Index

Afghanistan, 19, 20, 56, 153, 221, and efficiency, 146–47

246, 315 and female education, 38
Alter, George, 47–48 and forced labor, 282–83
American Birth Control League and freedom, 82–95
(Planned Parenthood), 47 and growth in income, 36–38
Anderson, Elizabeth, 29 and increased life expectancy,
Apple Inc., 16 35–38
Aristotle, 151, 203, 212 and meaningful work, 204–10
Astell, Mary, 165, 324 and productive efficiency, 78–81
Australia, 23, 50, 163 and sexism, 299–300
and unemployment, 82, 147,
Bales, Kevin, 118, 240, 241, 243, 188, 190, 191, 198, 225,
276 244, 270
Bangladesh, 95, 96, 223, 227, 230 and unemployment rates, 198,
Baumol, William, 12 244
Bello, Walden, 164, 195 and unions, 79, 93, 118, 128,
Berlin, Isaiah, 88, 89, 92, 176 190, 230, 303, 304, 321
Bhutto, Benazir, 120 as descriptive ideal, 10
Blauner, Robert, 209 big firm, 14–15
Braverman, Harry, 207 definitional criteria of, 21, 280,
Brazil, 157, 242, 256, 321 291–92, 295–96
Brenner, Johanna, ix, 235, 237, decentralized open market
298 condition, 8, 21, 22, 84
Buddhism, Thai, 118 free wage labor condition, 6–7,
Burma, 241 19, 84
Bush, George W., 192 nondiscrimination constraint,
9–10, 19, 21, 84, 125–26
Canada, 4, 50, 56, 226 private ownership of capital
capitalism see also income growth condition, 6, 84
and alienation, 43, 155, 167, 170, enlightened, 125–30
206, 208, 209, 210, 321 entrepreneurial, 15, 17, 81, 82,
and autonomy, 107 127
and competitive sport, 281 feminist critiques of, 116

345

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 346 INDEX
capitalism (cont.)
exploitation, 98–101
inequality see capitalism:
problems with: inequalities
of wealth
psychological harms, 106–11
public–private divide, 102–03
historical origin of, 34–35
laissez faire, 10, 140
logic of, 279–80
Marxist alternative to, 202–04
Marx’s definition of, 6
Marx’s theory of, 6–7, 98
commodity fetishism, 108,
110–11, 115–16, 316
false consciousness, 89, 97,
107–08, 110, 111, 114–17,
121, 122, 124, 316
models of reformed, 184–88
modern American history of,
188–92
oligarchic, 13, 19, 21, 22, 28
problems with see capitalism:
feminist critiques of
environmental destruction,
248–49, 277–79, 311–12
immiseration objection, 78–80
inequalities of wealth, 81–82,
87, 101–02, 103–06, 192–95,
234–37, 300–04
infectious disease, 247–48
instability, 82
junkyard objection, 80, 311
market constraints, 231–32
sweatshops, 223–31, 268–69
war, 245–47, 276–77
regulation of, 23–24
Smithian model of, problems
with, 312–14
state guided, 12
Chad, 11
child labor, 58–60
Chile, 149, 173, 218
China, People’s Republic of, 13, 18,
20, 44, 45, 56, 57, 62, 87,
95, 143, 149, 164, 200, 220,
221, 222, 223, 224, 248,
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249, 265, 281, 295, 310,
332, 341
Chomsky, Noam, 153, 254, 310,
326, 331
Church, Jennifer, 169, 222, 327
Clark, Lorenne, 166
Clinton, Hillary, 237
Cohen, G. A., 135, 153, 168, 174,
178, 184, 212, 327, 338
Cohen, Morris, 184, 212
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 11
Copelon, Rhonda, 176, 327
Cuba, 11, 12, 20, 57, 85
decentralized markets, 63, 75, 76
Dell Inc., 16
Demsetz, Harold, 7, 8, 46–47, 48
Denmark, 18, 23
descriptive ideal of freedom, 10
Diamond, Jared, 248, 249, 250
Diggers, 157, 158, 161, 164, 166,
170
Draper, Hal, 254, 294, 328, 342
Eagleton, Terry, 181, 328
Easterlin, Richard, 38–42
employee stock ownership plans
(ESOPs), 21
England, 34, 38, 39, 134, 156, 157,
197, 204, 215, 229, 334
externalities, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72,
74, 80, 84, 111, 126, 288,
312
definition of, 66
Ezorsky, Gertrude, ix, 174, 177,
178, 179, 180, 183, 304, 329
Fair Labor Standards Act, 190
Fanon, Frantz, 92
Federalist Papers, 151–52
feminist political transformation,
26, 28, 103, 106, 111, 114,
121, 122, 125, 128, 130, 264
definition of, 26
versus, 28
feudalism, 85, 156, 167, 201
Filmer, Robert, 159
 INDEX 347

France, 4, 23, 35, 43, 44, 45, 50, IBM, 16

152, 327 Iceland, 50, 292, 293
freedom, 82–95, 147–56, 173–79, income growth
199–200 and fertility, 45–49
and inequalities of wealth, and improved health, 36–37
273–74 and infant mortality, 45–46
internal obstacles to, 179–81 and life expectancy, 37–38
market, 149–50 indentured servitude, 183, 201,
meanings of, 181–83 224, 282
negative, 84–86, 88–89, 176 India, 13, 44, 45, 56, 57, 62, 87,
positive, 86–87, 88–89, 176 95, 120, 238, 242, 256, 266,
social, 84, 93–95 291, 325, 326, 335
Friedman, Milton, 25, 63, 83, 149, inequalities
154, 155, 311, 330 and poverty, 272–73
in capitalist societies
Garson, Barbara, 208, 209, 318 see capitalism, problems with
Gaus, Gerald, 83, 91, 330 in noncapitalist societies, 87–88
Gender Empowerment Measure noninvidious, 273–74
(GEM), 55 information asymmetries, 74, 75,
Gender-related Development Index 76, 126, 283
(GDI), 54, 120 International Labor Organization
General Agreement on Tariffs and (ILO), 52, 58, 59, 223, 224,
Trade (GATT), 22 266, 268, 332
Germany, 50, 56, 149, 189, 208, International Monetary Fund
291, 338 (IMF), 238, 243, 248
Gini co-efficient, 14 Iran, 102
Global Wage Report, 268, 274, 332 Ireland, 50, 173, 218, 238
Grameen Bank, 95, 122, 125, 127 Italy, 17, 50, 189
Gramsci, Antonio, 257
Gray, John, 176 Japan, 13, 35, 37, 44, 45, 50, 56,
Great Britain, 41, 189, 57, 189, 243, 329
see also England
Greene, Megan, 13 Kant, Immanuel, 87
Greenspan, Alan, 191 Kaplan, Temma, 217
Kernohan, Andrew, 117
Hayek, F. A., 24, 63, 104, 146, 154, Keynes, John Maynard, 191
155, 177, 330, 331 Keynesian economics, 133, 134,
Hill, Christopher, 173, 174 135, 136
Hirschmann, Nancy, 25, 162, 166, King Charles I, 156
175, 176, 180, 181, 196, Kristof, Nicholas, 223, 225, 333
202, 331 Krugman, Paul, 134, 147, 244, 295
Hobbes, Thomas, 158, 159, 165
Hong Kong, 81 Laffer curve, 30
Human Development Index (HDI), Laos, 241
vii, 54, 55, 56, 62, 235, 275 Levellers, 156, 158, 161, 164, 166,
interpretation of, 275 170, 336
Hyde Amendment, 175, 176 Libya, 11

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 3 48 INDEX

life expectancy, 35–38, 43–46 Nozick, Robert, 104, 105, 154, 155,
and growth of biomedical 156, 168, 177, 178, 179,
knowledge, 41–42 186, 187, 190, 192, 201,
and infant mortality, 43–45 331, 336, 341
and infectious disease control,
38–43 Obama, Barack, 141, 191, 192, 251,
and per capita income, 54 273
Litan, Robert, 12 Oman, 19, 20
Locke, John, 104, 158, 159, 160, O’Neill, Onora, 138, 188, 290
161, 162, 163, 165, 166, Overton, Richard, 158, 336
167, 168, 185, 186, 187,
211, 284, 285, 327, 331, Pakistan, 120, 242, 246, 276
334, 337 Paraguay, 12
labor mixing argument, 160 Pareto, Vilfredo, 64
Pareto optimality, 64, 65–66,
MacCallum, Gerald, 176 68–71, 74, 309
Maclean, Nancy, 233 and concerns of justice, 69
Macpherson, C. B., 211 Parfit, Derek, 64
Malthusian League, 47 Paris Commune, 152, 257, 320
Mao Zedong, 18, 220 Pateman, Carole, 159, 166, 169,
market socialism, 21 170, 187, 202, 298, 336
Marx, Karl, 6, 7, 8, 18, 85, 97, 98, patriarchy, 26, 27, 28, 57, 97, 100,
107, 108, 110, 133, 135, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107,
148, 150, 152, 155, 156, 110, 112, 115, 121, 122,
161, 167, 168, 172, 199, 129, 213, 214, 216, 219,
201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 291, 296, 297, 298, 329,
210, 212, 215, 218, 220, 330, 332, 340, 341
254, 257, 293, 294, 295, and religion, 117–18, 119,
315, 316, 326, 328, 334, 120–21
335, 339 and the family, 216–17
Mauritania, 11 and traditional cultures, 28,
McKeown hypothesis, 38 116–21, 124, 315–16
Mill, John Stuart, 67, 83, 93, definition of, 27
143, 180, 184, 204, 218, Patterson, Orlando, 148, 174, 336
328, 335 per capita income
Mills, Charles, 290 and fertility, 54
Molyneux, Maxine, 144, 145, 218, and life expectancy, 54
335 perfectly competitive market
Montgomery, David, 209 (PCM), 66–72, 73, 74, 290,
309
Namibia, 81 Petchesky, Rosalind, 170, 171, 172,
Nigeria, 45 258, 337
Nixon, Richard, 306 Pettit, Philip, 91, 175, 180, 196,
Noble, David, 209 199, 337
North American Free Trade Philippines, 215, 224, 238, 326
Agreement (NAFTA), 305 Plato, 77, 151, 152, 203
North Korea, 11, 20, 85, 88 Pogge, Thomas, 188, 242, 337

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 INDEX 349

Poland, 51, 222 138, 153, 163, 188, 231,

Polanyi, Karl, 156, 295 336, 339
poor Sierra Leone, 81
the world’s, 265–67 Singapore, 12, 13, 81
poverty, 264–65 Singer, Peter, 188
and inequality, 272–73 Skinner, Quentin, 90, 91, 339
principal–agent problem, 15, 16, slavery, 18, 52, 151, 167, 173, 182,
40, 74, 76 191, 199–201, 218, 240–43,
property 255, 271, 276, 277, 282,
personal, 139–40 285, 315, 317
private, 139–40, 158–64 Smith, Adam, 23, 63, 82, 123, 139,
206, 250, 252, 313, 339
quality of life, 49–54 socialism, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28,
material improvements 75, 121, 125, 134, 135, 172,
in, 50–52, see also life 220, 254, 257, 276, 281,
expectancy 285, 286, 287, 297, 318,
moral improvements in, 52–53 319, 321
political improvements in, 53–54 and markets, 318–20
and privatization, 221–23
race to the bottom theory, 268–72 and the imagined future, 317–18
Radin, Margaret Jane, 169, 337 and women see women: and
Rawls, John, 64, 146, 175, 187, socialism
194, 281, 337 problems with, 285–87
Reagan, Ronald, 133 Somalia, 20
Reiman, Jeffrey, 174, 178, 179, 338 South Korea, 13, 57, 87
Roe v. Wade, 175 Soviet Union, 14, 18, 20, 44, 85,
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 189, 87, 88, 101, 102, 125, 133,
190, 192, 338 153, 189, 200, 220, 289,
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 31, 89 321, see also Russia
Russia, 45, 220, 222, 295, 310, 332 Stiglitz, Joseph, 73, 74, 244
Russian Revolution, 152, 188, 220, Sweden, 18, 23, 34, 37, 39, 51, 56,
255 229, 244, 291

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 92 Taiwan, 13

Sassen, Saskia, 238 Taylor, Frederick, 206, 207
Saudi Arabia, 19, 20, 56, Thailand, 118, 240
102, 292 Thatcher, Margaret, 134, 197, 255
Sayer, Andrew, 303 Thurow, Lester, 251, 340
Scandinavia, 5, 185 traditional cultures, 125
Scanlon, Thomas, 90 trafficking of women, 5, 222
Schor, Juliet, 50, 209, 215 tragedy of the commons, 277, 278,
Schramm, Carl, 12 286
Schumpeter, Joseph, 279 Tucker, Jonathan, 39
self-ownership, concept of, 167–73 tyranny of the majority, 285, 286
self-ownership, history of, 155–67
Sen, Amartya, 11, 24, 65, 66, 67, UNESCO, 57
68, 83, 85, 86, 94, 95, 112, UNICEF, 59

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 3 50 INDEX
United Kingdom (UK), 45
United Nations, 14, 33, 52, 54, 56,
57, 191, 222, 238, 248, 266,
308, 326, 343, 344
United States (US), iv, vii, 3, 4, 7,
22, 23, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45,
50, 51, 56, 59, 81, 96, 118,
128, 133, 136, 140, 141,
147, 148, 149, 150, 151,
153, 155, 175, 179, 183,
186, 188, 189, 190, 191,
193, 194, 195, 197, 213,
216, 218, 221, 222, 223,
224, 226, 230, 231, 232,
233, 234, 235, 236, 243,
244, 245, 246, 247, 249,
251, 258, 264, 265, 269,
270, 273, 274, 275, 290,
292, 295, 297, 300, 301,
304, 305, 306, 310, 312,
314, 315, 325, 328, 337,
338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344
utilitarianism, 64–65, 93
Van Parijs, Philippe, 24, 293
Varian, Hal, 69
Wales, 38
Wal-Mart, 226, 300
welfare provisions, 31, 65, 66, 68,
69, 72, 104, 105, 113, 129,
134, 140, 141, 149, 188,
190, 191, 192, 193, 199,
210, 236, 237, 243, 254,
287, 302, 304, 306, 308
West, Cornel, 92
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Willett, Cynthia, 92
Winstanley, Gerrard, 157, 183, 189,
341
Wolff, Robert Paul, 205
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 173, 180
women
and caregiving, 25, 109, 110
and caring labor, 111, 116, 129,
196
and changed gender roles,
232–34
and commodified labor,
107–11
and deformed desires, 111–14
and marriage, 165–66, 202
and practical gender interests,
145
and property rights, 164–65,
284–85
and prostitution, 118, 169, 170,
172, 202, 240–41
and self-ownership, 168–71
and socialism, 220–21
and strategic gender interests,
144–45
Wood, Ellen Meiksins, 137, 150,
151, 152, 159, 161, 203,
218, 341
World Bank, 58, 59, 134, 193, 194,
227, 237, 248, 249, 258,
265, 326, 335, 342
World Trade Organization
(WTO), 22, 195, 229,
243, 324
Zarembka, Joy, 240, 341