrent sigmoid volvulus? Jun 2017
10. Enumerate causes of intestinal obstruction. Management of a 60-year-old
lady with sigmoid volvulus. 4+6 Jun 2016
11. Discuss the pathogenesis & Mx o infective causes of intestinal
perforations. Jun 2007
12. Discuss treatment options in typhoid ileal operations? Jun 2007
13. Surgical complications in typhoid fever. 4 marks Dec 2017
14. What are the surgical complications of ascariasis? How will you treat a
case of intestinal obstruction caused by these worms? 5+5 Dec 2014
15. Classify acute intestinal obstruction. Discuss Mx of intussusceptions in a
40 yr old male. Jun 2007. Discuss the Mx of acute sigmoid volvulus. Jun
2000; Jun 2006; Dec 2006; Dec 2004
16. Pathophysiology of strangulating intestinal obstruction? Jun 2006
17. Discuss the causes of large bowel obstruction, describe the Mx of intestinal
obstruction due to sigmoid colon tumor. Jun 2005
18. Colonic pseudo-obstruction. Jun 2004
19. Ogilvie syndrome? Jun 2009
47
❺ VERMIFORM APPENDIX
1. Causes of pain in RIF (right iliac fossa) in a 16 yr old girl. How will you
reach to a conclusive diagnosis? 4+6 Dec 2013
2. Differential diagnosis &Mx of acute appendicitis in infancy. Jun 2000
3. Enumerate the complications of acute appendicitis. Briefly describe the
Mx of a 10 yr child with suspected appendicular abscess. Dec 2011
4. Discuss Mx of appendicular mass? Dec 2005
❻ RECTUM
1. Arterial supply and lymphatic drainage of colon. Importance of arterial
supply in colon resection. 3+4+3 Jun 2016
2. Describe surgical anatomy of mesorectum & its importance in Mx of Ca
rectum? Dec 2008
3. Describe the anatomy of ano-rectal junction. Briefly discuss the Mx of Ca at
this level. DEC 2000
4. Regarding colorectal Ca:
Dec 2016 2+2+3+3
a. Etiologic risk factors
b. Diagnostic imaging investigations
c. Sx for Ca caecum
d. Surgical options for obstructed Ca sigmoid colon.
5. Staging of Ca rectum. Etiology and Mx of sigmoid volvulus. 4+6 Jun 2013
6. Mx of 45 yr old man with 4x4 cm ulcerative lesion in rectum situated 8cm
from anal verge. Dec 2009
7. Mx of locally advanced rectal Ca. Dec 2006; Dec 2001
8. Role of sphincter sparing/preserving surgery in Ca rectum. Jun 2010; Dec
2010
9. Discuss solitary rectal ulcer syndrome? Dec 2005; Jun 2001
10. Total meso-rectal excision of Ca rectum. Jun 2008; Jun 2002
11. Ultra low anterior resection? Jun 2010
12. Describe the significance of “total mesorectal excision” in Mx of rectal Ca.
What is a Metachronous lesion? Discuss the Mx of 32 yr old gentleman with
Ca rectum 14cm from anal verge along with a solitary hepatic metastasis in
segment V. 4+2+4 Jun 2011
13. C/F & Mx of recto-vaginal fistula. 3+7 Dec 2015
48
14. Mx of a 10 yr old child admitted with 8x8 cm cystic lesion in left lobe of
liver? Jun 2017. Management of young lady with 6cm x 6cm cystic lesion
in left lobe of liver. Jun 2010
15. Pathology of liver abscess.
16. Tropical liver abscess. Jun 2001
17. Mx of 16yr old girl having 6.6cm cyst in left lobe of liver.
18. Role of intervention radiology in general surgery. Interventional
radiology procedures in hepatobiliary Sx. Dec 2005
19. Surgical anatomy of liver. Briefly describe the non surgical ablational
techniques used in Mx of liver tumors/hepatocellular ca. Dec 2016; Dec
2005
20. Indications & techniques used for the ablation of liver tumors. 3+7 Dec
2015
21. Hepatic adenoma. Dec 2017
22. Discuss recent trends in Mx of primary liver tumors. Dec 2001
23. Biochemical aberrations in hepatic metastasis. Jun 2000
9. Pathophysiology of gall stone formation. C/F & Mx of gall stones. 3+3+4 Apr
2016
10. What are limitations of minimal access surgery? What are general
principles of laparoscopic surgery? What is calots triangle? Mention
important steps in Lap choecystectomy. Dec 2005
11. Residual gall stones. Dec 2004
12. Causes of CBD injuries. C/F & Mx of biliary fistula following laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. 5+5 Jun 2015
13. Risk factors for intra-op bile duct injuries. Classification of bile duct
injuries. Dec 2016
14. Classify CBD injuries? How would you manage a 30 yr old lady with post
cholecystectomy obstructive jaundice? Dec 2010
15. Mx of bile duct injuries during lap chole? Dec 2006
16. Enumerate common causes of benign biliary strictures. Diagnosis and Mx.
Discuss the Mx of biliary stricture following Lap chole. Dec 2005; Jun 2002;
Dec 2002; Dec 2000
17. Ix of a patient suspected with choledocholithiasis. Modalities of Rx. 4+6
Dec 2015
18. Define primary CBD stones? Discuss its Mx. Jun 2007
19. Mx of secondary bile duct stones. Dec 2006
20. MRC- Magnetic resonance cholangiography. Jun 2003
21. Classification and causes of benign biliary strictures. Rx of post
cholecystectomy obstructive jaundice? Jun 2009
22. Acute Acalculous cholecystitis. Jun 2005; Jun 2002;
23. Hemobilia. Etiology, c/f, Mx. Dec 2006; Jun 2005
24. What are premalignant conditions of Ca GB? Discuss the Mx of adeno Ca of
GB. 4+6 FAT 2016/b
25. Presentation, Rx of Gall bladder Ca. Dec 2008
26. How would you stage Ca GB? How would you manage a 35 yr old lady who
has undergone Lap chole & biopsy of specimen reveals focus of adeno Ca
measuring 5x1 cm? 4+6 Jun 2017
52
◉ OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
1. Discuss the diagnostic investigations in obstructive jaundice. How will you
prepare such a patient for surgery? 5+5 Dec 2013. Pre-op preparation of a
patient with obstructive jaundice. 4 marks Dec 2017
2. Diagnostic approaches in biliary obstruction. Dec 2001
3. Causes & Pre-op Mx/preparation of patient with obstructive jaundice for
elective Sx. Dec 2009; Jun 2008; Jun 2007; Jun 2006
4. Physiologic changes of obstructive jaundice? Jun 2009
5. Enumerate causes of surgical obstructive jaundice & discuss the Mx of
benign obstructive jaundice. Jun 2000. Discuss Mx of retained stone in
CBD. FAT 2016/b
6. Enlist the causes of obstructive jaundice. Curvoisier’s law & its exceptions.
Mx of a 40 yr old man with peri-ampullary Ca. 3+2+5 Jun 2015
7. Role of pre-op biliary drainage for patients with surgical obstructive
jaundice. Dec 2006; Jun 2002
8. What are common Liver function tests for a patient with cirrhosis and
portal HTN? What are CHILD’S criteria? Treatment of acute variceal bleed
in a patient with portal HTN. Dec 2002
9. What is “High risk” surgical patient? How do you prepare a 45 yr old
patient with obstructive jaundice due to peri-ampullary Ca for Sx? What is
Hepato-renal syndrome? 2+6+2 Jun 2011.
◉ PORTAL HYPERTENSION
1. Surgical causes of massive splenomegaly? What are various indications &
pre-op preparation for splenectomy? 3+3+4 FAT 2017
2. Mx of a 15 yr old boy with splenomegaly & upper GI bleed. Dec 2009
3. Enumerate the surgical procedures for Portal HTN. Outline the Mx of
portal HTN in a young girl. 3+7 Jun 2016
4. Role of portosystemic shunts in Mx of portal HTN? Jun 2008
5. Discus the differential diagnosis of hematemesis in a 40yr old male.
Indications and Rx of portal HTN. Jun 2002
6. Enumerate the causes of hematemesis. How will you treat bleeding
oesophageal varices? 3+7 Dec 2014. Mx of acute oesophageal variceal
hemorrhage. 5 marks Dec 2017
53
7. Describe basis of selective & non-selective shunts in portal HTN? Jun 2007
8. What are common Liver function tests for a patient with cirrhosis and
portal HTN? What are CHILD’S criteria? Treatment of acute variceal bleed
in a patient with portal HTN. Dec 2002; Jun 2005
9. Hepato-renal syndrome. Dec 2001, 10 marks
10. Classification & Mx of gastric varices. Dec 2006
11. Etiopathogenesis of ascitis & Mx of intractable ascitis. Jun 2007
12. Describe etiology & Mx of Budd Chiari Syndrome. Jun 2004
13. Pathogenesis & Mx of ascitis in chronic liver disease patient. Dec 2004
14. Surgical ascitis. Dec 2002
❾ SPLEEN
1. Splenic abscess. 5 marks Jun 2013
2. Indications for diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Describe the procedure.
Discuss the grades of splenic injury. 3+3+4 Jun 2011
3. Classify splenic injuries. Mx of Splenic injuries/trauma. Describe the
changing trends in Mx of Splenic trauma. Dec 2014; Dec 2009; Jun 2005;
Dec 2003
4. Haematological changes after splenectomy. How would you Mx a 10 yr old
child on steroids who is to undergo splenectomy for idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura? 4+6 Jun 2017
5. Splenic salvage in children following trauma. Jun 2006
6. Define hypersplenism. Enumerate indications for splenectomy- Dec 2017.
Enumerate with reasoning Post op complications of splenectomy. Dec 2017
2+3+5 Jun 2015
7. Indications of splenectomy? Describe surgical techniques of elective
splenectomy, its complications. Dec 2008; Jun 2001
8. Complications of splenectomy. Dec 2008; Jun 2008; Jun 2007; Dec 2006;
Jun 2004
9. Discuss OPSI. Jun 2006
54
❿ PANCREAS
1. List causes of acute pancreatitis. Enumerate methods for
diagnosing/investigating & prognosticating acute pancreatitis. Briefly
describe pancreatic necrosectomy. 2+3+5 Jun 2014; Dec 2001; Discuss
assessment of severity of pancreatitis. Jun 2011; Prognostication of acute
pancreatitis. 10 marks Jun 2007; Ranson’s criteria for prognostication in
acute pancreatitis. Dec 2006
2. Causes of acute pancreatitis. Modified Atlanta classification for severity of
acute pancreatitis. Principles of Mx of pseudo cyst of pancreas. Dec 2017
3. Assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. Mx of acute necrotizing
pancreatitis in a 30 yr old man. 4+6 Dec 2015
4. Pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis and its Mx. Dec 2006; Jun 2002
5. Enumerate local complications of acute pancreatitis. Describe in brief the
diagnosis and Mx of these complications. Jun 2011; Jun 2006
6. Role of Sx in acute pancreatitis? Jun 2009
7. Surgical complications of chronic pancreatitis. How would you Mx a 10 yr
old child who has developed pseudocyst following acute pancreatitis. 4+6
Jun 2017
8. Surgical Mx of patient with chronic pancreatitis. Jun 2008; Jun 2005
9. Complications of chronic pancreatitis. Discuss Mx of surgical
complications of chronic pancreatitis. Jun 2016; Dec 2000
10. Pseudocyst of pancreas. Jun 2001; Dec 2004; Dec 2003.
11. Name the endocrine tumors of pancreas. Describe the Ix and Rx of
insulinomas. Dec 2015; 2+4+4 Jun 2012
12. How will you investigate a case of suspected pancreatic Ca? Briefly
describe various surgical options in Rx of pancreatic Ca. 4+6 Dec 2012
13. Briefly describe Mx of a 50 yr old man with obstructive jaundice due to
6x6cm Ca head of pancreas. Dec 2011
14. Discuss the advantages & limitations of radiological Ix in pancreatic
diseases. 5+5 Dec 2014
15. Surgical options in Mx of Ca pancreas. Dec 2010
16. Indications for pancreatic transplantation. Outline the surgical procedure
for pancreatic transplantation. What are the results of such a transplant?
3+5+2 Jun 2016
55
UROLOGY
❶ KIDNEYS and URETER
1. What are segments of kidney? How would you manage a 30 yr old young
lady with painless enlargement of lower pole of left kidney? 3+7 Jun 2017
2. Classify congenital anomalies of kidney and ureter. What are the clinical
features of Adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)? Enumerate principles
of managing this condition. 3+4+3 Jun 2014; Jun 2001; Dec 2000
3. What is embryological basis of unascended kidney? How will you diagnose
a Horse shoe kidney? Discuss its Mx. 4+2+4 Dec 2013
4. Pathophysiology of primary hydronephrosis. Outline surgical options
available for primary hydronephrosis. 5+5 Jun 2016
5. Enumerate the causes of hydronephrosis. How will you diagnose & Mx a
case of PUJ (pelvi ureteric junction) obstruction?
6. Pathogenesis, classification and Ix of hydronephrosis. Jun 2013. Enumerate
the causes of bilateral hydronephrosis. Briefly discuss causes & Mx of
unilateral hydronephrosis. Jun 2015; Jun 2007
7. Renal HTN. Jun 2013
8. What are metabolic complications of acute renal failure? How would you
manage a patient with calculous anuria? 4+6 Dec 2011
9. Ix & Mx of calculus anuria. 5+5 Jun 2016
10. Enumerate causes of painless hematuria. How would you manage a 30 yr
old man with hematuria & past history of taking treatment for pulmonary
TB? Dec 2011
11. In a patient with blunt renal trauma:
Dec 2016 2+3+5
a. Grading of renal trauma.
b. Role of imaging
c. Principles of Mx
12. How will you grade renal injuries? Discuss the Ix & Rx of blunt renal
injuries. 2+3+5 Dec 2012; Grading and Mx of renal injuries. Dec 2004
13. Mx of a 30yr old male with hematuria after blunt trauma to flank.
Jun 2010
14. Classify renal injuries. Mx of an 18 yr old boy admitted with massive
hematuria following blunt abdominal trauma. 3+7 Dec 2015
56
❷ BLADDER
1. Normal urinary bladder function. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
Principles of medical Rx of BPH. Apr 2016 2+3+5/4+6
2. Etiopathogenesis, clinical features & Mx of vesical calculus. 3+3+4 Apr
2016
3. Principles of safe insertion of urinary catheter. 3 marks Dec 2017
4. How will you diagnose and treat a case of ureterocele. Dec 2010
5. Pathophysiology & Mx of TURP syndrome. Jun 2010
6. Invasive bladder Ca. Jun 2003
7. Ureterovesical reflux. Dec 2003
8. Describe important causes, c/f, Ix, Mx of painless hematuria in a man
above 50yrs. Dec 2002
❸ PROSTATE
1. Briefly describe the pathophysiology of normal urinary bladder function
(storage and voiding of urine). Enumerate with indications of various Rx
options for a patient suffering from benign prostate enlargement. 5+5 Jun
2014
2. Mx of acute urinary retention in a 60 yr old male. Dec 2006ow will yu treat
post prostatectomy incontinence? 3+7 Dec 2014
3. What are the causes of urinary incontinence? H
4. What is PSA? Dec 2001. Discuss precautions in its estimation, indications
and role in prostatic disease. Dec 2010
5. Non surgical Mx of 60 yr old man with enlarged prostate. Jun 2010
6. Enumerate the indications of Sx for BPH. Briefly outline the Mx of TURP
syndrome. Jun 2007; TURP syndrome. Dec 2004
7. Minimal invasive surgical techniques for Rx of benign enlargement of
prostate. Jun 2015
8. Newer energy sources used for resection of prostate. Jun 2016
58
9. Describe various drugs used in Mx of BPH. Side effects of drugs and safety
recommendations. Which patients with enlarged prostate are not suitable
for medical therapy? Dec 2004
10. Briefly discuss the medical Mx of BPH 60 yr male. FAT 2016/b
11. Rx options in BPH. Jun 2003; Medical Mx of BPH. Dec 2000
12. TURP syndrome. Enumerate complications of TURP. Briefly describe
pathophysiology and Rx of TURP syndrome? Jun 2006
13. Enumerate investigations in a case of Ca prostate. Discuss the treatment
modalities available? 5+5 Dec 2014
14. Medical Mx of benign prostate hyperplasia. Screening for prostate cancer.
Complication of radical prostatectomy. Dec 2017
15. How will you establish the diagnosis of carcinoma prostate? Outline the
management of carcinoma prostate. 5+5 Jun 2016
16. Classify Ca prostate & enumerate principles of Mx. FAT 2016/a
17. Staging of Ca prostate. How would you manage a 60 yr old man with
acute retention of urine with suspected Ca prostate? 4+6 Jun 2017
18. Mx/ discuss Rx of advanced Ca prostate. Dec 2008; Dec 2007
❹ URETHRA/PENIS
1. Congenital urethral valve. Jun 2004; Jun 2000
2. What are the components of Hypospadias? Mx of a 2 yr old child having
peno-scrotal Hypospadias. 3+7 Jun 2016; Jun 2001
3. Describe lymphatic drainage of penis. How would you manage a case of
55yr old man with a 2.2 cm ulcer on glans penis? Dec 2010
4. Discuss the various investigations you will do in a case of stricture
urethra. How will you treat a case of stricture of posterior urethra? 4+6 Jun
2014
5. Premalignant lesions of penis. Principles of Mx of urethral injury. Torsion
of testes. Dec 2017
6. Staging of Ca penis. Outline Mx of Ca penis in a 35 yr old male. 3+7 Jun
2016; 5+5 Jun 2015.
7. What are pre-malignant conditions of Ca Penis? How would you manage a
60yr old male with Ca involving distal shaft of penis with inguinal L.N
metastasis? Dec 2011; C/F and Mx of Ca penis. Jun 2009
8. Briefly describe etiology and clinical staging of Ca penis. Discuss in brief
the Mx of inguinal L.N in such a case. 2+4+4. Jun 2014
59
❺ SCROTUM
1. Describe the embryology of testis and epididymis. What are the
consequences of undescended testis? 5+5 Jun 2014
2. Describe development of testis. How does a testis descend? Consequences
of undescended testis. Outline the principles & Mx of a case of undescended
testis. 5+5 FAT 2017; Dec 2016; 4+6 Jun 2012
3. How does testis develop and descend in scrotum? Name the sites of ectopic
testis. Dec 2008
4. Embryology of ectopic and undescended testis. Mx of 6 yr old boy having
B/L undescended testis. 5+5 Jun 2013
5. Types of undescended testis. Complications. Timing of surgery. Treatment
options in surgery. Jun 2005
6. Enumerate the surgical causes of infertility in males. How would you
investigate the male partner of an infertile couple? Dec 2010
7. Mx of unilateral cryptorchidism. Dec 2005. Mx of a 5 yr old boy with non
palpable right testis. Jun 2010
8. Mx of acute scrotum. 10 marks FAT 2015
9. An 11 yr old boy presents with acute scrotum of 2 hrs duration. Enumerate
D/D. Clinical Dx for such a patient. State the Ixs required for this patient
and interpretation of investigation reports. 3+3+4 Jun 2017
10. Types of torsion testis? Mx of a 12 yr old child admitted with suspected
torsion testis. 2+8 Dec 2015
11. What are the causes of torsion testis? How will you diagnose & treat
torsion testis in a 10 yr old boy? 3+4+3 Dec 2014
12. How will you diagnose a case of torsion testis? How will you treat such a
case?3+7 Jun 2016; 4+6 Dec 2013; Jun 2005; Jun 2004; Jun 2009; Dec 2008
13. Types of vasectomy. Enumerate the complications of vasectomy. List the
criteria for an ideal candidate for vasectomy. 2+4+4 Jun 2017
14. What are indications & complications of vasectomy? How will you perform
Non scalpel vasectomy? 2+3+5 Dec 2014
15. Vasectomy. 10 marks Dec 2013. What is Non-scalpel vasectomy (NSV)?
How is it different from conventional vasectomy? Enumerate the
complications. Jun 2012; Dec 2011
16. How will you perform non scalpel vasectomy? Fat 2015
17. Enumerate causes of varicocele. How will you treat such a case? 3+7 Dec
2013
61
18. Types of necrotizing skin infections. How would you Mx a 50 yr old man
with fournier’s gangrene of scrotum? 3+7 Jun 2017
19. What is synergistic gangrene? How will you manage a 60 yr old man with
Fournier’s gangrene? Dec 2010
20. Pathophysiology of MODS & Fournier’s gangrene. 5+5 Jun 2013
21. Fournier’s Gangrene? Jun 2008
22. Classify testicular tumor. How will you stage a case of teratoma testis?
Discuss briefly the Mx of non seminomatous germ cell tumours? 2+3+5 Dec
2014.
23. Classify testicular tumors (FAT 2017/a) & give their staging. Discuss the
principles of Rx of seminoma testis. 2+2+6 Dec 2012
24. How will you manage a case of testicular tumor in 25 yr old patient? FAT
2017/a; Dec 2008
25. Classify germ cell tumors of testis. Mx of non-seminomatous germ cell
tumor. 5+5 Jun 2011
26. TNM staging of testicular tumors. Mx of non seminomatous germ cell
tumours. 3+7 Apr 2016
27. Staging of testicular tumors. How would you Mx a 25 yr old man with
suspected right testicular tumor? 4+6 Jun 2017
28. Ix & work-up of 30/80yr old man with hard testicular mass? Jun 2010
29. Diagnostic work-up for testicular tumors. Dec 2006
30. Classification, Ix, Rx & follow up of germ cell tumor of testis. Dec 2007
31. Clinical presentation and Mx of a case of Wilm’s tumor. Jun 2008; Compare
clinical presentation of Wilm’s tumor and retroperitoneal neuroblastoma in
a child. Describe the relevant Ix & principles of Rx of Wilm’s tumor. 3+2+5
Dec 2012.
62
PLASTIC SURGERY
1. What are axial flaps? Briefly describe the other types of flaps with examples
of their use in reconstruction of various surgical defects. Axial flaps. 4+3+3
Jun 2014
2. Define a flap. Name commonly used flaps in reconstruction. What are their
principles? 2+3+5 Dec 2014
3. Classify & name various skin flaps Jun 2007. Describe various types of
commonly used flaps for reconstruction surgery. 10 Jun 2013; describe the
principles of skin flap reconstruction. (2+3+5) FAT 2015; Dec 2010; Dec
2009; how do skin grafts survive? How will you minimize failure of such
grafts? Dec 2008
4. Classify skin flaps. Various flaps used for reconstruction of breast. 5+5 Jun
2017
5. Classify skin flaps. Elaborate forehead flap for reconstruction of nose. 4+6
Jun 2016
6. Various types of skin flaps. Outline various flaps used in head & neck
reconstruction. 4+6 Dec 2015
7. Various types of skin grafts. Various surgical conditions where
Myocutaneous flaps are used (mentioning the name of Myocutaneous flap
used in that particular condition). 4+6 Apr 2016; Dec 2003
8. Pressure sores- most common sites, stages, Mx. Jun 2013
9. Types of skin grafts? Discuss their indications. 7+3 Dec 2013.What steps
can be taken to minimize hypertrophic scars? Dec 2012. Discuss the role,
advantages & disadvantages of partial thickness skin grafts. 4+6 Dec 2011
10. How will you manage a case of severe contractures of neck and
elbow? 5+5 Jun 2012
11. What are decubitus ulcers? How are they graded? Briefly describe
prevention & Rx of decubitus ulcers. 2+2+6 Dec 2016
12. Anatomy of mid palmer space. Briefly describe the principles of hand
infections. 5+5 Dec 2011
13. Describe the anatomy of hand spaces. Describe the principles of Mx of
hand infections. 5+5 FAT 2017
14. Hand spaces? Hand space infections. Palmar space infections. Apr 2016;
Jun 2004, Jun 2003; Dec 2003
15. Boundaries of parona’s space. Outline the principles of Mx of hand
infections. 3+7 Jun 2017
63
NEUROSURGERY
1. How will you initially assess a patient with suspected head injury? List the
guidelines for doing CT scan in a head injury patient? Enumerate discharge
criteria in minor and mild head injury. 5+2+3 Jun 2014
2. Discuss the pathophysiology of head injury. How will you diagnose
extradural hematoma? What are the criteria of active intervention in a case
of extradural hematoma? 5+3+2 Dec 2014
3. In a patient with head injury, what are the
Dec 2016- 2+2+2+4
a. Indications for imaging investigations of head
b. Indications for admission
c. Advise to patients being sent home without admission
d. Principles of initial Mx of head injury
4. Discuss the evaluation, Mx of a patient with head injury. Jun 2000
5. Depressed fracture of frontal region. Dec 2000
6. Describe various types of nerve injuries, clinical features, diagnosis & Mx.
Jun 2013
7. EDH. Pathophysiology of EDH (extra dural hematoma), indications of Sx &
complications. 4+3+3 Jun 2013; Jun 2004; Mx of a 25yr old case with EDH.
Dec 2009
8. Intracranial hematomas. EDH, SDH (sub dural hematoma). Jun 2003; Dec
2003; Jun 2004. Discuss the Mx of SDH. 6 marks Jun 2011. Short note on
SDH 5 marks FAT 2016/b
9. Differentiate between primary and secondary head injury. Jun 2009. What
is “Secondary brain injury”? How can it be prevented? How will you
manage a case of EDH? 2+3+5 Dec 2012.
10. Enumerate causes of hydrocephalus. Classification of brain tumors.
Manifestations of neural tube defects in new born. Dec 2017
11. Etiology, Mx of hydrocephalus? Jun 2009; Jun 2007; Dec 2005; Dec 2002.
Pathophysiology of obstructive hydrocephalus. Jun 2009
12. Different types of hydrocephalus. How will you investigate & Mx a patient
of hydrocephalus? 4+6 Apr 2016
13. Describe Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Role of GCS in head injury. How will
you treat a case of head injury that is unconscious? FAT 2015; 3+7 Jun
2012; Jun 2010; Jun 2011. GCS and its use? Describe GCS in tabular form.
4+6 FAT 2016/a
64
14. GCS. Role of CT scan in case of head injury. Initial assessment of a case of
head injury. 3+4+3 Dec 2015
15. Discuss the role of carotid endarterectomy in prevention of strokes. Jun
2007
16. Classify hemangiomas. Discuss the Mx of cavernous hemangioma. 3+7 Jun
2012
17. Dx & Mx of raised ICT (intra cranial tension). 4+6 FAT 2015
18. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, presentation & Mx of TB spine. 3+3+4 Fat
2016/b
19. Short note on lucid interval. 5 marks FAT 2016/b
TRANSPLANTATION
1. What are HLA antigens and what is their significance & role in organ
transplantation? Briefly describe types of allograft rejection. 5+5 Jun
2014; Jun 2003
2. Regarding organ transplantation:
Dec 2016 2+2+3+3
a. Pathophysiology of graft rejection
b. HLA matching
c. Principles & complications of immune-suppression therapy
3. What are the complications of immune suppression used in organ
transplantation? Name the commonly used agents. 7+3 Dec 2013
4. What is brainstem death? How will you determine it? Dec 2013.
5. What are the principles of immune suppression in organ transplantation?
Briefly discuss complications of immune suppression. 5+5 Dec 2012;
Infections in immune compromised patients. Dec 2004
6. Types of ‘graft rejection’ after organ transplantation. Classification of
immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation. Clinical testing of
brain stem function as relevant for organ donation. Dec 2017
7. What are the indications of renal transplantation? Peri-operative Mx of the
recipient. 4+6 Dec 2015; Discuss graft rejection. Immunotherapy post
operatively after renal transplantation. 3+3+4 Jun 2011; Jun 2009
8. Discuss the pathophysiology of rejection & role of immune-suppression in
organ transplantation. 5+5 Dec 2014
65
PEDIATRIC SURGERY
1. Special peri-op consideration in an infant scheduled for abdominal surgery.
D/D of persistent vomiting in a newborn. 6+4 Dec 2016
2. Classify ano-rectal malformations? How will you manage a low imperforate
anus? Dec 2010; C/F, Ix, Mx in anorectal malformations. Jun 2004
3. Imperforate anus. Dx & Mx. Jun 2009
4. Mention the types of agenesis. Atresia of rectum & anus. Treatment of high
abnormalities. Dec 2005
5. Principles of Mx of a cleft palate baby. Rx of temporo-mandibular joint
ankylosis. Enumerate premalignant lesions of oro-pharynx. Dec 2017
6. Surgical anatomy of cleft lip and cleft palate. Principles of Mx of cleft lip.
5+5 Dec 2015; 5+5 Jun 2015.
7. Describe development of lip (mode of formation of cleft lip). Classify cleft
lip and outline principles of is Mx. Dec 2010; surgical technique used in Mx
of cleft lip. Dec 2005.
Describe development of lip. What are the principles of repair of a cleft lip?
How would you repair it? 4+3+3 Dec 2013
8. Development of face in association with cleft lip and cleft palate? Jun 2009
9. Describe pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction. Write in brief the
causes, Mx of acute intestinal obstruction in new born. Jun 2001
10. Mx of neonatal intestinal obstruction. Dec 2006
11. What is intussusception? How will you investigate? Its non operative Mx.
Dec 2008; Dec 2005; Dec 2003
12. Malrotation of GUT? Dec 2005
13. Describe the development of diaphragm. Mx of congenital diaphragmatic
hernia. Dec 2001; Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Jun 2005; Development
of diaphragm. 10 marks FAT 2015. Dx & Mx of traumatic diaphragmatic
hernia. Jun 2013; 8 Dec 2015
14. What is hiatus hernia? Discuss its Mx & role of laparoscopic surgery for
the same. 2+5+3 FAT 2016/a
15. C/F and Mx o a new born child with meconeum ileus. Dec 2009;
Meconeum ileus. Jun 2005
16. Etiopathogenesis, C/F, Dx & Mx of Hirschprung disease. Apr 2016; Jun
2011; Jun 2005; Dec 2002
17. Sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Jun 2001
18. Mx of a 6 yr old child with nephroblastoma. Dec 2009
67
19. Acute abdominal pain in children under 3 yr age. D/D and Mx. 4+6 FAT
2016/a
20. List the types of spina bifida. Enumerate various anomalies associated
with spina bifida. Various procedures for congenital hydrocephalus. 2+3+5
Jun 2017
21. Meningomyelocele: presentation & Mx. 5 marks Dec 2016
22. A baby born with cyanosis. Describe its etiology, Ix & Rx plan. Jun 2013
23. Indications of cardiopulmonary bypass. Treatment options for “patent
ductus arteriosus”. Histological classification of lung cancer. Dec 2017
METABOLIC SURGERIES
1. Define “metabolic surgery” & discuss its physiological basis. Risks
associated with ‘metabolic surgery’ procedures. Dec 2017
2. Enumerate the surgical procedures for Mx of obesity. What is the
mechanism of weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy? 4+6 Jun 2017
3. Define morbid obesity. Work up and surgical options for morbid obesity.
Enumerate indications of bariatric Sx. Dec 2015; 2+8 Jun 2016. Metabolic
complications of gastric bypass.
4. Role of surgery in Mx of morbid obesity. Jun 2010
5. Define morbid obesity. Describe briefly the principles of bariatric Sx
operations. Enumerate the principles of post op care in these patients.
1+6+3 Dec 2012.
6. Define morbid obesity. Briefly describe the merits and demerits of various
surgical procedures used in Rx of morbid obesity. 2+8 Dec 2011
7. List comorbidities associated with obesity which can be relieved by
surgically induced weight loss. Briefly describe selection criteria & pre-op
nutrition screening for obesity surgery. 3+4+3 Jun 2014
8. Regarding morbid obesity:
Dec 2016 3+4+3
a. Indications & types of weight loss surgeries.
b. Expected benefits of weight loss surgery to the patient.
68
RECENT ADVANCES
1. Discuss the principles, types and usage of robotic surgery (4+6). Jun 2014;
Jun 2012; Dec 2011. Enumerate the procedures where it is finding
maximum clinical application (3). Jun 2012; Dec 2010
2. What is Robotic surgery? How will you prepare a patient for this type of
surgery? Dec 2013
3. Advantages & limitations of robotic Sx when compared to laparoscopic Sx?
5+5 Dec 2015
4. Robotic Sx: Indications, advantages & drawbacks. 4+3+3
5. Discuss the principles and usage of robotic Sx. 4+6 Jun 2014
6. Role of Stem Cell Therapy in surgical practice. Jun 2016
7. Surgical LASERs- types, their advantages & shortcomings. List the
indications for use of lasers in surgical practice. 2+3+3+2 Jun 2015