TBT Register

Arrab Contracting Company (ACC)
Document No. HSET.TBT.01 Revision No. : 0

Date Issued : November, 28-2018 Page 2 of 61
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACCIDENT PREVENTION - PAINLESS & PROFITABLE!.................................................................... 5

ACTION TO TAKE IF AN EARTHQUAKE STRIKES............................................................................. 6
AERIAL WORK PLATFORMS .................................................................................................................. 7
AFTERTHOUGHTS AND REGRETS…. ................................................................................................... 8
ALCOHOL & THE JOB - A SAFETY ISSUE ............................................................................................ 9
ALLERGIES, ANTIHISTAMINES & DROWSINESS ............................................................................ 10
GENERAL SAFETY - ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR ........................................................................... 11
AVOID COMMON OFFICE INJURIES ................................................................................................... 12
AVOIDING ELECTRICAL SHOCKS ...................................................................................................... 13
BACK CARE: YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE! .............................................................................. 14
BACK INJURY PREVENTION TIPS ....................................................................................................... 15
GENERAL SAFETY - BACKING INTO TROUBLE .............................................................................. 16
BASIC MACHINE SAFETY ..................................................................................................................... 17
BATTERY CHARGING - A MULTITUDE OF HAZARDS! .................................................................. 18
BE CAUTIOUS WITH SULFURIC ACID ............................................................................................... 19
BEING MENTALLY PREPARED FOR EMERGENCIES ...................................................................... 20
BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS (BBP) ..................................................................................................... 21
-- SAFETY AT ALL LEVELS -- ............................................................................................................... 21
GENERAL SAFETY - CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) .............................................................................. 22
GENERAL SAFETY – CARELESSNESS ................................................................................................ 23
CHAIN SAW SAFETY AWARENESS .................................................................................................... 24
By Doug Hirsch ........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHOCKING AND BLOCKING ................................................................................................................ 25
COME-A-LONGS, "COFFIN" HOISTS & CHAIN HOIST SAFETY ..................................................... 26
COLD MEDICATION & DROWSINESS ................................................................................................ 27
COLD WEATHER HAZARDS OF PROPANE FUELED VEHICLES ................................................... 28
COMMON SENSE AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION ............................................................................ 28
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY - DON'T BE A "DEAD" HERO ................................................................ 30
GENERAL SAFETY- CONTROLLING STRESS .................................................................................... 31
EQUIPMENT SAFETY - CRANING CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................... 32
CRANE COUNTERWEIGHTS ................................................................................................................. 33
CRANE OPERATIONS - WORKING UNDER THE LOAD ................................................................... 34
GENERAL SAFETY - CUTS AND BURNS ............................................................................................ 35
DEVELOP AND "SELL" YOUR SAFETY SOLUTIONS ....................................................................... 36
DO CELLULAR PHONES CAUSE MORE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS? .................................................. 38
DON'T GAMBLE WITH PERSONAL FALL ARREST EQUIPMENT .................................................. 39
DON'T GET SORE AT YOUR COMPUTER! .......................................................................................... 40
DRUM HANDLING .................................................................................................................................. 41
EIGHT CRANE DANGER SIGNS TO WATCH FOR ............................................................................... 42
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS - ANATOMY OF AN ACCIDENT .............................................................. 43
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS - HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL BURNS ............................................... 44
ELECTRICAL SAFETY - PORTABLE LIGHT STRINGS ..................................................................... 45
Follow these precautions when using portable light strings: ............................................................. 45
ELECTRICAL SAFETY - STATIC ELECTRICITY ................................................................................ 46
ELECTRICAL SOURCES IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS ................................................................... 47
EMERGENCY EYE WASH & DELUGE SHOWERS ............................................................................. 48
EMERGENCY! WHERE'S THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER? ...................................................................... 49
GENERAL SAFETY - EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITY ........................................................................ 50
EXCAVATION/TRENCHING SAFETY .................................................................................................. 51
EXCAVATIONS ARE SERIOUS BUSINESS ......................................................................................... 52
EXTENSION CORD SAFETY-TAKE NO CHANCES! .......................................................................... 53
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - EYE INJURY PREVENTION .......................................... 54
FIRE WATCH IN SHIPYARDS ............................................................................................................... 55
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS – GASOLINE .................................................................................................. 56
FORKLIFT FATALITIES ......................................................................................................................... 57
FORKLIFT SAFETY - ELEVATING PERSONNEL SAFELY ............................................................... 58
FRONT-END LOADERS .......................................................................................................................... 59

FUELING OPERATIONS & STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................................................................ 60

GIVE NEW CO-WORKERS YOUR SUPPORT! ..................................................................................... 61
GOOD HYGIENE CAN KEEP YOU HEALTHY .................................................................................... 62
HEALTH & SAFETY - HEAT STRESS DISORDERS ............................................................................ 63
HAND TOOL SAFETY ............................................................................................................................. 64
HAZARD AWARENESS--THE LITTLE THINGS COUNT ................................................................... 65
GENERAL SAFETY -- HAZARD AWARENESS ................................................................................... 66
HAZARD RECOGNITION ....................................................................................................................... 67
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES IN CONFINED SPACES .................................................................... 68
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM .................................................................. 69
HAZARDS OF SOLVENTS ...................................................................................................................... 71
HEAD INJURIES - AFTER THE FALL ................................................................................................... 72
HEARING PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................ 73
HEAVY EQUIPMENT SAFETY .............................................................................................................. 74
HOT WATER AND STEAM CLEANING ............................................................................................... 75
HOUSEKEEPING IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF YOUR JOB ............................................................. 76
HOUSEKEEPING IS SAFE-KEEPING AT WORK ................................................................................. 77
HOW LOUD IS LOUD? ............................................................................................................................ 78
HYDRAULIC HOSES AND THE DANGER OF LEAKS ....................................................................... 79
INDIVIDUAL QUALITY MAKES THE DIFFERENCE ......................................................................... 80
INFECTIOUS DISEASE & FIRST AID TREATMENT .......................................................................... 81
INSPECT YOUR SLINGS......................................................................................................................... 82
EQUIPMENT HAZARDS - INSPECTION AND USE OF SLINGS ........................................................ 83
GENERAL SAFETY - IT'S YOUR DECISION ........................................................................................ 84
MAKE SHIFT WORK SAFE WORK ........................................................................................................ 85
LADDER SAFETY .................................................................................................................................... 86
LIFT IT TWICE ......................................................................................................................................... 87
LIMITATIONS OF CARTRIDGE-TYPE RESPIRATORS ...................................................................... 88
MACHINE SAFETY- LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROGRAMS .................................................................... 89
LOOK OUT FOR YOUR CO-WORKERS ............................................................................................... 90
MACHINE OPERATION REQUIRES SKILL & THOUGHT ................................................................. 91
MAKE THE BEST USE OF YOUR FIRST-AID KIT .............................................................................. 92
GENERAL SAFETY - MAN DOWN!!! ................................................................................................... 93
MATERIAL HANDLING LIFT TRUCKS ............................................................................................... 94
MOBILE CRANE OUTRIGGERS ............................................................................................................ 95
GENERAL SAFETY- MOTION INJURIES ............................................................................................. 96
NEAR MISS - THE ONE THAT ALMOST HAPPENED ........................................................................ 98
NEW JOB? WHAT ARE THE ODDS FOR INJURY? ............................................................................. 99
New Year's Resolutions ............................................................................................................................ 100
- Safety & Health Attitudes and Actions - ................................................................................................ 100
GENERAL SAFETY - OFFICE SAFETY PRACTICES ........................................................................ 101
OFFICE SAFETY .................................................................................................................................... 102
PERSONAL ERGONOMICS .................................................................................................................. 103
PERSONAL FALL ARREST AND FALL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS .................................................... 104
PERSONAL TOOLS & EQUIPMENT.................................................................................................... 105
PERSONAL PROTECTION-PICKING THE PROPER GLOVE ........................................................... 106
PERSONAL PROTECTION.................................................................................................................... 107
Are You Dressed For The Occasion? ....................................................................................................... 107
PRACTICE GOOD KNIFE SAFETY ..................................................................................................... 108
PREVENT HOSE WHIPPING ................................................................................................................ 109
PREVENTING STRAINS & SPRAINS .................................................................................................. 110
PREVENTING WELDING FLASHBACK ............................................................................................. 111
PROPER REPAIR OF ELECTRICAL CORDS ...................................................................................... 112
PROTECTIVE HEADWEAR .................................................................................................................. 113
EQUIPMENT HAZARDS --REPORT UNSAFE EQUIPMENT ............................................................ 114
REPORTING AND INVESTIGATING AN ACCIDENT....................................................................... 115
MACHINE SAFETY- REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFEGUARDS ........................................................... 116
RESPIRATOR PROGRAM ..................................................................................................................... 117
GENERAL SAFETY - SAFE ATTITUDES ........................................................................................... 118
EQUIPMENT HAZARDS - SAFE OPERATION OF FORKLIFTS ...................................................... 119

SAFE USE OF HAND TRUCKS ............................................................................................................ 120

SAFE USE OF LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS ......................................................................................... 121
SAFETY & SECURITY AFTER HOURS .............................................................................................. 122
GENERAL SAFETY - SAFETY AND YOUR SUPERVISOR .............................................................. 123
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SAND BLASTING ...................................................................... 124
SAFETY EYE WEAR - FOR SUN & SHADE ....................................................................................... 125
SAFETY RULES FOR PEOPLE WORKING AROUND INDUSTRIAL LIFT TRUCKS .................... 126
SAFETY WITH PNEUMATIC TOOLS.................................................................................................. 127
SAVE YOUR BACK WHEN WORKING IN AWKWARD POSITIONS ............................................. 128
SCAFFOLD INSPECTIONS ................................................................................................................... 129
QUIZ -- SELECTING SUITABLE EYE PROTECTION........................................................................ 130
SEVEN COMMON ACCIDENT CAUSES ............................................................................................ 131
SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON THE JOB ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
GENERAL SAFETY - SHIFT WORK .................................................................................................... 132
GENERAL SAFETY – SIGNS ................................................................................................................ 133
SMOKE DETECTORS - A LIFE SAVING WARNING ........................................................................ 134
GENERAL SAFETY - SNOW REMOVAL ............................................................................................ 135
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION .................................................................................................................. 136
STACKING UP A PILE OF TROUBLE ................................................................................................. 137
STAIRS AND WALKWAYS .................................................................................................................. 138
SUNGLASSES VS. SAFETY GLASSES ............................................................................................... 139
SURVIVING THE DEADLY SILENT KILLER .................................................................................... 140
GENERAL SAFETY - "TAKE TWO" .................................................................................................... 141
TEMPORARY HEAT SAFETY .............................................................................................................. 142
THAT CONTAINER ONLY LOOKS EMPTY! ..................................................................................... 143
THE BAD SIDE OF BENZENE .............................................................................................................. 144
GENERAL SAFETY - THE BASICS OF SAFETY ............................................................................... 145
THE CARE & FEEDING OF WIRE ROPE ............................................................................................ 146
THE HAZARDS OF SILICA DUST ....................................................................................................... 147
THE SILENT SICKNESS - CO POISONING......................................................................................... 148
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF GOOD SAFETY HABITS ............................................................ 149
ERGONOMICS - THE TERM "ERGONOMICS" ................................................................................... 150
THE THREE-POINT RULE .................................................................................................................... 151
You Don't Have To Fall Off A Truck! ..................................................................................................... 151
THE TRUE DANGER OF CONFINED SPACES................................................................................... 152
EQUIPMENT HAZARDS - TIRE EXPLOSIONS .................................................................................. 153
TRYING TO DO THE JOB ALONE ....................................................................................................... 154
GENERAL SAFETY - UNSAFE ACTS ................................................................................................. 155
USING & STORING ACETYLENE GAS .............................................................................................. 156
USING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ...................................................................................... 157
VENTILATION ....................................................................................................................................... 158
- AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF WELDING SAFETY - ...................................................................... 158
VENTILATION ....................................................................................................................................... 159
WANT A DRUG USER ON YOUR WORK TEAM? ............................................................................. 160
WARNING: READ THE SIGNS! ........................................................................................................... 161
WARNING: EXTREME HEAT IS COMING! ....................................................................................... 162
WAS IT AN ACCIDENT OR WAS IT AN ERROR? ............................................................................. 163
WATCH YOUR STEP!! DON'T SLIP & FALL ..................................................................................... 164
WATER SAFETY - ON & OFF THE JOB.............................................................................................. 165
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WELDING & CUTTING..................................................... 166
WHAT IS A HAZARDOUS MATERIAL OR CHEMICAL? ................................................................. 167
WHAT'S THIS IN OUR TOOL BOX! .................................................................................................... 168
WHAT IS YOUR BACK IQ? .................................................................................................................. 170
WHAT TO DO ABOUT "NEAR MISSES?"........................................................................................... 171
WHAT TO DO FOR DROWNING VICTIMS ........................................................................................ 172
WHEN YOU LEAST EXPECT IT...LESSONS LEARNED! ................................................................. 173
WHY A WRITTEN SAFETY PROGRAM? ........................................................................................... 174
WHY DO WE HAVE SAFETY MEETINGS? ........................................................................................ 175
WHY TAKE A CHANCE? ...................................................................................................................... 176
WHY USE A SAFETY CAN FOR GASOLINE? ................................................................................... 177

CHEMICAL HAZARDS - WORKING SAFELY WITH LEAD ............................................................ 178

WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL SAFETY ................................................................................................ 180
EVERYONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFETY .................................................................................... 181
EYE PROTECTION: PRESERVE YOUR VISION ................................................................................ 182
LIKE OIL AND WATER, DRINKING AND DRIVING DO NOT MIX. .............................................. 183
PERSONAL PROTECTION -- STORAGE, MAINTENANCE AND CARE ........................................ 184
UNEXPECTED HAZARDS IN DEMOLITION WORK ........................................................................ 185
WELDING ON GALVANIZED METALS ............................................................................................. 186
BENCH AND PEDESTAL GRINDERS ................................................................................................. 187
CARE FOR YOUR HALF-MASK AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR................................................... 188
PALLET SAFETY ................................................................................................................................... 189

ACCIDENT PREVENTION - PAINLESS & PROFITABLE!

Why are you working? The most obvious answer is that you need to earn money. Your employer is in
business for the very same reason--to make money. If the people you work for don't operate at a profit,
they may not be able to keep your job. It may be surprising to hear that most companies do not make a
large profit from their income. Any accidents or illnesses that result in lost time at work reduces even
further these profit margins, and competition limits how much your firm can charge for the goods or
services it provides. What's more, competition is no longer just local--it is often world wide.
Most large Turkish companies operate at a small profit margin--some as small as 1/2%. This means
they earn only 1/2 cent for every dollar taken in. Profit margins of 1% to 5% are more common but this
is still not a lot of "extra" money. Each time an accident occurs, the cost of the injury must be
subtracted from profits. So, how much do these incidents really impact your company in terms of direct
and indirect costs? Take a look at how many additional sales are required to pay for industrial injuries:
ACCIDENT COSTS 1% profit margin 5% profit margin 10% profit margin

Additional Sales Additional Sales Additional Sales
$1,000 $100,000 $20,000 $10,000
$5,000 $500,000 $100,000 $50,000
$25,000 $2,500,000 $500,000 $250,000
$50,000 $5,000,000 $1,000,000 $500,000
$100,000 $10,000,000 $2,000,000 $1,000,000
$250,000 $25,000,000 $5,000,000 $2,500,000
What does this chart tell us? If the company is operating at a profit margin of 5%, then $20,000 in new
sales will be needed to compensate for a $1,000 injury. If the profit margin is nearer 1%, an additional
$100,000 worth of goods or services are necessary to keep that profit level. A lot of additional small
components therefore must be manufactured to compensate for those losses! Since industrial back
injuries average about $5,000 in expenses, every time a worker strains his back, other employees
must work longer and harder to achieve necessary production levels.
Whatever you do in production, sales or service, think about the extra hours you must work to help pay
for the average jobsite injury. Why should you care about this? Simple. Safe work behavior can
contribute directly to the overall company business as well as to your own job security. The more
profitable your company, the more likely there will be funds available for better equipment,
improvements in the work environment and, hopefully, wage increases.
Though money is an important factor to both you and your employer, personal well being is also
important. It is always wiser to spend a bit more time doing the job safely than to recover from an
injury. This is why you are asked to avoid taking dangerous shortcuts, to wear your personal protective
gear, to do the job as instructed, and to support your company's safety efforts.
Think of safety as both pain free and profitable. Accident prevention is a ‘win all’ situation for everyone!

ACTION TO TAKE IF AN EARTHQUAKE STRIKES

One of the greatest threats during an earthquake is falling debris. Earthquakes are unpredictable and
strike without warning. Therefore, it is important to know the appropriate steps to take when one
occurs, and to be so thoroughly familiar with these steps, that you can react quickly and safely. If you
are in a office or residential building, remember the following procedures.
Steps to Take During An Earthquake:
1. Remain inside the building.

2. Seek immediate shelter under a heavy desk or table--or brace yourself inside a door frame or
against an inside wall.
3. Stay clear of windows--at least 15 feet away.
4. Stay put. If shaking causes the desk or table to move, be sure to move with it.
5. Resist the urge to panic. Organize your thoughts. Think as clearly as possible, and anticipate
the sights and sounds that may accompany an earthquake.
6. Don't be surprised if the electricity goes out, fire or elevator alarms begin ringing.
7. Expect to hear noise from broken glass, creaking walls, and falling objects
Steps To Take Immediately After An Earthquake:
1. Remain in the same "safe" location for several minutes after the earthquake, in case of
aftershocks.
2. Do not attempt to evacuate or leave your immediate area unless absolutely necessary or when
instructed to do so by a proper authority.
3. Check for injuries and administer necessary first aid. Recognize and assist co-workers who are
suffering from shock or emotional distress.
4. Implement your survival plan. Establish a temporary shelter if rescue teams are expected to be
delayed.
5. Use a stairway when instructed to exit building.
Steps to Take Before An Earthquake:
1. Prepare an earthquake kit, with warm clothing, food and water to last at least 72 hours.
2. Organize a planning session to be conducted by your local emergency response authorities.

AERIAL WORK PLATFORMS

Manlifts and scissor lifts (mobile lift towers) are two pieces of equipment that many workers can't
imagine working without. This equipment, if used correctly, provides quick and safe access to work
areas that at one time could only be reached from scaffolding or a crane's manbasket. These lifts,
collectively called Aerial Work Platforms, are important tools. But as with any tool, there are right and
wrong ways to use them safely.
The most important tip to remember before operating any aerial lift platform, is always read and follow
the manufacturer's safety and operation manual! This information must be kept in the cab of the unit,
and can usually be found in a PVC tube that's tied to the machine's frame or rails.
Safe Operating Procedures for Both Manlifts and Scissor Lifts:
 Only trained and authorized people should operate the lift. A qualified instructor must make
sure that every operator reads and\or understands the equipment's safety and operating
instructions. This includes all of the warning logos and labels mounted on the machine.
 Always check for overhead obstructions before driving or elevating the platform.
 Refuel tanks only when the unit is turned off. If battery powered, the batteries should be
charged only in a well ventilated area, away from any open flame.
 Prior to each shift a safety inspection should be completed by the operator; this includes both a
visual inspection and a function test. If a problem is found, get the lift repaired.
 Elevate the platform only when it is on a firm, level surface. Although many lifts look like a
rough terrain piece of equipment, they are not. Their large tires do allow the equipment to
access somewhat difficult areas, but once in position they are designed to be out of level only
5o while in operation. This amounts to 10 inches in a 10 foot wheel span. In addition, the lift
must have an tilt alarm that activates when the machine is more than 5o out of level.
Scissor lifts are efficient one-direction lifts. They provide a solid surface to work from, but always
remember:
 Guardrail, midrails and toeboards must be in place. The toe board can be omitted at the door.
 The platform must be equipped with a mechanical parking brake that will hold the unit securely
on any slope it is capable of climbing. The brake should be tested periodically.
 Never use the lift's rails, planks across the rails, or a ladder, to gain additional height.
Unique hazards for manlifts: Manlifts can move in more than a single direction, increasing the risk of
mishaps, so it's important to remember the following:
 When ever working out of a manlift, a full body harness must be worn, and properly attached to
the basket. A sudden jolt has thrown people from manlifts, before they could react.
 Always maintain a safe distance from debris piles, drop-offs points, floor openings, etc.
 Never drive the manlift when it is elevated above the limit the manufacturer considers safe.
Each piece of equipment will state what the maximum extension can be while being driven.
Used correctly, aerial work platforms can be priceless, timesaving assets. Operate them without regard
to their limitations, and this same equipment will put you and those around you, at undue risk.

AFTERTHOUGHTS AND REGRETS….

How often have you said or done something and then later, reflecting on your action, thought to
yourself, "How could I have done that?"
Here are some afterthoughts which, unfortunately, too many of us have experienced:
· "That's how we've always done it before." (…before the accident occurred anyway.)
· "I never thought that a little bolt dropped from that distance would cause so much bleeding." ( I should
have worn a hard hat, I guess.)
· "If I had taken that first-aid/CPR course, I probably could have helped him." (…and chances are, he
would still be here.)
· "I should have taken care of that board with the projecting rusty nails earlier." (Now, I have to take off
work to get a tetanus shot.)
· "Wow, I never realized that a fire could get out of control so fast." ( If I'd called the fire department
before trying to put it out myself, I might still have a place to work tomorrow.)
· " I know they were always preaching that we should lift with the leg muscles instead of the back
muscles." (What the heck is a herniated disk?)
· "I should have worn my safety boots provided." (That deep cut in the toe section ruined my new work
boots, and this broken toe still hurts.)
· "My safety glasses were in the tool box, but I was just going to grind off this one little piece…." ( I
wonder if they'll still let me drive with only one eye?)
· "We were only going to use the scaffold for one day. I never thought a hammer would fall off the plank
and strike someone." (I had a hunch I should have taken the time to install the toe boards.)
· "They always insisted that the tool rest should be no more than 3mm. from the grinding wheel. What
difference does another 6mm. make?" (I was lucky not to go blind when the chisel got wedged and the
wheel exploded into a thousand pieces.)
Any of this sound familiar?? They say hindsight is the only perfect science-but foresight could have
avoided these incidents, misfortunes and regrets.
Learn from others' mistakes and you'll have no regrets!


ALCOHOL & THE JOB - A SAFETY ISSUE

Working under the influence of alcohol is strictly prohibited. This means more than just not drinking on
the job. Tests have shown that alcohol can still have an effect on your body up to 18 hours after you
have stopped drinking. Alcohol use is a legitimate on-the-job safety issue - and not just an attempt to
control off-the-clock lifestyles.
Alcohol is a sedative. Drinking any quantity of alcohol impairs a person's judgment, thinking ability, and
coordination to some degree. Some people can "handle" alcohol better than others, but it is a fact that
any alcohol consumed has some effect. Other factors which influence your body's ability to metabolize
alcohol include your weight, medications, and previous medical conditions. You may not feel it right
away, but remember, alcohol affects judgment.
After drinking, you are no longer in a position to assess your own capabilities. You don't have to be
drunk to have some impairment. If you can't make it through the day without a drink, you could have a
problem and should seek professional help.
What should you do about a fellow-worker who is drinking on the job? Should you ignore the situation
or report it? Most people would ignore the situation because they do not want to cause problems on
the job or do not want to get involved. People would prefer to avoid conflict at almost any cost. But look
at it this way -- the drinker, no matter how nice a fellow -worker, is not doing you any favors. It's a fact
that the drinker is less productive. Who has to pick up the work that they have not done? You do. It is a
fact that the drinker is more likely to be involved in accidents. Who else is he or she placing at risk?
You!
Are you allowing the drinking to continue?
 You are - if you cover for the drinker's poor productivity

 You are - if you cover their mistakes.
 You are - if you make excuses to others for them.
Take control of the situation.
 Don't allow the situation to continue. Stop covering for the drinker.
o Talk to your supervisor. It is your responsibility to talk to your supervisor whenever any
performance or safety issues affects your job. A drinking worker could be just as
dangerous as a defective saw. You wouldn't hesitate to bring the saw to your
supervisor's attention, would you?
o If you are uncomfortable, suggest to your supervisor that there may be a problem. A
good supervisor will take the initiative and pick up the issue from there.
Whatever you do, make sure you do something. Watch out for your fellow -worker as they may need
help. If you don't, you may pay dearly for someone else's mistake.

ALLERGIES, ANTIHISTAMINES & DROWSINESS

Spring is here! It is time to put away the heavy coats and break out the sunglasses. But the weather
conditions that lead to "spring fever" also give rise to another affliction that affects many of us-hay
fever.
Hay fever can make those who are sensitive to pollen miserable, interfering with work and play.
Fortunately, modern medicine has developed drugs which give temporary relief from hay fever's
common symptoms. As users of antihistamines and decongestants know, however, there are side
affects to these over-the-counter drugs. The side affect most often experienced is drowsiness.
A National survey of allergy sufferers was conducted several years ago. This survey found that the
package warnings against driving or operating heavy machinery while taking the medicine are largely
ignored. If you think about it, this shouldn't be surprising-since people take the medication so that they
can continue with their normal activities, and they attempt to do so.
We hope that people will be aware of the drowsiness problem and watch out for it while working or
driving. However, a recent article in a journal indicates this is not the case. A University research team
conducted an allergy workshop and concluded that most workers who are trying to control their
allergies with over-the-counter drugs are not aware that they are sedated. In addition to feeling drowsy,
other side affects of being sedated are reduced coordination, slowed reaction time and impaired
judgment. These may be even less recognizable than drowsiness, but any of this can happen when a
person is not fully alert. The use of allergy medication can also effect one's ability to focus on the work
to be done by causing dizziness, nervousness, nausea or headaches.
Working in a hazardous industry is dangerous enough in itself. You must be alert at all times and able
to react to production issues, recognize safety hazards, and be an asset to the crew. So what can be
done to reduce the discomfort of hay fever season, yet keep you effective at work? The following tips
may be helpful:
 Consider taking the medication for only significant allergy attacks-particularly if your job
involves operating machinery or power tools.
 If you need the medicine, take the smallest dose possible that will still provide a level of relief
that you need.
 Before taking the medication, read not only the warnings on the outer package, but also the
product insert. This small piece of paper, with equally small print, usually has much more
detailed information about the product and possible side effects.
 Follow the recommended dosage. More is not necessarily better. Taking "extra doses" may
only provide more side effects-and not more relief.
 You are required to inform your employers doctor at your office or site camp, if you are under
any form of prescribed medication
Finally, if you have any questions about allergy medication, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Some
products may be less troublesome than others. Spring allergies can be very uncomfortable, but an
accident or injury could bring an even greater problem into your life.

GENERAL SAFETY - ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR

Humans instinctively seek to avoid pain and death. And yet, we may behave in a manner that is a
threat to our well-being. There are a couple of reasons why this occurs. The first is lack of knowledge.
What you do not know, can hurt you!. The second reason we may act in a risky manner is attitude.
Now might be a good time to do a quick self-analysis. What is your attitude toward safety?
When asked, some may say they are all for it. Others may complain about any safety effort being
made. The difference between the two is one of attitude. Your attitude affects almost all that you do
and how you do it.
Have you ever noticed that people who are successful in life, or are just happy, tend to have a positive
attitude? And so it is with safety. Look at it this way. . . safety rules and procedures are written to
protect you from harm. They are not written to make your work life more uncomfortable or
inconvenient. After all, safety equipment and training costs your employer additional up front money.
If you cooperate in safety matters, not only is there a lesser likelihood of you getting hurt, you will not
be doing battle with the boss who is just trying to do his job by enforcing the safety rules. In addition,
you should feel more confident on the job knowing you have a better chance of making it thorough the
day without injury. Less fear of injury and the boss no longer on your back has to brighten your day!
We are not perfect. Even the best of us can forget or make errors in judgment. To maximize our safety
efforts, we must look out for one another. If someone tells you that you are not working in a safe
manner, do not become angry or defensive. They are just looking out for your well-being. If you did not
know you were doing something wrong, be thankful your errors were noted before someone got hurt. If
you simply forgot or got a little careless, be grateful that someone cares enough to get you back on
track. If you see someone doing something unsafe, speak up, but do so diplomatically. Treat others
just as you would like to be treated in the same situation.
Remember, attitude affects behavior. If you have a positive attitude, odds are you will exhibit safe
behavior. A negative attitude toward safety will only cause conflict, stress and, ultimately, an accident.

AVOID COMMON OFFICE INJURIES

It is generally accepted that in heavy industry, you'll find dangerous work environments that expose
employees to potential injury. But fewer companies recognize the potential risks found in everyday
office environments. Office work, too, can lead to injuries if appropriate safe work practices are not
followed. Learn to avoid these common hazards:
1. Musculoskeletal strains and sprains associated with material handling: If you must walk and carry an
object, make sure the object is carried in a way that avoids blocking your vision. Never lift objects that
are too heavy to handle comfortably. Get help, or use a sack barrow/trolley when moving heavy or
large objects. Lift objects from the floor correctly by using proper lifting mechanics--hold the load close
to your body. Use a stool or step ladder when placing or removing items from high shelves.
2. Stress and strain associated with sitting and VDU (visual display) use: Arrange your desk or work
station so that your arms, wrists, legs, back and neck can be maintained in a comfortable "neutral"
position, with proper back support. Those who spend long hours at a computer should consider
mastering keyboard moves, instead of relying principally on the mouse. This helps reduce strain on
your elbow and shoulder. And don't forget to take rest breaks!
3. Injuries that result from slips, trips, and falls: Never run in the office. If liquids are spilled on tile or
linoleum floors, clean them up immediately. If a rolling chair pad is cracked or if any part of the pad
edge is curled upward, replace it and eliminate the tripping hazard. Do not lay electrical cords or phone
cords where they could create a tripping hazard. Keep aisles clear of stored items.
4. Hand injuries from cuts, scrapes, smashes, and punctures: Use a letter opener when opening
envelopes and boxes, and a staple puller when removing staples from documents. Wear a rubber
finger "cot" when fingering through a significant amount of envelopes or pieces of paper. Store sharp
objects neatly in desk drawers or inside closed containers. Always close desk and file cabinet drawers
with your hand firmly gripped on the drawer handle--and leave repair of office equipment to the
maintenance people.
Although offices are not considered to be "high hazard" work environments, injuries happen when risks
are not controlled or when people get careless. Practice safe work habits at all times. Know where the
office first aid kit is kept, and who has been trained to administer first aid. Lastly, make sure you
understand the emergency procedures for dealing with fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and power
failures.

AVOIDING ELECTRICAL SHOCKS

Electrical hazards can be found in all industries. Avoiding electrical shocks both at home and at work
requires awareness of the hazards and a respect for this "Silent Killer." The human body has a low
resistance to electricity, making it a good conductor, like most metals. Unlike metals however, the
human body does not respond well when electricity passes through it. Physical results include thermal
burns, disruption of normal heart activity, severe muscle contractions, and even death.
The most common and serious electrical injuries occur when electrical current flows between the
hands and feet. This happens when a person touches an energized line. The electrical energy is
looking for the shortest path to the ground, and it will pass through the body to the feet to reach it.
When this occurs, a persons heart and lungs are frequently damaged by the electrical energy.
Placing an insulator between the energy and the point of physical contact is one method of protection.
Porcelain, rubber, pottery and dry wood offer substantial resistance to the flow of electricity, and are
therefore good insulators. These materials can often protect a person from electrical shock.
Precautions for avoiding electrical shocks include, but are not limited to, the following:
 Always make sure electric tools are properly grounded or double insulated. The double
insulated tool must have an undamaged outer case and be clearly labeled as "double insulated"
by the manufacturer.
 Always check to be sure the grounding system is complete. Unless they are designated as
double insulated, grounded power tools must be attached to a grounded service circuit. If there
is any doubt about the grounding, test it! (Ground testers are inexpensive.)
 Use heavy duty grounded extension cords. These cords have two layers of insulation, with
reinforcement between the layers. They are less susceptible to damage than house-hold type
cords. To check if the cord is heavy duty, check its shape. Most flat cords are not heavy duty.
Heavy duty cords onsites will be steel wire armoured and marked SWA..
 Avoid mixing water and electricity! Not only keep cords, tools and working/walking surfaces dry,
keep your hands and feet dry as well. The electrical resistance of wet skin is at least 100 times
less than dry skin. Wet skin greatly increases the likelihood of severe shock if a person comes
in contact with a live circuit. If you must work around water, connect to a Residual Current
Circuit Breaker (RCCD) to automatically shut off the current if there is an abnormal current flow.
 Never work on or around a live electrical circuit. Lock Out the power so that only you have
control over energizing the machine or equipment. Don't take chances.
Remember, electricity strikes without warning-always play it safe!


BACK CARE: YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE!

"OUCH! Why did I try to lift that much weight on my own?" Did you ever ponder those words after you
hoisted something heavy, or lifted from an awkward position? These incidents are well known causes
of back strain, but you might not have considered other "underlying" factors that lead to back injury.
Several conditions influence your "back health."
The cause of most back problems is poor posture, loss of flexibility, stressful living/working habits and
above all, a general decline in physical fitness. Surprised? You shouldn't be. When you "let yourself
go," (and most of us do with age) the first thing to go can be back strength. Along with correct lifting
techniques, we should also work on our overall physical condition.
Nutrition--is an important key to staying physically fit! As we grow older, our metabolism slows down.
To counteract this natural event, we have to eat the right types of food-and not too much of it-or the
pounds come on quickly! Now, what does nutrition have to do with a healthy back? For one thing, a
healthy back is correctly balanced on your spine. With a "sway" back, that balance is lost-and those
darned potbellies cause sway backs. Carrying around excess weight puts tremendous strain on back
tissues, so lifting even a small extra load may cause an injury.
Exercise--plays an important role as well. A form of exercise as simple as walking 30 minutes a day
can raise your heart rate and burn enough calories to help keep you lean. Flexibility is another
condition that changes as we grow older, if we don't work to retain it. It's true, as they say-"Use it or
Lose it!" Without flexibility, we lose our body's full range of motion. Then, when a sudden, physical
demand takes a muscle or joint further than it's used to, the risk of injury is high. You can do stretching
exercises every morning to keep yourself flexible and ready for the physical demands of work. After all,
don't athletes warm up before a game to prevent injury?
Fixed positions--not moving enough--can also cause back problems. Staying in a fixed position for too
long can lead to muscle spasms. We feel it as stiffness, but by the time discomfort from "static" muscle
contractions is experienced, low level tissue damage has begun. Take stretch breaks between long
standing or sitting periods to improve circulation and prevent back strain.
Poor body mechanics and bad lifting habits usually "trigger" a back injury-and are more likely to do so if
overall physical condition is poor. Remember these techniques to help escape injury:
 Avoid using fast, jerking motions when lifting.

 Avoid bending and twisting at the same time.
 Avoid handling a load too far away! Keep the load close to your body.
 Teamwork! If the load is too heavy, two persons should carry the load.
Emotional Stress leads to mental distraction, so that things other than proper body mechanics are on
your mind. Stress and back pain seem to go together. Low back pain has been called "a tension
headache that slipped." Solving our personal problems isn't always easy to do, but it often takes away
back pain and helps prevent repeated injuries.
In Conclusion: Improper lifting isn't the only thing that causes back injuries. People who do not also
stay in good physical and mental condition are at high risk for back problems.
It's Up To You--Take Good Care Of Your Body and Save Your Back!

BACK INJURY PREVENTION TIPS

Most of you have probably heard that in order to lift safely, you must lift properly. You're told to "bend
your knees not your back," and "don't twist as you lift." This is good advice but sometimes seems to go
against human nature. Yet, there are actions you can take to help you lift properly.
1. Get as close to the load as possible. The further the load is from the center line of your body, the
greater the strain imposed on your back. If need be, squat down to lift the load and pull it between your
legs. This gets it closer to the center of your body and helps prevent the need to bend at the waist.
However, since your leg muscles are the largest muscles in your body, they are the biggest energy
consumers. Repeated squatting can be very fatiguing, and reduces a person's ability to lift in this
manner for any length of time. In addition to lifting the load, you are also hoisting the majority of your
body weight. For repeated lifting, other strategies must be used.
2. Avoid picking up heavy objects placed below your knees. Try to see that heavy objects are
placed and stored above knee level and below shoulder level. If you suspect the load is too heavy to
be lifted comfortably, do not chance it. Use a mechanical aid, break the load down into its component
parts, or get help. The most common cause of back injury is overloading.
3. Keep your back straight. This means don't bend at the waist when reaching to lift an object. Keep
the natural arch in your lower back, which distributes the load evenly over the surface of spinal disks,
and is less stressful than if the disk is pinched between vertebras. Bending principally from the hips is
acceptable if you maintain the arch in your back, rather than bending at the waist.
4. Glue your hand to your thigh. If you carry a load in one hand, such as when carrying a tool box,
place your free hand on the outside of your thigh and mentally "glue" it into position. This will help you
maintain correct back alignment rather than lifting and tilting to one side. When carrying a heavy load,
side bending can be just as stressful to the spine as bending forward.
5. Tighten your stomach muscles. This technique helps prevent your spine from twisting. If you lift a
load and need to place it off to one side, turn by moving your feet. After repeated lifts you might find
yourself getting a bit sloppy and forgetting to move your feet. You can overcome this tendency if the
place you set the load down is at least one step away from where it is lifted. If you wear a back support
belt, wear it low on your trunk and loosen it when you are not lifting.
6. Stay in good physical condition. A protruding stomach is an extra load carried away from the
center line of the body, and prevents you from keeping a lifted object close-the number one rule for
back care. When you bend at the waist to lift, due to the leverage principal, the load is up to 10 times
heavier than its actual weight. A "pot belly" puts extra, stressful weight on the spine.
7. Stretch and loosen up before work. Research has shown that trunk flexibility and mobility is
significantly lower in the morning than later in the day, increasing the number and severity of back
strains at this time. A few minutes of stretching can warm up cold stiff muscles and tendons and help
you avoid an injury. All professional athletes know this-"industrial athletes" should too!

GENERAL SAFETY - BACKING INTO TROUBLE

When we are walking around on the job, particularly when handling material, we are subject to many
dangers. Think about the following scenarios and see if you have ever been in a similar position:
An employee was inside a truck removing empty drums onto the truck's elevator tail gate and lowering
it. Another employee was removing the drums and sending the elevator tail gate back up. The
employee inside the vehicle had his back to the tail gate as he pulled the next drum towards the tail
gate - which he thought was even with the bed of the truck. As he swung the drum into place and
stepped onto what was now open space, he fell off the truck onto the lowered gate. Following him
down was the drum he was moving and he sustained additional injuries.
Two errors in judgment caught up with the victim. First, he ASSUMED that the tail gate had been
returned to a safe position. And despite the fact that he was moving a heavy, bulky item, he did not
check to make sure of his safe positioning. Second, he was working in an unwise manner: He moved
backwards with a heavy object. There is always the danger that the load may get out of control and
cause an injury. A load should always be in front so you can see where you are going, and so you will
be in the clear if the load gets away from you.
In another incident, an employee was walking backwards directing a vehicle into an aisle-way inside a
warehouse. He did not see material on the lower rack sticking out into the aisle. He backed into and fell
over the protruding object. The truck continued to back up and pinned him against the rack before it
could be stopped. A cut on the leg and a badly bruised elbow was his reward for this unsafe act.
The employee was not watching where he was going. Making matters worse was an unsafe condition
of an object protruding into an aisle-way.
When you are on foot, it is always dangerous to move backwards, particularly when handling materials.
It is quicker and safer to move in a forward direction. Avoid moving backwards whenever you can. If
you must move in a backward direction, check your path before you move and as often as possible
while moving.
BE SAFE OUT THERE!!


BASIC MACHINE SAFETY

It's tough to imagine modern society without machines hard at work all around us. New and improved
machinery leads to increased productivity, higher quality, and more affordable production. But misused
machines can be as harmful as they are helpful. Machines that cut metal can cut off fingers. Machines
that punch through steel can punch through flesh. Such injuries can cause career-ending disabilities as
well as severe pain and suffering.
Be alert to these areas when working around or operating machinery:
The point of operation: That is where the work of the machine takes place. It's where the pressing,
cutting, punching and boring takes place. It's a place where no part of the body should be. If any part of
the body is in the way at the point of operation, the force of the machine can cause a serious injury.
The point of operation may also produce sparks or fragments that can fly toward the operator. Safety
glasses are important for this type of work.
The power train: That is where energy is transferred through moving parts like gears, shafts, belts,
cables, hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders. No body parts should be in these areas either. When working
on this type of machinery, always follow the lockout/tagout procedures and replace all guards when
repairs are complete. Employees should report any missing guards to their supervisor before operating
this equipment.
Workers must control machines carefully. In addition to avoiding the power train and point of operation,
employees should always:
 Make sure machines are anchored securely to prevent "walking," tipping, excessive vibration or
other movement that could be hazardous.
 Never reach blindly into areas that may contain energized parts.
 Be sure there is enough lighting to clearly see all points of operation.
 Keep conductive items -- watches, rings, steel wool, belt buckles -- away from exposed
electrical parts.
 Never plug or unplug electrical equipment with wet hands.
 Follow all lockout/tagout procedures.
 Always wear the proper protective equipment for each job.
Material handling equipment: Power lifts, forklift trucks, etc. are not considered to be production
machinery, but their points of operation and power train can be just as hazardous. Employees must be
properly trained in the operation of this type of equipment before they are allowed to use it.
Mechanical hazards may come from many different areas and have potential for serious injury.
Beware of the danger zones located within your operation and respect the power of machinery.

BATTERY CHARGING - A MULTITUDE OF HAZARDS!

Explosive hydrogen….Acidic liquids and vapors….Electrical burns….Strains, sprains, hernias and
compressed discs. All of these hazards arise when servicing, charging, or jumping the common lead-
acid battery found in cars and trucks. The hazards can be minimized by following a few common sense
safety rules.
Eye Protection: First, always wear safety goggles or a face shield when working around a battery.
Batteries contain corrosive acids that are capable of eating away metals. It takes just one droplet to
cause serious eye damage. Just popping open the vent cap may throw out a droplet. A short or faulty
regulator can cause the electrolyte to boil, releasing acid vapors. A fault within the battery could cause
it to explode, throwing fragments of the case and acid.
Fire Protection: Lead-acid batteries produce flammable hydrogen gas while being charged. This highly
explosive gas, generated within the cells, will expand and seep out of the vent caps. A cigarette, tool,
or spark from any source could ignite the gas, causing the battery to explode. Always charge in a well
ventilated area. Remember too that the battery is receiving a charge and releasing hydrogen when the
car is running, not just when hooked up to a battery charger.
Jump Starting: Dead batteries in cars and trucks are not uncommon-particularly in winter. The first
thought is to get a jump start. When jumping a battery, remember the following safeguards:
 Be sure all electrical equipment is off. If you connect the jumper battery while a load is being
drawn, a spark could occur.
 Check the battery fluid level. If the plates are exposed, add water until they are covered. Never
add acid.
 Make sure both batteries are of the same voltage.
 Make sure vent caps are in place to prevent electrolyte splash.
 Use good quality jumper cables-at least 10-gauge wire.
 Always be sure of your polarity when arranging the jumper cables:
1. Connect the first cable to the positive (+) terminal of the good battery; then attach the
other end of that cable to the positive (+) terminal of the dead battery.
2. Next, attach the second cable to the negative (-) terminal of the good battery, and make
the fourth and last connection to a clean metal part, such as the engine block of the car
being energized, rather than to its negative battery terminal. This completes the
electrical circuit, as if it were connected to the dead battery, but if sparks are produced,
it serves to keep them away from any explosive battery gases.
3. Never lay your tools on top of the battery. They could come in contact with both posts,
or the positive post and a ground, creating a short.
Protect Your Back: Batteries are heavy. If you must move one, use a battery strap as a handle, keep
your back straight-don't bend at the waist--and tighten your stomach muscles as you lift. Don't twist
your spine as you lift or move it.
Remember that these rules apply both on and off the job. The batteries in your own vehicle or on your
boat are just as potentially dangerous. Respect the hazards and take no chances or short cuts!

BE CAUTIOUS WITH SULFURIC ACID

Sulfuric acid is widely used in industry for a variety of purposes such as metal cleaning and etching,
production of fertilizers, petroleum produces, dyes and explosives. Like all acids it is reactive. Simply
put, this means that when the liquid comes into contact with another material, something is going to
happen. This is where the danger lies. If sulfuric acid comes in contact with any part of your body, a
rapid destruction of tissue takes place, capable of causing severe burns. When a burn occurs, it also
gives rise to the possibility of secondary problems such as infection. Burns are never to be considered
trivial.
The strength or concentration of acids can vary. If transported in bulk quantities, the acid is usually "full
strength." If used as a cleaning agent, it may be highly diluted. In both cases, the material is
dangerous. In its concentrated form, sulfuric acid destroys not only the outer skin, it can also penetrate
into the flesh under your skin, destroying it. This causes great pain and, if the damage is great enough,
may result in shock, collapse or other problems which typically accompany thermal burns. Even dilute
concentrations in contact with skin can cause dermatitis, or skin irritation. Prolonged breathing of the
vapors or mists can cause respiratory disorders.
Protection: Here is something to think about. Sulfuric acid can burn through your skin into your flesh. It
can cause your clothes to disintegrate. It can erode concrete and etch metal. Imagine what a drop or
two would do to your sensitive and unprotected eyes. When working with or around Sulfuric acid, eye
and face protection is a must. Safety glasses alone are not adequate. Wear chemical-type goggles
(these have indirect vents), and a face shield. Protective clothing should include, at a minimum, an
acid-resistant long apron and gloves. When working with large quantities, you will need to wear an
acid-resistant "rain-suit" and high-top boots, with the pant leg extending over the top of the boot.
First Aid - Rapid treatment is very important. You must wash the acid off the body quickly. Get the
victim to the emergency shower or to a hose as quickly as possible. Start washing and as you do so,
remove all acid-wet clothing. Keep the water flowing. In cases where there are severe burns, shock
may set in. If this occurs, treat for shock by placing victims on their back and keeping them warm. Call
immediately for medical help. Do not apply any ointments, oils or other treatments to the burned area.
If acid is swallowed, it burns tissues all the way down to the stomach. Do not induce vomiting, which
will cause additional burns as it comes up as well. Never give anything to an unconscious person but, if
the victim is conscious, the acid should be immediately diluted. Provide milk, preferably mixed with egg
whites. If this isn't available, give as much water to drink as possible.
Prevent contact with sulfuric acid! Pre-determine hazards in your operation and implement a
prevention and treatment plan with professional assistance.
Take no chances! Mishaps can be serious.


BEING MENTALLY PREPARED FOR EMERGENCIES

Would you know what to do if an emergency occurred while you were on the job? Do you know what
actions to take if a co-worker was seriously injured, a fire ignited, or a structure collapsed? Are you
prepared to react?
Emergencies and disasters are a reality of everyday life. Local and international news programs
document such occurrences every day throughout the world. Too many lives are lost and property is
damaged because no one was prepared to properly react when immediate decisions and actions
counted.
A good start in learning how to respond to an emergency is through certification in Basic First Aid and
CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation). These courses teach important skills. But even more important
than the first aid skills gained, they teach how to respond to an emergency. Programs offered by
organizations such as the highly respected American Red Cross teach people about the kind of
situations or conditions that might precipitate an emergency. Knowing what to look for and how to react
could save the life of a co-worker or family member.
Your company should have an emergency action plan. Review it periodically, and be aware of what
steps to follow when calling for emergency help. Know the course of action to take in likely
emergencies at your facility. This will improve your safety awareness in everything you do.
Safety awareness may be gained through the company's regular safety meetings, safety training or
your own personal interest in safety & health. This awareness will increase your ability to respond if,
some day in the future, you are a bystander in an emergency. This is particularly important if you work
in a hazardous industry. You should be able to answer the following:
How and who do you notify in an emergency?
Are you prepared to react responsibly?
Should you stay with the injured person or run for help?
If you are not First Aid certified, do you know who in your crew or the company is?
Does the emergency scene need to be secured?
Do you know the chain of command? Who's in charge during an emergency?
You come to work everyday prepared for the task at hand and knowledgeable on how to handle
production problems in the workplace. Being mentally aware is also your best preparation for a
potential emergency. Analyze beforehand what to do if one of your co-workers is injured, and if that
injury is life threatening. Know how to protect yourself, your co-workers and the company in case of a
serious chemical spill. Chances are, during a crisis, you won't have much time to plan the best possible
action-so make those decisions ahead of time.
When an emergency does occur, it is your responsibility to be mentally ready.


BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS (BBP)

-- SAFETY AT ALL LEVELS --
Individuals who are infected with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) may
not show symptoms and may not know they are infectious. For this reason, all human blood and body
fluids should be considered as if infectious, and all precautions should be taken to avoid contact. This
simple rule is known as "universal precautions."
In the workplace, bloodborne pathogens (BBP) may be transmitted when blood or other infectious body
fluids come in contact with mucous membranes (your eyes, nose, mouth); non-intact skin (due to cuts,
abrasions, burns, rashes, paper cuts); or by handling or touching contaminated materials or surfaces.
Bloodborne pathogens are also transmitted by "injection" under the skin via an contaminated sharp
object puncturing or cutting the skin causing a wound.
Hepatitis B Virus versus Human Immunodeficiency Virus:
 Hepatitis B Virus is more persistent than HIV and is able to survive for at least one week in
dried blood on environmental surfaces. However, HIV will not survive for more than a few
minutes when exposed to room temperature air, and will usually die within seconds.
 A teaspoon of infected blood may contain over one billion HBV particles, while a teaspoon of
infected HIV blood contains about 15 HIV particles.
 Hepatitis B Virus usually has mild symptoms which makes diagnosis difficult. HIV infections
usually are not diagnosed for years and symptoms may not appear for many months or years.
 Hepatitis B can be prevented with a vaccine. At the present time there is no preventive vaccine
for HIV.
 No cure is presently available for HBV or HIV.
If you administer first aid to an injured person in the workplace and there is a potential for contacting
any body fluids, you should adhere to the following "universal precaution" guidelines:
 Wear impervious gloves when there is a chance of exposure to blood or body fluids.
 Wear a face shield to protect your entire face, and safety goggles to provide the most complete
eye protection.
 Use resuscitation devices when performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
 Report all BBP exposures, or potential exposures to your supervisor immediately.
 Immediately wash your hands and affected areas with soap and warm water.
 Flush your eyes, nose or other mucous membrane areas with water, if exposed.
 Wash down areas which body fluids may have been contacted with the use of a mild solution of
household water and bleach (10:1).

GENERAL SAFETY - CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

Carbon monoxide is a clear, odorless, heavier than air gas which is created by inefficient combustion
emissions. The most common sources in industry are gasoline or diesel powered pressure washers,
air compressors, forklifts or other petroleum fired machinery.
The chemical makeup of CO is a carbon molecule linked to an oxygen molecule. The carbon molecule
makes CO heavier than air and will not allow the lungs to absorb oxygen into the blood stream. Without
oxygen, you will slowly suffocate to death.
What does this mean for workers? As the CO fills the space, it displaces oxygen and will affect workers
as follows:
 Slight headache and dizziness

 Nausea
 Drowsiness and an euphoric feeling
 Unconsciousness
 Death
The level of CO mandated by OSHA as the maximum allowable for 8 hours is 35 parts per million. This
is an extremely small amount of CO. To put this into perspective, think of a room that holds 1 million
ice cubes and then remove 35 cubes from the room. Those 35 ice cubes are the maximum amount
allowed by OSHA for workers to be exposed to over an 8 hour period.
What to do to prevent CO overexposure????
1. Inspect the jobsite and remove any internal combustion machinery located near a hatch or other
opening that may cause exhaust fumes to enter the space.
2. VENTILATE, VENTILATE, VENTILATE! ! !
3. Frequently monitor workspaces for CO with testing equipment and observe employees for signs of
CO exposure.
4. Train workers about the early symptoms of CO exposure.


GENERAL SAFETY – CARELESSNESS

Have you ever done anything stupid, something that you know puts you at increased risk of injury?
When you realize how stupid you were, whether you got hurt or not, do you ask yourself, "Why did I
ever do that?" For your own future preservation, this should be a very important question for you to
answer yourself. Consider the fact that approximately 20% of injuries are due to unsafe conditions and
80% are caused by unsafe acts. If you realize that most unsafe conditions are brought about by human
failure, then virtually all accidents are brought about by unsafe acts. Why did you do something in an
unsafe manner? To answer this question, you will need to put personal defenses aside and know that
blame may lie within yourself. Also realize that there may be more than one reason for your actions
and others may be involved.
If you knew the proper, safe way to the do the job, then you cannot claim ignorance. What is left,
whether you like it or not, is carelessness. So what can cause you to temporarily disregard your own
safety?
External Pressure -- "Let's get this job done!" Usually this pressure comes from your direct supervisor.
Disregarding safe practices is not going to save enough time to make a significant difference.
However, any accident or injury is guaranteed to have an effect. As a matter of fact, when the pressure
is applied, it is worthwhile to pay more attention to safety because we know, from experience, such
situations frequently lead to more accidents.
Bad Habits -- You fail to follow the established procedure and you don't get hurt (or you were not
caught) this time. Psychologically, this is a reward and so you do it again and again and again. But it is
also Russian roulette. How many times can you pull the trigger before a round is in the chamber? You
know, sooner or later, something is going to happen. There is only one way to stop it - stop pulling the
trigger. Do yourself a favor and follow the established procedures.
Internal Pressure -- There is just so much to do and not enough time!" Are you self-motivated and self-
directed? Most employers love this type of individual, but your single-minded determination to get the
job done may cause you to lose sight of the dangers around you. Think of it this way, you will not finish
the job if you get hurt. You may finish the job if you don't get hurt. Therefore, first, prevent injury.
Second, work to complete the job. Make sense?
Attitude -- "This safety stuff doesn't apply to me!" So what makes you so special? A study of mine
accidents involving foremen showed that the foremen were injured when they personally failed to apply
the safety standards they were to enforce. Did the fact that they were foremen protect them from
injury? No. Humans are humans. Rich or poor. Black or white. Men or women. Strong or weak. There
is nothing in your status that will protect you from injury except following the safe procedure.
Remember, safety is no more than doing the job the right way, every day.

CHAIN SAW SAFETY AWARENESS

Working with a chain saw on a day-to-day basis requires the development and follow-through of
strong, never-fail safety habits. In the blink of an eye, this useful tool can cause serious injury to you or
others nearby. Workers who only occasionally use a chain saw may not have ingrained habits, and so
must concentrate on accident prevention at all times. To help develop or maintain safe working habits
with this equipment, review the chain saw safety checklist below:
Before reaching for the chain saw, make sure all PPE is in good
repair. Replace anything that is missing or in poor condition before starting to work. The essentials are:
1. Hard-hats are a necessity when falling timber or working in a sort yard-preferably a high visibility
hard-hat. They also provide protection from chain saw kick back.
2. Cut Resistant Chaps are required anytime a chain saw is being used, and are effective in preventing
cuts to the operator's legs - a common injury.
3. Cut & Slip Resistant Footwear is a sure way to prevent injuries to the feet or ankles if a slip or fall
takes place when working with the saw. Boots should be non-slip, with deep tread soles and when
working on wet or slippery logs, sharp caulked boots must be worn.
4. Safety Glasses, goggles or a face shield must be worn anytime a chain saw is used.
5. Ear Plugs or Muffs are required by anyone using or working nearby a chain saw in use.
6. Hand Protection: Proper gloves protect hands from cuts, abrasions and the weather. They also help
prevent problems such as Raynaud's Disease or White Finger Disease which are caused by extended
exposure to vibration and reduced blood circulation. Some gloves are thin enough to fit inside "White
Ox" type gloves and work to absorb vibration. These gloves also help keep hands warm and increase
blood circulation. Using a saw that is designed to isolate the engine from the handle is a good first step
in limiting vibration. Finally, avoid gripping the saw too tightly, which reduces blood circulation to the
fingers.
Know your saw, read the manufacturer's manual, and understand its
safe operation. Sharpen, lubricate and adjust the chain as often as required to maintain good cutting
ability. If force on the bar is required to cut, it means the chain is dull and needs to be sharpened.
Inspect the sprockets and replace them when they become worn. A badly worn sprocket makes it
nearly impossible to adjust the chain and increases the chances the chain will be thrown. Make sure
bars are wearing evenly-dress them up with a file every day and flip them to increase bar life. Make
sure chain brakes are installed and in good working order. Always shut off the saw before setting it on
the ground for maintenance or at the end of a cut.
Remove all snags before felling a tree if possible, and always before
proceeding with limbing and bucking. Once a tree is down and limbing begins, try to always place your
body on one side of the tree and the saw blade on the other. In some terrain, this may not be possible,
but never cut limbs with the saw crossing in front of your body. Try to keep the saw moving in the same
plane as the trunk of the tree, with your feet and body behind that plane. Avoid cutting with the saw at
or above shoulder height. It's harder to control at this height and saw chips are much more likely to
strike your face. Continual lifting above shoulder height also has a cumulative effect, and over time
may cause fatigue or shoulder and arm injuries.
At home or at work, make chain saw safety a habit!

CHOCKING AND BLOCKING

An essential part of a safe working environment when loading or unloading trucks and trailers is the
proper use of equipment, which includes chocks and blocks. Every year, workers are severely or fatally
injured because the wheels of a truck or trailer were not chocked. Vehicle drivers are also injured when
trailers overturn because unblocked freight shifted during travel.
When wheels aren't meant to roll. Accidents are caused each year when a truck or trailer rolls away
from the dock because no one took time to chock the wheels. In some cases, drivers who got out of
the cab were crushed by their own rig. In other cases, lift truck drivers were injured when the forklift fell
between dock edge and a trailer that moved away. The wheels of trucks or trailers at a dock should
always be chocked prior to the start of any operation, to prevent this from happening. Lift truck drivers
should never enter a trailer without first verifying that the wheels have been chocked, and that the floor
of the trailer is in good condition and capable of supporting the weight of the forklift and it's load. In
most states, OSHA requires that vehicle wheels be chocked prior to permitting forklifts to enter trailers.
Positioning of chocks is important. The purpose of the chock is to pin the wheels and hold them
stationary so that the tractor or trailer can't move. However, if they aren't placed in the right location
they don't always prevent movement of the wheels. The safest procedure is to always chock the
wheels closest to the dock--especially on a tandem-axle trailer. The reason is, the lift truck entering the
trailer can exert a downward force which helps pin the wheels more effectively against the chock.
When the front axle is chocked, the forward motion of a forklift entering the trailer may loosen the
chock, allowing the trailer to move forward, or even jump the chock.
Shifting loads are hazardous. Freight inside the trailer must also be blocked or secured to keep the
load from shifting, which can damage other cargo or cause a trailer to overturn in transit. Cargo needn't
be round, such as reels or machinery on wheels, to shift position. Blocking of heavier freight is used to
prevent movement during transit. To accomplish this, it may be necessary to block each item
separately, on all four sides. The type of blocking material used is also important. Make certain that
nails are long enough to hold the block and that lumber is thick enough to prevent the cargo from
shifting without breaking. Never use other freight as blocking. If it looks like the cargo can move
around, it probably will. Take time to secure it.
Be sure the correct equipment is always available. Every loading dock should be equipped with
chocks, which if properly used, will keep vehicles from moving while being loaded or unloaded,
especially when forklift trucks are used. Chocks will more likely be available at all times if they are
fastened to the dock with a chain or rope to prevent their "disappearance," and stored out of the traffic
areas when not in use.
Chocks and blocks help avoid accidents. Use them, and require others to use them!

COME-A-LONGS, "COFFIN" HOISTS & CHAIN HOIST SAFETY

Hand operated hoists have many applications in rigging work. Typical applications include hoisting pipe
or plate into position for welding or bolting, moving machinery, fence stretching and lifting engines or
equipment during repairs. These devices are simple to operate but misuse can result in sudden failure,
property damage, and serious injury. Some things to keep in mind are:
* Inspect the hoist to be sure it is in good condition. Do not use any hoist that appears to have been
overloaded. Some things to look for include a bent handle, stretched chain links, broken ratchet teeth,
stiff operation or bent hooks. Anything that is cracked, bent, distorted, deformed or broken probably
indicates overloading. Don't use it.
* You must know the weight of the load you plan to lift. Never attach a load greater than the capacity of
the hoist. Never use two hoists to lift a load that is heavier than the rated capacity of either. A shifting
load may place the entire load on one hoist, causing failure. Also keep in mind that capacity ratings are
based on a new hoist. Age, dirt, wear, and improper maintenance will reduce the lifting capacity.
* Never put a "cheater bar" on the operating lever or use more than one person to pull the lever. It is a
sure sign that the hoist is overloaded if the load can't be moved by one person using a normal pull.
* Make sure that the structure your hoist is hanging from is strong enough to support the load you are
lifting as well as any possible shock load.
* Use these devices only in locations that will not expose you to a hazard if you lose your grip or slip;
the site of use must also permit you to stand clear of the load at all times.
* Never operate a hoist in a manner that causes the load chain to bend or slide around objects, such
as corners or sharp edges. Do not use load chains or cables as a substitute for a sling.
* Apply the load evenly. Do not jerk, bounce, or allow the load to swing. Any violent motion or shock
loads could easily exceed the capacity of your hoist.
* Always be sure the load is centered on the hoist before lifting, to avoid a swinging load.
* Never leave a suspended load unattended, and never work or walk under a suspended load or allow
anyone else to do so.
By keeping these things in mind, hoists can be used safely…think about it.

COLD MEDICATION & DROWSINESS

Cold and flu season is here again. Now is a good time for our annual warning about using over-the-
counter cold and flu medications during work hours. Sometimes, cold remedies and work are not a
good mix.
The most common side effect of over-the counter cold and flu medicine is drowsiness, which lowers
one's alertness and reaction time. Ten to twenty-five percent of people taking these medications report
daytime drowsiness. This can be more than just an annoyance. Approximately 200,000 vehicle
accidents are attributed to sleepiness every year. Fatigue is a factor in nearly one-third of truck
accidents where the driver is killed. Taking medications, then coming to work and using machinery or
sharp tools, can be dangerous. So, when you are ill, what should you do?
In many cases, your employer may not want you to show up for work when you have a bad cold or the
flu. Not only does your risk of injury increase if medication causes you to be drowsy, but your
productivity is likely to be poor as well. In addition, you may pass a virus to co-workers so that they too
become ill. Finally, your own recovery may be delayed if you are not getting enough rest to fight the
ailment. But, sometimes you must come to work and you need to take medications. If this is the case,
remember the following:
Let your supervisor know . --It may be possible to change your work assignments or temporarily
arrange for less hazardous work. You probably shouldn't do tasks that require the use of a respirator,
or that are highly demanding, physically. Another reason for speaking to your supervisor is to
acknowledge that your performance may not be quite up to par for a few days. Also, should you be
injured, your supervisor and emergency responders will need to know what medications you are taking
if you are unable to recall.
Follow the recommended dosages.-- Exceeding the recommended dose will not help you get well
faster or feel any better. In fact, what usually happens is that side effects, such as drowsiness, become
more pronounced.
Do not mix medications--. Remember, these pills, capsules, or tonics are chemicals. They may be
incompatible when mixed, causing more harm than good. A mixture of medicines ,or medicine mixed
with alcohol, may intensify a side effect or even be dangerous.
Read the label.-- This is where you will find the information you need about dosage and side effects. If
you can't read or don't fully understand the label, ask or phone the pharmacist.
Don't try new remedies during work hours.-- If you feel like experimenting with something new or
different, do it over the weekend. Everyone reacts differently to cold and flue medication. Find one that
works best and gives you the least troublesome side effects, and stay with it.
Wash your hands often.-- We give this advice to kids, but everyone should remember it during cold and
flu season. More cold viruses are transmitted from hand to hand, from doorknob to hand, from hand to
mouth…than in any other way. The best cold and flu solution is prevention!

COLD WEATHER HAZARDS OF PROPANE FUELED VEHICLES

Propane is a gas that is turned into a liquid when stored in pressurized cylinders. You should be aware
that as the temperature of the fuel tank rises, the liquid fuel expands which increases pressure inside
the tank. In cold weather this could result in a fire or explosion if a propane-powered vehicle with more
than 80% liquid fuel in the fuel tank is brought into a heated building from outside. The increased air
temperature in the shop causes increased pressure inside the fuel tank. This will open the safety relief
valve if the tank has been overfilled, and the released propane gas can burn if any ignition sources are
present.
General Safety Precautions When Servicing Propane Fuel Vehicles In Cold Weather:
1. Before bringing a propane-fueled vehicle indoors for service be sure the propane system is
leak-free. In weather above freezing use a soap and water solution to check connections,
valves, and lines. In colder weather use a commercial leak detector solution that is available
from safety supply houses, or use a combustible gas indicator that is calibrated for propane.
2. Be sure the fuel tank is not filled beyond the maximum recommended filling capacity (usually
80%). The level of liquid fuel can be checked as follows:
o Park the vehicle on a level area outdoors with no possible sources of ignition nearby.
o While wearing neoprene gloves, disconnect the fuel line and briefly open the tank valve.
If the container is safely filled you will hear an audible hiss when the valve is opened. No
white fog will appear.
o If the tank is overfilled, you will see a white fog when the valve is opened.
o If the tank is overfilled, do not take the vehicle indoors until the liquid level is reduced
below 80%. Consider letting the vehicle run to accomplish this.
o When the liquid has reached a safe level, recheck all valves, especially the pressure
relief valve to be sure there are no leaks before moving the vehicle indoors.
3. The fuel lines should be free of fuel when the vehicle is indoors for repairs or servicing. Fuel
lines should be charged only when propane is required to operate the engine. The procedure is:
o Turn the tank valve to the closed position. Clockwise closes the valve.
o Allow the engine to operate until it stops from lack of fuel.
4. When repair or service work has been completed, recharge the fuel line:
o Open the fuel line valve VERY SLOWLY, until the line fills with propane.
o If the excess flow valve should close, shut off the tank valve and wait 10 - 15 seconds
for the valve to reset. Then, SLOWLY open the tank valve again.
5. If propane gas is released in an enclosed area (for example, if the relief valve opens), the
following actions should be quickly taken:
o Evacuate the area.
o Remember that propane vapors are heavier than air and will settle at floor level.
o Eliminate all sources of ignition (torches, water heaters, pilot lights, cigarettes)
o Close off the source of the leak if possible and open all doors to ventilate the area.
o Do not restart any ignition sources until after the propane odor has been eliminated.
COMMON SENSE AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION

Generally speaking, we are not born with common sense, we acquire it throughout life. Actually,
common sense is really common experience--we learn about life from others' experiences as well as
our own. Awareness of your environment, self-preservation and concern for your fellow workers are all
factors in good common sense. Contrary to popular opinion, all workers can prevent themselves from
getting hurt. The easy way to avoid pain is to observe how others have taken risks and been injured,
rather than learning the hard way--from your own injury. That's common sense!
The experts say at least 80% of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts on the part of
employees--and not by unsafe conditions. Although employers are required by law to provide a safe

and healthful workplace, it is up to you to be aware of your work environment and follow safe work
practices. By avoiding unsafe acts and practicing common sense, your work will go smoother, with less
chance for accidents.
Statistically, most accidents are caused by unsafe acts, including:
Being In A Hurry - Sometimes there is more concern for completing a job quickly instead of safely.
Take time to do a good job and a safe job.
Taking Chances - Daring behavior or blatant disregard for safe work practices can put the whole work
team at risk. Follow all company safety rules and watch out for your fellow employees. Horseplay is
never appropriate on the job and can lead to disciplinary action.
Being Preoccupied - Daydreaming, drifting off at work, thinking about the weekend and not paying
attention to your work can get you seriously hurt or even killed. Focus on the work you are paid to do. If
your mind is troubled or distracted, you're at risk for an accident.
Having A Negative Attitude - Being angry or in a bad mood can lead to severe accidents because
anger nearly always rules over caution. Flying off the handle at work is potentially dangerous. Keep
your bad moods in check, or more than one person may be hurt. Remember to stay cool and in charge
of your emotions.
Failing To Look For Hidden Hazards - At many jobsites, work conditions are constantly changing.
Sometimes new, unexpected hazards develop. Always be alert for changes in the environment. Hidden
hazards include spilled liquids that could cause slips and falls; out-of-place objects that can be tripped
over; unmarked floor openings one could step into; low overhead pipes that could mean a head injury;
and other workers who don't see you enter their hazardous work area.
Remember to stay alert for hazards, so you won't become one more accident statistic: You can do a
quality job without rushing. Maintain a positive attitude and keep your mind on your work. This is just
common sense--something smart workers use!

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY - DON'T BE A "DEAD" HERO

You are standing at the top of an open manhole acting as an attendant for a team of maintenance
personnel who have entered a confined space that required an entry permit. It has been several
minutes since you talked to the crew, but you can peer down into the space and see them. During your
last few checks with them, everything was A-OK.
This time, however, when you yell down to check on them, you don't get a response. You look inside
the hole and you notice that they are slumped over or leaning up against the wall like they are taking a
nap.
You yell for help but know that it will be some time before a rescue team arrives. Those are your
friends down there, and they need your help. They are real close to the top, why you almost could just
reach down and pull them up. Your pulse is beating and you are breathing hard from excitement.
You're yelling at the workers, trying to arouse them. Something has to be done . . . so . . . you jump
down into the hole.
The rescue team arrives in time to pull your lifeless body out with the rest. The record will show that
you attempted to rescue your friends and gave your life doing so. Some would say you were a hero.
Yes, but a dead one!
The moral of this scenario is that when you are an attendant watching over a confined space, your duty
is to observe and assist from above. If you have a tag line on the person inside and can pull them out
without entry, go ahead (but how much dead weight can you lift from below your feet). If you have the
proper rescue tripod, you can winch the victim to the surface. At no time do you enter the space to
attempt rescue. You can wait until a new attendant arrives, and after you put on the proper rescue
equipment and enter (providing of course you have been trained in rescue procedures). But you must
never .. never .. never abandon your duties as the attendant and attempt rescue on your own.
You have no idea what the hazards are that overcame your co-workers. And like the scenario
described above, you might wind up as a DEAD HERO.
Confined spaces can be killers. Know what the risks are and take appropriate measures to control
them. Be sure that air samples are taken before entry, and as frequently as required by the activities
being conducted. Provide ventilation into the space if required. Use all personal protective equipment
in accordance with the manufacturers directions. Use your entry permit to log the sample results and
the time of test. Have a rescue plan established before it is needed.
We want you to walk away from all confined space entry situations. We don't want to carry you away in
a body bag. Think SAFETY and stay ALIVE.

GENERAL SAFETY- CONTROLLING STRESS

Stress. Many of us are faced with it everyday, but we might not know how to deal with it. It is important
to learn how to handle stress because it can affect our performance and relationships in our work and
home. At work, stress can lead to distraction and cause an unfortunate accident. At home, stress can
put a strain on family relationships.
Stress usually occurs when there are changes in our lives and we feel that we don't have enough
resources to deal with those changes and demands. Which of the following do you think causes stress:
getting married, winning the lottery, or having an argument? It is all of them. Stress can occur not only
from negative life experiences, but also from positive ones. People react and deal with stress
differently, but common stress symptoms include upset stomach, fatigue, tight neck muscles, irritability
and headaches. Some people react to stress by eating or drinking too much, losing sleep or smoking
cigarettes. Stress may also make you more susceptible to illnesses, including the common cold, ulcers,
and some cancers.
The first step to managing stress is to identify your "stressors"; those things that are making you react.
Stressors may not only be events that cause you to feel sad, frightened, anxious or happy. You can
cause stress through your thoughts, feelings and expectations. Look at the list below. Which cause you
stress? Can you think of other stressors?
 Not enough time

 Unexpected change
 Family problems
 Extra responsibility
 Personality clashes
 Money difficulties
Everyone has to deal with life's problems. A key to dealing with the big and little everyday stressors is
coping with stress in a positive way.
1. Acceptance- Many of us worry about things we have no control over. For example, a family illness,
great deal of change at work, or finding out that your basketball team lost. One way to manage stress
is to accept when things are beyond your control. It may be helpful to think positive thoughts such as,
"Someday I'll laugh about this," or "It's a learning experience."
2. Attitude- Try to focus on the positive side of situations. Ask yourself, "What good can come out of
this?" "What can I learn from this situation?" and "How can I handle this better when it comes up
again?" Solutions come easier when you focus on the positive and your stress level will be reduced.
3. Perspective- We often worry about things that never happen. Keep things in perspective by asking
yourself, "How important is this situation? Can I do anything about it?, In five years, will I even
remember it happened?"
Think about the situations in your life that cause you stress. Are they important or unimportant? Are
they controllable or uncontrollable? If they are controllable events, you can take action to change the
situation; if they are uncontrollable, you can use your skills in acceptance, attitude and perspective to
reduce the stress.

EQUIPMENT SAFETY - CRANING CONSIDERATIONS

Many crane accidents occur because the crane was used to lift more than its rated capacity. Crane
accidents are generally serious and always expensive. The following discussion is intended to highlight
the value of safety devices and help you avoid accidents:
Every crane is required to have load charts and the operator is expected to know how to use them.
When was the last time your operator studied the charts before setting up to make a pick?
Knowing the weight of the load is the single most important part of making a safe pick. If the weight of
the load is unknown, how can you set the crane up in the proper configuration? The easiest answer to
this situation is install a load indicating device on the crane.
Boom angle indicators are an absolute must. How can you use the load charts if you cannot measure
the boom angle? If you do not use the load charts, you are guessing!
Setting the crane up level and on solid ground is an absolute must! You can throw the load charts out
the window if the crane is not set up level, because you have changed the tipping moment. Setting
cranes up on loose or unstable soil is just as bad. If the crane settles on one side, you have changed
the tipping moment again.
Increasing counterweight or securing crane with cables to avoid tipping situations is never an
acceptable practice. When you increase counterweights to avoid a tipping situation, you risk the
possibility of structural failure. If these operations continue for long enough, the repeated stress placed
on the boom is certain to result in a boom failure.
Inspect your rigging daily or more frequently under demanding conditions. Ensure all hooks have
safety latches. Lifting beams and spreader bars must have their rated capacities marked on them.

CRANE COUNTERWEIGHTS
Although it seems like everyone knows of the danger of being struck by a crane's counterweight, this
type of accident still persists in industry. The following incidents illustrate the hazards faced by
employees working near cranes.
 An ironworker was tying rebar for a column in the close proximity of a crawler crane. The crane
was busy positioning other material on the job site. The ironworker stepped backwards just as
the crane swung it's load. The ironworker was struck by the crane's counterweight.
 A laborer who was carrying a bag of cement inadvertently walked behind a crane. The crane
swung and the worker was pinned between the counterweight and an adjacent pier.
 A laborer foreman stopped briefly between a lumber pile and crane to watch it's operation. As
the crane turned, the foreman stepped back to provide additional room for the swing of the
counterweight. The foreman tripped and fell over a pile of lumber.
A common element in all of the above incidents was the failure to keep the swing area of the crane's
counterweight clear of workers and materials or equipment that must be retrieved. Several solutions to
this problem are:
1. Eliminate the problem -- Locate the crane in a position where there will be no pinch points
created between the counterweights and nearby objects. The operator should only operate the
equipment when the crane's swing area is clear.
2. Guard or warn of the hazard -- The counterweight's swing area can be barricaded to keep
workers out of the hazard zone. When appropriate, warning tape can be used to identify the
swing area. Painting a portion of the counterweight a bright color helps to warn of the hazard by
making it more highly visible.
3. Eye to eye contact -- All workers in the area should be told to keep clear of the swing area. If
material or equipment must be retrieved from within the counterweight swing area, the worker
should make positive visual contact with the operator prior to entering the hazard zone. Once
the worker is done, the operator and worker should once again make positive visual contact so
that the operator knows it is now safe to continue full operation.
KEEP WORKERS & MATERIALS CLEAR OF THE CRANE SWING AREA!!


CRANE OPERATIONS - WORKING UNDER THE LOAD

When you think about it, the human body is totally out-matched when it tries to go against a load being
lifted by a crane. Think of the dangers for a moment. First the load is being lifted by a mechanical
device operated by a human being. We know that both are subject to limitations and failures.
Something can go wrong despite our best intentions. Loads can be heavy, difficult to rig, and are
subject to unexpected movement. There is only one sure way to avoid injury-stay clear of the load!
Crane movements should always be considered prior to set up. Every effort should be made to avoid
having to move the load over the work area. If this cannot be done, work should be temporarily halted
and the area cleared while the pick is taking place.
Be aware of what is happening around you and above you.
Others may not be as conscientious as they should. An operator may not even think of the danger of
moving a load over your head. If you see a load coming, get out of the way. Don't forget to look out for
your buddy also.
Riggers and others may have to work near a suspended load in order to guide it into position. The use
of tag lines can help keep you out of harm's way. The tag line will put distance between yourself and
the load in the event the load shifts or moves unexpectedly. Tag lines can help keep a load under
control but remember, your weight is no match against a load that has started to swing or spin and
develop momentum. Let it settle down on it's own.
When tending tag lines, never loop the line around your hand, arm, or body. This could cause you to
be dragged along with the load. Wear gloves. This helps you avoid rope burn.
Lastly, be sure if you are guiding a load with a tag line that your travel path is clear and safe before the
load is suspended. You will be spending a lot of time watching the load, rather than where you are
going. It would be a shame to take all of the precautions to avoid being caught by the load, only to be
injured in a fall.

GENERAL SAFETY - CUTS AND BURNS

Nicks, cuts, scratches and burns. Minor injuries that can occur to any one of us no matter how careful
we are. Minor injuries to the skin that are often ignored. But it must be remembered that skin is a vital
organ; one that should not be ignored. Not only is skin the largest bodily organ, it also keeps the good
stuff in and the bad stuff out. So what do you do when you get a minor injury? If you are like many, you
realize a doctor's visit is not necessary and try to treat the injury yourself. How do you know when to
seek professional treatment? How do you treat injuries that do not require a doctor's visit?
Cuts: Cuts require immediate professional attention if:
 There is severe bleeding, especially arterial wounds, which literally pump blood from the body.
 Puncture wounds, such as those caused by a rusty nail or animal bite. These will require a
tetanus booster shot.
 Cuts more than one half inch long and one quarter inch deep, which will require stitches.
To treat any cuts, first stop the bleeding and then treat to prevent infection. Place a sterile gauze (or if
you do not have any gauze, a clean cloth) over the wound and hold it until the bleeding stops. Apply
pressure continuously. If the gauze or cloth soaks through, simply place another cloth over the first and
resume the pressure. When the bleeding has stopped, wash the cut with soap and water, followed by a
disinfectant. If the bleeding does not stop, get professional treatment. After the cut is clean, look for
any foreign object(s) in the cut and remove them. If you do not, a threatening infection may set in. To
aid in keeping the wound clean while it heals, you can cover it with a bandage. However, if you use a
bandage, remember it will need attention too. Change it twice daily and use an antibiotic cream to
prevent further infection. Keep in mind that wounds exposed to air heal faster. But it is also very
important to keep a wound clean and dry to prevent infection.
Treatment for a scrape is the same, except you do not have to worry about stopping blood flow as
there is very little.Burns: Burns are classified as first, second, or third degree. A first degree burn
causes redness. Blistering is caused by a second degree burn. Charred, blackened or blanched skin
are signs of a third degree burn. Furthermore, burns can be caused by heat (thermal burns) or by
contact with chemicals. Seek professional, medical treatment for:
 All third degree burns.

 Second degree burns involving more than one fifth of the body or if the burn has affected the
face, hands, feet, or genitalia.
First aid treatment for a burn involves relief of pain, infection prevention and treatment or prevention of
shock. If a burn begins to blister, cool it by placing your hand or foot in cold, still (not running) water.
You will need to use an ice pack on any other part of the body. Gently clean the burn and cover the
area with a sterile, non-stick gauze. Change the dressing twice a day. Never puncture a blister. This
just opens the door for infection. Never use butter, oils, or petroleum jelly on burns.
If the burn is due to a chemical exposure, flush the burned area with running water for at least 15
minutes. While you flush, remove any contaminated clothing, especially clothing in the area of the
burn. Check the first aid instructions for the chemical. These are found on the container and/or Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Treat as specified. Cover the burn with a clean dressing and call a doctor.
 If a third degree burn is involved, get professional medical treatment quickly. Call an ambulance
first. While awaiting professional help, make sure any fire is out and/or remove the victim from
the burn source. DO NOT REMOVE ANY CLOTHING OR APPLY ANY DRESSINGS. Treat for
shock and make sure the victim is still breathing.

Use common sense in all situations. Maintain a well stocked first aid kit and be familiar with first aid
procedures. Being knowledgeable and prepared may be the smartest first step of all.
DEVELOP AND "SELL" YOUR SAFETY SOLUTIONS

The best ideas for improving the work environment often come from the people who are most affected
by what happens in that environment-the workers. But how can employees effectively create solutions
to their workplace safety problems, communicate their ideas for improvement to management, and
have those ideas be seriously considered? Two tools are needed-a structured approach to solving
problems and a way to submit formal suggestions.
A Five Step Approach to Solving Problems:
1. Identify the Problem. Perhaps you already have a specific, perplexing safety problem in mind. It may
be a piece of equipment or a process within your department that needs improvement. Define the
problem as it now exists-the more specific the better. If excess costs are associated with this problem,
knowing what these are will make it easier to explain the problem to management. This will also help
you develop clear solutions.
2. Make a list of options. What possibilities exist to fix the problem? What are the results you are
looking for? Brainstorm a multitude of ideas which could effectively and efficiently eliminate the
problematic situation.
3. List the consequences. You can rarely do one thing without having it affect someone or something
else. All ideas have pros and cons associated with them. Consider all sides of the issue and the effect
each option may have on other departments or workers.
4. Compare the options. How much effort will be required? How much time and money will it take? You
may need some help from your supervisor in calculating time and costs.
5. Choose the best option. Step 4 should help identify the proper choices. Again, discussing this with
your supervisor or someone else higher up may help you see the bigger picture and aid you in making
the best choice.
Submitting the Formal Suggestion
1. Describe the current safety problem in a brief, clear, and objective statement to decision makers.
Explain the disadvantages of the present situation.
2. Outline your idea. Briefly detail your suggestion for improvement, avoiding negativity.
3. Show how much it will cost to execute your plan. Include the anticipated effect your idea will have on
other workers or departments in your organization.
4. Estimate the cost savings. There must be some monetary benefit to what you are suggesting. If your
plan improves safety, what are the expected cost savings associated with preventing an injury that old
methods caused? Are there other benefits? Is it more efficient? Will it take less time? Try to state these
benefits in terms of hard dollars which can be saved.
5. Finish with a more in-depth description of your idea. Break your idea down into its component parts.
Use drawings and all other pertinent information to emphasize the importance of your idea. Get your
plan across to the decision makers persuasively.

If you use this twofold method to address safety concerns in your workplace, you'll be giving your
management team all the information and tools they need to make an intelligent decision. By
submitting your ideas in this format, you may also demonstrate to your organization that you are the
person to be considered for that next promotion.

DO CELLULAR PHONES CAUSE MORE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS?

It's common knowledge that the number one cause of work-related fatalities is vehicle accidents. Most
companies have at least one truck, if not a whole fleet of vehicles, and their drivers face the hazards of
the roadway day after day. Sometimes a trip ends tragically.
Now, a new technology threatens to increase the accident potential for drivers. In more and more
companies, cellular phones are being used by construction, service and delivery personnel, as well as
by management levels. According to one research study, the use of a cellular phone while driving
increases the risk of having an accident four-fold. Another study found that having a cellular phone in a
vehicle increased the risk of being involved in an accident by 34 %. The U.S. Department of
Transportation reports an increase in the number of complaints about drivers talking on their cellular
phones while operating a vehicle. Critics of these studies argue that the research is poor and does not
make a decisive connection. Besides, having a cellular telephone in the car can be an advantage when
used to call emergency services. What do you think?
Reported Hazards Associated With Cellular Phones:
 Users are said to be distracted from defensive driving practices, and less responsive to
highway traffic situations. When they do react, their response time is said to be longer.
 People on the phone are more likely to have intense conversations that involve problem-
solving-which is more distracting than shooting the breeze with a passenger.
 Passengers in the car often alert drivers to dangerous situation, and stop talking at such times,
in contrast to someone on the other end of the line who is unaware of the traffic situation.
 Cell phone users may be concentrating on dialing a number or handling the equipment and fail
to notice a stop light, traffic sign, or a vehicle in front of them.
 Not only the driver on the phone, but other drivers on the roadway are at increased risk if a cell
phone user is the ultimate cause of an accident.
Safety Reminders For Cell Phone Users:
 Keep conversations short and sweet. Develop ways to get free of long-winded friends and
associates while on the road. Don't use the cell phone for social visiting.
 Hang up in tricky traffic situations-without warning if necessary. Safe driving takes precedence
over telephone etiquette. You can explain later-- because you'll still be alive!
 Resist dialing a number while on the move in heavy traffic whenever possible; wait until you are
at a traffic light or stop sign.
 Keep even more distance between you and the car ahead of you than normally recommended.
 Consider using a "hands-free" speakerphone system, so you can keep your hands on the
wheel and your eyes on the road-- and still keep talking. These speakerphones are available for
many popular telephone models. Some states have proposed legislation that requires use of
these devices.
All drivers are at risk of having a vehicle accident before, during or after work, and the use of a cell
phone may increase this risk. Concentrate on the above reminders! Don't become a statistic!

DON'T GAMBLE WITH PERSONAL FALL ARREST EQUIPMENT

Unsafe fall arrest equipment contributed to the fatal 150 feet fall of an Oregon construction worker
recently. Burn holes in the worker's fall arrest straps and a faulty self-retracting lanyard were blamed
for the failure. These could have been discovered if adequate equipment inspections had been
conducted.
Would you gamble with your life? A lot of people do just that when they fail to inspect their personal fall
arrest equipment daily. They gamble that the equipment will save their life if they fall. Wearing fall
arrest equipment without inspecting it, provides a false sense of security.
This equipment is subject to tremendous loads during a fall, so unless each component is thoroughly
inspected and properly used, it may not save your life. Always follow manufacturers' recommendations
when inspecting your equipment. Here are several things to look for.
Belts & Body Harnesses:
 Thoroughly inspect all nylon webbing on belt/body harnesses for frayed edges, broken fibers,
burn marks, deterioration or other visible signs of damage. Do the same if the belt or body
harness is constructed of other materials. Stitching should be intact and not torn or loose. The
belt or harness should be somewhat "soft" and flexible and not stiff from dirt or contaminants.
 Check to see that buckles and "D" rings are not distorted or damaged. Look closely at all
components for stress cracks, deformity, gouging, corrosion and sharp edges. Inspect
connection points where the buckle or "D" ring is attached to the belt or body harness. Insure
that no stitching is pulled and that the buckle or "D" ring is securely attached.
 Inspect all rivets and grommets to be certain they are not deformed, and are securely fastened
to the belt or body harness and cannot be pulled loose.
 If you find any of these conditions during the inspection, do not use the equipment.
Lanyards:
 Completely check the entire length of the lanyard. looking for cuts, fraying, deterioration, knots,
kinks, burns or visible signs of damage. Stitching should be intact and not torn or loose. Spliced
ends must also be carefully examined for damage or deterioration. Check to see that the
lanyard is somewhat "soft" and not stiff from dirt or contaminants.
 If using a "shock absorber" type of lanyard, look for the "warning tag" which indicates that the
lanyard has been exposed to a fall.
 Snap hooks and eyes should not be distorted or bent. Inspect them for cracks, sharp edges,
gouges or corrosion. Check to be sure the locking mechanism is operating properly and that
there is no binding of the mechanism.
 If using a self retracting lanyard (SRL), you must inspect the body of the mechanism for flaws to
assure that all nuts, screws and rivets are installed and tight. Also check crimped ends or
stitching for damage. Inspect the entire length of the SRL for any visible signs of defects.
 Test the locking mechanism by pulling sharply on the cable end to be sure it locks immediately
and firmly.
If you like to gamble at the card table--okay. But don't do it with your life!

DON'T GET SORE AT YOUR COMPUTER!

It's hard to imagine getting along without computers today. Many of us spend hours at the keyboard-
both at home and at work-writing letters, reports, memos, keeping records, etc. With a computer, we
can do most of our work sitting in one place-with little need to go to the file cabinet, the pencil
sharpener, or the mailbox any more. As a result, many people stay fixed in front of their VDT monitor
for hours at a time-which is not a normal, healthy way for the body to operate. Muscles, tendons and
joints put up with it for a while, but then give us feedback in the form of stiffness or pain in arms, wrists,
shoulders or back. Do you listen when your body talks, or do you wait until it shouts?
Discomfort may start as fatigue, mild soreness or numbness. It can develop into chronic pain that
doesn't go away, for those who fail to heed the early warning signals. If you suffer such discomfort, it is
probably because (1) blood circulation in your muscles is poor while you're working and (2) you are
holding stressful body positions for long periods of time.
Muscles are made for moving! Body movement circulates important oxygen and nutrients to muscle
tissue. Strong muscles can be tensed and held without movement, for example when arm wrestling,
but if "static" muscle contraction continues for very long, a substance called lactic acid is produced in
muscle tissue, causing pain. This can happen over long periods of time when you ask your muscles to
"hold you up" in your chair; "hold your head erect;" and hold your hands "suspended" over the
keyboard or the mouse. A lack of active movement and healthy blood circulation often leads to muscle
fatigue. It is particularly harmful if your arm must reach out from your body for long periods of time, to
manipulate the mouse. What to do about the problem? Move! Stretch! Take breaks! Stretch again!
Keep blood circulating through the chain of muscles in your upper body. Stre-e-e-t-c-h! Shoulders and
upper back seem particularly vulnerable, so shrug, roll, and move them around often. Do this before
your body starts shouting at you!
Put your joints in "neutral!" If the wrist is not maintained in a "neutral" position during prolonged
computer use, operators may suffer maladies such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Neutral, in this case,
means the wrist must not be bent up or down, to one side or the other, while fingering the keys or using
the mouse. In very simple terms, a bent wrist can "pinch" nerves in the wrist over time, causing nerve
damage and chronic pain. "Neutral" also applies to other parts of the body, which should be kept in the
least stressful working position-with minimal effort needed to hold them there. What to do about work
position problems? Raise, lower or re-position your keyboard, to keep your wrist in a neutral position
and your elbows positioned close to your body. Obtain one of the many hand or wrist supports that
help achieve the same goal. Locate the mouse in close proximity to the keyboard, so you won't have to
reach out, or arrange your work area so your working forearm rests on the surface of the desk. Raise
the level of the monitor so your head rests squarely on your shoulders, and your neck and upper back
muscles won't strain to hold it erect. Get acquainted with your chair--should it be raised or lowered?
Use one of the many available "ergonomic" checklists to help you evaluate your work station.
Work station layouts and individual body types are all uniquely different, so there is no single, magic
prescription. But there are a variety of solutions to help avoid muscle fatigue, stress and pain. Every
computer operator should learn which of these will work best for them.

DRUM HANDLING
Improper handling of drums and barrels can result in severe injuries. These include painful back
sprains, smashed toes and fingers, or exposure to hazardous chemicals if the contents are leaking.
Proper work practices can minimize your risk of injury, so consider the following tips.
 Prior to handling the drum, read the label on the drum and look for symbols, words or other
marks which indicate if its contents are hazardous, corrosive, toxic or flammable. If the drum
isn't labeled, consider the contents hazardous until they are positively identified.
 Look around the drum to see if it is leaking. Before cleaning up any spill, make sure the
substance has been identified. Make sure that you've been trained in the hazards of the
chemical, and have the correct materials for cleaning it up. Find and review the appropriate
MSDS.
 Before moving the drum or barrel, replace missing bungs and/or lids and secure as necessary.
 Depending upon the contents of the drum, estimate its weight. Determine whether you can
move it yourself or if you need assistance. A 55-gallon drum can weigh 400-800 pounds.
 If you decide to move it yourself, use a forklift if one is available, a hand truck or a drum cart
that is designed specifically for drum handling.
 If the drum can be rolled, stand in front of it and place both hands on the far side of the chime.
Pull the drum forward until it balances on the bottom chime. You can now roll the drum on its
chime, being careful to keep your hands from crossing over one another. You can also lower
the drum to the ground for rolling by shifting your hands to the bottom side of the chime (not
where they will be crushed). Then slowly lower the drum to the floor. Keep your back straight
and bend at your knees. Then roll the drum with both hands. Don't use your feet or grasp the
ends.
 To upend a barrel or drum, a drum lifter bar is preferable. If one is not available, crouch in front
of the drum, knees apart and firmly grasp the chime on each side. Keep your back straight and
use your leg muscles to lift. Balance the drum on the lower chime, shift your hands to the far
edge, and ease the drum into the upended position.
 Protect your hands, feet, back and face during this work. Safety shoes should be required when
moving heavy drums. Gloves, eye protection, aprons, and other personal protective equipment
may be needed, depending upon the contents of the drum.
 Most importantly, use material handling equipment whenever possible, and get help when you
need it!

EIGHT CRANE DANGER SIGNS TO WATCH FOR

If you work around cranes, you should be on the lookout for the following eight danger signs of
improper operation. If you see any of these occurring on a jobsite, immediately inform a supervisor
before a catastrophe takes place. Here are things to watch for:
1. Outriggers, crawler tracks, or tires raised off the ground while operating. This is an extremely
dangerous condition which indicates the crane is being overloaded and may tip over or
collapse. The wrong move in this situation can cause a catastrophe.
2. Operating close to power lines or other dangerous objects. Electrocution due to contact with
power lines is the leading cause of crane related fatalities. Detailed federal regulations for
proximity to high voltage sources must be strictly enforced. Any potential danger should be
pointed out to the crane operator or a supervisor-but never touch the crane at this time.
3. Riding the load or crane hook. This is a serious violation of federal and state safety regulations.
Crane structures and cables have far lower strength margins for handling material than what is
required for lifting personnel. Workers must never be suspended from a crane boom unless an
approved personnel basket with mandatory safety equipment is used, and lifting procedures are
strictly followed.
4. Visible structural damage on the crane or rigging. There is little or no back up system in the
load-supporting components of most cranes. A damaged component can fail completely and
without warning, causing the boom or load to fall.
5. Modifications made by adding extra counterweight or holding down the rear of the crane. All job
initiated modifications are illegal and may permit overloading the crane. If not approved by the
crane manufacturer in writing, these modifications can over stress critical structural
components, which could cause failure of the crane.
6. A crane operating near a trench or excavation. Cranes exert extremely high loads on the soil
near the tracks, outriggers, or tires. A crane set up in close proximity to an excavation can
cause soil failure, crane turnover, and possible disaster.
7. The crane is noticeably out of level while operating. There is no faster way to collapse a crane
boom than to impose a side force on the boom. Working out of level creates a dynamic side
force which means a crane collapse may be imminent.
8. The crane's hoist line is not vertical at all times during operation. This indicates improper
operation. A hoist line which is not vertical obviously indicates that the load is not hanging
straight down. Out of plumb loads can cause crane collapse by generating side forces on the
boom. In some instances, the crane may tip over if the load swings.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS - ANATOMY OF AN ACCIDENT

A crew of four linemen were installing intermediate poles on an existing single phase 14.4 KV
distribution line. Three of the workers were journeymen with 30 or more years of experience. The
fourth was an apprentice with almost 3 years experience. The following summary describes a tragic
accident:
· One of the journeymen and the apprentice were belted off below the neutral bracket on a newly
installed pole, using hot sticks to tie off the energized conductor. Another journeymen on the ground
was using a hold-down to keep the conductor in place while the wraplock tie was installed.
· After asking the apprentice to move to the other side of the pole, the journeyman on the pole
began to make the first wrap on the conductor. But he began this before the apprentice was fully in
place and had secured the wrap with a hot stick.
· The unsecured conductor rolled out of the insulator, fell, and contacted the journeyman's left wrist.
Trying to catch his balance, his right arm contacted either the neutral bracket or the pole.
· As a result of the current flowing through his body, the journeyman lost his left arm and suffered
severe burns over his back and right arm. He will never work as an electrician again.
Findings of the IBEW investigating committee:
1. The primary emphasis was on production not on safety.
2. There had been no communication with the utility or employer.
3. The neutral conductor was in the primary zone instead of being tagged down and out.
4. No clearance from the Utility to work on energized primary, the day of the accident.
5. Workers did not place the oil circuit reclosure into the non-reclose position.
6. The wire was not held in place with hot sticks while making hot tie.
7. The foreman did not wait for the apprentice to get back on wire after changing his
position on the pole.
Safety Committee Recommendations:
1. Obtain clearance from Utility prior to commencement of hot work.
2. Place circuit reclosures on "non-reclose" prior to commencing work.
3. Leave grounds and neutrals out of the work area. If not possible, cover them.
4. Maintain positive control of energized conductors at all times, with appropriate tools.
5. Plan ahead and discuss all moves with your pole partner before commencing work.

6. Maintain good communication with the utility and the employer.
7. Keep current on pole-top rescue and all safe practices.
WHAT IS THE LESSON HERE?
· If you work with electricity, no matter how experienced you are, what must you remember?
· What other hazards do you work with? Could you become casual and careless about these?
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS - HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL BURNS

More than 1000 employees are killed and another 30,000 injured each year from electrical shock.
Hands are frequently involved in an electrical injury since they are the most common source of contact
with the electrical current. However, damage to other parts of the body may be more extensive and life
threatening. Severe electric shock can result in cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, massive
fluid loss into swollen tissues, and kidney failure caused by an overload of muscle protein from
damaged muscle and infections.
Electrical injuries are often more severe than they appear to be from the outside. Injury occurs not only
at the contact site, but also along the path the electricity takes, and at the exit location. Frequently,
there is also extensive muscle damage that will not be evident from a visual examination of the skin.
These deep tissue injuries cause severe swelling that require a deep incision extending from the hand
to the shoulder to relieve the pressure. If this is not done, the mounting pressure from the swelling will
shut off the blood supply by compressing the arteries, rapidly destroying any remaining healthy tissue.
Extensive dead skin removal is often necessary to prevent massive infection. Deep burns result in
unsightly scars that will often continue to enlarge for 12-18 months after the burn occurs. These scars
are not only a cosmetic problem, but may seriously interfere with joint function because motion
increases the tension across the wound, which tends to produce even more scar tissue.
More than 90% of fatalities occur when contact is made with a "hot" wire, or energized equipment
housing by a person who was well-grounded Most of these injuries would probably have been
prevented if a GFI -- ground fault interrupter -- had been installed on the circuit. A GFI is not an
overcurrent device, but is placed across the line to continuously monitor the current flowing from the
source and compare it to the current returning to the source. If the difference is 6 milliamperes or more,
it opens the circuit almost instantly. This is important because it has been determined that 100
milliamperes flowing through the body for only 2 seconds can cause death by electrocution. 100
milliamperes is not much current when you consider that a portable electric drill draws 30 times that
much. Incidentally, the "let go" threshold that causes freezing to the circuit is about 20 milliamperes.
Make sure that the equipment you are working with has a GFI -- it could save your life.
To work on high voltage (over 600 volts), you must have a minimum of two years of training,
experience with high voltage circuits, have demonstrated that you are familiar with the work to be
performed, and the hazards involved with high voltage work according to OSHA.
Other safety requirements that must be followed include using insulated gloves for current over 300
volts, eye protection, and lockout/tagout if working on energized parts of equipment or systems.
Conductive measuring tapes, ropes, or similar devices obviously cannot be used around exposed
conductors, and conductive fish tapes cannot be used if they will be entering enclosures with exposed
conductors.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY - PORTABLE LIGHT STRINGS

Follow these precautions when using portable light strings:
 Inspect the wiring and fixtures before stringing the lights or before they are energized or
plugged in. Make sure the outer insulation is not damaged, the plug ends are intact, and the
fixtures are not cracked.
 The light-string must be grounded. Make certain the plug has a ground prong. Never cut one
off. The quality of the ground must be tested frequently. A good ground could save your life if
an electrical fault develops, especially when working in wet conditions or on metal structures. If
a Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI) is available, use it. GFIs should always be used under wet
conditions.
 Never string lights so they are near any combustible items. You know from experience, that
bulbs get hot. Even if they are not in direct contact with the combustible, heat can build up
slowly until the ignition temperature is reached.
 Make certain that all bulbs have guards installed. Not only will this help prevent the bulb from
coming in direct contact with a combustible, it can also protect you (or someone else) from
coming in contact with the bulb and getting burned.
 All fixtures must have an unbroken bulb installed. The bulb will help prevent you from coming in
contact with the exposed electrical conductors that are present when a bulb is missing or
broken. When you change a broken bulb, disconnect the power from the light-string and wear
gloves to guard against cuts.
Never use an ordinary light string in an area that could contain flammable vapors. When used within an
enclosed or confined space, the space must be certified as "Safe for Hot Work" if a conventional string
is used. If the atmosphere is not "Safe for Hot Work", then "explosion-proof" lights must be used. Keep
in mind, when you place any type of lighting in an area where flammable vapors are present, you are
introducing a source of ignition. This could endanger your life. You will want to be especially careful
during your inspection to make sure that the cord, all plugs, the fixture and the globe are all in place.
Don't forget the gasket at the bottom of the globe. Make sure everything is clean and tight.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY - STATIC ELECTRICITY

Most of us are familiar with static electricity. We all have walked across the rug and reached for the
door knob, only to have a spark jump from our hand to the knob. We have also seen the effects of
"static cling," when our clothes cling together in the dryer.
Static electricity, as a source of ignition for flammable vapors, gases, and dusts, is a hazard common
to a wide variety of industries in Alaska. A static spark can occur when an electrical charge
accumulates on the surfaces of two materials that have been brought together and then separated
(between two solids, between a solid and a liquid, or between two immiscible liquids, i.e., incapable of
mixing). One surface becomes charged positively and the other surface becomes charged negatively.
If the materials are not bonded or grounded, they eventually will accumulate a sufficient electrical
charge capable of producing a static spark that could ignite flammable vapors, gases, and dusts. Some
common processes capable of producing a static ignition are as follows:
 The flow of liquids (petroleum or mixtures of petroleum and water) through pipes or fine filters.
 The settling of a solid or an immiscible liquid through a liquid (e.g., rust or water through
petroleum).
 The ejection of particles or droplets from a nozzle (e.g. water washing operations or the initial
stages of filling a tank with oil).
 The vigorous rubbing together and subsequent separation of certain synthetic polymers (e.g.
the sliding of a polypropylene rope through PVC gloved hands).
Preventing static electricity as an ignition source can be accomplished through bonding, grounding, or
possibly substitution. Bonding is the process of connecting two or more conductive objects together by
means of a conductor. Grounding (earthing) is the process of connecting one or more conductive
objects to the ground. If grounding or bonding is not possible, substituting may be an alternative. For
example: some absorbent pads used in shops can produce a static spark when separated. If the
conditions are right a static spark could be a source of ignition for flammable vapors. By substituting a
non-conductive pad (3M - HP556) as an alternative, the risk of static spark can be eliminated.
Remember, taking the time to bond or ground when working around flammable vapors, gases, and
dusts will help prevent a serious accident.

ELECTRICAL SOURCES IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS

An explosion or fire can cause all sorts of havoc in any company's operations. Rebuilding, after a fire,
can take a company years. One of the major causes of explosions and fire in industry is from electrical
sources. Potential losses from these fires can be reduced by having proper electrical installations and
equipment.
Hazardous locations require specially designed electrical equipment to protect people and property
against increased fire potential. Certain electrical components and instruments are engineered
specifically for locations designated as hazardous due to the possible presence of ignitable quantities
of flammable liquids, gases, vapors, combustible dusts, or ignitable fibers.
Hazardous locations are classified as Class I, Class II, or Class III. The class is dependent on the
physical properties of the combustible materials which may be expected to be present.
 Class I locations are those in which flammable vapors or gases may be present.
 Class II locations are those in which combustible dusts may be found.
 Class III locations are those in which there are ignitable fibers and filings.
Each of these three classes are divided into two hazard categories, Division 1 and Division 2. The
divisions identify the degree of potential for an ignitable atmosphere to exist. Class and Division
explanations are detailed in Articles 500 - 503 of the National Electric Code (NEC), and in OSHA
29CFR 1910.39.
Before selecting electrical equipment and the associated wiring for any hazardous location, the exact
nature and concentrations of the flammable materials must be determined. An electrical fitting or
device which is safe for installation in an atmosphere of combustible dust may not be safe for operation
in an atmosphere containing flammable vapors or gases. These electrical fittings are specifically
designed for each hazard.
Class I electrical wiring applications are commonly referred to as "Explosion Proof." Properly installed
and maintained class I equipment will not ignite the dangerous atmosphere surrounding it, and is
approved for use in specific hazardous areas. Explosion proof fittings are designed to contain any
arcing, intense heat, and explosions. These fixtures are distinctive in appearance. Class II locations
may require "Dust-ignition proof" fixtures. These fixtures are designed in such a manner that their
construction prohibits ignitable amounts of dust from entering the devices.
Hazardous areas that must have approved electrical installations include, but are not limited to:
locations where volatile flammable liquids are transferred from one container to another; interiors of
spray booths; in the vicinity of spray painting operations where volatile flammable solvents are used;
locations where dangerous concentrations of suspended dust are likely, such as in grain elevators; and
gasoline fueling stations. Remember to think electrical safety when proposing any electrical systems
that will be located in a hazardous location.

EMERGENCY EYE WASH & DELUGE SHOWERS

Let's hope you never need one, but if you do let's hope it's clean and accessible. If you get foreign
particles in your eyes or a chemical spill on your body, an emergency eyewash station or deluge
shower is the most important initial step in first-aid treatment. Chemical burns to the eye are among the
most urgent of emergencies.
An eyewash/shower is required if:
 The Material Safety Data Sheet indicates a chemical in use is caustic, toxic, or corrosive.
 The MSDS informs that serious eye damage may result.
 Warnings such as "causes chemical burns" or "causes permanent eye damage" are posted on
container labels.
Eyewash/showers in addition must have the following:
 Pure clean water

 Hands free operation
 Constant water flow rate for a full 15 minutes
 Highly visible markings and signs
 Unobstructed access
Accessibility: The single most important treatment for chemically-burned eyes is copious irrigation
within seconds of injury. This means that victims should not have to climb over or around obstacles to
find the eyewash station. Make sure there are no barriers to the unit.
Clean, Functional Equipment: Deluge showers should be inspected often to insure they function
properly with adequate water flow, and are clean and sanitary. Portable eyewash units are an option in
areas where plumbed in water is not accessible or of high enough quality. Portable units also need an
anti-bacterial additive to ensure proper water sanitation. Flushing with any water is better than none,
but purified water reduces potential for secondary eye infections.
Training in Proper Use: Employees who are exposed to possible chemical splashes must know in
advance how to use an eyewash/deluge station properly:
 Immediately after the accident, flood the eye with water or eyewash solution, using fingers to
keep the eye open as wide as possible. Water may be colder than body temperature, which can
be uncomfortable, but it is imperative to irrigate for the recommended period of time.
 Roll the eyeball as much as possible, to remove any loose particles retained under the eyelids.
Do not put anything except water into the eyes to remove particles.
 The eyes should be irrigated for at least 15 minutes, and the victim transported to a medical
facility immediately. Continue irrigation of eyes during transport. The best way to accomplish
this may be to have a portable eye-wash system ready, that can be carried along.
It's easy to forget about eye-wash stations or showers until they are needed in an emergency.
Don't let yours become buried or covered with dust. It could save your sight!

EMERGENCY! WHERE'S THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER?

As you walk toward the maintenance shop, you smell something burning and see light grey smoke
coming from the window. You run into the shop and find the contents of the plastic rubbish bin burning.
What will you do? What is burning in the rubbish bin? Where is the closest fire extinguisher? What type
of extinguisher is it? Is the fire too big for you to put out? Do you even need a fire extinguisher? Are
there people in the shop that should be warned of the danger?
These are questions that should be going through your mind as you assess the situation you have
found. Do you know where the closest fire extinguisher is right now? What type is it? Can you use it on
grease or gasoline fires? Why or why not? Is the extinguisher behind a glass door that needs to be
broken? Can you break it bare handed (or should you even try)?
The vast majority of portable, hand held fire extinguishers are loaded with a dry chemical powder that
will extinguish the majority of fires you might encounter in your daily environment. This powder is not
toxic but will make you sneeze and cough if you inhale it. (It tastes like sodium bicarbonate which is its
base powder.) This powder will extinguish Class "A", "B", and "C" fires.
Class "A" fires involve material such as paper, plastic, wood and other common combustibles.
Class "B" fires involve grease, oil or gasoline. Dry chemical extinguishers will work, but these fires can
be harder to extinguish and should be approached with extreme caution.
Class "C" fires involve burning electrical motors or transformer. This type of fire changes from "C" to
Class "A" or "B" as soon as the power is cut off (or shorts out). Dry chemical can be used here also
because it will not conduct electricity and will put out "A" or "B" type fires.
A dry chemical extinguisher works like most spray paint, hair spray, or shaving cream cans - it does not
need to be turned upside down to use it. When a fire emergency calls for its use, remember to sweep
the extinguisher's nozzle back-and-forth at what is burning--not at the flames or smoke. The goal is to
put a "barrier" between the fuel and the surrounding oxygen. Don't empty the extinguisher onto the
burned item after the flames are gone. The fire might flare back up and you would be left without any
extinguishing powder if it should "re-kindle" or "re-ignite."
Prior to starting to battle the fire, designate someone to call the fire department. Fire fighters are paid
to put the fire out; they know what to do and what to look for--even after you think you have doused it.
There have been deaths from fires that were supposedly extinguished, but came back to life hours
later.
Know where the general use fire extinguishers are throughout your facility or work area. Don't hang
your coat over them, or stack material in front of them. Extinguishers are never needed until they are
needed NOW. Keeping them easily visible and easily accessible at all times helps ensure that when a
fire emergency occurs, a fire extinguisher can be easily and quickly reached.
And remember-extinguishers are made for relatively small fires. If the fire is too big or moving too fast
to control, hold others away and wait for the Fire Department.

GENERAL SAFETY - EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITY

An effective Accident Prevention Program should include the defined responsibilities for management,
supervisors, and employees. Management, by law, has responsibility for the safety and health of all
employees as well as providing a safe workplace. Supervisors have responsibility for providing a safe
work place as well as managing the production issues. Now we need to address employee
responsibilities and what those entail.
Employers and supervisors should expect the employees to be responsible. This starts with getting to
work on time, working safely through the day, and addressing concerns to their supervisor.
Suggested Areas of Responsibility
Employees are responsible to:
 Listen and learn from any training. Be an active participant in learning a job skill or safety issue.
 Ask for assistance if the training or instruction is not clear or you don't feel comfortable in
performing the task correctly and safely.
 Report unsafe acts and near misses immediately. Especially if the unsafe act is on going. This
will help keep the workplace safe for everyone.
 Address problems with the supervisor as soon as possible. BUT always try to give solutions to
every problem. (You may understand more than the supervisor about the problem and how to
fix it.)
 Re-address issues with the supervisor on un-resolved topics discussed in the past. (The
supervisor may have forgotten about those topics.)
 Be an active member in the safety of the workplace. Participate in Safety Committee Meetings,
Safety Meetings, and when trained on a safety issue.
These are just a few areas employees should be responsible for. The list is endless. Try to develop
other areas to assist in safety and production. Bring these areas to the supervisor's attention and
expect an answer. This input should be appreciated.
The name of this game is clear and open communication between management, supervisors and
employees. The lack of communication is also one of the largest problems faced today in any
workplace. Don't let this happen to you and your company. Be responsible to see that it doesn't.

EXCAVATION/TRENCHING SAFETY
Each year excavation and trenching cave-ins result in more than 5,000 serious injuries and 100 deaths
in the United States alone. And this is a country with a long and well established safety regulatory
regime! The key to prevention of this type of loss is good planning. When the side of a trench decides
to move it is too late to be thinking about your safety or the safety of others. Here are some good
safety rules and practices to follow when working in or around excavations.
 Evaluation of shoring, sloping, or other means to eliminate the potential for cave-ins must be
performed prior to the start of work. Consider these engineering controls at the pre-bid stage.
The costs associated with some systems may significantly reduce or eliminate the profit of a job
if not considered at the time of the bid. The evaluation must be performed by a trained person
who is knowledgeable in the areas of soil analysis, the use of protective systems, and in the
requirements of applicable standards and regulations. Without this pre-job planning, project
foremen may be inclined to "make-do" just to get the job done. Shortcuts might be taken,
putting employees in significant danger. Perform these pre-job procedures regardless of the
duration of the project or because the ground "just looks solid."
 Work in an excavation or trench must at all times be under the immediate supervision of a
qualified person.
 Excavated material must be placed at least 2 feet (61cms) from the edge of any trench or
excavation, which is 4 or more feet (122cms) in depth.
 Adequate precautions must be taken to ensure that vibrating equipment and vehicular traffic do
not cause a cave-in.
 Always consider ground water seepage as a potential cause of collapse of any trench or
excavation.
 Safe access/egress must be provided (stairway, ladder, ramp, etc.). The equipment must be
securely fastened in place. Access must be provided and located so no worker must laterally
travel more than 25 feet (760 cms) to access the egress point in any trench or excavation
deeper than four feet.
There are specific standards for the materials used for shoring, and for the angles of slopes used to
protect workers. All the protection methods depend on the composition of the soil. Contact your
company's excavation competent person for more specific information.
If you aren't certain that the shoring, benching, or sloping is adequate, stay out of the excavation.
Entering an unprotected excavation or trench may be the last thing you ever do.

EXCAVATIONS ARE SERIOUS BUSINESS

This May in Seattle – US, a man was buried to his waist when the eight foot (245 cms) deep trench he
was working in collapsed around him. It took 50 firefighters and medics to dig him out. He was lucky.
Last November in San Diego County, the walls of a trench collapsed around two workers. Both of them
were killed. Last September in Irvine, a 4-6 foot (122 – 183 cms) deep trench failed around two
workers. One worker died and the second was treated for a broken hip. These people were not lucky.
Excavations and trenches need not be deep or large to create a life threatening hazard. Soil is heavy,
and failures take place with little or no notice. You can be trapped before there is time to react. So it is
important that every excavation be prepared correctly, allowing you to complete your job safely and
efficiently. Remember that every trench is different. Soil type, moisture content, depth, configuration,
proximity to existing structures, and location of spoil piles all work together to make every excavation
unique. Keep these points in mind when working:
 Follow the recommendations of your Competent Person carefully. Their job is to ensure that the
excavation is adequately protected so you can complete your task safely.
 ALL trenches and excavations over 5 feet (152cms) in depth must be protected from cave-ins
unless they are made entirely of stable rock. Protection can be provided by adequately sloping
back the sides of the cut or by benching the excavation. Trenches are also reinforced by
installing shoring or using trench boxes. If shoring or boxes are used be sure the top of the box
extends at least 18 inches (45cms) above the hole. And remember, if the hole is deeper than 6
feet (183cms), fall protection should be installed around the perimeter to protect those working
on the surface.
 Spoil piles must stay at least 2 feet (61cms) back from the edge of the hole. This is measured
from the point where the slough of the pile ends. Placing the spoil any closer exerts excessive
pressure on the walls of the excavation and thus increases the chance of a wall failure.
 Install ladders, so that no matter which way you travel in the trench a ladder can be accessed
within at least 25 feet (760cms).
You are the one that is going into the hole. So check the methods being used to protect the excavation,
including the shoring equipment's condition and the ladder out of the hole. Prior to climbing down the
ladder, check the spoil pile location and equipment that is near the excavation. Do you feel comfortable
with the excavation, its protection, and the nearby surroundings?
Don't take chances, if you see something that needs attention, speak to your supervisor BEFORE
going down in the hole to start your job. Excavations are serious business. Let's keep them a safe
place to work.

EXTENSION CORD SAFETY-TAKE NO CHANCES!

We use extension cords almost every day both at work and at home. These are very useful devices,
but they can present a fire or shock hazard when either worn out or used improperly.
Types of extension cords
Extension cords come in either two or three-wire types. Two-wire extension cords should only be used
to operate one or two small appliances. Three-wire cords are used for outdoor appliances and electric
power tools. The third wire on this cord is a ground and this type of cord should never be plugged into
any ungrounded electrical outlet. Only grounded extension cords are to be used with power tools
unless the tool is double insulated.
Care and inspection of extension cords
Extension cords must be treated with care and checked regularly for damage or deterioration. The cord
itself should never be pulled to disconnect it from an electrical source; remove it by the plug. They
should not be placed under rugs or furniture and should never be strung through doorways, windows,
walls, ceilings, or floors. Damaged cords present a potential fire or shock hazard and should be
destroyed and replaced immediately.
An extension cord should never be used as a substitute for permanent wiring. They should not be
fastened to a building or structure, even though staples are sold for this purpose at many hardware
stores. Avoid plugging two cords together to make a longer one. It's best to use one cord in a
continuous length from the receptacle to the appliance or tool. Extension cords which are either
connected together or are too long will reduce operating voltage and operating efficiency of tools or
appliances and may cause motor damage.
Extension cords are convenient devices which we often take for granted in our everyday activities, but
which need proper care and attention. Use good housekeeping practices at home and at work, to keep
extension cords from being a tripping hazards or becoming damaged. Inspect them regularly for wear
and replace defective units.
Prevent potential electrical hazards that may lead to someone's injury!


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - EYE INJURY PREVENTION

One thousand eye injuries occur in workplaces every day in every country worlwide. These injuries are
responsible for over $3,000,000.00 annually in medical, lost production and workers' compensation
costs!!
Why are these injuries occurring?
 Three out of five injuries happen because the worker was not wearing any eye protection at the
time of the accident.
 About 40% of the injured workers were wearing some type of eye protection, but it was the
wrong kind and failed to protect adequately. The leading cause in this category is the lack of
side shields.
 Accident studies reveal flying or falling objects and sparks as the cause in 70% of eye injuries.
Nearly 60% of the objects causing eye injury are smaller than a pin head.
 Nearly 20% of all eye injuries are caused by contact with chemicals. This includes splashing or
chemicals being sprayed directly into the eye.
 40% of eye injuries occurred among craft workers, such as mechanics, repairers, carpenters,
and plumbers. 30% of eye injuries occurred among operatives, such as assemblers, sanders,
and grinding machine operators.
 50% of the injured workers were employed in manufacturing. 20% were employed in
construction.
What can we do to prevent these injuries?
First of all make sure you select the proper eye protection for the task. 94% of the eye injuries that
occurred to workers wearing eye protection resulted from objects or chemicals going around or under
the protector.
Second, make sure the eye protection you have selected fits properly and is clean. One of the leading
reasons for workers removing or not wearing eye protection is the lens became dirty and they could not
see what they were doing.
Nearly 20% of eye injuries happened to workers wearing face shields or welding helmets while
grinding. Only 6% of the workers injured while wearing eye protection were wearing goggles.
CHOOSE THE BEST PROTECTION, MAKE SURE IT FITS, KEEP IT CLEAN AND WEAR IT

FIRE WATCH IN SHIPYARDS

The duty of a fire watch is extremely important. It is mandatory for crews when working aboard vessels.
This role can be frustrating or boring if the person does nothing but stand around waiting for a fire to
occur. But this doesn't have to be the case.
A vital role for a fire watch is also a safety role. The area in which the welding or cutting takes place will
most likely have several safety hazards in need of control. For example:
 No ventilation in the space where the Hot Work s being done. Hard to see a fire for all the
smoke!!!!! Make sure there is good ventilation in those spaces--someone has to work there!
 Oxygen and Acetylene cylinders may be placed below decks. This is always an invitation to
disaster. Get a Competent Person to evaluate the space PRIOR to allowing anyone in.
 Bad Lighting: If the lighting is poor, it is just a matter of time until a trip or fall occurs. And how
can anyone find tools in the dark?
 Foam Insulation: Most of the large shipboard fires involved foam/plastics. Insure that all foam is
stripped back to the proper guidelines or all exposed edges painted with No-Char, or the
approved equivalent, prior to performing hot work.
 Poor Housekeeping: This is frustrating for everyone...the leads are spaghetti, debris is
everywhere, and everyone is in a bad mood because it's a pig sty. Bad housekeeping leads to
bad accidents.
 But here is a fire hazard to end `em all: A welder was observed running a vertical skip weld in
an enclosed space--WHILE SITTING ON A FIVE GALLON (28 litre) CAN OF GASOLINE. The
gasoline was for the pressure washer on deck and someone brought it down for the welder to
sit on!!! Boy was he surprised once he read the label on the can!
A good fire watch (in any type of construction activity – not just in ship yards) should catch and report
these safety hazards. Injury, damage and even death can be avoided. Take the initiative to identify
problems before the hotwork starts. It may only take a few minutes to do so, but the work stopage and
cleanup after a small fire will take hours--or even days. Also, while on fire watch, help with the area
housekeeping and assist with other tasks that enable everyone to perform their job more safely. The
time will be well spent.

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS – GASOLINE

Gasoline is the most common flammable liquid manufactured and used. Because virtually everyone
uses gasoline it is often assumed that everyone is familiar with it's dangerous properties. However, as
familiarity breeds contempt (or at least carelessness) it may be a good idea to review this highly
hazardous material. Here are some brief but important items to remember when dealing with gasoline.
 Gasoline as a liquid does not burn. It is the vapours that the liquid gives off that burns.
 Vapours usually can not be seen but frequently travel long distances to a source of ignition.
Thus the gasoline can be located a great distance from an actual ignition source.
 Gasoline gives off enough vapour to flash, when exposed to an external ignition source at
temperatures as low as -450 F! In other words, hazardous vapours are almost always being
released - unless you work in temperatures colder than -450 F.
 Gasoline vapours are heavier than air. Vapours will settle to the ground and flow similar to a
liquid. This is why gasoline vapours tend to find their way into drains, sewer lines, basements
and other low spots.
 Gasoline must be mixed with air before it can burn. It does not take much gasoline to make an
ignitable mixture. If the gas-to-air mixture contains as little as 1.4% gasoline by volume, it can
be ignited with explosive force.
 It has been said that the potential energy in a one gallon can of gasoline is equal to numerous
sticks of dynamite.
 A gasoline/air mixture can be ignited by a hot surface, a smoldering object such as a cigarette,
an open flame, or even a static spark.
 Practice good hygiene after handling gasoline. Wash hands and other areas that may have
come in contact with gasoline. Avoid prolonged inhalation of vapours as gasoline contains
benzene, a known carcinogen.
What can you do to avoid a gasoline disaster? The following tips are good advice when handling or
using gasoline.
 Never use gasoline for anything other than it's intended purpose, as a fuel. Never use it as a
cleaning solvent!
 Store gasoline in approved safety containers.
 Never smoke when anywhere near gasoline. Shut off all equipment before refueling and allow it
to cool off first. Inspect all fuel hoses, pipes and pumps frequently. Fix leaks now!
Gasoline was chosen as a fuel for the same reasons that make it so dangerous. It is easily vapourised,
easy to ignite and explodes powerfully when ignited. Never let yourself become complacent around this
volatile liquid that we use everyday.

FORKLIFT FATALITIES
The United States Safety Association estimates forklifts cause about 85 fatal accidents per year;
34,900 accidents result in serious injury; and 61,800 are classified as non-serious. According to the
Industrial Truck Association (ITA), there are about 855,900 forklifts in the U.S. Therefore, over 11% of
all forklifts will be involved in some type of accident each year (assuming only one accident per forklift).
The ITA also reports that the useful life of a lift truck is about 8 years. This means that about 90% of all
forklifts will be involved in some type of accident during their useful life--again assuming only one
accident per forklift. If you operate this equipment, there is a possibility that you may have an accident
at some point during your career. To help reduce the possibility of being injured, it's important to
understand where and how these accidents occur.
Fatal forklift accident causes and where they occur:
Fatal Accident Type % Where fatalities occur %

Crushed by vehicle tipping over 42% Mining 1.2
Crushed between vehicle and a surface 25% Construction 23.8
Crushed between two vehicles 11% Manufacturing 42.5
Struck or run over by a forklift 10% Transportation 11.0
Struck by falling material 8% Wholesale trades 12.5
Fall from platform on the forks 4% Retail trade 9.0
Preventing these accidents:
Studies show that many of these accidents could have been prevented by better training. No one starts
out with the innate knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely operate a forklift. As Turkish legislation
requires, drivers must be properly trained to do so. The lesson to be learned is, operating a forklift
without training is dangerous and can even be fatal to you or other employees working in the area..
Training can also prevent or reduce the severity of an accident related to the stability of a lift truck
traveling with an elevated load. Keep the load as low as possible to increase vehicle stability and to
help prevent tip-over accidents. Even if drivers ignore this rule, and the vehicle tips over, injuries are
usually minor if they stay with the vehicle instead of jumping off. The normal tendency is for a person to
jump downward, so the driver lands on the floor or ground--usually directly into the path of the
overhead guard. The most common result is a crushing injury to the head, neck, or back where the
overhead guard strikes the employee.
Forty-two percent of forklift fatalities are caused by the operator trying to jump from a tipping vehicle.
To keep this from happening to you, always remember to keep the load as low as possible and stay
with the vehicle if it tips over. Wearing your seat belt is the best safety measure!

FORKLIFT SAFETY - ELEVATING PERSONNEL SAFELY

Forklifts (or powered industrial trucks) were never intended by manufacturers as a means of lifting
personnel to perform job tasks at heights. Through the years, however, it became apparent, as
evidenced by the number of injuries occurring, that this was, indeed, a method being employed for
getting to light fixtures, top storage racks, elevated motors and other items too high to reach from the
floor or from a ladder. It was viewed as a quicker way to accomplish tasks. Instead of going to the
storage area and retrieving a ladder, riding the forks to the upper level would take less time--that is, if
you didn't count the time you were off work or in the hospital recovering from injuries because you fell.
In an attempt to reduce this exposure, regulatory groups, manufacturers and other interested parties
decided that developing a "safe method" of elevating personnel would be the best course of action.
Presently, forklifts may be used to lift personnel only if the following guidelines are followed:
 A work platform equipped with standard guardrails or equivalent means, and firmly secured to
the lifting carriage or forks, must be used.
 The hydraulic system must be so designed that the lift mechanism will not drop faster than 135
feet per minute (4112cms) in the event of a failure in any part of the system.
 An operator must attend the lift equipment while workers are on the platform.
 The operator must be in the normal operating position while raising or lowering the platform.
 The vehicle must not travel from point to point with the work platform elevated at a height
greater than 4 feet (122cms) while workers are on the platform. When necessary, at heights
greater than 4 feet, inching is permitted provided it is done at a very slow speed.
 The area between workers on the platform and the mast must be guarded to prevent contact
with chains or other shear points.
A safe and adequate access/egress must be provided for workers entering and exiting the work
platform.

FRONT-END LOADERS
If you operate a front-end loader, you have probably experienced the bouncing, weaving, and "road
walk" that leaves you feeling as if you are not in total control of the equipment. Hopefully, you have
recognized this as dangerous and have learned to slow down, especially when travelling downhill,
when empty, or when travelling on particularly bad terrain.
There are other hazards to be considered as well: (1) getting caught in the pinch points of the bucket
arms or the pivot area of an articulated machine, (2) collision, (3) running over a pedestrian, (4) spilling
a load on others, (5) machine upset, (6) falling over an edge, (7) a rider falling off, (8) the operator
falling when mounting or dismounting the equipment, (9) mechanical failure and, (10) a raised bucket
falling.
Back Up Cautiously: Accidents occur most frequently when backing. Just because you have a back-up
alarm on your loader, it is not safe to travel in reverse without concern--for any distance. You must still
be aware of your surroundings, use properly adjusted rear view mirrors and, when lighting is poor, use
both front and rear lights. Never throw the engine into reverse without looking behind you. Don't be
afraid to use your horn, too. Back-up alarms soon become part of the din on a jobsite. If someone
ventures into the danger zone around where you are working, sounding a warning blast and stopping
would certainly be in order.
Permit No Riders: No one, other than the operator, should ride the equipment. The bouncing and
jarring can cause passengers to be thrown off. The usual result is, the passenger is run over. The
cage, (the Roll Over Protective Structure) is designed to protect the operator in the event of rollover. In
order to provide this protection, the operator must be inside the cage, using his seat belt. A passenger
is outside and obviously not protected.
Extreme Caution In Pivot Areas: Articulated loaders have a very nasty pinch point at the pivot.
Operators should always check both sides of the machine before moving it, to make sure no one is in
this dangerous area. If you are the mechanic or oiler, you put yourself at serious risk every time you
get in the pivot area. Install the safety bars or links before working in this area of articulated equipment.
These will help protect you by preventing the machine from turning. Such action could crush you.
Overhead Hazards: Be cautious if you are around, between, or under a raised bucket or its arms.
When you need to enter these "danger zones," make sure the machine is shut off. Have the operator
step down from the machine and give you the keys. Instruct him to remain off the equipment until you
tell him it is all right to remount. Have the bucket lowered to the ground unless the work you plan to do
requires that it be raised. Install jacks or blocks under raised buckets or arms so they cannot fall on you
if something goes wrong.
"Heavy" equipment is just that! Respect its dangers!


FUELING OPERATIONS & STATIC ELECTRICITY

The discharge of static electricity while dispensing fuel is a serious hazard that can potentially result in
a catastrophic fire or explosion. To help you understand the need for bonding and grounding of fuel
dispensing equipment, the following information is offered. It can help you identify conditions and
situations that are hazardous and provide you with knowledge to make decisions that you can (literally)
live with.
Much of the research on bonding requirements involves dispensing fuel from Marine Service Stations.
All piping, tanks, valves and dispensing equipment must be bonded continuously so that all non-
current-carrying metal parts have the same potential to ground. This is especially important at the
dispensing hose and nozzle because fuel passing through a hose creates static electricity. The risk of
static electricity discharge is greatest when the nozzle is being removed from the tank being filled.
All dispensing equipment including pumps, hoses and nozzles must be Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
or equivelent, listed for the intended usage. This UL listing ensures that the hose and nozzle are
designed to provide a continuous bond from shoreside equipment to the tank being filled, which allows
static electricity to flow to ground. When the hose and nozzle are not bonded to shoreside equipment,
static electricity dissipates slowly. Under these conditions, when the nozzle is removed, a spark is likely
to occur.
To avoid static electricity discharge, all equipment must be bonded. If UL listed equipment is not used,
it is necessary to attach a bonding wire from shoreside piping to both the nozzle and the tank being
filled.
Pumping from a truck is a different situation, and requires that a bonding wire be attached anytime
flammable liquids are discharged into a top fill tank. Trucks are insulated from ground by rubber tires,
so when a bonding wire is attached to the tank being filled, a continuous path to ground is provided.
But the length of time required for static electricity to dissipate varies. If the bonding wire is removed
before static electricity is dissipated, a spark is likely to occur. Therefore, grounding the truck in
addition to bonding to the tank being filled addresses this issue and is required by Turkish regulation.
Grounding trucks during fuel dispensing is prescribed in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
guidelines as well. Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete
also helps assure that static electricity has dissipated.
Many workers are aware of these requirements but for some reason do not take the time to follow
them. Bonding while dispensing diesel fuel is also a commonly overlooked practice. Diesel fuel is
considered a combustible liquid and because the flash point is above 100 degrees Fahrenheit, many of
the safety codes exempt bonding requirements. The code does require bonding and grounding as
discussed above, however, when diesel fuel is pumped into a container that has previously held a
higher grade product.
Static electricity is "an accumulation of electric charge on an insulated body." Don't set it free to
disperse and create havoc in the presence of flammable and combustible fuels.

GIVE NEW CO-WORKERS YOUR SUPPORT!

Once the initial orientation to the company is over and the basic requirements of the job and the safety
program have been covered, it's time to move the new employee into the work force and introduce the
people he or she will be working with. Co-workers play an important role in getting the new person off
to a good start.
What is a veteran employee's role when it comes to orienting a new employee? Remember that new
people are nervous to begin with-just starting a new job. They probably don't remember all the
instructions they are given and aren't familiar with the new surroundings. This is often a time for
information overload. So how can an experienced hand help out?
urage the new hire to ask questions if he or she is not quite sure. Remember how hard it was
to admit you didn't know everything when you started a new job?
but
not necessarily used to your company's ways of doing things.
-worker is wearing the right PPE, and is using it properly.
o serve as a mentor to the new employee, to assure that safe work procedures are
understood and followed.
tactfully explain the proper procedures. It's easier

to do this if a "coaching" role has been assigned or agreed-upon.
-get the new person

started out on a positive note by passing on what's good about the company.
 Perhaps most importantly, lead by example with correct work habits.
Getting a new employee started off on the right foot is very important. Statistics indicate that up to 60%
of all job injuries occur to new employees with less than six months experience on the job. Repeated,
friendly reminders of safety procedures and work rules by a mentor can greatly reduce the chance of
an accident with the new employee. Many times new employees will not think of questions until after
they have worked a few days and begin to understand the job requirements more thoroughly. As a co-
worker, if you make yourself available to answer questions, it shows your willingness to provide a safe
workplace for everyone involved.
Remember, getting new people started on the right path can help prevent an accident or injury to
everyone on the crew. Don't think that helping to develop a productive co-worker is a burden. Think of
it as an investment in the future of your work group and your company. Besides-it's the way you'd like
to be treated yourself!

GOOD HYGIENE CAN KEEP YOU HEALTHY

Most of us learned the basics of good personal hygiene from our mothers when we were children. She
started us on good hygiene with the simple rule of washing our hands before we ate. As we have
grown older, some of us may have drifted away from our mother's wise advise.
In today's chemical laden workplaces, being even more conscientious about hygiene is the smart thing
to do. Even though washing our hands is a simple and logical task, it's still commonly overlooked.
What is on your hands gets ingested. How many times have you seen fellow workers smoke a
cigarette while their hands were covered with paint or grease? How about the workers who eat their
lunch without washing their hands? Not one of us would intentionally eat paint, or dip our cigarette into
the paint bucket. Even so, that is basically what is happening when you eat your sandwich or smoke a
cigarette without washing your hands. In addition to tobacco, smokers may be inhaling toxic
substances that have been placed on the cigarette from their hands. Remember, when paints, solvents
or most any chemical is heated or burned, its chemical makeup is changed.
Cleaning your skin with solvents is never a good practice. Mechanics who use a solvent to clean their
hands are setting themselves up for a case of dermatitis or possibly becoming sensitized to the
chemical or solvent. Before using the solvent to clean with, think "what is the purpose of a solvent?" A
solvent's purpose is to cut grease. When it is used without protection such as gloves or barrier creams,
it is degreasing the protective oils from your skin.
Clean clothing is a part of good hygiene. Maintaining good personal hygiene includes the clothes worn
to work. A worker wearing oily, greasy clothing, or clothes that have toxic chemicals spilled on them, is
likely to experience irritating rashes, boils or other skin problems. Work clothing should be changed
daily. A daily shower and clean clothing reduces the chances of skin problems. Remember, dirty
clothes and skin carry chemicals to your home and family.
First-aid begins with cleanliness. When we get a sliver, a nick, or a cut we typically go to the first-aid
kit. We grab an adhesive bandage, quickly put it on, and go back to work. Several days later we
wonder why the small injury is inflamed and infected. Don't ignore small injuries like these. The
wounded area should be washed with soap and water before the bandage goes on. Possibly an
antiseptic should be placed on the wound as well. This simple trick you first learned from your mother
helps to keep the wound from becoming contaminated. To also help prevent a small injury from getting
to be a serious health hazard, keep your tetanus booster current. A small needle stick every 10 years
is a small price to pay, in the prevention of infection.
Good personal hygiene all boils down to common sense. A daily shower, followed by clean clothing,
and frequent washing of hands…particularly before eating or smoking, goes a long way in keeping you
healthy and safe.

HEALTH & SAFETY - HEAT STRESS DISORDERS

Although summer heat is the largest cause of heat distress disorder, it may also occur when workers
are exposed to confined areas such as pipelines, shipboard spaces with limited ventilation, and any
confined area involving welding or cutting.
Symptoms
The symptoms of heat stress disorders are very slow to start, but increase in intensity if precautions
are not taken. The onset of the initial symptoms are mild and usually involve headaches, thirst, and
tiredness.
Heat stress can move to heat stroke, a life-threatening medical emergency, quickly when the body's
natural cooling system breaks down and causes the body core temperature to rise and overheat the
brain. Some of the symptoms of heat stroke are immense thirst, severe headaches, disorientation,
dry/hot skin (no sweating) and possibly collapse.
Treatment/Prevention
The following ideas may aid in combating heat stress disorders:
1. Employees accustomed to working in the heat are better candidates for job assignments where heat
stress disorders may occur.
2. Until employees acclimate to the high temperatures, allow them to take frequent breaks to cool
down.
3. Employees should be rotated from the exposure area to a non-exposure area on a regular basis to
help in avoiding heat stress symptoms.
4. Employees should be encouraged to drink plenty of fluids (water, etc.) to replace electrolytes.
Employees should not drink any carbonated beverages (Coke, Pepsi, etc.) as these only increase
dehydration and give a false sense of being properly hydrated. Also, the use of alcohol the evening
before the work shift, can lead to dehydration even before heat exposure.
If an employee appears to be suffering from heat stress disorder, remove him or her from the heat and
provide a cool, shaded place to rest. If the employee is disoriented or non-responsive, call for medical
attention immediately.
The goal is to recognize the hazards and symptoms of heat stress disorders and stop them before they
occur. Remember, there is no better cure than prevention, and heat stress disorders can occur in
winter as well as summer

HAND TOOL SAFETY

Hammers, wrenches, chisels, pliers, screwdrivers, and other hand tools are often underrated as
sources of potential danger. Hand tools may look harmless, but they are the cause of many injuries. In
fact, an estimated 8 percent of all workplace compensable injuries are caused by incidents associated
with hand tools. These injuries can be serious, including loss of fingers or eyesight.
Hand tools can cause many types of injuries:
1. Cuts, abrasions, amputations, and punctures. If hand tools are designed to cut or move metal
and wood, remember what a single slip can do to fragile human flesh.
2. Repetitive motion injuries. Using the same tool in the same way all day long, day after day, can
stress human muscles and ligaments. Carpal tunnel syndrome (inflammation of the nerve
sheath in the wrist) and injuries to muscles, joints and ligaments are increasingly common if the
wrong tool is used, or the right tool is used improperly. Injury from continuous vibration can also
cause numbness or poor circulation in hands and arms.
3. Eye injuries. Flying chips of wood or metal are a common hazard, often causing needless and
permanent blindness.
4. Broken bones and bruises. Tools can slip, fall from heights, or even be thrown by careless
employees, causing severe injuries. A hammer that falls from a ladder is a lethal weapon.
To avoid such injuries, remember the following safety procedures:
1. Use the right tool for the job. Don't use your wrench as a hammer. Don't use a screwdriver as a
chisel, etc. Go back to the tool house and get the right tool in the right size for the job.
2. Don't use broken or damaged tools, dull cutting tools, or screwdrivers with worn tips.
3. Cut in a direction away from your body.
4. Make sure your grip and footing are secure when using large tools.
5. Carry tools securely in a tool belt or box. Don't carry tools up ladders. Use a hoist or rope.
6. Keep close track of tools when working at heights. A falling tool can kill a co-worker.
7. Pass a tool to another person by the handle; never toss it to them.
8. Use the right personal protective equipment (PPE) for the job. Follow company instructions for
selecting and using safety eyewear, steel toed shoes, gloves, hard hats, etc.
9. Never carry sharp or pointed tools such as a screwdriver in your pocket.
10. Select ergonomic tools for your work task when movements are repetitive and forceful.
11. Be on the lookout for signs of repetitive stress. Early detection might prevent a serious injury.
12. Always keep your tools in top condition. A dull blade or blunt point can lead to injury.
13. Store tools properly when you stop work.
By following these precautions, you can help prevent injuries and provide a better workplace for
everyone. Remember, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure!

HAZARD AWARENESS--THE LITTLE THINGS COUNT

Most of us have probably heard the old saying, "It's the little things that count."
There are many small things that influence our lives, and ignoring them can sometimes have serious
consequences -- particularly when it comes to safety. We have all been trained to watch out for the big
hazards that could harm us, but the little ones can sometimes cause serious injuries too.
One company became very concerned when its accident frequency showed a large increase over a
three-month period. Management began an in-depth check of systems, equipment, and material that
are considered to be high-hazard: heavy machinery, ventilation, toxic substances, machine guarding,
etc.
To everyone's surprise, none of these things were the cause of their accidents. Chemicals were
properly labeled and stored; machines were in good repair and properly guarded; the exhaust fans,
sprinkler systems, respirators, etc., were all in good working order. Instead, accidents stemmed from a
variety of "little things" that had been ignored until an injury occurred. For example, they found that
serious falls had been caused by:
 A puddle of oil on the floor from a leaking forklift. No one had poured absorbent on the spill
because it was "too small to worry about." It wasn't too small, however, to make a passing
employee slip and fall when he didn't notice it. (Furthermore, the leaking forklift needs to be
repaired so this accident won't happen again.)
 A box of supplies that had been left on the floor in front of a shelf, instead of properly stored. It
had been walked around dozens of times before someone finally tripped over it.
 A ladder that was placed in front of an outward-opening door "just for a minute" to change a
light bulb. It was knocked over by another worker coming through the door, and both he and the
worker on the ladder were injured.
All these "accidents waiting to happen" had been ignored because they didn't really seem that
dangerous to the workers involved. Employees all knew about, and carefully avoided, the major
hazards found when repairing energized electrical equipment or bypassing machine guards.
We often intend to report a defective tool, extension cord, or stepladder to the maintenance department
but don't take the time, or forget about. It is important to follow through on our good intentions, since
these are just the sort of "little things" that can result in a serious injury to ourselves or to other
workers.
Minor injuries left untreated are also "little things" that can cause big trouble if ignored. "Just a scratch"
can become infected; a speck of dust in the eye can scratch the cornea and cause severe eye damage
if not attended to. So, be sure to report even seemingly minor injuries and get appropriate first aid
treatment.
Little things do count and if we take a few minutes to pay attention to all the potential hazards around
us we can prevent serious injuries from happening to ourselves and other employees.

GENERAL SAFETY -- HAZARD AWARENESS

A hazard is defined as a condition or changing set of circumstances that presents a potential for injury,
illness, or property damage. The potential or inherent characteristics of an activity, condition, or
circumstance which can produce adverse or harmful consequences.
An accident is defined as an unfortunate event often the result of carelessness or ignorance. An

unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance usually resulting in an unfavourable outcome.
There are some key words in these definitions: Unplanned; Unforeseen; Unfortunate; Unfavorable and
most importantly POTENTIAL!
I met a person the other day who had fallen from a height of 25 feet. He was fortunate to have escaped
this accident with only a badly broken leg. A few weeks ago a worker fell just a couple of feet off a
ladder and he passed away. Both of these situations have been discussed to the limit and on several
occasions I heard people refer to luck, good and bad! Well, the last time I looked, luck was not an
effective accident prevention or loss control technique.
For an unplanned or unforeseen event to take place, there has to be potential!. Complacency and
taking things for granted are causes of a tremendous number of injuries each year. Recognizing
hazards and doing something about them is everyone's responsibility!
So as you begin work, ask yourself:
 Do I have the right tools/equipment for the job?
 Have I inspected my tools/equipment to make sure they are in good repair or am I trying to get
by?
 Is the work laid out to provide safe completion of the job?
 Are the materials I am using safe, and do I need additional personal protective equipment such
as: safety glasses, gloves, hard hat, respirator, etc.?
 Is there a safer way to accomplish the task?
 Are all necessary equipment guards in place?
 Are written procedures such as lockout/tagout being followed?
BE AWARE OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUR WORK AND MAKE YOUR
CHOICES CAREFULLY!!

HAZARD RECOGNITION
I've never met a worker who intentionally injured himself or herself. This should go without saying.
Unfortunately, many workers are seriously injured each year and many people still believe that
accidents "just happen." But, accidents do not just happen!
What Goes Wrong? Usually, an error that is within the control of one or more people is at the bottom of
things. Often, several errors take place, at the same time, for an accident to occur. So when we
analyze accidents, we should focus on which aspects of a task were controlled and which were not.
Assuming that workers have been properly trained and all the proper materials and tools were
available, what else can go wrong? A lot! Accidents are most frequently due to haste and poor
planning.
Don't Take Safety Shortcuts: When workers get out on the job with a supervisor monitoring their
output, they are expected to achieve production goals. If they feel their job is on the line, they may take
pay less attention to safety than to production, in order to look better in the eyes of the boss. This often
means poor choices are made that put them and co-workers at risk. Many accidents happen in just this
manner. And these incidents have a negative impact on production, because dealing with them
requires valuable time and money.
Plan Ahead! It is an employee's responsibility to work safely, and that means taking time to review
what is to be done--and what could go wrong. All employees should make it a habit to check out the
site and assure the work can be done without mishaps. It helps to remember the Five Ps: Prior
Planning Prevents Poor Performance!
Identify Hazards! The following questions should be asked, to help predict what could go wrong and
how risks might be controlled:
 Is the site and the job the same as depicted on the prints?
 Are the necessary materials available to perform the work?
 Does everyone have the proper tools to perform the tasks at hand?
 Are there enough workers to handle the job? Have they all had safety training?
 Are environmental conditions such as light, noise and weather a factor?
 Are there too many people in the area to work safely?
 Have other sub's on the job been notified about hazardous tasks or materials?
Don't wait for accidents to occur! Think and plan ahead!
Anticipate, Evaluate and Control Hazards!


HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES IN CONFINED SPACES

Employees in many industries enter a variety of confined spaces for inspections, testing, repair or
cleaning. A confined space is any area that: (a) has limited openings for entry and exit; (b) may contain
or produce toxic air contaminants; (c) has a high concentration of an inert gas; (d) is not intended for
continuous occupancy; and (e) may have an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. All such spaces must be
analyzed and tested before entry. Workers should also be trained to understand the hazards that may
be found in these spaces. A few of the potentially hazardous gases are:
Freon® - This is a non-flammable liquid used primarily as a solvent for flushing a space or can be
found as a gas in refrigeration systems. To prevent release, all refrigeration and transfer systems must
be leak free. When working with Freon, there must be an alarm device in the area to warn of
dangerous airborne concentrations. Since Freon is heavier than air, vapors will settle along the floor.
Because of this, if the Freon alarm sounds or if you discover a leak, stand upright as you leave the
area.
Carbon monoxide - This gas is usually produced by the exhaust of an engine or heater. It is colorless,
odorless, tasteless, and deadly. If the air you breathe contains carbon monoxide, the gas interferes
with your body's ability to utilize the oxygen that is in your lungs. In other words, you can still breath,
but it does not do you any good. Unconsciousness, and often death, comes very quickly. Keep any fuel
burning devices out of, and away from, confined and enclosed spaces.
Hydrogen sulfide - This is the colorless gas with a rotten egg smell. You may think that the smell alone
would give you plenty of warning that the gas is present. Beware--it doesn't! After a whiff or two, in
higher concentrations, the gas can desensitize your sense of smell, depending on the concentration,
so you no longer detect the warning odor. Hydrogen sulfide is released during the decay of organic
matter found in muds, sewage, etc., and is often prevalent during oil & gas drilling. It is heavier than air,
so stay high if you suspect a problem and are trying to escape. Keep an eye out for blackened brass or
copper pipes and fittings. Such indications could indicate that hydrogen sulfide gas is now present, or
may have been in the past.
Carbon dioxide - Decaying animal or vegetable matter can create this gas, the gas may have been
used to inert a space, or it may have leaked from a fire suppression system. The gas is odorless,
colorless, and displaces the oxygen within the space, which can be fatal.
Ammonia -- This gas has good warning properties because it is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose,
and moist skin. When exposure is gradual, most people are driven from the area before injury can
occur. However, if the exposure is extensive or prolonged, severe irritation to the respiratory tract can
result in respiratory arrest and death. If the odor of ammonia is strong, it is a sign that a leak exists,
and must have attention before the space is entered.
Welding gases - Acetylene, oxygen, argon, and helium are all gases used in welding that might find
their way into a confined space and threaten your life. These all have different properties and dangers
but they most often enter a confined space due to a simple error, such as leaving an unused welding
hose in the space. Never leave a welding gas hose in a confined space--even if it's turned off. It is too
easy for someone to turn a wrong valve by mistake, and release gas that becomes a killer.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

Legislation requires that virtually all hazardous chemicals used in the workplace are required to have
labels that indicate the type and level of the potential hazard.
The warning labels used to identify hazardous materials have a universal color and numbering system.
They also utilize a letter designating what type of personal protective equipment is needed. This makes
it easier for you to tell what type and level of hazard you are dealing with. Colors are used to show the
specific kind of hazard, and numbers within the colors are used to let you know what the potential
hazard is, mild through severe. Please review the following:
COLOR: TYPE
Red -- indicates the flammability hazard. 0 -- minimal hazard
Blue -- shows the health hazard. 1 -- slight hazard
Yellow -- tells the reactivity hazard. 2 -- moderate hazard
White -- informs if any special hazards exist. 3 -- serious hazard
4 -- severe hazard
PPE
A--safety glasses
B--safety glasses, gloves
C--safety glasses, gloves, synthetic apron
D--face shield, gloves, synthetic apron
E--safety glasses, gloves, dust respirator
F--safety glasses, gloves, synthetic apron, dust respirator
G--safety glasses, gloves, vapor respirator
H--splash goggles, gloves, synthetic apron,vapor respirator
I--safety glasses, gloves, dust and vapor respirator
J--splash goggles, gloves, synthetic apron, dust and vapor respirator
K--air line respirator, gloves, full suit, boots
X--Ask your supervisor for guidance


As a rule of thumb, any category with a "2" or higher should be considered as having the potential to
create a dangerous situation. If you are unsure about any aspect of the chemical that you are handling,
refer to the MSDS. Remember, at a minimum, always wear the personal protective equipment
recommended. The purpose of the standard is to reduce the number of unprotected exposures to work
place chemicals. It is meant to protect YOU!

HAZARDS OF SOLVENTS
We use solvents practically every day in our lives. At work, we may use or be exposed to solvents
when we come in contact with paints, coatings, while using dip tanks, thinners, degreasers, cleaners,
glues or mastics. As a result of this widespread usage, it is important to know some of the hazards that
are associated with the group of chemicals, generally called "solvents."
For practical purposes a solvent is simply a liquid capable of dissolving specific solids or liquids. As
you know, there are solvents that we use daily that are hazardous. Petroleum based solvents are the
most common type used in industry. Therefore, as part of your job, it's important for you to understand
the hazards of working with or around solvents.
Exposure and over-exposure to a solvent can come from various methods. The routes of entry may
include:
 Absorption by direct contact on the skin. If there are no "barriers" between the solvent and your
skin, the solvent can be absorbed through your skin.
 Inhalation by breathing solvent vapors. Breathing in the solvent vapors can quickly result in the
chemical getting into your body and bloodstream via your lungs.
 Ingestion from literally eating the chemical by not practicing good hygiene after handling
solvents. Direct contact with your hands and mouth through eating or smoking may result in
unexpected ingestion of solvents.
 Puncture of the skin by a tool or other object which has a coating of solvent. Punctures can
result in the direct introduction of toxic chemicals into your body.
Overexposure to solvents can cause a variety of ailments. Depending on the type of solvent you are
exposed to, the body will react in different ways. Skin contact may result in minor skin rashes or an
allergic reaction resulting in "chloracne." This happens when the solvent dissolves the skin's natural
oils. Some workers can develop a sensitization to a particular product or chemical. Sensitization results
in the entire body being "overly" sensitive to a particular chemical or product. After sensitization has
occurred, even a very slight exposure can result in adverse or serious reactions. Serious
overexposures can lead to illnesses resulting in organ or tissue damage.
As with any chemical or product, important information is contained in the product's Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS). The MSDS provides information on safe use, handling, disposal and protection
methods among other information.
Solvents are very useful in our everyday lives. If we take the time to learn more about them, we can be
better prepared to properly use them, protect ourselves and effectively get our job done.
If you are unsure of the solvent or product that you are using, ask questions or check the MSDS.

HEAD INJURIES - AFTER THE FALL

You can work for years and hardly get a scratch, then one day a fall can turn your life around. Fall
injuries may cause abrasions, fractures and dislocations. However, the one of the most serious result
of a fall, other than death, can be a head injury. How this will affect you depends upon which part of
your brain has been injured as a result of a fall or impact. Broken bones usually heal, but head injuries
can result in life long serious problems, such as:
 Changes in personality, such as increased anxiety, depression or anger.

 Difficulties with eye and hand coordination, and inability to handle tools or play sports well.
 Defects in vision and visual illusions.
 Short-term memory loss or interference with long term memory.
 Increased aggressive behavior.
 Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.
 Changes in social behavior
How You Fall Often Determines Your Specific Injury.
From the time a worker loses a secure grip, footing or balance, until impact, several factors influence
what part of the body will be injured and how severe the damage will be. They are:
 Distance of the fall - momentum and velocity effect the impact on your body.
 The angle of the body at impact - we're not like cats landing on all fours.
 The obstacles the body strikes - what if you fall on railings, steps, or vehicles?
 The surface eventually landed on - will it be a pile of hay, or broken concrete & re-bar?
What You Can Do: THINK!
 Help remind your co-workers to play it safe and avoid taking risks.
 Report unsafe conditions to the nearest supervisor.
 Make it a habit to work safely, regardless of time pressures and productivity goals.
 Practice caution at home - accidents and head injuries from falls happen more often off the job
than at work.
 Know how to use fall protection and fall restraint equipment. Never say, "I don't need to fool
around with that stuff-I'll only be up there a minute."
Stay Alert! Head injuries can have devastating consequences that may impact your life forever.

HEARING PROTECTION
Noise is unwanted sound that can effect job performance, safety, and your health. Psychological
effects of noise include annoyance and disruption of concentration. Physical effects include loss of
hearing, pain, nausea, and interference with communications when the exposure is severe.
Hearing protection is essential when noise exposures cannot be controlled at their source. Both
earplugs and earmuffs provide a physical barrier that reduces inner ear noise levels inner ear and
prevent hearing loss from occurring. However, people often resist wearing these or use them
incorrectly.
Employees resist wearing hearing protection more than any other type of personal protective
equipment. One reason is, they don't think they really need it. But hearing loss occurs so gradually
(even in intense exposures) that by the time you notice it, irreversible damage has already occurred.
Another reason for not wearing hearing protection is that it can feel uncomfortable. Sometimes workers
"spring" the muffs so they don't seal properly against the head, or snip off the inner portion of ear plugs
leaving only the outer end to fool their supervisor. If you feel the need to do this, see your supervisor
about obtaining a different type or style that fits you correctly and comfortably.
Slight initial discomfort may be expected when a good seal between the surface of the skin and the
surface of the ear protector is made. The amount of protection you obtain depends on obtaining a good
seal and even a small leak can substantially reduce the effectiveness of the protector. Remember to
check the seal several times each day. Protectors - especially ear plugs - have a tendency to work
loose as a result of talking or chewing, and must be resealed occasionally.
Properly designed, fitted, and clean ear protectors will cause no more discomfort to most workers than
wearing a pair of safety glasses. Earplugs are made of soft material such a neoprene to prevent injury
to the ear canal. Skin irritations, injured eardrums, or other adverse reactions from using ear plugs are
very rare if they are kept reasonably clean.
There are many different styles, types, and brands of ear protectors available, but when correctly fitted,
they all provide similar levels of protection. The best hearing protector for you is one that fits correctly
so that you can wear it properly.
Some signs that you should be wearing hearing protection include:
1. If it is necessary for you to speak in a very loud voice, or shout directly into the ear of a person to be
understood, it is likely that the noise level is high enough to require hearing protection.
2. If you have roaring or ringing noises in your ears at the end of the workday, you are probably being
exposed to too much noise.
3. If speech or music sounds muffled to you after you leave work, but it sounds fairly clear in the
morning when you return to work, you are being exposed to noise levels that are causing a temporary
hearing loss. In time, this can become permanent if you do not take care.

HEAVY EQUIPMENT SAFETY

Operation of heavy equipment such as excavators, loaders, graders, rollers, and bulldozers, should
always be done by highly skilled operators who have demonstrated the ability and necessary skills to
operate safely. Ground-based workers should be trained in how to work safely around the equipment,
and how to stay clear. Unsafe practices by either the operator or those around the equipment can
create very dangerous situations. Serious injuries can occur if the equipment strikes a worker, or if the
equipment is rolled over.
Here are a few common safety rules for operators and ground based workers to consider:
1) Good communication is essential. A standardized set of hand signals should be used by the
operator and signal person. Operators should always know exactly where all ground based workers
are located, and the wearing of high visibility vests will help the operator to locate them quickly. The
equipment should have a back up warning alarm that can be heard by all nearby workers. Two-way
radios are also valuable communication tools.
2) Heavy equipment must have a rollover protective structure (ROPS) meeting all statutory
requirements. The ROPS is designed to protect the operator if the machine tips over. A seat belt must
be worn so that the operator will not be thrown out of the seat during a rollover or upset situation. If
working on slopes, try to avoid moving across the face of the slope. Try to operate up and down the
slope face if possible. Use extreme caution when operating near open excavations.
3) Wear hearing protection when required. If it has been determined that noise levels around the
equipment could potentially cause hearing loss, always use protective plugs or muffs when working on
or around the equipment.
4) Never jump onto or off the equipment. Operators should always use the three-point contact rule
when climbing onto or off heavy equipment. The three-point rule means having both feet and one
hand, or one foot and both hands in contact with the ladder access at all times.
5) Inspect and service the equipment regularly. Complete equipment service in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendation. Periodic safety inspections on all components of the equipment
should be done regularly by qualified personnel. Inspect the steering system and brake systems
carefully. A pre-shift walk around inspection by the operator is highly recommended.
Injury accidents involving heavy equipment on construction sites have a higher probability of resulting
in a fatality than many other types of accidents. It is critical to follow all of your company's safety rules
and procedures when operating or working around heavy equipment.

HOT WATER AND STEAM CLEANING

Hot water and steam are often used to clean walls, floors and equipment in many industries and
operations. A variety of dangers are associated with hot water or steam cleaning, however, all of which
should be considered in order to avoid personal injury.
Burns -- Water temperatures between 74º and 90º C clean most effectively. Unfortunately, water can
scald a person at temperatures as low as 48º C. To avoid increasing your risk of injury in the case of a
mishap, set your water temperature only as high as necessary to accomplish the job. Many cleaning
tasks can be successful with temperatures less than 44º C. At this level you probably do not need to
wear personal protective equipment, except to keep yourself dry. When working with soot, light oils,
grease, and sticky surfaces, water temperatures between 44º and 74º C may be required. In these
cases, you should wear a face shield, rubber gloves and boots, plus an apron long enough to cover the
tops of the boots. Additionally, you should wear your boots inside your pant legs, so that hot water
cannot flow into your boots.
High Pressures -- Use only high pressure armored or wire-reinforced steam hoses, to eliminate the
possibility of bursting under high pressure. There is a good chance you will be sprayed if a hose
breaks, or you or a co-worker could be struck by a whipping hose. Never use a cold water hose for hot
water or steam washer cleaning.
Hose Maintenance -- Always inspect your hoses before use. If your hose is damaged, replace it.
Unless you have the proper equipment, it is unlikely you can repair a hose so that it is as strong as it
was before it broke. Make sure all hose connections are tight and proper. Leaks and failures are very
dangerous. If a hose does become kinked, untwist it to remove the kinks. When you are done with the
cleaning job, roll or coil the hose and put it away. Never leave it where it could be run over or otherwise
damaged.
Uncontrolled Hose - Be cautious around a steam hose that has been allowed to cool. Water may have
condensed inside the hose and could be released when the valve is opened. This can cause the hose
and nozzle to whip violently.
Electric Shock - Everyone knows that water and electricity do not mix, so shut off all electrical power
within the work area while cleaning with water or steam. Cover electrical fixtures. Never spray directly
at any electrical equipment. Do not turn the power back on until you are sure everything is absolutely
dry.
Cleaners -- Be aware of the potential danger in detergents and alkaline cleaning materials. Many
cleaners have a corrosive action upon all body tissues, especially the eyes. Even contact with dilute
solutions can cause injury. When mixing, add the alkaline cleaners to the water gradually. Dumping a
large quantity in all at once could result in an explosion. Prevent contact with your skin and avoid
breathing the mists and powders. Always wear your personal protective equipment, including
respirators and eye protection. Also be sure a wash station is nearby in case of a splash.
Poor Visibility -- Probably the most common complaint when doing this work is lack of good visibility,
due to the steam cloud. Operators should direct the steam away from themselves. Plan the work so
you do not have to walk into a vapor cloud, where you might trip or slip and fall. If you become
enveloped in a cloud, stop work, wait for it to dissipate and warn other workers away. Unless the work
area is very confined, you should soon have a clear field of vision.

HOUSEKEEPING IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF YOUR JOB

Your employer is not your mother! What do I mean by that, you ask? I mean, just like when you were
young, your mother had to remind you to pick up after yourself. Now that you are on your own, you still
need to be told sometimes. Housekeeping is a very important part of your job. Not only does it improve
the overall appearance of your shop or work area, it shows that you take pride in where you work. The
best way that you can help keep your work place clean is to pick up after yourself! Don't leave it for the
next shift or another craft to worry about.
Here are some reasons to keep your work area clean:
1. You reduce trip and fall hazards.

2. Increased production. You won't have to waste time looking for a misplaced tool. You will
always know where your tools are when you put them where they belong after you use them.
3. If someone falls because of materials you left on the floor, you will feel guilty because you were
a causal factor in the accident. Also, the injured worker may want to remind you of that!
4. You reduce a potential fire hazard by removing unneeded combustibles from the work area.
Here are some tips to maintain a clean work area:
 Plan the job. Make a list of the needed tools/materials. This will help to minimize unnecessary
clutter around your work area.
 Develop a routine for cleaning up at the end of the shift or periodically during the shift.
 Do not allow employees to eat, drink or smoke in the work area, not only because of litter
problems, but also because of hygiene concerns.
 This is not, by all means, all inclusive. The point I am trying to make is to take responsibility for
yourself and your work area! Remember, a clean work area is a productive work area and also
enhances safety!

HOUSEKEEPING IS SAFE-KEEPING AT WORK

"You never get a second chance to make a good first impression." Never has this phrase been so true
as when it comes to housekeeping at work. The negative impressions and implications of poor
housekeeping can affect you and co-workers for a long time to come. Morale is lowered for most
people who must function every day in a messy, disorderly work environment, although they may not
be aware of the cause.
Safety is an even more critical issue. If your housekeeping habits are poor, the result may be employee
injuries-or even death, and even difficulty in securing future work. How can such a "minor" issue have
such serious consequences?
Here are some results of poor housekeeping practices:
 Injuries, when employees trip, fall, strike or are struck by out-of-place objects;
 Injuries from using improper tools because the correct tool can't be found;
 Lowered production because of the time spent maneuvering over and around someone else's
mess, and time spent looking for proper tools and materials;
 Time spent investigating and reporting accidents that could have been avoided;
 Fires due to improper storage and disposal of flammable or combustible materials and wastes;
 Substandard quality of finished products because of production schedule delays, damaged or
defective finishes, ill-equipped employees, etc.;
 Lack of future work due to a reputation for poor quality;
 "in-depth" safety inspections due to the "first impression" of the compliance officer.
General housekeeping rules to remember are:
 Clean up after yourself. Pick up your trash and debris and dispose of it properly, or place it
where it will not pose a hazard to others. Institute a routine cleaning schedule.
 Keep your work area clean throughout the day. This will minimize the amount of time needed to
clean a "larger mess" at the end of the day.
 Dispose of combustibles and flammables properly. If improperly discarded, they will increase
the potential for a fire.
 Remove protruding nails and other sharp objects or hammer them flat to prevent someone from
stepping on them or snagging themselves.
 Stack materials and supplies orderly and secure them so they won't topple.
Do you value your health and safety, your work reputation, as well as your future employment? If you
do, practice these general housekeeping rules.
An uncluttered workplace shows respect for those who work there. Help keep it that way!

HOW LOUD IS LOUD?

Most of us take our sense of hearing for granted-we assume that we hear what everyone else hears.
Loss of hearing may not be realized until a friend or spouse screams in frustration, "Why don't you ever
listen to me!!" This is because hearing loss is usually gradual. Normally, it doesn't hurt, so we don't
know it's happening. It doesn't annoy us like losing our eyesight. In fact, it is sometimes a blessing to
tune out all the clatter and noise of the city and workplace.
Yet our ability to hear when we want to is precious and must be protected. Employers often reduce the
amount of noise in the workplace by enclosing or muffling loud machinery, but they usually can't
eliminate it entirely. Employers may also rotate workers out of an area so they needn't experience a full
work day of excessive noise exposure. Whatever the length of time you work in an area with high noise
levels, you are probably required to wear a type of hearing protection. Some people consider this a
nuisance. The more you know about those ears of yours, however, the more likely you will take
responsibility for protecting them.
Do you realize that noise exposure off the job can also damage your hearing? The critical sound level
when hearing protection should be worn is 85 decibels (dBA), established for an 8-hour time weighted
average. The louder and longer your exposure, whether at work, at home, or during recreation, the
more likely your hearing will be damaged. If you want to have a sense of "how loud is loud," the
following examples, along with their decibel rating, will give you an idea:
20 a faint whisper
30-40 quiet pleasant sounds, a bird chirping
40-50 quiet to normal office sounds
50-60 normal conversation
heavy machinery, electric motors, garbage disposal, city
70-90
traffic
jack hammer, power saw, motorcycle, lawn mower, rock
100-120
music
140+ nearly jet engine, gun shot (this level causes pain)
Wear your hearing protection!
Many disposable or reusable plugs are available and most of these reduce noise by about 20-30
decibels. The noise reduction rating (NRR) is usually marked on the package, or on the box if they
come in bulk. However, since the NRR is established in a laboratory with perfectly fitted plugs, experts
recommend that the true rating is generally about 7 decibels less than indicated. Hearing protectors of
the ear muff type are usually closer to the actual NRR.
Some degree of hearing loss is part of the normal aging process, but young people should also be
warned about the dangers of a rock concert, boom box, lawn mower or loud car engine. Of course they
may not listen to you-but if they have permanent hearing loss, they won't be able to listen to anyone,
will they?
Hearing Protection - Use it!


HYDRAULIC HOSES AND THE DANGER OF LEAKS

You may find it hard to believe, but hydraulic hose assemblies are not designed to leak--though they
do. And when they do, something is wrong. Leaks from high-pressure hydraulic lines are not just
messy, they are dangerous. Leaks create slip and fall hazards, fire danger, and they contaminate the
environment. Leaks can cause skin burns and, under high pressure, can penetrate the skin. The most
common causes of leaking hoses are worn or damaged hose and improper assembly. If you work with
hydraulic hoses, you should become skilled at anticipating problems, preventing them and fixing them.
Preventing Problems: Prevent wear by using hoses of the correct length and diameter. Run the hose in
the manner specified by the machine manufacturer, making sure it is supported and restrained by all
provided hangers and/or brackets. If damaged/worn guards were originally installed but missing, they
must be replaced. Do not ignore a damaged outer jacket (hose layer). This allows moisture to attack
the exposed hose reinforcement, leading to rust. Corrosion could lead to hose failure.
The Wrong Way To Find and Fix Leaks: What do you do when you find a leaking fitting? Find a wrench
and give the fitting another turn? That extra turn could cause a greater leak or cause the fitting to fail
entirely. Do not use your hand to find the leak. Use a piece of cardboard or wood instead. Hydraulic
fluid is hot and can burn the skin. A pinhole leak, under pressure, could actually inject fluid under your
skin, causing poisoning, infection, and threaten life and limb. It can and has happened.
Test For Tightness: But before doing this, shut the machine off and bleed hydraulic pressure from the
line. If the fitting threads were to strip or a connection were to fail under pressure, injury or fire could
result from the sudden release of hot oil. The usual cause of a leak at a fitting is improper assembly or
damage. Make sure that:
(1) Both ends are clean inside and out, and that no physical damage has occurred;
(2) New seals are used and they have been cleaned and lubricated before installation;
(3) Fittings are not over-tightened--which can distort seals and ferrules, causing metal fatigue or
cracking flared ends;
(4) Fittings are compatible. There are many different thread ends, and some may almost go together
properly, but not quite.
Proper Assembly Of Hose Ends Is Important. Hoses that come apart under pressure can whip back
with great force and release a lot of hot oil. If the failure occurs at a fitting, the usual reason is improper
crimping, an incorrectly cut hose, or a stem that was not inserted into the hose all the way. If you
assemble your own hoses, check your crimping dies for wear. On some types of crimping machines, if
the dies become worn, the crimp is looser than it should be. Screw type hose clamps are not to be
used on pressurized hydraulic hoses.
People who work with any type of fluid piping system know it takes clean, careful workmanship to
prevent dangerous leaks. If you see a leak, report it. If your job requires you to fix leaks, do it properly
and safely.

INDIVIDUAL QUALITY MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

In this age of rapid change and need for efficiency, we also see an increased emphasis on quality
assurance standards such as ISO (International Standardization Organization) certifications. However,
the biggest factor we must consider in this age of more with less, is how we, as individuals, impact the
quality process. Our honor and integrity as human beings needs to be confirmed in our work and
everything we do. So, you may ask, how does this apply to safety?
Our personal behavior can determine someone else's fate as well as our own. Failure to do things
correctly can jeopardize the health and safety of those around us, as well as our own well being. We
must beware of letting mediocrity infiltrate our methods. If our methods do not indicate our best effort,
they are not good enough. What we do, how we work, and the standards we set for ourselves, make
the difference between success and failure. If we accept mediocrity, we accept failure as a way of life.
Consider the example of an employee at a ship building facility who, at the end of a busy day, left a
hammer in the hull of the ship. Fourteen years later, the boat sprung a leak in the middle of the ocean
because the hammer wore a hole in the ship's hull over time. The boat sank and lives were lost.
What about the oil that was spilled on the shop floor and wasn't cleaned up right away? A fellow
employee, a close friend of yours, comes by moments or hours later, doesn't see the spill, slips and
falls. Now he has severe back problems that affect his future, his family, and their quality of life for
generations to come. By the way, the expense of that injury also put this small business out of
operation, affecting the lives of all the workers and the business owner.
Each time we don't do our best, we accept mediocrity as a way of life. To help set standards of
excellence in everything we do we must pay attention to detail. If we don't know the right way to do
something, we must ask someone who does. If asked for help, we should take the time to demonstrate
how to correctly and thoroughly complete a task. We must make an individual contribution, on a daily
basis, to the quality process.
When we set higher individual standards for ourselves and give our best to everything we do, it can
make a difference. This helps to protect the finest quality of life this world has to offer.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE & FIRST AID TREATMENT

We may all find it necessary, at some time in the future, to help a co-worker who has been seriously
injured and is bleeding. It is natural to be most concerned with helping the injured person at this time,
but you should also think about protecting yourself from infection. Many diseases, such as AIDS and
Hepatitis, can be transmitted from saliva-to-blood, or from blood-to-blood contact. Individuals may have
such a disease and not know it, because of the long incubation period. They may have contracted an
infectious disease through blood transfusion or exposure to food that has been handled by an infected
person. Don't add another route for infection-unprotected first aid assistance.
Always follow "universal precautions" when there is a potential for contacting another's body fluids.
This term means that "all injured persons should be considered as if they are infected with a
bloodborne pathogen when administering first aid or medical attention."
One of the best ways to protect yourself when giving first aid is by wearing rubber or latex gloves. This
not only protects you, but protects the injured person from additional risk of infection as well. Even
small finger cuts or abrasions on your hands could provide entry for a virus or bacteria.
All first aid kits should be stocked with rubber gloves that are packaged individually so they remain
sanitary. Gloves should never be re-used.
First aid kits should also be stocked with face masks and glasses. If there is a chance of blood
splattering, cover your mucous membranes-mouth, nose and eyes-with a mask and goggles. A dust
mask or respirator will do in a pinch.
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation offers another potential for exposure to infectious disease. You can
protect yourself through the use of a disposable microshield or S-tube, as they are sometimes called,
which should also be supplied in first aid kits. These plastic devices prevent saliva transfer and limit the
potential for infection from a variety of infectious diseases.
Blood-contaminated gloves, clothing, bandages and absorbent materials should be properly deposited
in leakproof containers that are clearly marked with the red biohazard symbol.
Wash hands and other exposed skin immediately and thoroughly with soap and warm water if you've
been exposed to blood or body fluids. To be safe, you should also be tested for pathogens.
ll should be disinfected. A mild solution of

water and household chlorine bleach (10-to-1) is an accepted method. Someone who touches a blood
spill even hours later could be subject to infection if disinfectant isn't used.
Your workplace may have a "Designated First Responder," who is well trained in providing first aid and
avoiding exposure to infectious diseases. But you too could be on the spot when a co-worker is injured
and needs immediate help. Follow "universal precautions" and remind others to do so as well. You
may wish to receive bloodborne pathogens training yourself, from the American Red Cross or another
reputable firm. With hard-to-combat infectious diseases on the rise, take no chances!

INSPECT YOUR SLINGS

Inspecting your synthetic web slings prior to use is one of the easiest ways to prevent a serious
accident from occurring. By adhering to the following suggestions, you can spot potential problems
before you find yourself, literally, over your head in trouble.
1. Inspect your equipment before, during and after use.
This increases your chance of catching a defective sling before anyone uses it.
2. What do you look for when you inspect a sling?
Look for obvious abnormalities in the integrity of the material. Run your hands along the fabric and feel
for irregularity such as tears, holes, snags and frayed areas. If your sling is exposed to sharp edges,
broken and/or worn stitches may be evident. Most slings are made with a red warning string in the core
of the material. If the sling is heavily worn, the warning string will show through. Also, check the fittings
to make sure they are not distorted out of normal shape.
3. What if you find something defective about a sling?
Take it out of service immediately. Don't use it for even one more pick. Cut it into pieces and throw it
away! Also, do not use it at home! If you wouldn't use a defective sling at work, why would you use it at
home?
3. Do chemicals or heat affect slings?
Yes! Slings can be affected by chemicals without showing any real signs of wear. This is where a good
visual and hands-on inspection can pay off. Know what chemicals your slings are contacting and how
they affect the material your slings are made of. Check for burns or melted areas when working around
hot work operations. Remember, your sling is made from man-made materials, and all synthetics break
down after prolonged exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Inspect carefully for such damage.
4. Know the rating of your sling.
Your sling is marked to show the trademark or name of the manufacturer, the stock number and most
importantly, the load rating and types of hitches to be used. If the specifications on the sling do not
match what you will be doing with it, this sling is not rated for your purpose! Do not use if it isn't rated
for the capacity you need!!!
5. Document your sling inspections.
Maintain documentation on all sling inspections that you perform while the sling is in use. This assures
that inspections take place and lessens the chance of an accident due to sling failure.
Slings are expected to wear out and be replaced at regular intervals. How heavily they are used, and
how they are used, should indicate how often they need to be replaced. A good sling inspection
program will assure that slings with the potential of causing an accident are not being used in your
operation. Don't risk damaging goods--or worse yet, injuring workers--due to a worn out sling! Take
Good Care Of Your Equipment!

EQUIPMENT HAZARDS - INSPECTION AND USE OF SLINGS

Each day before being used, all slings, fastenings and attachments must be inspected for damage or
defects. Any damaged or defective sling must be immediately removed from service. Some general
safe operating practices for slings of all types are:
 Slings, which are damaged or defective, shall not be used.
 Slings shall not be shortened with knots, bolts or other makeshift devices.
 Sling legs shall not be kinked.
 Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities.
 Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the load balanced to prevent slippage.
 Slings shall be securely attached to their loads.
 Slings shall be padded or protected from all sharp edges of their loads.
 Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions.
 All persons shall be kept clear of suspended loads or those about to be lifted.
 Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being
tightened around the load.
 Shock loading is prohibited.
 A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling.
Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if one or more of the following conditions are
present:
 Acid or caustic burns; melting or charring of any part of the sling surface.
 Snags, punctures, tears or cuts.
 Broken or worn stitches.
 Distortion of fittings.

GENERAL SAFETY - IT'S YOUR DECISION

Most of us like to get our work done with the least amount of effort, and as quickly as possible. We all
want to get the most work out of the energy we use on the job. This is good because it often results in
discovering newer and more efficient ways of getting our job done.
This energy-saving attitude can also be bad if we make a wrong decision and take dangerous
shortcuts. All of us at sometime or another have exposed ourselves to possible injury by taking a
shortcut when, with a little extra effort, we could have done it the safe way. When we were kids, we
took shortcuts by jumping the fence instead of using the gate. Now that we are adults we do it by
crossing the street between the intersections. Why? Because we want to get there as quickly as
possible, and use the least amount of energy we can while doing it.
There is no doubt about it, the safe way is not always the shortest or quickest way. The safe way
usually takes some extra effort while the unsafe way often appears to be more efficient at the time.
When we are faced with these situations, each one of us will make a conscious decision about what
actions we will take next.
Sometimes we talk ourselves into taking an unsafe shortcut by flawed reasoning. We convince
ourselves that it is worth taking the risk because we're in a hurry and can probably get away with it this
time without being injured. After all, we have done it before and were not injured then.
Take the electrician I saw the other day who was working on a ladder. He was almost finished with the
job except for a little work that he could do only by reaching a little farther than he knew was safe. He
knows he will be taking a chance, so he has to make a decision whether to get down and move the
ladder or to take a shortcut.
Suppose he takes the shortcut. He may get away without having an accident, or he may fall and suffer
an injury that will change his whole life - or even end it. Whatever the result, his decision to take a
chance is not a good one. Whether he wins or loses this time; risking his neck to save a few minutes'
time is rolling the dice - a gamble that he will, eventually, lose.
When you get right down to it though, I don't really think most of us take shortcuts to save time as
much as we do it because the safe way is just too much trouble. Like using the wrong tool because it's
too much trouble to get the right one. Like climbing the rebar because it's too much trouble to get a
ladder. Or maybe like lifting more than you know is safe because it's too much trouble to get someone
to help you.
Or maybe it's like the guy I saw the other day swinging around like a monkey on the side of some
scaffolding poles, holding on with one hand while trying to strip scaffolding with the other, all because
it's too much trouble to go get a safety belt and tie off like he knows he should. Or how about another
guy that was chipping concrete without safety goggles because it was too much trouble to go hunt up a
pair.
Remember, you always have a choice, but only you can decide to do it the safe way. The safe way is
usually not the shortest or quickest way, but it's your decision.

MAKE SHIFT WORK SAFE WORK

Most people in this country think of "work hours" as the daylight hours from 8 or so in the morning until
5 or so in the afternoon. But more than 20 million people work a different schedule. For many reasons,
their work day either starts in the afternoon and ends late at night, or begins around midnight and ends
in the early morning. If this applies to you, be aware that your safety is just as critical as the day crew,
but that conditions and hazards may be different.
If you work a nonstandard shift, it may be because you need to care for family members during the
day; you may have more than one job; it may be the best work you can get at the time; or you may
simply prefer to work at night. Whatever the reason, you should realize that the potential for accidents
and injuries tends to be significantly higher on night shifts than during the day.
Special Challenges Associated With Shift Work:
 The type of work may be different. Some companies schedule inherently heavy or more
hazardous work at night when fewer people are around. This reduces risk for the many, but not
necessarily for those on the night shift.
 It's more difficult to see in the dark. Artificial light can't illuminate every surface, which can result
in more trips and falls. This also makes night driving more hazardous.
 Shift work may result in psychological problems for shift workers who fail to eat, rest and sleep
adequately. Research indicates that shift workers may suffer depression, increased alcohol
use, and even symptoms of physical illness.
 The potential for criminal behavior may increase the need for security by both the company and
employees, since the cover of darkness is often used to help people commit crimes.
 Night workers who lack seniority for day shift assignments may be less experienced and less
aware of safe work practices. This can make them more hazardous to themselves and others.
Fatigue - The Number One Shift Work Safety Problem
Your normal "body clock" wants you to be awake, alert, and productive during daytime. It can be hard
to adjust to a different schedule than what your body naturally wants. People "off schedule," can feel
tired and less alert. They are less likely to notice a potentially dangerous condition, or to respond
quickly in an emergency. For example, more than 50,000 motor vehicle accidents per year are
believed to be caused by sleepy drivers. Perhaps it's no coincidence that disasters like the Three Mile
Island nuclear malfunction and the Exxon Valdez oil spill happened at night.
Tips For Dealing With Fatigue:
Engineering controls can help--such as improved lighting, ventilation, proper temperatures and noise
control. But the key to dealing with fatigue lies with individual employees, who should:
 Keep a regular bedtime schedule. Your body can't adjust if you don't give it a chance.
 Keep your bedroom dark and quiet - have family or roommates cooperate with noise control.
 Avoid excessive use of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine--especially during the pre-sleep hours.
 If possible, try not to rotate shifts, which makes it more difficult for your body to adjust.
 Eat regular meals, but don't consume a heavy meal right before retiring--eat a light snack.
 Maintain a regular exercise routine, which improves sleep and helps reduce overall stress.
 Most important of all, get enough sleep for your own, personal body needs.

LADDER SAFETY
We have all worked with ladders at some time in our lives, either at work or at home. The following are
some tips that may make your interaction with ladders less hazardous:
 Before using a ladder, inspect it for faults, such as broken rungs or rails. If it is an extension
ladder, inspect the pulleys, ropes and locks for excessive wear. Also, check the footings and
pads to make sure they still provide a non-skid surface. If any defect is found, the ladder should
be tagged unsafe and taken out of service. If it cannot be fixed, make sure it is disposed of
properly.
 When setting up a ladder, make sure the ground it is set upon is level and stable. Do not set the
ladder up on a muddy surface or you may find yourself falling over. Do not use bricks or other
material to raise the height of the ladder. If it is not tall enough, you are using the wrong ladder.
 The ladder should reach a minimum of three feet above the "point of support" and should be
secured at this point.
 When using extension ladders, abide by the 1:4 rule. This means if you are using a 4 meter
ladder, the base should be 1 meter from the structure. Some ladders provide a picture guide on
the ladder itself to assist you in this. When using a stepladder, make sure the folding cross
braces are locked in the proper position before you step onto it.
 Always face the ladder when ascending or descending, and have both hands free to grasp it
securely. If you need tools, they should be carried in a tool belt or pulled up with a rope once
you have reached your destination.
 Remember the "3-Point Rule": At least two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand,
should be in contact with the ladder at all times.
 Keep your body between the side rails of the ladder. This reduces the chance of tipping it over
and/or falling off.
 Do not climb higher than the third rung from the top on straight or extension ladders or the
second tread from the top on stepladders.
By following the above rules, you greatly reduce your chances of being injured while working on
ladders. Remember, the life you save will be your own!

LIFT IT TWICE
Most of you have heard the general rules of safe lifting. Remember to "Get a firm grip on the load, keep
it close, bend at the knees, use your legs to lift the load, and keep your spine in the natural position
(with an arch in your lower back)." These principles always apply and should be incorporated into every
lift--if possible! Given the enormous number of "risky" lifting situations that you are faced with at your
place of work, you may not be able to apply these principles every time. This is why you must always
remember to LIFT IT TWICE! What?!
The act of lifting is the same as any other movement that you can learn to do better with practice. As
you know, the more you practice a skill the better you become at doing it. But preparing to master a
skill normally involves mental as well as physical training. Consider bowling, golf, skiing or
sharpshooting. You think carefully about the movements you're going to make before you do them.
This is the only way to get them right--at least until they become second nature.
Most of you know the proper way to physically lift an item, but how many of you are aware that you
need to lift the item TWICE.
1. Your first lift is a mental lift. Think about the lift prior to actually doing it:
 How am I going to lift the item? Can I do it myself or should I get some help?
 How heavy is the item? Do I need to use mechanical assistance?
 Where am I taking the item being lifted? Is it a difficult path or a distance to go?
 What hazards may hamper the lift or obstruct the travel path?
 Eliminate those hazards before you lift the item.
2. The second lift is the actual physical lift. Here is where you carry out your plan.
 Use proper body mechanics and techniques while going through the motions.
 Most important: keep the load as close to your body as possible.
Next time someone tells you to lift twice remember: Two lifts means less risk of a back strain.

LIMITATIONS OF CARTRIDGE-TYPE RESPIRATORS

A half mask cartridge-type respirator is the most common type used for protection against organic
vapors, dusts, mists, acid gases, and fumes. You should be aware, however, that respirators of this
type provide adequate protection only under limited conditions. This type of respirator is designed
mainly for short-term operations that do not contain atmospheres that are "immediately dangerous to
life." To use this type of respirator you must know both the type and concentration of contaminants in
the air.
Cartridge type respirators are approved only for low concentrations of contaminants in the air, the
maximum permitted level of which depends on the "respiratory protection factor" (a measure of the
degree of protection provided to the wearer). If a qualitative fit test is used (for example banana oil, or
smoke tubes) a respiratory protection factor of 10 must be used. To determine the maximum
concentration of airborne contaminants permitted in the air where the respirator will be used, the
permissible time weighted average concentration (TWA or TLV) of the contaminant is multiplied by 10.
For example, the TLV for lead fume is .15 mg/m 3, so the maximum concentration permitted in the air
when using this type of respirator is 1.5 mg/m3. (TLVs are published by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
Also, remember that a cartridge-type respirator does not generate breathing air and the oxygen content
of the area must be at least 19.5% to use this type of respirator. In addition, it must also be worn only
in the presence of moderately toxic air contaminants that have distinctive warning properties such as
odor, irritation, or taste. The purpose of this requirement is to allow the user to tell when the cartridges
have become exhausted. If you can detect the contaminant inside the mask, it means you must exit the
area immediately and change the cartridge.
Other things you should be aware of when wearing a cartridge-type respirator:
 Never enter a confined space with a cartridge-type respirator unless you know for sure that the
space has been tested for oxygen content and toxic air contaminants, and that entry with this
type of respirator is allowable and that entry has been approved.
 Never work in toxic vapors for which the respirator cartridge was not intended. There are many
different types and combinations of cartridges--each for a specific type of hazard that is
described on the band surrounding the cartridge. Also be sure the cartridges are the type the
manufacturer specifies for your respirator. In general, they are not interchangeable from one
manufacture to another. Ask your supervisor if you have doubts about these factors.
 Be sure your respirator fits your face properly. Most manufacturers provide at least three sizes
of face pieces and one of them should fit you better than others. Your supervisor will help you
select the proper size so that you get a good respirator fit.
 Be sure to check the respirator seal by performing positive and negative pressure tests
immediately prior to entering a contaminated area. Tighten the straps and move the respirator
around if you can't get a good seal. Beards, mustaches and long sideburns usually prevent
obtaining a good seal.
Cartridge respirators are safe to use if you understand their limitations and how to use them properly.

MACHINE SAFETY- LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROGRAMS

If any employees of a company are required to perform hazardous maintenance or repair of machines
and equipment, a formal, written Lockout/Tagout Program must be developed and implemented. This
program must include machine-specific procedures for shut-down and re-energizing equipment and
training for "affected" employees (i.e., those who operate, service or work near the equipment in
question).
These procedures must be followed during the servicing or maintenance of machines, to avoid the
"unexpected energization or start up of the machinery or equipment, or the release of stored energy,
which could cause injury to employees."
Procedures will vary, depending upon (1) whether the source of hazardous energy is electrical,
hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, thermal or chemical, and (2) how many employees are affected.
Nevertheless, all employees should be familiar with lockout/tagout procedures for their company's
operations and a review of these should take place periodically.
The following SIX STEPS are a review of basic steps for safely de-energizing equipment. :
1. Notify all "affected employees" that the equipment will be shut down.
2. Shut down the equipment by normal stopping procedures.
3. "Isolate" all the equipment's energy sources.
4. Lock out and/or tagout the energy isolating devices with assigned, individual locks.
5. Release or restrain any stored energy by grounding, blocking, bleeding down, etc.
6. Assure that no personnel are exposed, then test the equipment to assure that it will not operate.
Restoring Equipment to Service:
1. Check to aAssure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed from the area.
2. Verify that equipment controls are in neutral.
3. Remove lockout devices and/or tags and re-energize the machine or equipment.
4. Notify affected employees that servicing is complete and the equipment is ready for use.
According to the latest statistics, every ten minutes, two people are killed and hundreds suffer disabling
injuries from accidents on the job. DON'T BE A STATISTIC! Know what part you play in the
Lockout/Tagout Program.
* 29 CFR 1910.147 describes federal requirements and exempted operations.


LOOK OUT FOR YOUR CO-WORKERS

Take a look around at your co-workers. Some are your friends during work hours, and even after work.
You know about their families, what they like and don't like, and what they do for fun. So, be on the
lookout for unsafe conditions and correct them, or report them to your supervisors as soon as possible.
Help your fellow workers get through the shift without an accident:
 I'll help you lift those heavy items, so you don't have to do it by yourself. I know a back injury
can mess up your home life, as well as your ability to work.
 I'll be sure to inspect those slings before you lift a load. I know that you are depending upon
them to hold the weight of the load until it is set down.
 I'll inspect that ladder and make sure it is in good condition before I set it up for you to use. I will
set it at a good 4:1 angle so it won't slip while you're on it.
 I'll be certain that the guardrails, midrails and toeboards are in place before you get up on that
scaffolding, because I know a fall could lead to your serious injury or death.
 I'll make sure that all passageways and walkways are clear so you won't slip, trip or fall.
 I'll label all containers in the workplace, so you don't use the wrong product for a job by mistake.
 I'll check the backup alarms on our heavy equipment, because I can't always see you, and I
want to make sure you can hear me.
 When I'm welding, I will always set up the welding shields so the flash won't burn your eyes.
 I'll tag and report all tools that aren't working properly so you won't be injured by plugging in a
tool that has a faulty wire.
 I'll know and practice the emergency evacuation procedures, so we can both get out of an
unsafe condition together.
Finally, I want to see you leave work exactly the way you arrived. So, if I see you doing something the
wrong way, I'll show you the right way to do it. Of course, I expect you will do the same for me-after all,
shouldn't everyone on the crew watch out for each other?

MACHINE OPERATION REQUIRES SKILL & THOUGHT

Machines don't know what they're doing. A power saw or lathe can injure you without a second
"thought." When using power tools or machinery, remember that you are the only one with the brain.
Machines turn on and they turn off. Beyond that, it is you, the operator, that controls their safe use.
That means you need to apply your training and skills to use machines in a safe manner. You need to
be alert and think ahead at all times, because the machine will not think for you. It doesn't know when
you or someone else next to you is in danger. A saw or lathe can't tell your finger or wrist from wood or
bar stock.
A recent loss makes this example clear. A shipwright was in the process of making rabbit joints on
hardwood, using a dado blade. To keep the wood from splintering at the end of the cut, the operator
first moved the stock to the back side of the blade, in order to make a small notch. Does anyone out
there doubt this was extremely unsafe? Understand, the saw blade was rotating toward the operator,
and his hands and wrists were actually beside and behind the saw blade itself. His body was stretched
forward. What happened next is predictable. The wood kicked forward abruptly toward the operator,
and one of the operator's hands was thrown into the dado blade, resulting in a serious, painful
amputation.
This only took a fraction of a second, but the shipwright will spend the rest of his life bearing the
handicap of his amputation and deformity. Statistics show that one serious disabling injury will happen
every 300 times an unsafe act occurs.
In the course of investigating the accident, the supervisor said he had never seen this employee do this
act previously. If he had noted it, he would have cautioned the employee, he said. We can't doubt the
supervisor's honesty, however the employee indicated that in this yard, they always had done it that
way. One must wonder if the supervisor had ever watched his people's work practices from a safety
standpoint. Or did he not check HOW the work was being done, and instead only checked the end
result?
Of course, you don't need to wait for a supervisor to analyze your actions for safety. You should do this
all the time. Take responsibility for your own safety at work and continually ask the question, "WHAT IF
. . ." Who will get injured if things go wrong? Who pays the price if there is an accident? Who endures
the pain if something happens? Whose life might be lost if this short-cut doesn't work?
Guard against taking safety short-cuts. Pre-plan the job and set it up properly. Take the time to do your
work safely. If unsure how to do the job correctly or safety, ask questions. Don't be afraid to ask for
help. And, if you see someone doing something that doesn't meet the "WHAT IF. . ." standard, talk to
them about it. Volunteer to help your co-workers, whenever they need it.

MAKE THE BEST USE OF YOUR FIRST-AID KIT

Are only Band-Aids® and aspirin taken from the first aid kit most of the time-because you or your
coworkers aren't sure how to use the other supplies? First-aid kits can be stocked with a variety of
items, but most kits have a common assortment of supplies. As with any tool, you must know how to
use these products to get the best results. In this safety meeting, typical supplies and their uses will be
described, to help make this helpful "tool kit" most effective for you.
 Absorbent Gauze: Use these to clean a wound or to apply first-aid or antiseptic cream.
 Adhesive Bandages: Different sizes and shapes are provided to protect minor scrapes and cuts
after they have been cleaned and medicated.
 Adhesive Tape: For securing wound dressings or giving additional protection over bandages.
 Antacid Tablets: For indigestion or heartburn.
 Antiseptic Soap or Pads: For cleaning skin or wounds.
 Bandage Compresses: Use these for applying pressure to a large wound or scrape that is
bleeding. Place the compress over the wound and apply pressure to reduce bleeding.
 CPR Mouth Barrier: (e.g.: Microshield) For use as a mouth barrier in CPR resuscitation.
 Disposable Latex Gloves: The First Responder to an injury should use this protection to prevent
contact with an injured person's bodily fluids (blood, saliva, etc.).
 Elastic Bandages: For wrapping sprains and to help hold dressings or cold packs in place.
 Eye Wash: The wash bottles in a fist-aid kit are typically small. Use them to rinse very minor
contaminants from the eye. All other eye injuries should seek medical care.
 First-Aid Manual: A brief guide to emergency first-aid care.
 First-Aid Ointment or Antiseptic Cream: Apply this salve to wounds that have been cleaned
prior to applying a dressing.
 Gauze Roll: Gauze is used to hold flat, non-adhesive bandages in-place prior to taping. It is not
a bandage, because most gauze is not a sterile dressing.
 Instant Cold Pack: Place the pack on a sprain, fracture, or severe bruise to reduce swelling.
 Microbial Hand Wipes: For First Responders' clean-up after providing emergency care.
 Pain Relievers: (e.g., Aspirin, Acetaminophen or Tylenol®) For minor aches or pains, as the
package directs.
 Scissors: For cutting clothing, tape or bandages and providing a better fit around the wound.
 Triangular Bandage: Used to create a sling for supporting an injured hand or arm or as
protection over a large dressing.
 Tweezers: For removing foreign bodies from minor injuries. Not for use on eye injuries.
 Wound Cleanser Wipes: Use these singlet wipes to clean minor scrapes or cuts before applying
antiseptic and adhesive bandages.
Use first aid kits for minor injuries and during emergencies before medics arrive to treat serious
injuries. So, know what supplies are in your kits--and make the best use of them.
Be sure to let your supervisor know if your kit needs to be restocked!


GENERAL SAFETY - MAN DOWN!!!

These words can strike terror in anyone. You know this means that someone is injured or ill and needs
some help. From you. What do you do?
First and foremost, have someone call 911. Get professional help on the way as quickly as possible.
Have the physical address and building number posted at each phone. Most people suffer from
memory loss during a crisis and having the address posted can alleviate this problem.
Hopefully you have received first aid and CPR training. If you haven't, check into it. Being able to assist
someone who needs help is better than standing around feeling helpless.
Next, assess the situation. Look for hazards that may have caused this incident. Don't rush to someone
until you look around and make sure you won't have the same fate. When all is clear, go to the patient.
Don't move the person unless they are in grave danger. If unconscious, check the A-B-C's. Airway,
breathing and circulation. If the person is not breathing, you have to begin CPR until the paramedics
arrive. Seconds count and it is up to you to give the breath of life.
If bleeding, direct pressure must be applied to the area to reduce the blood loss. Utilize latex gloves to
protect yourself. If the person is conscious, keep calm. Talk in normal tones and by all means, don't
say anything that will alarm the person. If possible, cover the injured area so the person affected won't
see the injury.
Shock is a possibility, so have blankets available to keep the person warm and comfortable. Also, don't
give the person anything to drink.
An emergency can strike at any time and being prepared can be the key to saving a life. Maybe even
your life.

MATERIAL HANDLING LIFT TRUCKS

In today's work world, we all benefit from some type of material handling equipment. Whether the
equipment is just a paper tray for a printer or a log loader for a sawmill, the concept of moving
materials in the easiest manner possible is still the same.
Most warehouse type operations use lift trucks for their operations. This type of equipment, while very
productive, is also very dangerous in the wrong hands. Operators must be trained on the particular
piece of equipment they will be operating. Lift trucks vary in size, capacity, and operation. These
particulars must be addressed in training sessions before operators are permitted to use the
equipment.
Issues needing to be addressed in terms of hazards and safety procedures include:
 Operation of all controls for the lift truck.

 Capabilities of the lift truck. ( weights, fork shifting, etc. ) This can be found on the placard in the
cab and/or in the operations manual.
 Fueling / battery recharging procedures.
 Visibility barriers and back-up alarms.
 Operations in tight aisles, loading ramps, high picks, and on inclines.
 Driving procedures. Corners, carrying loads, material placement, lift truck speed.
These topics, as well as others, should be covered in a comprehensive training program. The program
should also include a written outline of training topics, a self test or evaluation for the driver, a practical
field test (commonly called a lift truck rodeo), and a signed certificate of completion for the course.
Follow up training is also important for ensuring that employees thoroughly understand the machines
they operate - and remember to do what they understand. DO NOT OPERATE A LIFT TRUCK IF YOU
ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO DO SO.

MOBILE CRANE OUTRIGGERS

The key to lifting a maximum capacity load with a mobile crane is the outriggers. They provide a solid
platform for the crane's safe operation and efficient use. Operators and workers within a crane's radius
must always be aware of how critical the placement and use of outriggers are to the crane's
performance. Without this awareness they may place both themselves and the crane in peril.
Statistics show that at least 50% of crane incidents occur because the mobile crane or outriggers are
not set-up properly. Specific hazards that can cause or contribute to failure or collapse include:
 failure to extend the outriggers fully;

 not extending all outriggers;
 failure to get completely "off-rubber"
 not accounting for poor ground conditions;
 failure to level the crane.
Use The Correct Load Chart: The purpose of outriggers is to improve the stability of the crane.
Accurate use of the "on-outriggers fully extended" load chart, requires that outriggers be fully extended
and they must bring the rig completely off-rubber. If the tires are touching the ground, then the "on-
rubber" load chart is the only one that can be used. Manufacturers do not recommend extending only
one or two of the outriggers. If outriggers are to be used, fully extend all of them and get the tires off
the ground. Accidents commonly occur because the operator is lifting from only one side of the rig, with
only two outriggers extended. Then, later in the day, this same operator is asked to swing the boom to
the other side of the rig for a pick. He does this without thinking and topples the crane. (Note: The load
charts of some manufacturers now permit partially-extended outriggers, so always refer to the correct
load chart prior to making the lift.)
Outrigger Pads and Floats: The pads found on all crane outriggers are designed for good ground
conditions. Poor conditions reduce the amount of load a crane can safely place on the outrigger pad.
Because of this, many crane operations require additional support or "floats." Supplemental floats are
made of substantial material and must always be larger than the outrigger pad. These floats disperse
the weight of the crane and its load over more ground area than does the pad. Any float or cribbing
which is smaller than the pad, actually increases the pressure placed on the ground. This increase in
pressure, particularly in poor ground conditions, can cause an outrigger to "punch through," and bring
about an accident.
Leveling: Also be aware that all floats and cribbing must be level. If the outrigger pad is set down on an
unleveled float, the outrigger pad may slide off when under load, causing the crane to tip. Many
manufacturers stipulate that the crane must be within 1% of level before their load chart applies. In a
20-foot span this is only 2 inches off-level! Past this point, the crane can lose 15% - 20% or more of its
rated capacity. So, keep the crane on solid level footing.
Operators and workers must never take a mobile crane for granted. Plan the work--setting up the crane
safely every time, for every lift!

GENERAL SAFETY- MOTION INJURIES

Taking the time to think about everyday tasks and their affects on our bodies is a good way to prevent
injuries. The following scenarios will demonstrate how inadequate planning leads to pain and disability,
affecting on- and off-the-job activities.
At the breakfast table you rush to clean everything up before going to work. You stretch awkwardly
across the table to lift your infant baby out of the highchair. Half standing, you start to lift your baby, but
then stop, reacting to a sharp pain in your back. Instead of using your leg muscles to lift, you used your
back muscles and are consequently suffering back pain.
In the warehouse, you notice some boxes on the floor. These boxes are in the way of pedestrian traffic
and so you proceed to move them. You know that the boxes could be heavy but you do not want to
bother anyone to help you. You bend over at the waist to lift one box but have to stop because the load
is too heavy and you feel a sudden pain in your back. As a result, you strain your back muscle -- an
injury that may keep you off the job for several days.
In this next scenario, you are a production-line worker who packs boxes as they pass by on a
conveyor. Throughout the day, you perform the same set of lifting and twisting motions with your arms.
You begin to experience pain in your forearms and sometimes it aches so much that you can't sleep.
The repetitive nature of your work has stressed your arm tendons, muscles and nerves.
What could have been done to avoid the motion injuries mentioned above? You could have thought
about the task at hand and applied the Take Two principle (Talk, Actions, Knowledge, Equipment)
checklist: Talk to your supervisor about how to perform the job safely. Think about how your actions
will affect safety. Know the right rules and procedures for the job. Use the proper equipment and keep
it in good condition.
Keeping the above scenarios in mind, ask yourselves and your co-workers these questions:
1) Do we always think carefully about posture and proper techniques when lifting?
2) Why do we sometimes ignore our body and safety?
- Busy work schedule - Think that "it won't happen to me."
- Lack of knowledge - Under stress
3) What is the procedure for lifting safely?
- Make sure you are close to the object and are not bending over to lift
- Keep back straight and use leg muscles to lift
- Don't twist or stretch excessively.
4) How can we help prevent repetitive motion injuries?
- Take breaks to stretch and relax
- Rotate work stations; change positions


Living in a stressful society where time is money and deadlines are of the utmost importance, it is easy
to get so caught up in what you are doing that you forget about taking care of your body. But think
about the consequences of having an injury where you can't work, play, or spend any time with your
family and friends. Think of how badly an injury makes you feel (physically and emotionally) and all the
extra work and lost wages you have to make up for when you come back to work. Isn't your body worth
an extra few minutes to do the tasks correctly and safely?

NEAR MISS - THE ONE THAT ALMOST HAPPENED

What is a "near miss?" Webster defines it as: "A result that is nearly, but not quite, successful." What
does this mean to industry? It simply means that a serious accident almost occurred. Someone trips
over a pallet, but doesn't fall. Two forklifts almost collide at a corner. A tool is dropped, but toes are
missed…this time.
Statistics tell us that for every 300 near misses there is one serious injury. According to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS), 6.1 million injuries occurred during 1995. If we multiply each injury by 300, the
result is 1.8 billion near misses for 1995 alone.
So what does this tell us about accidents? Look at the figures. If you reduce the number of near
misses, probability tells us you will then reduce the number of injuries that happen.
The Same Things That Cause Accidents Cause Near Misses:
 Unsafe acts, such as improper lifting; walking under an overhead load; cutting, grinding, or
chipping without safety glasses; not using proper Personal Protective Equipment, etc.
 Unsafe conditions, such as poorly maintained equipment, oil or grease on floors, welding leads
that have been laid in walkways, trash and boxes that have been left in hallways, etc.
 Hurrying and taking risks to get a project done faster, or to wrap up a job at quitting time.
Report Near Misses Before They Become Accidents:
 Once a near miss occurs, report it immediately to the nearest foreman or supervisor. The
potential for such incidents exists all over the workplace, so all employees-not just supervisors--
must help identify them.
 If the near miss is a result of an unsafe condition, don't continue to work under that condition
until the problem has been corrected and your supervisor gives the okay to proceed.
 If the incident is a result of unsafe acts, be certain that everyone involved has been alerted to
their actions before they continue with the job.
Near Misses Are A Warning:
Letting a near miss go unreported provides an opportunity for a serious accident to occur. Correcting
these actions or conditions will enhance the safety within your facility and provide a better working
environment for everyone involved. Don't let yourself or co-workers become statistics--report near
misses to your supervisor.
Prevent An Accident That's About To Happen!


NEW JOB? WHAT ARE THE ODDS FOR INJURY?

Do you feel lucky ?
How many companies have you worked for in your career? How many different projects have you
worked on? How many times have you changed occupations: from an oiler to an operator; from a
laborer to a carpenter; or from a ironworker to a welder, then to a leadman?
Every time you have made one of these changes you've faced a higher probability of being injured on
the job. Studies show that in heavy industries up to 25% of injuries, or 1 in every 4 workers, will be
injured within the first 30 days of starting work. Think of that--the first 30 days!
The majority of you have years of experience, BUT you still fall into this category time and time again.
In fact, every time you change companies or change jobs you play the odds, and fall into the 1-in-4
statistic. That's because new-hires are not just green, inexperienced workers. They are also people
who are new to their occupation, their job, or a specific work environment.
In your profession, you've learned the `tricks-of-the-trade' that allow you to work safely and efficiently.
How did you learn your trade and the methods that make you a valuable asset to this company? You
probably had some formal training, as well as lots of on-the-job-training.
OJT means you learned your job from practice and from those already experienced in the trade. Now,
as you work beside new-hires, it is your experience that must be passed on. Remember, it doesn't
matter whether this person is a 25-year veteran in the business who is simply new to this company, or
if they are a green trainee who just bought their first set of tools. All of these people are playing the
odds.
So, keep a helpful eye on the new-hires in your crew. Take the time to describe the layout of the
project, the best method to access the work, or how to work a tool they have never used. Everyone
wants to learn the best way to do a job. Someone probably showed you how to do things, so take the
time to help out your partner. When you show your co-worker the safest and smartest way to do a job,
it helps keep you safe as well.
Over 90% of all injuries are caused by an unsafe act--someone doing things the wrong way. How many
of these injuries do you think happened because the worker just didn't know the safest or smartest way
to get it done, or didn't want to ask for fear of being ridiculed?
You will be playing the odds a lot throughout your career. Reduce your chances of becoming an
accident statistic by asking questions if you're new to the job. Help someone else avoid being a statistic
by teaching them the tricks-of-the-trade you've learned from experience. It's a two-way street.
Whenever you begin a new job, you are the rookie who is playing the odds. Work safely, ask
questions, and go home every night without an injury. Beat the odds!

New Year's Resolutions

- Safety & Health Attitudes and Actions -
So, you made it to another year. You are still alive (obviously) and, presumably, at least somewhat
healthy. Will you still be able to say this when the New Year rolls around? While you cannot answer
this question yet, you can begin by taking steps today to increase the likelihood you will be able to
greet the New Year in at least as good a shape as you are today. What action should you take?
Begin with the realization that most premature deaths in this country are not work related. They are
caused by your own personal habits as smoking, drug/alcohol abuse, or poor eating habits, usually a
high fat diet. Cigarettes coupled with air contaminants can be more harmful to you than just cigarettes
alone. Being overweight can make you more susceptible to a back injury. Drug and alcohol abuse not
only causes health problems, it is a concern to your employer because of the judgment and
coordination problems it can cause. Evaluate your personal habits and limit your excesses.
More disabling injuries occur at home rather than at work. Why is this? Answer these questions for
yourself: Do you apply the same safety precautions at home as you do at work? Are your home tools in
good repair and properly guarded? Is your ladder of good quality and in good repair? If you are working
with hazardous materials, do you wear personal protective equipment? When you are at work, you are
expected, if not required, to follow the safety rules. At home, you call the shots. You will be much better
off at home by following the same safety rules and procedures you use at work.
So now, hopefully, you have decided to make your life healthier and safer at home. What can you do
this year to make yourself safer at work? It all begins with attitude. Working the safe way is the only
way. Injuries are not a natural outcome of working. Injuries are the result of something going wrong.
Accidents do not just happen; they are caused. Keeping this in mind, be alert to the dangers of your
job. Anticipate hazards and eliminate or control them before they cause harm to yourself or others.
Learn as much as you can about the dangers of your work and pass that experience onto others.
Cooperate with the safety efforts your company is making.

GENERAL SAFETY - OFFICE SAFETY PRACTICES

It is amazing how many people who work in offices take safety for granted. Most people think of a
construction site or factory when they think of safety. Well, that's not the way it should be. Granted,
construction sites and factories are potentially extremely dangerous; but offices can be too, especially
when no one considers safety.
Let's review some of the situations that increase exposure to injury and what we can do about them.
 Avoid walking and reading at the same time. If it is important enough to read, then stop and
read it.
 Never leave file cabinets open and unattended; never, not even for a minute. How long does it
really take to open a file cabinet?
 Never run in the office. Nothing is so important that you must risk running into a co-worker.
 Leave your shoes on. If your shoes are too uncomfortable to wear all day, then wear different
shoes. Running around the office barefoot is a sure way to stub a toe or pick up a staple.
 When you must carry files, don't carry more than you are capable of. If you're grunting or your
muscles get tired, you're carrying too much. Use a cart or make more trips.
 Avoid placing extension cords on the floor. These are tripping hazards and can also become
fire hazards.
 Never, ever put your fingers in an automatic stapler or stamper. Always unplug it before you try
to unjam it.
 Always keep aisle ways clear. Never stack boxes or supplies in aisle ways or in front of egress
paths. Never arrange offices with desks in front of exits.
 Avoid bending at the waist when accessing low files. If you must access low files, either stoop
down or get on your knees.
 Avoid twisting and reaching for files or other materials in your work station. Move your whole
body to prevent back strain.

OFFICE SAFETY
You may think that since you work in an office you don't have to worry about being injured. However,
offices can become dangerous because people don't anticipate the potential hazards.
Studies show that over one-fourth of office injuries are caused by falls. One-third of the falls incurred by
women are due to wearing high heels, which make falls more likely. Consider wearing lower, wider
heels. Other things that can cause falls are spills on floors, torn carpets or exposed carpet seams,
electrical cords running across the floor, open desk or file drawers, boxes or supplies stored in aisles,
or waste baskets placed where you could trip over them. Look around to see if you can spot any of
these potential problems. If you find any, take the time to get them fixed.
If your office has stairs or steps, watch out! Falls on stairs cause more than 33,000 disabling work
injuries each year. About 2/3 of the workers falling on stairs were not using handrails when they fell.
Many were carrying objects, or slipped on something left on the steps. Accidents on stairs are usually
serious - 80% of these falls result in lost work days. Use handrails, pick up anything you see on the
stairs, don't use stairs for storage, and don't try to carry things when using stairs if you can avoid it.
Use common sense with chairs, and don't use them for anything except sitting. Straight-back chairs
aren't recliners - so don't lean way back, the chair could flip over. Chairs should never be used as
replacements for stools or ladders.
Most offices seem to have an intersection that needs a traffic light to keep people from bumping into
each other. If there are blind corners, consider installing convex mirrors so people can see each other
coming. Be especially careful while carrying hot drinks. Don't carry stacks of material so high that your
vision is obstructed. Carrying this much material not only blocks your vision, but could also strain your
back.
Watch out for avalanches if you pile "stuff" on top of filing cabinets. Even a carefully stacked pile may
start sliding due to vibration from opening and shutting file drawers. Also keep an eye out for
overloaded upper file drawers. This may cause the entire filing cabinet to tip over on top of you when
you open the drawer. Re-distribute some of the weight to the lower drawers to reduce this chance, and
check to make sure the filing cabinet is bolted to the adjacent cabinet, if it can be done.
These are just a few tips that can make your office area safer. Look around, and you no doubt will spot
other problems that can be easily fixed. When you see a hazard, don't assume it is someone else's
responsibility. If you don't do something about it, who will?

PERSONAL ERGONOMICS
What is Ergonomics? Ergonomics is the science of matching tools and tasks to the work environment.
In other words, ergonomics tries to make your job fit you, rather than making you fit your job. The
purpose of ergonomics is to reduce or eliminate injuries and illnesses that can result from stress on
muscles, nerves, and joints. These types of injuries have been common to workplaces for a long time,
but safety standards concerning them are new. If OSHA finds that poor ergonomics is a threat to
employee well being, it can cite a company for violating its duty to provide a safe and healthy
workplace.
A variety of ergonomically-related injuries take place and a variety of terms exist to describe them. The
most common terms used are musculoskeletal disorders or cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). They
are also know as repetitive motion or stress disorders. Whatever they're called, they account for
approximately one-half of all reported workplace illnesses each year. These are technically called
"illnesses" because the problems generally build up over time, rather than being the result of a single
event, as in the case of an accident.
Physical problems from cumulative trauma: These usually involve pain and damage to muscles,
tendons, and nerves in the back, neck, shoulders, wrists, hands, and elbows. Discomfort can be mild
and periodic, or long lasting. Typical ailments include: Tendonitis, "Tennis Elbow," Trigger Finger,
lower back pain, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome which causes hands and wrists to tingle or become numb,
and Reynauds Syndrome which causes fingers to become white.
Disorders can be caused by making the same motion over and over, staying in one position too long,
or working in awkward positions. They also result from working with tools that don't fit the body, using a
great deal of physical force, and exposure to long periods of heavy vibration.
How To Avoid Discomfort: Ergonomically related disorders occur to all types of workers, from laborers
to office personnel. You can often help yourself by learning and practicing basic ergonomic principals.
There are many ways to reduce or eliminate the disorder; here are a few:
 Use two hands instead of one for a task --to reduce excess demand on a single muscle group.
 Use tools that are right for the job and proportioned for your body.
 Use power tools instead of manual tools when possible.
 Take frequent breaks from repetitive motion tasks.
 Avoid repeating awkward movements or holding yourself in awkward positions.
 Wear protective gloves that reduce pressure or tool vibration on your fingers.
 For computer use--keep the screen 12 to 18 inches from your face and just below eye level.
 Position the keyboard so that your wrists are straight and your elbows are close to your body.
 Change positions, stretch often to improve blood circulation, and take breaks regularly.
Report Early Symptoms: Repetitive motion injuries are a growing concern in the workplace. Anyone
who experiences numbness, tingling or pain in their hands, arms or neck should seek the advice of a
supervisor. Changes in work stations and equipment can often alleviate these problems before they
become chronic, and medical attention should be sought if the problem persists. Following this simple
advice can help eliminate physical stress and keep employees feeling good all day.

PERSONAL FALL ARREST AND FALL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

It is important for you to understand the difference between a fall arrest system and fall restraint
system. These are most commonly used in the construction industry, but may apply to many other
situations where employees must work at heights.
FALL RESTRAINT: A fall restraint system consists of the equipment used to keep an employee from
reaching a fall point, such as the edge of a roof or the edge of an elevated working surface. The most
commonly utilized fall restraint system is a standard guardrail. A tie off system that "restrains" the
employee from falling off an elevated working surface is another type of fall restraint.
FALL ARREST: According to the definition in the Federal OSHA standard, a personal fall arrest system
means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchor
point, connectors, a body belt or body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline,
or suitable combinations of these. The entire system must be capable of withstanding the tremendous
impact forces involved in stopping or arresting the fall. The forces increase with the fall distance due to
acceleration (a person without protection will free fall 122cms in 1/2 second and 490cms in 1 second!).
Let's review 5 key requirements for fall arrest systems:
1) Body belts can only be used if the system limits the maximum arresting force on an employee to
approx 400 kilos. A maximum arresting force of approx 800 kilos is allowed when a body harness is
utilized. You need to check with your supervisor or Safety Officer whether Body belts are acceptable in
your workplace.
2) The system must be rigged so that an employee can neither free-fall more than 183 cms. nor
contact a lower level. After the free-fall distance, the deceleration or shock absorbing component of the
system must bring an employee to a complete stop within 106 additional cms.
3) The anchorage point must be capable of supporting at least 2272 kilos per employee. Most standard
guardrail systems are not adequate anchorage points because they are not built to withstand the
impact forces generated by a fall.
4) The system's D-ring attachment point for body harnesses shall be in the center of the employee's
back near the shoulder level.
5) The system components must be inspected for damage and deterioration prior to each use. All
components subjected to the impact loading forces of a free-fall must be immediately removed from
service.

PERSONAL TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

A recent mishap on the job with a personally owned power tool is worthy of making all employees
aware of the hazards that may be an issue for employees who use personal tools and equipment in
their work environment.
An employee brought his own portable table saw from home to perform the task of cutting two-by-four
lumber pieces since a company table saw was not available for his use. The employee's saw was not
equipped with required safety features, such as the saw blade guard and splitter. During the cutting
operation, the employee reached over the saw blade to retrieve a piece of lumber from behind the
blade.
Unfortunately, his arm came in contact with the saw blade rotating at full speed. The resulting
laceration injury was severe. Consequently, the injured employee had to receive emergency medical
treatment and disability compensation from an injury received while using his own equipment that
wasn't properly safeguarded. Also, the injury incident resulted in an occupational safety and health
administration (OSHA) inspection, and the employer received an OSHA citation for having an
unguarded saw available for use in the workplace.
Here are a few key points to remember regarding using your personal tools at work:
1. If you bring your personal tools or equipment to the job and they are used to perform various
tasks associated with your employment, your employer is ultimately responsible for the safe
condition of those tools and equipment.
2. The company has the right to inspect all personal tools and equipment to ensure they are in a
safe condition with all of the necessary required safety features to meet recognized safety
standards.
3. If your personal tools and equipment are not in compliance with recognized standards, the
company can require you to upgrade them to be in compliance, or have them removed from the
job immediately.
4. The company can also require you to perform necessary maintenance on tools and equipment
according to the manufacturer's specifications.
Your personal tools and equipment may be owned by you, but from OSHA's perspective, they become
the responsibility of the company when they are used in the workplace. Everyone is best served when
all tools and equipment utilized in the workplace are industrial use grade and well maintained. Your
safety depends on it!

PERSONAL PROTECTION-PICKING THE PROPER GLOVE

Your hands are one of your most valuable assets. Without them, you wouldn't be able to touch, hold,
feel write or gesture. In fact, you couldn't do much of anything. Too often, however, we take them for
granted. We don't pay attention to how we treat or mistreat them! Just a few examples of when your
hands should be protected is whenever you are cutting, painting, welding, or handling sharp metal,
chemicals, needles, or blood samples. And it is very important to wear the right glove for each specific
task, since no one glove protects against all hazards.
You now have even more reason to wear your protective equipment since OSHA has added hand
safety to its standard on personal protective equipment. The standard requires workers to wear
appropriate protection whenever their hands are exposed to hazards, and lists guidelines for
employees to follow when selecting and purchasing the proper gloves. The following list points out the
advantages and disadvantages of certain gloves.
The most widely used and "abused" glove material is cotton.
 Advantages: low cost; perspiration absorption; versatility in application; more cut resistance
than leather; moderate abrasion and heat protection.
 Disadvantages: cut protection is limited; short lifetime; thermal application range limited to
about 400 F.
The next most widely used from of hand protection is leather.
 Advantages: good puncture resistance and abrasion resistance; absorbs impact and helps
cushion blows to the hand; shields against sparks; greater thermal protection than cotton.
 Disadvantages: limited cut resistance; limited dexterity, depending on thickness of leather.
Natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile, PVC are among many elastomers used for gloves.
 Advantages: liquid-proof for resistance against caustics, acids and other chemicals.
 Disadvantages: offer limited cut resistance.
Metal mesh and other new fibers known as Kevlar, Spectra, and Vectran
 Advantages: flexible, cut resistant, lightweight, and resist thermal transfer.

 Disadvantages: may be costly
Washes and creams: Wearing gloves is important, but it is also important to maintain personal hygiene
and keep your hands clean to prevent infection. If you use barrier creams, always be sure to wash your
hands before putting on the cream, and at the end of the day, when you are ready to go home. Barrier
creams provided limited protection against alkali's and acids, but are sometimes used in conjunction
with gloves.
Another great hand protection tool is the pre-moistened heavy-duty hand towels. Employees can use
these towels to remove heavy grease and grime at their workstations or remote job sites.

PERSONAL PROTECTION
Are You Dressed For The Occasion?
Wearing the proper clothing and personal protective equipment in the working environment is critical.
Appropriate personal protective equipment is the last line of defence against identified safety and
health hazards, however, at times it can be your only line of defence.
Proper clothing is key. Simple as it may sound, you must dress for the occasion. Wearing stylish
clothing can create a bigger hazard or may not provide protection from hazards while you work. Proper
clothing that protects is the key. It is not uncommon to hear about tragedies that have taken place
when a worker who was wearing loose clothing got too close to an operating machine and was drawn
into the machine. Machines are powerful and unforgiving! Loose clothing is never appropriate in an
industrial workplace.
Protect your feet. Standard footwear for most industries, should be sturdy leather footwear. Preferably,
boots equipped with safety toes. Tennis shoes, offer little or no protection against worksite hazards.
Hand Protection. Gloves are inexpensive and easily available protection which guards against many
hazards. They can protect hands from exposures ranging from chemical spills and cuts, to heat and
cold. Hand protection comes in huge assortment of styles, materials and sizes. All of them are made to
protect your hands from specific hazards. It is important to select the proper kind and style of glove to
effectively protect hands from the hazards that my be encountered. How often has a nearby worker
cleaned parts or washed the grease from their hands with gasoline or a solvent of some kind. Don't
take the unnecessary risk! Select and use the proper hand protection.
Jewelry in the workplace can also be a hazard that is often overlooked. Rings, bracelets, and chains
can be the cause of a much more severe hand related accident. Common sense should be considered
when wearing your jewelry. The best choice is to keep your jewelry at home.
Head Protection and Eye Protection. Hard hats and safety glasses should be worn at the work site
whenever there is an overhead hazard or potential for an object to enter the eyes. A hard hat can not
only protect you from the rain, it can save your life! The benefits received from eye protection are
significant Safety glasses are a sure way to help save your eyesight!
Dressing for the workplace, by wearing the right kind of clothing helps protect you from injury. It is your
first line of defense against worksite hazards. Carefully choose your work clothing and the personal
protective equipment which will best protect you for your job. Improper clothing is an invitation for an
accident to occur.
Think Safety by choosing your work clothing with the workplace in mind.

PRACTICE GOOD KNIFE SAFETY

There is a story about a young boy who visited a traveling circus with a carnival sideshow. At one of
the sideshow tents a barker pitched, "For a mere dollar, one of the great truths of life will be revealed!"
This intrigued the boy, so he forked over his dollar and proceeded inside to learn this "Great Truth."
Inside a tent was an old man sitting on a stool under a dimly lit light bulb, whittling on a stick. The old
man repeated over and over again, "Always Cut Away From You and You`ll Never Cut Yourself." At
this point, the young man felt betrayed and figured he had been cheated. This was the great truth?? As
a matter of fact, the advice was quite valuable to him throughout his life, because he never forgot it.
Frequently we have a need to use knives and other cutting tools in our jobs, as well as at home. We
cut bindings off boxes of paper. We cut seafood, meat or poultry. We open containers of all sorts. We
cut ropes, cloth and various materials and adapt them to our use. But we don't always do this safely.
Watch someone use a knife sometime and notice how often they risk being injured by cutting toward
their body parts. You might see individuals hold a loaf of bread near their chest and cut toward
themselves when slicing off a chunk. Sometimes when cutting a rope, we bend the rope into a loop
and insert the knife into the loop facing upward. When the knife is drawn up through the rope, the force
of the cutting action can bring it to the face or other body parts. This is not a good idea!
An unwise but common use of box knives is to reach across the box and draw the knife toward you.
This is foolish. As the old man said, "Always Cut Away From You and You'll Never Cut Yourself!"
Another great truth which the old man didn't reveal is, "A Sharp Knife is a Safer Knife!" It takes less
force to cut through an object with a sharp knife. This gives you greater control of the blade. When
heavy force is applied, the blade often cuts deeper than intended--sometimes into your flesh. When
someone tells you their knife is so dull it wouldn't cut hot butter, don't you wonder why they are still
using it?
Hand and arm protection is also available for occupations that require the use of knives. Specialty
gloves protect hands and arms from cuts and punctures. Smart workers wear this protection
consistently.
The bottom line is to practice good Knife Safety.
 Sharpen it or get rid of it!

 Use the right knife for the job.
 Wear cut-resistant gloves when appropriate.
 Always cut away from you, and you'll never cut yourself!

PREVENT HOSE WHIPPING

Flexible pressurized hoses are found on most construction and repair operations. Usually these hoses
are pressurized with air but they may also contain paint, hydraulic fluids, or welding gases. Injuries
have occurred when these hoses have broken. The injury can be caused by the whipping hose itself,
blowing debris, or the release of the potentially dangerous gas or liquid carried by the hose. The
sudden noise can be startling, which in turn can cause injury from a second source. For example, the
startled person may jump back and fall. Let's look at ways to control the hazards of broken hoses.
The leading cause of hose failure is probably abuse. This can be accidental or intentional. Before use,
inspect the hose, looking for indications of past abuse that may weaken the hose. A torn outer jacket,
damaged inner reinforcing, or soft spots would warrant removing the hose from service.
is being strung from the air source to the work area. Aboard ship it is
common practice to secure the hose to the overhead to keep it out from underfoot where it could trip
someone or get damaged. This practice can be extended to other types of work areas by using nearby
structures or hose trees. If this is not possible, at least run the hose in an area where it is not likely to
be walked on or driven over. For example, if a hose needs to be run down a passage, dress it close to
the wall. Drape it over a doorway, not across the threshold.
on something, a good hard pull is not the answer. Go back and find out what it is caught on and
release it there.
Do not shut off the air flow by bending the hose or crimping it with pliers. This is a sure way to cause
major hose damage.
prevent this is to pin the two sides of the fitting together using the lugs provided. Fittings may also
separate because they were not fully secured. If the hose diameter is greater than ½" it should have a
safety device at the air supply, designed to reduce the pressure in the event of a hose failure. If such a
device is not used, the two ends of the hose need to be lashed together to restrict whipping.
short intervals. This can be done with sandbags, clamps, rope, or sturdy tape.
source.

PREVENTING STRAINS & SPRAINS

This Safety Meeting Outline is structured to help you apply general material handling rules to specific activities in
which your employees are involved. You can choose work activities which apply to these principles and structure
your safety meeting presentation to address them.
1. Identify a task involving material handling (lifting, pushing, carrying, setting down, etc.).
2. Break the task down into its most basic steps. What does the worker do? (Example: lift a case of material
from a truck bed, turn and carry it to a location in the building where it is set on the ground).
3. Apply the lifting principles shown below, as applicable:
MOVING
LIFTING FROM LIFTING FROM CARTS,
LIFTING FROM SETTING TIPS WHEN
PRE-LIFT TIPS GROUND A SHELF, HANGING
OVERHEAD LOADS DOWN CARRYING
LEVEL DESK, ETC. LOADS
Look ahead to
make certain
Determine the the way is
weight of the clear.
load to be lifted Make certain
or carried. you are
Set the load Remember to
standing on a
Get as close down if it push, not pull
stable surface
Are you able to as possible to before you becomes too whenever
do it alone? Is the load. attempt the lift. heavy or possible.
help or unstable. Avoid
mechanical Bend your stairs when Position the
assistance Test the load
knees, not Pull the load ever possible. If load so that
needed? to be sure you
your back. close to your unavoidable, your legs
can lift it
body and test Bend your use the banister supply the
safely.
Does the Get a good it for weight. knees, not or wall or to force.
size/shape of grip on the your waist. help you
the load present object and test Bring the
Shift the maintain Use hands
object off the
any problem? its weight.
shelf or
weight of the Set down the balance. and arms for
load to your corner or edge control and
support
Will you have to Keep the load carefully, legs by of the object Have someone direction of the
turn/change close to your maintaining keeping it closest to you open doors, load.
direction while body and lift your balance. close. first - keeping gates, etc. for
carrying the using your your fingers you. Keep hands &
load? legs. Avoid out from under fingers inside
While the load
reaching and Change the load
maintaining
Is the route you Be aware of control of the lifting at the direction by whenever
will take clear of your balance load, bring it same time. moving your possible.
obstructions, and what part down to waist feet not your
slip, trip, or fall of your body is level. hips. Watch for
hazards? doing the pinch or shear
work. It should Keep points on
Whatever the
Do you have a be your legs. task, GET
shoulders, hips carts, dollies
back support and feet or hoists.
HELP for
belt, and are pointing the
heavy loads!
you wearing it same direction.
properly? Never twist at
the waist while
carrying load

PREVENTING WELDING FLASHBACK

Oxy-acetylene torches have been used for many years for cutting, welding, brazing, and heating of
metals. The equipment used today is safe, but every year, hundreds of employees are injured or die as
a result of improper use. Knowledge and precautions can prevent fires and violent explosions.
Gas Pressure: One cause of fires and explosions is high acetylene pressure. When more than 15
pounds (approx 1 bar) of pressure is used, acetylene becomes unstable and decomposes explosively.
This is the major reason for using other fuel gases such as propylene, propane, and natural gas which
may be safely used at higher operating pressures.
Burnback: If your oxygen cylinder is low or empty, reverse flow of gas may occur. The fuel gas, being
at a higher pressure, can travel up the oxygen line and mix with gas in the hose, regulator and cylinder.
If you light your torch without purging the lines, a burnback may occur with explosions in the hose,
regulator, or cylinder.
Backfire: The same thing can happen with high oxygen pressure and low fuel gas pressure if a backfire
occurs, which is usually caused by holding the cutting torch too close to your work. This causes gas
starvation of the cutting flame and results in the flame being sucked into the torch head. Usually you
will hear a popping sound that turns to a whistle when this happens.
Flashback: When a backfire takes place in a mixing chamber, unless you shut off the oxygen valve, the
flame burning in the torch head may ignite gases in the hoses and result in a flashback. A flashback is
an explosion that progresses through the torch, hoses, regulators, and into the cylinders. Consequence
can range from a burst hose to a violent explosion of the regulator and cylinders.
There are several things you can do to help prevent flashbacks, fires and explosions:
1. If using acetylene, keep the pressure below 15 pounds.
2. Purge your hoses before lighting the torch.
3. Never light your torch with a mixture of fuel and oxygen. After purging the lines, light the torch with
only the fuel gas valve open.
4. Check valves should be installed on both torch inlets and operating properly. Check valves can stop
the reverse flow of gases, but will not prevent flashbacks.
5. To prevent flashbacks, flashback arrestors must be installed on the outlets of both regulators, and/or
torch inlets.
Check The Torch: How can you tell if the torch you are using has flashback arrestors and check
valves? If you look at the torch you will notice a small cylindrical valve on each inlet with the hoses
screwed onto this valve instead of hooked directly to the torch. Most of these valves are combination
flashback/check valves and will say so on the valve body. Often, combination valves are also installed
on regulator outlets.
Before welding, take time to inspect the equipment you will be using to be sure check valves and
flashback arrestors have been installed. This precaution can prevent a deadly cylinder explosion.

PROPER REPAIR OF ELECTRICAL CORDS

It shouldn't happen, but it does. Even heavy duty extension cords become damaged. Be-cause they
can be expensive, you may be asked to make a repair, rather than get a new cord. But merely re-
attaching and wrapping the wires doesn't mean the repair is proper or safe. Let's review the correct
way to repair electrical cords. The first obvious step is often overlooked. Unplug the cord and take
control of both ends.
Splices: Cut back only enough of the outer and inner insulation to make the repair. Keep in mind that
the color-coded wires on one side need to be connected to the like-colored wires on the other. In other
words, black-to-black, white-to-white, green-to-green. Stagger the lengths of the inner wire so that,
even if the insulation goes bad, the conductors will not come in contact with each other. If the black
wire is long on one side, it should be short on the other. Make good mechanical connections. Twist the
conductors together and solder, using electrical solder. The splices now need to be insulated. Electrical
tape is not very reliable. Shrink tubing works well. This is a sleeve of plastic put over one of the wires
before it is connected to the other. When the joint is completed, the sleeve is slipped over the joint, and
heated with a small heat source. A hair dryer, match or lighter will do. When heat is applied, the tubing
shrinks around the conductor, forming tight insulation. We now need to pay attention to the outer
jacket. This is important because the outer jacket protects the inner wires from additional damage.
Shrink tubing could again be used, although, for additional strength and protection, it could also be
wrapped with electrical tape, duct tape, or other durable, non-conductive material. NOTE: See NFPA-
70 (National Electric Code) for restrictions on splicing flexible cords.
Plugs: Remove only as much outer jacket as is needed to make the repair. The outer jacket must be
long enough to go into the plug or cap and be gripped by the strain relief clamp. After the jacket and
wires are cut to length, we again must pay attention to the color coding. The black (or sometimes red)
wire is "hot". It goes to the smaller prong on the plug, which has a brass screw for attachment. The
white wire is neutral. It goes to the larger prong, which is attached with a chrome screw. The green
wire is "ground." This goes to the half-round or curved prong and is attached with a green colored
screw. Make a good connection. All screws must be tight. Reassemble the plug and tighten the clamp
until it is snug on the cord. Do not over-tighten the clamp.
Testing: The repair is not done until the cord has been tested. The easiest way to check for continuity
and correct wiring is to use a simple, inexpensive test light. This device plugs into the end of the cord
and, by way of three lights, indicates if you have continuity and proper polarity. If you do not, you must
redo the repair. You have created a dangerous situation. Good repairs take simple skills--but you
cannot take shortcuts. Incomplete or improper repairs create fire and shock hazards. Do the job right!

PROTECTIVE HEADWEAR
One serious blow to the head can leave an otherwise strong and health person permanently brain-
damaged or disabled for life. At best, a blow on the head can give you a whopper of a headache.
Therefore, it is crucial to protect it from the impact of falling objects, painful bumps and in some cases,
from high-voltage electric shock. ANSI approved head protection is generally required when there is "a
potential for head injury from falling or moving objects" and where employees' heads are exposed to
electricity.
Hard Hats: The American National Standards Institute has established guidelines for helmets, the
latest of which is ANSI Z89.1-1986. The standard indicates that the manufacturer's name must be
listed inside the helmet, and it must have one of the following ANSI designations:
 Class A: These protect the head from the impact of falling objects and from electric shock
during contact with exposed low voltage conductors.
 Class B: These have the same function as class A except that they prevent electric shock when
exposed to high voltage conductors.
 Class C: These protect the head from falling objects, but offer no electrical protection.
Hard hats primarily protect from impacts to the top of the head, limit penetration of sharp objects which
hit the top of the shell and provide some lateral protection. To be effective, however, helmets must be
properly worn. Some workers wear their hard hats backwards, which lessens the protection. If it is
worn tilted back on the head, it offers virtually no protection at all.
Hard Hat Care:
 Inspect helmets daily for cracks, signs of wear and deterioration to insure that they provide the
amount of protection originally intended.
 Helmets that exhibit chalking, cracking, or lose all their surface gloss should be discarded.
 If helmets must be marked for identification, use adhesive decals or tape. They should not be
painted, cut or engraved.
 Do not keep helmets on the window shelf of a vehicle since extreme heat can affect the degree
of protection. The hat can also become a projectile in the event of a vehicle accident.
 Replace internal suspension systems once a year or if the system detaches from the shell. Hair
oils and dirt can weaken the shock-absorbing suspension system.
 At least every 30 days, protective helmets and their sweatbands and cradles should be washed
in warm, soapy water and rinsed thoroughly.
Bump Caps: Made of light-weight plastic, bump caps do not protect against serious blows to the head
or falling objects and should never be worn in place of hard hats. They are useful, however, when
working in cramped spaces where painful bumps, scrapes or cuts to the head are a potential.
Use your head to absorb knowledge--not blows to the head!


EQUIPMENT HAZARDS --REPORT UNSAFE EQUIPMENT

Your employer does its best to keep equipment in good condition, but maintenance personnel are only
human and can't keep up with all the problems in the field. Some defects will go unnoticed in spite of
every effort made.
Those of you who work with and around machines and equipment are in a good position to notice
hazardous conditions. Get in the habit of reporting things that can lead to accidents so that corrections
can be made before they result in costly accidents and/or employee injuries. Keep in mind that the
person who sees a situation that should be fixed and fails to report it may well end up being the victim
of his/her own neglect.
Watch out for the loose or missing machine guard; the moving part with too much play; the
unlubricated machine; the missing nut or bolt; the slipping belt; the loose or cracked shaft housing; or
the moving part that can and should be guarded, but has never had attention.
On the electrical side of the picture, watch for the continually sparking motor, the broken switch on a
tool, the damaged extension cord, the missing face plate, loose conduit, loose conductors, the burned
switch, broken plugs and receptacles.
For conveyors, watch for sharp corners; lack of crossovers, or crossovers in poor repair; unguarded
parts on power-driven conveyors; or the lack of a jump-out or idler roller where two conveyors meet.
Naturally, forklift truck operators are supposed to report things that go wrong with their vehicles, just as
drivers of trucks. Those who use hand trucks should be on the watch for flat or frozen wheels, broken
cross members, loose toe plates and broken or slivered handles.
All workers should keep these ideas in mind. Do not hesitate to report a condition that may result in an
accident or injury to yourself or one of your fellow employees. A pro-active preventive approach should
be encouraged, as safety is everyone's business.

REPORTING AND INVESTIGATING AN ACCIDENT

A good accident investigation tries to answer these questions:
 What happened?
 When did it happen?
 Where did it happen?
 Who was involved?
 Why did it happen?
 How can it be prevented from happening again?
When these questions are answered for all accidents and near misses, patterns often emerge and
preventable causes are often discovered. But the patterns may not be true unless information acquired
during the investigation is complete and accurate. The observations of co-workers, as well as from
employees that were directly involved, can be critical. It helps if everyone will:
 Make mental or written notes about the accident before the investigation starts.
 Avoid talking to others before talking to the investigator, since this may confuse the facts.
 Answer all questions about the incident as accurately as possible.
 Take the investigation seriously--give it your best.
The first thing to do when an accident happens, is make sure the worker's injuries are treated. The next
step is to carefully investigate the events surrounding the accident. The reason for investigations is not
to place blame on anyone, but to learn what happened--so similar incidents can be prevented in the
future. All employees play an important role in this.
Should all accidents be reported and investigated? Ideally, not only accidents, but also near misses
should be reported. The study of near misses can help prevent more serious incidents, where
someone is actually injured. Such investigations needn't always be extensive, but records of near
misses often indicate trends or hazardous conditions that can be corrected.
Top priority will be given to the most serious events. An accident that results in hospitalization or death
must be immediately followed by a thorough investigation, once the injured receive care. Multiple
injuries and fatalities are also investigated by OSHA and insurance personnel, so accurate facts must
be gathered carefully. Photographs, samples and measurements are often necessary.
The actual investigation is generally carried out by supervisors or personnel who have been trained for
this. Nevertheless, all employees play an important role in the accident prevention process and in
preventing future mishaps. Once employees understand why it's important for them to report all
accidents and near misses, and to cooperate fully with investigations, management can benefit from
their experience and input.
Employees should be constantly alert to potential causes of accidents--before they happen. All unsafe
acts or conditions should be reported to a supervisor immediately, whether or not someone has
actually been hurt.
PREVENTING ACCIDENTS IS EVERYONE'S RESPONSIBILITY!


MACHINE SAFETY- REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFEGUARDS

Placing and keeping guards on exposed machinery is a major step in preventing lacerations and
amputations of body parts. It is also a requirement within Turkish legislation and a company’s safety
policy. In general, these standards explain guarding requirements in the following terms:
 Machines which have a grinding, shearing, punching, pressing, squeezing, drawing, cutting,
rolling, mixing or similar action, including pinch points and shear points, whereas an employee
comes within the danger zone, shall be guarded at the point of operation in a manner that
provides protection for the employee.
 Keys, set screws, projections or recesses which create a hazard not guarded by the frame of
the machine or by location shall be removed, made flush or guarded.
Some people consider such guards a nuisance. Others consider them as a necessary evil. But how
evil can they be if they help save precious fingers, hands and arms from injury or serious mutilation? In
general, guards should have the following characteristics:
1. They Should Prevent Contact: The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, or any other part of a
worker's body from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A guard should not only
prevent accidental contact but should prevent workers from intentionally going around or
bypassing the guard.
2. They Should Be Secure: If the guard is easily removable, this means it will be ineffective. The
guards should be of durable material and most should be bolted or screwed on so that they
require tools for removal.
3. They Should Create No New Hazards: The guard itself should not create a new hazard. For
example, sharp or jagged edges could cause lacerations. The guards should be affixed in a
manner that eliminates sharp edges.
4. They Should Create No Interference: A good guard should allow the employee to work
comfortably and efficiently--since otherwise it may be removed.
5. They Should Allow Safe Maintenance: If possible, guards should be designed so as to allow
minor maintenance on the machines without either removing the safeguards or being exposed
to the hazard. If the guard must be removed or deactivated, then lock-out procedures should be
followed before any maintenance is performed.
Don't be another safety statistic--an employee who lost a finger, hand or an arm. Remember to always
maintain the guards on the machines and to replace them if they must be removed for maintenance.
Have You Checked All The Guards On Your Machinery and Equipment Lately?

RESPIRATOR PROGRAM
Respirators and a written respirator program are required whenever air contaminants are above the
Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL’s) (as defined within your company’s safe working procedures). A
respirator program should include the following elements:
 Physician's examination to determine the worker's capability of wearing a respirator

 Program implementation and annual re-evaluations
 Written standard operating procedures for the selection and use of respirators
 Fit testing
 Purchase of respirators and/or filters for each atmospheric need
 Purchase of cleaning materials, filters, pre-filters, canisters and spare parts
 Documented employee training on respirator use and limitations
 Equipment inspection, cleaning, maintenance and storage procedures and records
 Work-area monitoring to establish degree of exposure and type of respirator needed
 Maintenance of air quality for supplied-air devices, compressors and self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) devices.
Remember, the first step in determining if a respirator program is necessary is to evaluate the level of
contaminants in the air and/or the work processes involved, such as spray painting, abrasive blasting,
etc. If contaminant levels exceed the OEL, first evaluate and implement suitable engineering controls
that will lower the level of contaminants below the OEL, if feasible. Then, careful selection of
respiratory protection and fit testing is required.
A competent person must continue to monitor the worksite, and evaluate the need for a respirator
program whenever exposures change. New exposures could be due to different chemical uses,
changes in work methods and processes, or whenever chemical spills occur. Additional employee
training may also be necessary at this time.
Respirators are an important safety and health protection, when used properly. Learn to select, use
and maintain them--and keep the air you breath free of harmful contaminants.

GENERAL SAFETY - SAFE ATTITUDES

I was in a shipyard when I observed a worker perched precariously high and above the ground on a
structural member. The Safety Manager signed time out and said, "Let's talk about this." The worker
replied angrily, "Are we here to play safety or to build ships?" Fortunately for everyone, including
himself, this employee was soon gone.
Think about this man's attitude toward safety. We probably agree that his outlook was negative.
Negative attitudes toward safety lead to negative results -- accidents. Experience has shown us that all
the safety training and equipment in the world cannot ensure safety without the proper safety attitude
also being present. Is your attitude toward safety positive, or negative? Is safety part of your job or is it
an obstacle someone has put in your way to make your job more difficult?
Hopefully, you will accept the fact that safety is part of your job. If you can accept that fact, not only will
you increase your chances of going home uninjured at the end of the day, you may also find that your
life at work becomes a bit more pleasant. How so?
Enforcing safety rules is part of your supervisor's job. If you violate safety rules, the supervisor must
correct you. This can lead to resentment. You have to understand that giving someone a break when
they ignore safety rules actually encourages further breaking of the rules and can set up a situation
leading to an accident and injury.
If you do not have a safe attitude, then it becomes the supervisor's job to change your behavior.
Generally, this involves some sort of discipline, something no one likes to do or to receive. You can
avoid this unpleasantness by simply following the rules and changing your attitude yourself.
Remember, although your employer may have a legal obligation to make and enforce the rules, they
are made to protect you.
YOU ARE THE PRIMARY BENEFICIARY.


EQUIPMENT HAZARDS - SAFE OPERATION OF FORKLIFTS

Forklifts are a very important part of material handling in many industries. They are also a source of
serious accidents. All personnel who operate forklifts must be trained and certified in safe operation at
least once a year. The training includes both classroom and vehicle operation. Written and driving tests
are administered by the instructor. Here are some basic safety rules to remember when operating a
forklift.
OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY
1. The operator is in charge of his/her own vehicle. As such they are responsible for their own
safety, vehicle, load, company property and equipment and other employees or pedestrians.
2. Only qualified drivers may operate forklifts. This will be determined by their supervisor and be
based upon experience and training.
3. Wear hard hat, safety glasses, hearing protection and safety shoes as required.
4. Horseplay is prohibited.
5. Report all accidents immediately.
6. No riders are allowed.
TRAFFIC SAFETY
In general, observe the usual traffic rules and regulations whenever possible. These include:
1. Keep to the right on roadways and wide aisles.

2. Drive at a reasonable speed depending on location and condition of surface.
3. Slow down at intersections, corners, ramps and other danger points.
4. Leave plenty of space between forklifts when moving.
5. Use your horn in blind spots, but don't overdo it.
6. Watch in turning that you don't cut too short.
7. Be alert for wet and slippery surfaces while driving.
8. Give pedestrians the right of way. Assume they are not aware of forklift traffic.
9. Stop at all stop signs.
10. When parking, do not block traffic
Park with the forks lowered to the floor
Turn off the power and take the key with you, but not to your home.

SAFE USE OF HAND TRUCKS

What's the best way to move something? Ask someone else to do it for you! What's the next best way?
Be sure you know the proper way to move materials yourself.
If you could transfer the risk of handling heavy, large and awkward items and not get hurt, wouldn't you
do it? However, for many people who must move heavy items on a regular basis at work or at home,
this is not a reality. One of the best ways to avoid suffering a muscle strain or sprain is to use a hand
truck. The use of this tool also increases productivity and lessens the chance of dropping and
damaging merchandise.
Although hand trucks appear to be fairly simple devices, users must remember a few basic safety
procedures:
 Use a hand truck that is appropriate for the job and the load to be carried.
 When stacking items on the truck, keep the heaviest load on the bottom to lower the center of
gravity.
 Balance the load forward on the axle of the hand truck, so the weight will not be carried by the
handle.
 Never stack items so high that you can't see where you're going.
 When carrying multiple boxes side by side, attempt to stagger them to "lock in" the boxes.
 Be sure the items to be transported on the hand truck are sturdy enough to be moved in this
manner. Secure any bulky, awkward or delicate objects to the truck.
 Plan your route. Be aware of potential hazards to be encountered during the path of travel.
 As a rule, avoid walking backwards with a hand truck. Remember the back care rule: It is safer
to push than to pull.
 Hand truck injuries typically occur by getting your hand pinched between the handles and a
nearby stationary object, so take care when working your way through tight spaces. The use of
gloves can provide extra protection.
 Always maintain a safe speed and keep the hand truck under control.
 Always park the trucks in a designated area, never in aisles or other places where they may
cause a trip hazard or traffic obstruction. Two wheeled trucks should be stored on the chisel
with handles leaning against a wall.
 When you use a hand truck properly, it does the job and reduces the chance you'll strain a
muscle or be injured. Let the truck do the work for you!

SAFE USE OF LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS

Liquid Petroleum Gas, or Propane, is commonly used as a fuel for forklifts, certain types of heaters and
lighting. When pressurized and/or chilled, the propane gas contained within a cylinder turns into a
liquid state. A liquefied gas is much more "concentrated" than gas which is simply compressed. For
example, one gallon of liquid propane will produce about 245-275 gallons of gas. The primary dangers
created by LPG are fire/explosion, carbon monixide poisoning, asphyxiation, and extreme cold.
If a gas is liquefied, the pressure can increase rapidly when the gas is heated. Heating can come about
from purely natural sources, such as the sun. Under normal circumstances, a relief valve on the
cylinder will release the gas in a controlled manner to prevent the cylinder from exploding due to over-
pressurization. However, if the cylinder and valve are not properly maintained and/or the pressure
build-up is very rapid, such as when the cylinder may be directly exposed to fire, a cylinder failure and
subsequent explosion can occur.
There are several ways to prevent this. Always make sure the cylinder and relief valves are not
damaged in any way. Damaged cylinders should never be used. Store cylinders out of the direct sun
and away from other heat sources. A properly filled cylinder will not be full of liquid-some space should
remain to accommodate gas that may be driven off due to heating. In this case, the gas will be retained
in the cylinder rather than being released into the atmosphere where it could create a hazard. Other
important safety measures to remember are as follows:
 LPG cylinders must be in good condition. Often cylinders have been damaged by impact or
have corroded over a period of time. Inspect your equipment often and keep it in good
condition. Just because a LPG dealer will fill your cylinder, this is no guarantee it is safe. If in
doubt ask for the equipment to be inspected by a qualified technician.
 LPG is heavier than air. If it leaks it will tend to spread along the ground. You may even see a
visible fog of gas. Be aware that ignitable mixtures can extend beyond the visible area. LPG
cylinders should be stored in well vented areas and away from sources of ignition, especially
those at floor level. Never store LPG below ground level or in a confined space.
 LPG leak detection is serious! If you smell or notice leaking LPG, immediately extinguish all
flames and cigarettes in the area. Do not use electrical switches or even telephones. Evacuate
the area and report an emergency in accordance with your company’s emergency procedures
at your work location. Phone from a safe distance away.
 When LPG is released it is extremely cold. If you physically contact escaping gas, or anything
around it, you could suffer frost bite. Whenever refilling or connecting an LPG cylinder, wear
gloves to protect yourself from direct contact with the gas and cold surfaces.
 Burned LPG creates deadly carbon monoxide emissions. Never use LPG appliances indoors
without approved ventilation. Be cautious of LPG powered lifts while working in areas like
warehouses, freezers, container vans or any other environment with limited ventilation.
LPG is a popular and safe form of energy-as long as it is used and stored with care.

SAFETY & SECURITY AFTER HOURS

Last one out turn off the lights!" If only it were that simple. In today's work environments, whether it's a
fixed facility or a temporary job site, after hours safety and security is an important responsibility that
shouldn't be overlooked. This involves more than just turning out the lights.
A good approach is to use a checklist, to ensure that everything is checked for safety and security. The
list can be customized to suit your own operation, and may include the following:
 Perimeter Fencing and Gates

 Vehicles and Machinery
 Roof Top Access
 Dumpsters and Recycle Bins
 Area Lighting
 Doors and Windows
 Fuel Tanks and Chemicals
 Tool Boxes
 Open Trenches and Pits
 Exposed Electrical Hazards
 Open Containers
 Elevated Platforms
The same effort that goes into protecting the safety and health of all employees during the work shift
should be taken to discourage possible intruders after hours. Intruders can and will create a variety of
problems, including theft, vandalism, sabotage, arson and burglary. Such activity can have direct
effects on workers, customers and the public.
All employees should be aware of safety and security issues and do their best to help secure the
premises before leaving for the night or the weekend. Kids hanging around can be tempted to enter a
work area if it is left uncontrolled, and may hurt themselves or others. Intruders of any kind may leave
the workplace in a dangerous condition. It is your jobsite that you return to each day. Stay alert and
help keep it safe for everyone.

GENERAL SAFETY - SAFETY AND YOUR SUPERVISOR

Is job safety important to you? Some people will say yes right away. Others may feel differently, at
least when this question is first posed. But survival and avoidance of pain is a basic instinct for all. You
may say that safety isn't important to you, but just wait until you get hurt. At that time, I'll bet you will
think differently.
Safety does not just happen. Remember the old adage, if something can go wrong, it will. We must
work to make things happen right; that is, in a safe manner. But one person cannot do this alone. It
takes the cooperation of everyone. You cannot overlook a safety problem. If you do, the results could
be disastrous.
Your company has a moral, legal, and financial interest in your well being. Supervisors should be
receptive to your safety concerns. Have you ever brought a problem to your supervisor only to have it
dismissed? It happens. This does not mean he or she isn't interested and you should drop the subject.
You can't afford to. You may be the one getting hurt. Let us look at ways you can use to make your
supervisor share your safety concerns.
 Don't wait until the problem becomes critical. As soon as you see the adjustment slipping,
guard loosening, or scheduling problems, speak up. This will give your supervisor the
opportunity to deal with the problem in a planned manner. Planning is part of a supervisor's job.
Help him do it right.
 Don't be overly emotional or accusatory. Maybe you were just involved in a "near miss."
Emotion is understandable. But it is a rare supervisor who will deliberately put someone in
harms way. More likely than not, the supervisor was not aware of the problem.
 Be prepared to offer your assessment as to whether the problem is critical or not. Don't
overstate the seriousness, but don't understate it either. If you don't know whether the problem
is critical or not, say so.
 Offer suggestions as to what needs to be done to correct the problem. This may clarify, in your
supervisor's mind, what needs to be done and helps facilitate understanding. Again, if you don't
know, say so.
 Finally, try to get commitment as to when the problem will be corrected. The idea is not to put
anyone on the spot. But, when there is a firm commitment, people tend to pay more attention. If
you don't see any action by the completion date, follow-up or remind the supervisor of your
concern.
Again, supervisors are human. They can get buried in things that may need more immediate attention
and/or they could just forget. Supervisors, remember the employee who brings safety problems to your
attention is just trying to do his job and help you with yours. Their concerns should never be dismissed
without a review.

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR SAND BLASTING

Sand blasting operations can be overlooked when preparing safety plans because they are generally a
small part of a larger project such as cleaning and refinishing or painting. As a result, many workers
are exposed to the hazards of sand blasting without adequate protection. Even if all sandblasting
equipment is properly designed and regularly inspected, users must always be alert to the hazards of
these operations and take precautions against harmful exposures.
Airborne dust: This is one of the most serious hazards associated with blasting operations. When
evaluating this hazard, it's important to consider the concentration of dust and the size of particles.
Larger particles, considered "nuisance" dust, are normally filtered out in the nose and throat. Smaller
particles (10 microns or smaller) can bypass the lung's filtering system and penetrate deep into the
respiratory system, where they may cause serious damage. Safeguards are needed when smaller
particles are present in the working environment.
Metal dust, in addition to the abrasive being used, contributes to the generation of airborne dust.
Metals such as lead, cadmium, and manganese, can be extremely toxic when inhaled. Many existing
paints have a lead base. Regulations require special handling, trained personnel, and medical
monitoring when lead is present. If in doubt, check it out. Don't guess.
Silica sand: This product is a potentially serious health hazard and should not be used as an abrasive.
If silica containing (quartz) materials are selected for any reason, workers must wear a positive
pressure or pressure demand respirator with an assigned protection factor (APF) of either 1000 or
2000. Silica must be contained and disposed of properly. Even if a wet blasting method is selected,
silica that is allowed to migrate by either wind or water, will eventually become an airborne
contaminant.
Air supply: Air-supplied respirators must be used (1) when working inside of blast cleaning rooms, (2)
when using portable units in areas without enclosure, and (3) under any circumstances where the
operator is not physically separated from the abrasive material by an exhausted enclosure. If airline
respirators and compressors are used, make sure the intake hose is placed in an area that provides
clean air. An attendant should be in the area at all times, monitoring breathing air and assuring the
blaster's safety.
Additional personal protective equipment: Blasting operations create high noise levels, so hearing
protection is a must--for both the operator and nearby workers! Operators should also use heavy
canvas or leather gloves, aprons, or leggings when appropriate, as well as safety shoes.
Manual cabinet blast cleaners should never be exhausted into an area where workers can breathe
dusts. These fully enclosed cabinets are designed to filter out dust and re-use blasting medium.
Handling and storing abrasives: Dust is nearly always created at any point where abrasives are
transferred, whether by hand or shovel. Therefore, all points of transfer must be properly exhausted
and workers who handle abrasives manually should wear particulate filter respirators.

SAFETY EYE WEAR - FOR SUN & SHADE

The days of old style safety glasses are numbered. Today, you have a selection of protective eye wear
that rivals the style of designer glasses. Employees can now select a style that is most flattering to their
face. They also have a choice of different colors, protection factors and prices.
When choosing "safety glasses" the primary consideration is to ensure that the glasses provide
necessary impact protection and that they meet or exceed the CE standards. Both frame and lens
must meet this standard. The idea is to prevent flying and splashing objects from penetrating the lens
or entering your eye. Damage to your sight is nothing to fool around with. Here are some common
questions most often heard regarding safety and sun glasses:
 Why do I need to have my glasses meet the CE standard? What about using sun glasses that
claim they provide impact protection from a shotgun blast? They cost a lot more that those
safety glasses… they must be safe.
These glasses may provide impact protection but have never gone through the testing rigors of
approved safety glasses. Without official tests being done, you cannot ensure that they will provide the
maximum protection. Always look for an CE stamp on the glasses.
 But my dark glasses help protect my eyes from the sun, don't they?
That may be true if the glasses have ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR ) protection-radiation which
constitutes the two invisible ends of the electromagnetic spectrum. In fact, if the dark glasses do not
provide UV and IR protection, they may be causing more damage than you know. Dark lenses allow
the pupil to dilate (open) and let more light into the eye. This increases the exposure to harmful
radiation if your eyewear doesn't filter it out.
When working out in the sun for any length of time, you may want to select glasses that provide both
(UV) and (IR) protection. Overexposure to UV radiation from welding arcs can cause "welders' flash"
while IR overexposure can cause thermal damage to the eyes resulting in cataracts and other eye
problems. High doses of UV and IR radiation, such as from welding operations, can even cause partial
or total blindness.
 What if I work both inside buildings and out of doors?
You may need two pairs of approved safety glasses if your work requires eye protection--one with a
clear lens and the other with dark lens. Again, look for the CE stamp. You may also want UV protection
for your clear safety glasses if you wear them while working in the sunlight.
 Can I use my dark safety glasses for welding, cutting or brazing operations?
Unless they are specifically rated to use during those operations, this is never advisable. You need
glasses with adequate, appropriate shading when you weld, cut or braze. The use of correct eye
protection is not only a matter of jobsite safety regulations. It is a very personal matter because it
involves your children, spouse and relatives--as well as friends and co-workers. Will they have time to
take care of you if you lose your eye sight? Would you want them to?
Don't take chances with your precious eyesight! Protect it!


SAFETY RULES FOR PEOPLE WORKING AROUND INDUSTRIAL LIFT

TRUCKS
Call them what you like -- forklifts, lift trucks. They can be a large part of any industrial operation. Most
forklift safety training concentrates on the operators, with good cause. They are the ones who are
maneuvering the heavy, and sometimes awkward, loads through aisles, around corners and up ramps.
A well-known lift truck manufacturer recently stated that 60% of injuries/fatalities involving lift trucks are
sustained by co-workers, not operators. Like I said, most of the training concentrates on operator
safety, not on the people who work around the lift trucks.
The following 7 tips are meant to raise the awareness of pedestrians:
1. Establish eye contact with the forklift driver.

2. Keep a safe distance from the lift truck and pay attention.
3. NEVER assume the lift truck operator knows that you are there. Make yourself known.
4. Watch out for the tail swing when a lift truck turns.
5. Stay clear of the fall zone. This is a full circle around the lift truck equal to twice the height of the
carried load.
6. Check the mirrors that are installed at corners, etc. If there are no mirrors, talk to your
supervisor and bring this up at your next safety meeting.
7. Never walk under the raised forks of a lift truck. Even when empty, the forks could fall without
warning.
Remember, it is easy to become immune to the dangers of working around a lift truck. With all of the
noises that can occur during a work shift, back up and warning sounds can blend in with everything
else. The key is to be aware of your surroundings.
There is one last thing you should remember. If you do get into an altercation with a lift truck, the lift
truck will most likely win.

SAFETY WITH PNEUMATIC TOOLS

Air powered tools present many of the same hazards as their electrically powered counterparts, plus
hazards you may not have considered. Here are things to remember when using air tools:
Air pressure: Electrical tools are powered from a source that provides a well-regulated standard
current. However, with air powered tools, air may be delivered at varying pressures and flows. If the
pressure/flow exceeds the manufacturer's rating, the tool itself could over-speed, delivering too much
torque or other excessive force. This is hazardous due to the increased possibility of tool or workpiece
breakage. Inadequate pressure or flow could also result in an under performing tool. This may prompt
you to apply excessive force in your work, possibly causing tool breakage and injury. Adjust your air
pressure to the manufacturer's rating. Make sure hoses are of the correct inside diameter and are not
kinked or crushed. Your compressor and receiver must have enough capacity to deliver air in an
amount sufficient to properly operate all attached tools.
Noise Levels: Pneumatic tools discharge exhaust air at the tool itself or nearby. Frequently, this air is
not muffled and therefore pneumatic tools can be much noisier than electric tools. As prolonged
exposure to loud noise can damage your hearing, precautions should be taken. Either effective
mufflers can be installed on the exhaust, or hearing protection should be worn.
Oil & Air Quality: The discharge of air can cause other concerns too. The air feeding the tool may
contain oil or antifreeze, discharging contaminated air into the environment around you. Special
precautions may be needed in confined or poorly ventilated spaces. If oil-contaminated air discharges
near where you grip the tool, your hands may become oily, resulting in a dangerous loss of grip. It
helps to frequently wipe both your hands and the tool and to be sure you are not over oiling the tool. To
eliminate the hazard, find a replacement tool with a better design.
Air Temperature: If the air discharges on your hand, you can feel that it is cold. Under certain
conditions, the temperature could be low enough to cause frostbite, stiffen your fingers, or even make
you more susceptible to certain types of cumulative trauma injuries. Again, this may indicate poor tool
design. Gloves may help if they can be worn without creating the additional hazard of becoming caught
up in any rotating or reciprocating parts.
Shock Potential: Air powered tools are not grounded or double insulated so if you contact a live wire
while working with a pneumatic tool, you can be shocked. Make certain all electric power in the
immediate work area is isolated.
Whipping Hose Danger: If an electric cord were to break, there is generally not much danger unless
you come in contact with the conductors. However, a severed air hose can whip around violently until
the air is shut off. You may be injured by the whipping hose or while scrambling to get out of its way.
Protect the hose from physical damage. When using quick disconnect type fittings, install the male end
on the tool.
Eye Protection: Finally, don't forget to protect your eyes. Compressed air or particles may fly from
equipment such as chipping hammers, rock drills, rotary drills or sanders, and cause pain or injury.
Don't take chances with your precious eyesight!

SAVE YOUR BACK WHEN WORKING IN AWKWARD POSITIONS

We have all been told to avoid back injury by bending our knees when we lift, keeping the load close
and avoiding twisting motions. These safety rules may be appropriate for simple, direct lifting of
materials, but what about back care when you are working in awkward positions? Work tasks that
require you to reach or stretch away from your body while handling materials can also put excessive
strain on the vertebral discs and soft tissues in the back. An awkward position is a work posture that
distorts the spine from its natural curves, puts unbalanced pressure on the discs, and can strain arm,
leg or back tissues if held for any length of time.
What are some work situations that may put you in "awkward" positions?
1. Jobs that require you to bend and reach into bins or containers to retrieve or place material.
2. Overhead work, installing or servicing equipment, pulling wire, cleaning ceilings, etc.
3. Floor or ground level jobs such as installing or servicing equipment, cleaning, etc.
4. Work tasks in confined or small spaces where there is limited range of motion such as boilers,
hatches, pipes, tanks, vaults, crawl spaces, etc.
5. Jobs on ladders, work platforms or scaffolding where you may over-reach to adjust, clean,
install or service.
6. Pulling loads, instead of pushing them, when removing equipment or other materials.
7. Repetitive tasks that require twisting of the back such as loading or handling material 90o to
180o from the starting point
How can you avoid injury when working in awkward positions?
 Raise bins and containers off the floor and/or tilt them to reduce bending and over-reaching.
 When working overhead, stand on a steady and adjustable platform. Keep your back posture in
its natural curve to avoid uneven spinal loading.
 If working on the floor, avoid bending over to work. Squat down using your leg muscles and
wear cushioned knee pads if you have to kneel at work.
 In confined spaces, plan your work, and reduce clutter in the area which confines you further
and increases the need to twist or overreach. Also arrange for adequate illumination.
 Don't hold an awkward position for too long. Pause often to stretch and straighten out.
 When leaning forward to work, support the weight of your upper body on your free hand and
arm, whenever possible. This greatly relieves pressure on your lower back.
 Position yourself as close as possible to the job, avoid overreaching and/or use tools with
longer handles when working on ladders or scaffolding.
 Never lift heavy loads that are far from your body's center of gravity. Get help in such cases.
 Position your work below the shoulder and above the knees to minimize over-reaching.
 Push, rather than pull, loads to help maintain the spine's natural curve.
 Remember that a back support belt may remind you to lift correctly, but it will not protect your
spine if you overreach or twist with a load.
What specific awkward positions do you face in your work?

How can you "work smarter instead of harder" to prevent injuries?

SCAFFOLD INSPECTIONS
Scaffolding is a temporary, field erected structure used for working aloft. Because it is temporary and
field erected, it is subject to wear and abuse, improper assembly, and unauthorized changes.
Construction standards require that a "competent person" inspect scaffolds for defects before every
work shift. Yet, in all industries, every employee who works on or around scaffolding should be aware
of safety requirements. The following list includes things to watch for:
 Scaffolding must be erected on firm footing capable of carrying the maximum intended load.
Boxes, barrels, loose concrete blocks or brick must not be used to support the structure.
 Consideration must be given to the weight the scaffold is to carry. It must be capable of
supporting, without failure, four times the maximum intended load. The load includes not only
the weight of the people on the scaffold but also any supplies and equipment being used.
 Scaffolding is naturally unstable because it is usually a tall structure with a narrow base. To
counteract this, the scaffold must be braced or tied off to a stable structure such as a ship's hull
or building wall.
 The planking used must be "scaffold grade." The wood must be clear, free of loose knots,
splits, or other defects. To create a proper work surface, generally 2 planks need to be laid side
by side to create a 50cms" wide work platform. At the ends, the planking must overlap at least
15cms but no more than 45cms (limited to 30cms for shipyards and construction) unless the
planks are fastened to the supporting members.
 Toe boards at least 10cms high (9cms for construction) should be installed along the outer
scaffold edge, to prevent tools or materials from falling onto workers below.
 Guard rail requirements for supported scaffolds vary for different industries. The industry
standard for construction and general industry requires guardrails when a platform is 25cms or
higher. In shipyards, they must be installed if the work platform is 12cms or more above a solid
surface, or at any distance above water. You must know the company procedures for this.
 Guard rails are usually made of 2x4 lumber or steel pipe. The top rail should be about 106cms
above the scaffold walking surface, with a "mid-rail" at about 53cms. Fiber or wire rope can be
used if it is attached to rigid supports and kept taut. However, a variance may be needed to do
so in some jurisdictions. It should be noted that the railings must be of adequate strength to
restrain someone who has started to fall.
 Railings can be omitted if a structure, such as a ship's hull prevents their use. However, in
these circumstances, you must wear a safety harness and life line if you working more than
12cms above a solid surface. If over water, you must wear an approved buoyant work vest.
Finally, never make any changes to scaffolding yourself. Only designated "Competent Persons" should
make modifications.

QUIZ -- SELECTING SUITABLE EYE PROTECTION

Question 1: While using an abrasive grinder to dress some hand tools, your eyes will be sufficiently
protected from flying particles if you wear a face shield.
Answer: No. Face shields are not approved eye protection. They are designed to protect the facial skin
from cuts and abrasions. They may be worn over approved primary eye protection for additional
protection to the face.
Question 2: One of your assigned job duties is to transfer a corrosive liquid chemical from one
container to another. You wear safety glasses with side shields while performing this task. Are your
eyes adequately protected?
Answer: No. Whenever there is a potential exposure from hazardous liquids, safety (sometimes called
chemical) goggles which form a seal around the entire eye area are required. There are several styles
of goggles to choose from, including flexible fitting with regular ventilation, flexible fitting with hooded
ventilation and cushioned fitting with a rigid body.
Question 3: Because you wear contact lenses, you do not need to wear eye protection in most cases?
Answer: No. Contact lenses, of and by themselves, do not provide eye protection from hazards
occurring in a work setting. Eye protection suitable for the hazards must be worn whenever there is
exposure to injury to the eyes. Dusty or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to
contact lens wearers.
Question 4: You are unable to locate your eye protection while at work. Your supervisor has just given
you a rush order for a customer who is waiting at the service desk. The job won't take long but you will
be exposed to flying particles while completing the task. Should you go ahead and complete the job
without your eye protection? After all, it will only take a few seconds?
Answer: No. No matter what the duration of the job task, if eye protection is required in order to prevent
an injury to the eyes, it must never be attempted without proper safety equipment. Explain the
immediate situation to your supervisor. Another pair of glasses or goggles may be available or the job
should be assigned to someone else who has protection available. To prevent a recurrence of this
situation, you and your supervisor should jointly decide how all personal protective equipment will be
selected, cared for and stored to ensure it is readily available at all times.
NEVER TAKE CHANCES WITH YOUR VISION.
ALWAYS WEAR EYE PROTECTION!


SEVEN COMMON ACCIDENT CAUSES

Consider this statistic: 80 out of every 100 accidents are the fault of the person involved in the incident.
Unsafe Acts cause four times as many accidents & injuries as unsafe conditions.
Accidents occur for many reasons. In most industries people tend to look for "things" to blame when an
accident happens, because it's easier than looking for "root causes," such as those listed below.
Consider the underlying accident causes described. Have you been guilty of any of these attitudes or
behaviors? If so, you may have not been injured-but next time you may not be so lucky.
 Taking Shortcuts: Every day we make decisions we hope will make the job faster and more
efficient. But do time savers ever risk your own safety, or that of other crew members? Short
cuts that reduce your safety on the job are not shortcuts, but an increased chance for injury.
 Being Over Confident: Confidence is a good thing. Overconfidence is too much of a good thing.
"It'll never happen to me" is an attitude that can lead to improper procedures, tools, or methods
in your work. Any of these can lead to an injury.
 Starting a Task with Incomplete Instructions: To do the job safely and right the first time you
need complete information. Have you ever seen a worker sent to do a job, having been given
only a part of the job's instructions? Don't be shy about asking for explanations about work
procedures and safety precautions. It isn't dumb to ask questions; it's dumb not to.
 Poor Housekeeping: When clients, managers or safety professionals walk through your work
site, housekeeping is an accurate indicator of everyone's attitude about quality, production and
safety. Poor housekeeping creates hazards of all types. A well maintained area sets a standard
for others to follow. Good housekeeping involves both pride and safety.
 Ignoring Safety Procedures: Purposely failing to observe safety procedures can endanger you
and your co-workers. You are being paid to follow the company safety policies-not to make your
own rules. Being "casual" about safety can lead to a casualty!
 Mental Distractions from Work: Having a bad day at home and worrying about it at work is a
hazardous combination. Dropping your 'mental' guard can pull your focus away from safe work
procedures. You can also be distracted when you're busy working and a friend comes by to talk
while you are trying to work. Don't become a statistic because you took your eyes off the
machine "just for a minute."
 Failure to Pre-Plan the Work: There is a lot of talk today about Job Safety Analysis. JSA's are
an effective way to figure out the smartest ways to work safely and effectively. Being hasty in
starting a task, or not thinking through the process can put you in harms way. Instead, Plan
Your Work and then Work Your Plan!
"It is better to be careful 100 times than to get killed once." (Mark Twain)

GENERAL SAFETY - SHIFT WORK

 Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Bhopal. Three significant industrial disasters caused, at least in
part, by human error. Do you know what they had in common? All three occurred between the
hours of midnight and 4 a.m. Coincidentally, this is the lowest point of alertness during the day.
If you work between the hours of 8 p.m. and 8 a.m., studies show that your alertness decreases
and, as a result, you make more errors. With this comes an increased likelihood of accidents
and injuries. Two thirds of all transportation accidents involving hazardous materials occur
between 6 p.m. and 9 am. on a straight road, and under good driving conditions. In Japan, a
study of locomotive operators found that 82% of near accidents occurred between midnight and
8 a.m.
 Humans are predominantly day animals. We are controlled by an internal "body clock" that
controls hormone release, blood pressure and body temperatures. These, in turn, tell us when it
is time to sleep. If you work a swing shift, for at least part of your shift, you are probably fighting
off your body's natural instinct to fall asleep. If you work a graveyard shift, you are most
certainly fighting your body to stay awake. It is hard to permanently adjust to these unusual
hours. Once they no longer need to be worked, your body will revert to its more natural
sleep/awake cycle. You know it is tough. But you can adjust, and here's how!
 Establish a bedtime routine. You will need your family's help in keeping the noise down and the
darkness needed to fall asleep. Ear-plugs or droning fans will help block the noise. Good heavy
curtains, shades or eye patches can help provide the darkness. On days off, get 3 to 4 hours of
sleep that overlaps the time you sleep during the work days. Do not rely on afternoon naps.
You need a good seven hours of uninterrupted sleep. Do not rely on pills. They can cause
dependence.
 Avoid caffeine within five hours of bedtime. Also, avoid alcohol. Alcohol can make you sleep
lighter and less restful. Shift workers tend to sleep 2 to 3 hours less than others as it is. A word
of caution: Minimal amounts of alcohol and minimal amounts of sleep add up to a major
deterioration in performance. Someone sleeping 5 hours a night and drinking only one can of
beer is as impaired as someone who drinks 6 cans after a full night's sleep.
 Eat nutritious foods. Avoid fried food and those that are hard to digest. Take a regular lunch
period and avoid sugary snacks. One study has found that shift workers have higher blood
cholesterol levels even if they eat the same as day workers. If this is the case, you may have to
work harder to maintain health and fitness.

GENERAL SAFETY – SIGNS

You might see over 100 of them as you ride to work. Signs -- they are everywhere. How many of these
do you actually notice? Probably not many. That creates a problem. Not only do signs litter the streets,
they may also be all over your work place. Do you see them? Do you notice them? Do they mean
something or do they just make the work place look safer to the outsider?
Signs are placed to warn and educate. They are not simply decoration. Signs can be permanent or
temporary. Signs lose their impact if they address a hazard that no longer exists. Have you ever come
across a barricaded area that has remained barricaded even after the work is done? What happens?
Pretty soon someone realizes there is no longer a danger and starts using the area. After a while,
everyone is. If this happens, barricades become something to ignore. That is until someone gets hurt
crossing a barricade placed around a hazard that is not obvious.
What is the lesson? If you place a temporary warning sign, directional sign, or barricade, when you are
done with the work, finish the job. Remove the sign. Remove the barricade. Do your part to keep
warning devices meaningful.
So when should you place signs? In some cases sign placement is required by regulations. For
example, an air compressor is required to have a sign warning it could start at anytime. A sign warning
against entry must be placed at the entry to a confined space. As a rule of thumb, warning or
cautionary signs should be posted whenever the hazard is a danger to passersby or if the hazard may
not be obvious to the untrained or unaware.
Just a one-word warning sign stating WARNING or CAUTION is not enough. Briefly explain, on the
sign, what the danger is. As an example: Warning--Confined Space--Do Not Enter or Warning, this
machine may start automatically at anytime.
Do not place unnecessary signs. Place necessary signs where they can be seen. Explain the danger.
Remove the signs when they are no longer needed. And remember, if you see a sign, read it and heed
it! It is there for a reason.

SMOKE DETECTORS - A LIFE SAVING WARNING

Smoke detectors save lives every day. These small but effective devices are a vital fire safety early
warning system, in both the workplace and the home. While it is critical to have smoke detectors
installed both at home and at work, it is three times more important to have smoke detectors operating
in the home. Why? Because each year, more than three-quarters of the 4,500 fire-related deaths occur
in the home. And tragically, children under five years of age die at twice the rate of all others.
The majority of fatal fires in the home take place at night, when occupants are asleep. Contrary to
common belief, the smell of smoke may not always wake a sleeping person. Poisonous gasses and
the smoke produced by a fire can actually numb the senses, putting a person into a deeper sleep.
Luckily, a small, inexpensive smoke detector, working properly, provides a wake-up alarm, and can
reduce the risk of death by nearly 50%.
Placement of Home Smoke Detectors is Critical: Residences should have a smoke detector outside
each sleeping area and on every level, including the basement. In new construction in the USA, the
NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency) now requires a smoke detector in each sleeping room. On
floors without bedrooms, they are to be installed within or near living areas. NFPA suggests that areas
such as dining rooms, furnace rooms, and bonus rooms have detectors as well. Be aware that if you
install these devices in kitchens, broiler or cooking fumes may cause frequent false alarms.
How Many Detectors are Needed? There are no specific guidelines on this. The correct number
depends upon the configuration of the office or home, but it's better to have too many than too few.
They should be installed high up on walls or on the ceiling. Since smoke rises, the first place it will be
detected is near the ceiling.
Alarms are Critical for Some Work Facilities: This is particularly true for work locations that are remote
from community fire departments, or in facilities that do not have fire sprinklers or other permanent fire
suppression equipment. In these cases, smoke detectors provide the main source of warning to
evacuate the building and call for help.
Maintenance, Inspection & Replacement. These devices must be cared for just as all important tools
and equipment must. Only a functioning smoke detector can provide a life-saving warning.
Manufacturers recommend testing all smoke detectors monthly, using the test button. And don't forget
to replace the batteries at least once a year, unless they are of the hard-wired variety. A good time for
battery replacement is the day you change your clocks to daylight savings time, or on January 1. Any
smoke detector over 10 years old should be replaced.
Develop an emergency evacuation plan. It is important to have an emergency evacuation plan at

home, as well as at work. Discuss it with your entire family, and practice it. Fires catch people off-
guard. Don't let one catch you or your family that way. It could be tragic.
How long has it been since you've tested your home smoke detectors, and changed batteries?

GENERAL SAFETY - SNOW REMOVAL

As I opened the front door to go to work, a pile of snow fell back inside and covered my feet. Sound
familiar? For many of us who live in a cold climate, snow removal is reality. How we deal with it may be
the difference between a serious injury and an inconvenience.
For those who have a snow blower, the job is easier but not without hazard. The first thing to think
about is what was left on the driveway before you start the machine. Rocks, toys and other odds and
ends are now frozen projectiles capable of breaking windows or easily putting out an eye. Always aim
the discharge chute away from property and people. Never allow small children in or around the area
to be blown. Occasionally the impellers will pick up something like twine or a plastic bag and jam.
Never try to clear a machine while it is running. Take the time to turn it off before you work on it.
Remember when playing in the snow was fun and helping dad shovel the driveway was
a blast? For many of us, that is how we still get the job done, and it can be a pain in the
back!!
Many suppliers now offer an ergonomic snow shovel. They are a good idea and they
work. The principle is to offset the handle, so you do not have to bend over to use it.
Attaching a handle to the shovel where your lower hand grips the shovel will accomplish
the same purpose. The idea is to remain as erect as possible.
The same theories used to prevent back injury while shoveling dirt apply to snow, but
because snow is light we do not always use them. Scoop in a forward motion, move
your feet as close as possible, lift and toss without twisting. Many people toss snow to
one side or another and this twisting motion takes its toll on the back.
Another thing to consider is stretching. Many of us start the day having to shovel to get
to work. Taking the time to stretch those muscles a little bit will help prevent a sore
back. The next thing to consider is fatigue. Take a break every so often and relax. This
will allow your body time to recuperate from exertion and may prevent a serious injury.
Last but not least, you may want to consider a back support.
Working in a cold climate has additional hazards that may not be so obvious. Dehydration is a serious
consideration. Breathing cold dry air robs moisture from your body every time you take a breath. If you
become dehydrated, you are more susceptible to frost bite and hypothermia. Drink plenty of water.
Avoid working up a sweat. Damp or moist clothing will increase your body's heat loss rate and again
make you more susceptible to cold weather injury. If you are starting to sweat, take a break.

SPONTANEOUS IGNITION
Many people do not believe it can happen. For no apparent reason fire erupts, usually during off hours.
It does happen. It's called spontaneous ignition, and preventing it is part of your job.
Spontaneous ignition occurs when a combustible object is heated to its ignition temperature by a
chemical reaction involving the oxygen in the air around us. This "oxidation" process creates heat that,
if not dissipated, will build up until ignition occurs. Generally, this can happen when the materials are
left in piles and the heat being generated in the pile cannot be released into the air.
A number of materials are moderately or highly subject to spontaneous heating and subsequent
ignition. Some of those you may find in your work area include oil based paint in contact with rags,
cotton, or other fibrous combustible material; rags that are damp with any one of a number of different
types of oils, including vegetable oils; oily uniforms or work clothes; and paint scrapping, possibly
coming from a paint spray booth cleaning project.
The possibility of spontaneous ignition is greater if the surrounding air is also warm and dry. The added
heat, say from nearby machinery or a non-insulated steam line, can either pre-heat the material, which
in turn sets off the reaction, or can hasten ignition by adding even more heat to the combustible.
It is simple to prevent spontaneous ignition, since oxygen is needed for it to occur. Materials subject to
spontaneous ignition should be stored in covered metal containers such as a rag safety can or trash
can. Admittedly the container will contain oxygen at first. However, the oxidation process will use up
the reaction and the reaction will stop-fire prevented.
Another strategy is to spread the combustible material out so the resulting heat can be dissipated
rather than allowed to build up-again, fire prevented.
Proper housekeeping is the key to preventing fires. Remove debris from the building or vessel.
Properly store combustibles in covered containers. Be sure the lids of containers remain in place-they
are there for a purpose. Fire not only damages property, it threatens lives. Furthermore, a business
destroyed by fire does not need employees. By working to prevent fires, you also work to protect your
job.
Has your place of employment ever been destroyed by fire? Have you witnessed the smoldering
wreckage of someone else's business? It's not a pretty picture-don't let it happen to you!

STACKING UP A PILE OF TROUBLE

An alarming number of employee accidents and injuries are associated with forklift operations. Many of
these are a result of poorly stacked materials that topple and damage property or injure people.
Stacking boxes, bagged goods, and similar items is usually thought to be an uncomplicated job. Yet,
like most tasks that are considered to be easy, a lack of attention or knowledge can create safety
problems.
The stability of a stack is probably the number one concern. If a stacked load is going to be moved,
with a forklift or pallet jack for example, you can see that the inevitable jostling may cause items to fall.
But what about stacks that are not to be moved? Stability is still important. An earthquake or an
accidental bump could cause something to fall.
For a load to be stable, its base must be stable. This means you have to start building the stack on a
firm, level surface. If a pallet is used, inspect it to be sure it's in good repair. If not, don't use it! Though
it seems obvious, make sure everyone on the crew knows the difference between "good" and "bad"
pallet repair.
Place larger and heavier objects at the bottom. If the packaging material is compressible, pay attention
to the printed instructions on the box that advise how many units can be stacked. If you go higher, the
weight could cause the lower boxes to crush, creating an unstable stack and damaging goods in the
boxes. If the product is bagged, be sure the contents are evenly distributed in the bag as you lay it
down. This creates a flat surface for the next tier. Interlock the units as you build the load. Your
supervisor can show you how this is done.
Some stacks are going to be inherently stable. An example would be a stack of rectangular, interlocked
boxes with the base of the stack wider than the height. Other stacks are inherently unstable. An
example would be square boxes that cannot be interlocked. Such stacks must be tied or wrapped to
increase stability.
Watch the total weight of objects or containers you stack. If the load is going to be moved by a forklift
or pallet jack, the total weight must not exceed the capacity of the equipment. Also know the weight
bearing capacity of floors and shelves, and do not exceed these capacities. Spread the load out so the
weight is not concentrated in one area.
Do not contribute to a lift truck mishap. Pay careful attention, and take pride in having an accident free,
injury free record.

STAIRS AND WALKWAYS

Stairways and walkways in all businesses can be the cause of injury accidents. These passageways
do not typically get the maintenance they need, since they are "only" access ways and not production
areas. Here are ten safety tips to help eliminate exposures at your company.
1. Always keep one hand free to use the handrails, both up and down the stairways.
2. Keep all stairs and walkways clear of debris and potentially slippery substances such as: ice,
snow, water, oil, or grease.
3. Keep passageways free of tools, equipment and other materials. Always practice good
housekeeping in these non-production areas.
4. When walkways and stairs are provided-use them. Don't short-cut your safety to save a few
steps or a few seconds. Hopping off loading docks or jumping over piping saves no time or
money if you are injured and cannot work.
5. Shop or warehouse mezzanines should be equipped with standard railings to protect open
sides. Railings should have top rails with a vertical height of 42 inches, mid rails, posts, and toe
boards. Your company may have a small office located within a larger building with its roof area
used for storing materials. Review the space's access and guarding. Make sure it has a full
stairway or ladder access and is equipped with perimeter railings. It is also wise to have an
engineer calculate the maximum load the roof area can handle.
6. Standard handrails must be provided for stairs with four or more steps. Handrails should be 30
to 34 inches from the top of the stair tread, measured in line with the face of the riser.
7. Handrails can become loose and may need to be re-secured or replaced. Do not assume
someone else will repair or report it. Immediately mention any problem to the right person, such
as your supervisor, or take the time to fix it yourself.
8. Where there are elevation changes in walkways, highlight the change so it is plainly visible.
Distinguishing the change alerts those unfamiliar with the walkway to the hazard.
9. Secure electrical cords and hoses so that they do not lie across walkways. If electrical cords
must be laid across walkways, use approved cord covers whenever possible. Consider setting
up a caution sign or flagging to alert individuals of cords or hoses in their path until a permanent
"approved" solution can be put into place.
10. Take small steps on wet and icy walkways. Use handholds to stabilize yourself when they are
available. Asphalt and oiled surfaces can also be hazardous because rain water may produce
an oil sheen and create slippery walking conditions.
Unlike some exposures, stairway hazards or slippery walkways can appear overnight. Take action to
remedy the problem when you see it.

SUNGLASSES VS SAFETY GLASSES

Spring is here! Now is the time many people working outdoors break out the sunglasses. While
conventional sunglasses may protect the eyes from glare, they do a poor job of protecting your eyes
from the industrial hazards of splashes, flying objects, and dust. In fact, conventional glasses can
present their own hazards in the workplace.
It is a fact that the frame and lenses used in safety glasses are stronger than the frame and lenses
used in conventional glasses. When an object strikes the lens of safety glasses it is very unlikely that
the lens would dislodge. This is not true of conventional eye wear, especially those types with wire
frames. When an object strikes the lens of conventional glasses, the lens can shatter, showering the
wearer's eye with shards of glass. This can happen, and it has happened. But, with a pair of approved
safety glasses, the lens may break, but it will not shatter back into the eye.
Safety glasses also have shields to reduce the risk of foreign objects reaching the eye from the sides,
top or bottom. Sunglasses do not. In some parts of the country, glasses with leather side shields are
popular among skiers and have found their way into general use. These types of sunglasses are never
recommended for general or industrial use because they almost completely eliminate peripheral vision.
In fact, in some parts of the country these glasses are illegal to wear while driving.
Because sunglasses have a darkened lens, some people mistakenly believe these glasses will provide
the needed protection when welding, brazing, or cutting. This is far from the truth. A darkened lens will
not protect your eyes from the infrared (IR) and ultra-violet (UV) radiation. Wearing glasses with
darkened lenses which are not made for industrial applications, can actually be more dangerous than
wearing no glasses at all. This is because the eye attempts to compensate for less light by opening the
pupil wider. In turn, this allows more of the damaging radiation in. For adequate protection from the
visible light produced by welding, the lens must be of a specified shade. Sunglasses are not
welding/cutting goggles.
What should you look for when selecting safety sunglasses? First, be sure the glasses are indeed
safety eye wear, by checking to see if they comply with American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
standards, the organization which sets the criteria for safety eyewear. This will be stated on the
packaging and on the frame of the glasses. Look for "Z87.1." This is the ANSI designation identifying
the glasses as approved safety eyewear.
Although not a necessity, consider glasses providing IR and UV protection. Look for glasses that are
lightweight and adjustable. If the glasses don't fit properly, they won't be comfortable and thus they
many not be worn. Try them on and adjust them before starting work. A good pair of safety sunglasses
can be purchased for less than $10. This is certainly a deal when you consider you are protecting your
priceless eyes.

SURVIVING THE DEADLY SILENT KILLER

It's that time of year when we all require heat to stay warm and survive the winter cold. The fuels that
we burn to create heat also produce CARBON MONOXIDE gas, commonly known as "CO", as a by-
product of the combustion process. Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and very deadly since
color recognition and smell are many times the senses we rely on to warn us of danger.
Inhalation of carbon monoxide decreases the ability of blood to carry oxygen to parts of the body. The
reason for this is CO attaches to the red blood cells more readily than oxygen. In fact, the blood
attraction for CO is about 240 times stronger than for oxygen. Consequently, the affects can be
accumulated over several hours in low concentration areas. This is why even low levels of CO can be
deadly. Some signs of CO poisoning are drowsiness, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and rapid
breathing. Others may notice a cyanotic or a "bluish" cast to the skin color due to the lack of oxygen in
the tissues. Very high concentrations of CO can be quickly fatal without any warning symptoms.
People are killed every winter from CO entering their car or truck from leaking exhaust systems. If you
must sit with the engine idling for long periods to stay warm, keep a window partially open to allow
fresh air to filter in. On long trips, open a window or wing vent slightly to prevent an accumulation of
CO, if there is any possibility of a leaking exhaust system. Of course, it is better not to have a leaking
exhaust system in the first place. Have it inspected and repaired if it leaks.
Every year people die from using various unvented heating devices in enclosed spaces. Typically this
involves: using a barbecue for heating or cooking; using an unvented gas oven or stove for space
heating; or using propane-fired heaters in enclosed areas. None of these should be used in tightly
enclosed areas, since the fumes from the spent fuel have no way to vent to the outside to prevent the
buildup of dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. It is also a very good idea to have all heating
appliances checked before cold weather sets in to make sure they are in good working order - burners
are properly adjusted, and vent pipes are unobstructed and in good condition. Most utility companies
provide this service without charge. Much like smoke detectors, CO detectors are readily available for
your home if you desire.
If you suspect CO may be present, or experience any of the symptoms described, get out of the area
immediately. If possible, open windows and doors to let in fresh air. Turn off any devices that you think
may be causing the problem and do not go back until the area has been determined to be safe.
Remember, you can't smell or see Carbon Monoxide, but it can kill you just the same.

GENERAL SAFETY - "TAKE TWO"

Picture this scenario. You are walking through your operation and notice a puddle of oil on the floor.
Hopefully, you recognize that this is a safety hazard and proceed to clean up the oil. Feeling that you
have done all you can to prevent an accident from occurring, you return to your usual job. But did you
really do everything you could have done to prevent an injury? How about if I told you that the next day
your co-worker slips and falls on the same puddle of oil and injures his back? You may argue that you
had cleaned up the puddle of oil the previous day. What went wrong?
True, you did clean up the puddle of oil, but you did not take "two" minutes to figure out how the oil got
there in the first place. In other words, the root cause was not determined; and therefore, the oil on the
floor still remained a hazard. Take Two is a safety process where you take two minutes to think about
the hazard. In this case, the real cause of the oil was from a leaking hose fitting from above.
The T-A-K-E (Talk, Actions, Knowledge, Equipment) Two checklist is an effective method in
investigating and preventing accidents. Let's use the incident with the oil on the floor as an example.
Your first step should have been to Talk with others, including your supervisor, to determine what
caused the leak and how and when repairs will be made. The next step is to take Action and conduct a
formal incident investigation and gather facts about the hazard. The process of talking to others and
performing an incident investigation brings you Knowledge about the incident- when and how it
occurred, its cause and appropriate corrective actions. Lastly, you would realize (in this case) that a
leaky hose fitting (Equipment) was the root cause.
The Take Two process could be used in a variety of operations and settings to prevent accidents. Take
a few minutes and ask yourself and your fellow co-workers the following questions:
1) Have we put ourselves or a co-worker in an unsafe situation because we
thought we had fixed a hazard, when we really had not?
2) Why do we seek quick fixes and easy answers to problems?
3) What procedures can we follow to conduct a thorough investigation that will uncover root causes?
Understanding that we live in a "quick fix" society and that we have become conditioned to look for
easy answers, is the first step in effectively applying the Take Two process. Sometimes answers to
problems are not so obvious. They take time and a little detective behavior on your part. After all, in the
long run, isn't it better to have a "permanent fix" rather than a "quick fix?"

TEMPORARY HEAT SAFETY

Temporary heating devices are a vital part of being able to work effectively in cold weather. They allow
temperature-critical work to continue on schedule, and provide for more comfortable working
conditions. However, as a result of poor selection and careless use of portable heaters, injuries and
damaging fires occur every year.
If improperly used, temporary heating equipment can lead to burns, fires, explosion, carbon monoxide
poisoning, and the creation of oxygen deficient atmospheres. So, with the winter season upon us, it's
important to review the many types of temporary heating devices that are available, and be sure they
are used safely.
A variety of devices to choose from: Temporary heat units can be fired either directly or indirectly. They
can be electric or fueled by: (1) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (propane), (2) Natural Gas, (3) Liquid Fuel
(kerosene, fuel oil, coal oil, and some diesel oils) or, (4) Solid fuel (wood, coal, coke, etc.). Solid fuel
heaters are the most uncontrollable and therefore most potentially dangerous. Because of the inherent
hazards associated with solid fuel, temporary units can not be used inside or within 635cms of any
building or structure. This safety requirement makes their use for most temporary heating situations
impractical.
Always follow safety guidelines: The most important instructions will be found on the side of the heating
unit, though instructions will not be the same for all equipment. What was safe to use in one location
may not be so in another. Remember the old saying, "When in doubt, read the instructions."? This is
critical advice when using heating equipment, to avoid creating a hazard.
Other important tips:
 Never use a "fueled" heater within 254cms feet of any debris piles, temporary enclosures,
tarps, combustible materials, or flammable material.
 Maintain a good fresh air supply, to avoid oxygen deficient atmospheres; flame uses oxygen.
 Every heating unit, must have a fire extinguisher immediately available.
 Never leave an operating heater unattended during non-working hours.
 The use of temporary heaters in confined spaces is never recommended; when they are used,
sufficient ventilation and temperature control must be provided.
 Allow the heater to cool down before it is re-fueled.
 Always turn off the gas supply when the heater is not in-use.
 Never store used or extra LPG containers inside. Only those in use should be present.
 Temporary heaters should be placed at least six feet away from the LP container and not fired
toward the container, unless the heater is an approved integrated unit.
 Never manifold more than three 7 barg LPG cylinders together.
 LP cylinders must be secured in the upright position and protected from damage.
Never use LPG below grade level: Be aware that gases such as propane are heavier-than-air, and will
settle into any low spots, such as a basement. If there is no way for them to exit, a spark or flame can
ignite and explode the concentration of gas, causing great damage and injuries. Temporary heaters
are great tools, allowing work to continue in cold and damp weather. But remember, they can be
dangerous. Learn how to operate them, and don't take them for granted.
Stay Warm, But Stay Safe!


THAT CONTAINER ONLY LOOKS EMPTY!

Containers that have held flammable or combustible liquids can remain explosive even after the liquid
has been removed. The liquid in the container is replaced by air which mixes with the hazardous
vapors. This combination can be explosively ignited by a spark or heat. In fact, these containers are
normally more explosive than a full container.
How many times have you seen a 5 gallon pail or a 55 gallon drum being used as a welding or grinding
stand? This is very dangerous. Any sparks produced could ignite the vapors. Also, the torch flame,
heating the container, could ignite the vapors within the drum. The auto-ignition temperature of many
flammable vapors is far below the melting point of steel. Some auto-ignition points are as low as 450
degrees F.
Never attempt to do any hot work on a container unless it has been thoroughly and properly cleaned.
 Steam, followed by a caustic soda wash and fresh water rinse, is the best method.
 Dry with warm circulating air.
 Inspect the inside for cleanliness. If it is not clean, the procedure will need to be repeated.
 Use a combustible gas indicator to test the container for the presence of flammable vapors
immediately before beginning the hot work. Never assume the container is clean enough. Be
certain!
 As an added precaution, fill as much of the container as possible with water. Inert the remaining
space with nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
Complete these steps only in a well ventilated space. Once all this has been done, the hot work can be
performed with a reasonable degree of safety. The key is a clean container that has been verified to be
free of vapors. There is no other safe way.
Don't forget, vapors can travel to a source of ignition that is located well away from the work area. For
this reason, always replace the cap on any container. With the cap off there is a greater likelihood of
product vapors escaping into the air where they could be ignited, or where a source of ignition could be
accidentally introduced into the opening.

THE BAD SIDE OF BENZENE

Benzene is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that is extracted from crude oil. It is also called Benzol,
coal naptha, cyclohexatriene, phene, phenyl hydride, and pyrobenzol. Benzene is widely used to
produce many other chemical compounds. Styrene and cyclohexane are major products of benzene as
well as detergents, dyes, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, varnishes and plastics. It is also an excellent
solvent, although it should never be used as such due to its extreme flammability .
Because it forms explosive mixtures with air, benzene may be used as a fuel component for internal
combustion engines and it is an excellent octane enhancer. Benzene is often present at levels from 1/2
percent to 5 percent in gasoline, diesel fuel and aviation gas as a by-product of the refining process.
What a useful chemical-but it has drawbacks.
Benzene is acutely toxic if absorbed through the skin or if the vapors are inhaled. Symptoms of
exposure to high concentrations of benzene vapors include euphoria, giddiness, breathlessness, and
irritability. It may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Contact may also bring on a
headache, dizziness, nausea, or a feeling of intoxication.
Continued exposure to benzene at high levels will result in convulsions, loss of consciousness, and
death due to respiratory failure. Repeated inhalation at low concentrations can lead to severe anemia
and other serious blood disorders. Since benzene is a suspected carcinogen, Regulations require very
specific controls if employees are exposed above the Occupational exposure limit (OEL) of one part
benzene per million parts of air (1 PPM).
If you think the products you are using may contain benzene, use caution:
1. Obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). This will tell you whether or not the product
contains benzene and what protective equipment or practices should be used.
2. Avoid breathing vapors that come from any operations that involve fluid transfer (which is true
of all chemicals as well as benzene).
3. If you are in an area where suspected benzene-containing materials are being used, be sure to
use proper personal protection. This includes adequate respiratory protection for airborne
concentrations, chemical resistant gloves, splash gear and chemical goggles if necessary.
4. Benzene is extremely flammable, and fires or explosions are potential dangers. Like other
hydrocarbons, its vapor is heavier than air. The vapors will settle in low lying areas and may
travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide extinguishers
should be used to fight a benzene fire, with protective equipment and clothing always used.
5. Artificial respiration and oxygen should be given to victims who have been exposed to benzene
and stopped breathing. Exposed skin should be immediately flushed with soap and water, and
contaminated clothing removed. A victim who has swallowed benzene and is still conscious
should be given water or milk to drink. Get medical assistance immediately if exposure occurs.

GENERAL SAFETY - THE BASICS OF SAFETY

Through several years of investigating accidents and research in the field of accident reconstruction,
leaders in the field of occupational accident prevention have concluded that there are specific reasons
why accidents occur. They found that worker safety is dependent on worker behavior and human
factors. They developed ten safety rules and, while some of you may have heard them before, they are
worth repeating:
1. STAY ALERT - and stay alive. The more awake a worker is, the less likely he or she is to get hurt. If
you are unsure how to operate equipment or perform a task, ask your supervisor. Don't guess and
muddle through. Make sure you know in advance the correct, safe way to do it.
2. WEAR THE RIGHT CLOTHES - work clothes should fit properly. Anything that can catch in
machinery or trip you up is hazardous. Wear protective clothing and equipment as required.
3. USE THE RIGHT TOOLS - if you need a hammer, get a hammer. It may be handier to use a pair of
pliers, wrench, screw driver or even your fist. But you will have only yourself to blame if you break your
fingers.
4. LEARN HOW TO LIFT - Lifting takes more than muscle; it is an art. Don't try to show how strong you
are; you may end up in a hospital. Get help to handle anything that is too heavy or cumbersome for
you.
5. DON'T BE A PRANKSTER - practical jokes and horseplay can be dangerous around machinery. If
you feel the urge to play, resist it until after work.
6. BE TIDY - Good housekeeping reduces hazards in the workplace or your home. Always put away
tools when they are not in use. Keep the floors clean, pick up scraps, wipe up spills. A slip or trip can
be fatal.
7. REPORTING IS IMPORTANT - Never fail to report accidents, defective equipment, and unsafe
conditions.
8. GET FIRST AID IMMEDIATELY - if you're hurt -- even if it is just a scratch. Neglect of the injury may
lead to serious infection, weeks of lost time, even permanent injury.
9. BACK YOUR SAFETY PROGRAM - If you have an idea you believe will reduce accidents, tell your
supervisor about it. Set an example by obeying safety rules. Cooperate with your safety committee.
10. NEVER TAKE A CHANCE - Next to sheer carelessness, the short cut is probably the biggest killer
of all. To save a minute or two, you may lose a lifetime. Whatever you are doing, if you are not doing it
safely, you are not doing it right!!

THE CARE & FEEDING OF WIRE ROPE

Crane activities are among the most sensitive operations a company will ever encounter. Each and
every lift must be planned carefully to avoid the risk of serious and costly accidents. Crew members
should consider all factors prior to making the lift, including the capacity of the crane, all its rigging, and
the condition of its wire rope. Wire rope is designed to be used in a specific manner and must be
maintained properly. Allowing wire rope to become damaged or worn can result in possible failure.
Avoid wire rope failure by keeping the following practices in mind.
Installing wire rope on the drum: If a reel stand is used, take care that the drum is spooled from the top
and that the reel feeds from the top. This avoids causing a reverse bend in the wire. A reverse bend
will cause spooling problems and damage the wire rope.
When spooling from a reel, make sure a tension device is used so the reel will not overrun the rope. If
using a mallet to align rope as it feeds onto the drum, use one with a plastic or rubber coated face. Do
not strike wire rope with a metal-faced hammer or mallet.
Avoid spooling more wire rope onto a drum than is needed. The last layer must be at least two rope
diameters below the drum flange top. Spooling more wire rope than is necessary will increase crushing
and may cause the rope to jump the flange.
Prevent kinks in the wire: If a loop forms during unreeling STOP! Pulling on a loop will produce a kink
that will not work itself out. A kink is a permanent defect and will cause increased wear on the drum,
sheaves and the wire rope itself. If kinks must be cut out of the rope, make sure enough rope remains
on the drum to provide 2 or 3 wraps (manufacture's recommendation) on the drum when the crane is
extended full range.
Keep the wire rope lubricated: Rust and dirt can deteriorate and weaken a wire rope. In addition, rust
and dirt acts as an abrasive on the rope as it spools through the sheaves and drums. Lubrication of the
rope allows individual wires to move and work together so that all the wires carry the load instead of
just a few. Weather and other exposures can also remove the lubricant and allow rust to form.
When inspecting wire rope, first clean the rope using a wire brush, solvent or steam cleaner. Next,
inspect the entire rope for damage in accordance with the site procedures rigging & inspection
requirements. Once the rope has passed inspection, lubricate it well. Good lubricants are thin enough
to penetrate all the way to the core but thick enough to coat each wire individually.
The best method for assuring proper cleaning and lubrication is to use a manufactured lubrication
system. These systems work in the following steps: (1) all corrosion and rust is removed; (2) pressure
forces out all moisture; and (3) a high pressure pump forces lubricant throughout the entire rope.
Take rigging for granted and it could be your downfall! Cranes are only as reliable as each of their
rigging components. The capacity of wire rope is based on new or well maintained rope. Its strength
can dramatically decrease if it's poorly cared for. The rope may look strong, but is it safe? Human life
and valuable property may depend upon your answer!

THE HAZARDS OF SILICA DUST

Crystalline silica is a common mineral in the earth's crust, and is found in many types of rock including
sand, quartz, and granite. Silica is present in both work and non-work environments, and exposure to
crystalline silica dust has long been known to cause a disease called silicosis. When you inhale
crystalline silica the lung tissue reacts by developing fibrous tissue around trapped silica particles. This
condition of the lung is called silicosis.
Due to the extensive use of concrete and masonry products in buildings today, construction workers
have a potential exposure to crystalline silica. Operations such as dumping of rock, jack hammering,
abrasive blasting, sawing, drilling or demolition of concrete and masonry structures are some of the
activities that could produce this exposure.
Silica sand or other substances containing more than 1% crystalline silica should never be used as
abrasive blasting materials. Where silica exceeds 1% of the content, less hazardous materials should
be substituted. In addition, always follow safe work practices when there is possible exposure to silica
dust.
o Keep awareness high--which is the key to preventing silicosis. Recognize when silica
dust may be generated and plan ahead to eliminate or control the dust at the source.
o Use proper respiratory protection when point of operation controls cannot keep
exposures below the recommended exposure limit.
o Use Type CE pressure-demand, or positive-pressure, abrasive-blasting respirators
when sandblasting.
o Always use dust control systems when they are available and keep them well
maintained.
o Be aware that high silica concentrations can occur inside and outside enclosed areas
during operations such as concrete or masonry sawing or abrasive blasting.
o Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where sandblasting is being done, or where silica
dust is being generated.
o Wear disposable or washable over-garments at the work site.
o Wash your hands and face before eating, drinking, or smoking and vacuum (don't blow)
dust from your clothing.
o Shower if possible and change into clean clothes before leaving the job site to prevent
contamination of cars, homes, and other work areas.
 Lungs take care of normal dust. Airborne dust and dirt is common at worksites--both at home
and on the job. Fortunately, the body's respiratory system does a good of job filtering out dust
and most foreign bodies. Fine particulates such as asbestos and silica, however, are so tiny
they can get past our filtering system. This may cause serious lung problems over an extended
period of time if protection or controls are not used. Respect these tiny invaders. Use the
appropriate personal protective equipment and safety precautions.

THE SILENT SICKNESS - CO POISONING

It's called the "silent sickness," and sometimes it becomes a "silent killer. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a
common, highly flammable gas that can kill in minutes, in high concentrations. Unlike many other
chemicals, carbon monoxide has no distinctive odor, taste, or appearance. Unfortunately, the
symptoms of CO poisoning-nausea, headache, and dizziness-resemble other common illnesses, and
can be easily mistaken for a cold or stomach flu.
How It Poisons: This gas produces its toxic effects when you breathe it, by replacing oxygen in the
blood stream with carbon monoxide which acts on all organs in the body, especially the brain. As
carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin, less and less oxygen is carried to the tissues.
Unconsciousness usually occurs when about half the hemoglobin is saturated with CO.
How It's Produced: Any process that involves the use of heat, oxidation, or combustion can produce
carbon monoxide. Winter months can be a dangerous time for this problem. Buildings are tightly
closed, and the buildup of the gas is not usually noticed by unsuspecting employees. This dangerous
gas can be a problem in buildings, repair shops, and temporary weather enclosures as well as car and
truck cabs if exhaust systems are malfunctioning or leaking.
High Exposure Areas: The gasoline engines used around shipping docks are known carbon monoxide
producers. Diesel engines are next in level of danger, followed by propane-powered forklift trucks.
Employees must be particularly careful if forklifts are left running inside a truck or trailer body;
hazardous CO concentrations can build up very quickly. Watch outside delivery truck drivers too as
they are frequently reluctant to shut off truck engines while unloading.
High exposures may occur in forklift or vehicle repair shops. Shipping offices above loading and
shipping docks are also vulnerable as the gas rises, causing dizziness and nausea for employees
working there. In shop areas, ventilation systems should be checked periodically to prevent poisoning
from this gas. Fans should be on, motors and fan belts functioning properly. Hoses and duct work
should be carefully connected and the systems checked for dents and holes which could impede the
exhaust of gasses. Engines should be turned off as much as possible when buildings are tightly sealed
during the winter.
Symptoms of CO Exposure: Symptoms to be alert for include red eyes, weakness, dizziness,
headaches, and nausea. If you notice a pattern to these symptoms when engines are running in the
area, carbon monoxide could be the cause. Forklifts, whether diesel, propane, or gasoline powered are
significant CO producers, especially when left idling. Immediately remove anyone who is overcome
from the CO exposure area. Restore breathing through CPR. Keep the person warm and resting until
paramedics arrive. If a rescue is required, supplied-air respirators-NOT air-purifying respirators-must
be used.
Possible Dangers At Home Too: Be alert for symptoms of CO exposure that may be mistaken for the
flu. Check for faulty heating systems or chimneys blocked by birds' nests or soot accumulation.
Unvented gas room heaters or portable kerosene heaters should only be used in well ventilated areas.
Never use a charcoal cooker indoors during a power outage. Keep your car tuned and check exhaust
systems periodically. Do not warm up cars in a closed garage; an idling car's exhaust in an airtight,
two-car garage can overcome a person in one minute. Finally, to protect your family, consider
purchasing one of the new CO detectors that are now on the market.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF GOOD SAFETY HABITS

In most everything we do, we find a "trick" to make the process easier and faster. After we develop
these tricks, they become work habits in our everyday activities. Developing everyday safety habits can
keep you injury free through the year. Here are ten safety habits to live by:
1. Set Your Own Standards. Don't be influenced by others around you who are negative. If you fail
to wear safety glasses because others don't, remember the blindness you may suffer will be
yours alone to live with.
2. Operate Equipment Only if Qualified. Your supervisor may not realize you have never done the
job before. You have the responsibility to let your supervisor know, so the necessary training
can be provided.
3. Respect Machinery. If you put something in a machine's way, it will crush it, pinch it or cut it.
Make sure all guards are in place. Never hurry beyond your ability to think and act safely.
Remember to de-energize the power first before placing your hands in a point of operation.
4. Use Your Own Initiative for Safety Protection. You are in the best position to see problems
when they arise. Ask for the personal protective equipment or additional guidance you need.
5. Ask Questions. If you are uncertain, ask. Do not accept answers that contain, "I think, I assume,
I guess." Be sure.
6. Use Care and Caution When Lifting. Most muscle and spinal injuries are from overstrain. Know
your limits. Do not attempt to exceed them. The few minutes it takes to get help will prevent
weeks of being off work and in pain.
7. Practice Good Housekeeping. Disorganized work areas are the breeding grounds for accidents.
You may not be the only victim. Don't be a cause.
8. Wear Proper and Sensible Work Clothes. Wear sturdy and appropriate footwear. These should
enclose the foot fully. Avoid 1oose clothing, dangling jewelry, and be sure that long hair is tied
back and cannot become entangled in the machinery.
9. Practice Good Personal Cleanliness. Avoid touching eyes, face, and mouth with gloves or
hands that are dirty. Wash well and use barrier creams when necessary. Most industrial rashes
are the result of poor hygiene practices.
10. Be a Positive Part of the Safety Team. Willingly accept and follow safety rules. Encourage
others to do so. Your attitude can play a major role in the prevention of accidents and injuries.

ERGONOMICS - THE TERM "ERGONOMICS"

Ergonomics is an important term that is currently receiving a great deal of attention from safety
professionals. Federal OSHA in the United States are developing standards that would require every
company to have an ergonomics programme. What is ergonomics and how could it affect you?
Ergonomics is the scientific study of human work. It considers the physical and mental capabilities and
limits of people as they interact with tools, equipment, work methods, tasks, and the environment. The
primary goal of an ergonomics program is to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses by adapting the
work to fit the person, instead of forcing the person to adapt to the work. The idea of ergonomics is to
evaluate and control work conditions known to cause injuries and illnesses because of the excessive
demands placed on people. In other words, "Let's find ways to work smarter rather than harder!"
It appears that the biggest challenge will be choosing the best ergonomic strategy to use for each
particular situation. There are endless possibilities. A careful analysis of the situation should help in
choosing the most effective strategy. As an example, let's look at just a few possible strategies to use
in situations that currently involve manual carrying activity:
1) Eliminate the need to carry. This may not be feasible, but it should be the first strategy to consider.
2) Rearrange the layout of the task to eliminate unnecessary carrying. This could involve relocation of
receiving, storage, production, or shipping areas.
3) Reduce the weight of the object being carried or increase the weight of the object so it is too heavy
and has to be handled by mechanical devices.
4) Use mechanical handling aids such as fork lifts, hand trucks, cranes, and four wheel barrows (carts).
5) Assign the task of carrying bulky or awkwardly shaped objects to two or more people.
6) Eliminate tripping hazards with good housekeeping practices.
You are encouraged to get involved and make suggestions to help in preventing injuries and illnesses
by improving "ergonomic" safety. You can play a critical role in providing input for the decision making
process because of your familiarity with equipment, tools, and current work methods. An ergonomics
program will only be successful if everyone works together as a team to come up with solutions. OSHA
believes a large part of the initial ergonomics program at most companies will involve searching for
ways to correct problems that have already caused injuries and illnesses. OSHA hopes the program
will eventually focus on finding pro-active solutions to situations that could lead to injury if ergonomic
issues are not addressed ahead of time.

THE THREE-POINT RULE

You Don't Have To Fall Off A Truck!
Falling while getting into or out of heavy equipment, a truck or tractor cab, hooking up air and electrical
lines, or mounting or dismounting trailers is a sure way to get seriously hurt. An insurance industry
study showed that falls from vehicles produced injuries that were almost 25% worse than other types of
injuries.
Even an ankle sprain can play havoc with your ability to use the clutch. Minor injuries can cost you big
in terms of lost income and downtime.
The biggest single cause of falls from a vehicle is driver error and failure to follow the THREE-POINT
rule.
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO AVOID FALLS?
No matter what type of access system your vehicle has available, use the THREE-POINT system to
significantly reduce the chance of a slip or fall. The THREE-POINT system means three of your four
limbs are in contact with the vehicle at all times-two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand.
The THREE-POINT system allows a person to have maximum stability and support, thereby reducing
the likelihood of slipping and falling. Be a winner; use the THREE-POINT system.
DO'S
 Wear shoes with good support -- not sandals, bare feet or high heels.
 Exit and enter facing the cab.
 Slow down and use extra caution in bad weather.
 Get a firm grip on rails or handles with your hands.
 Look for obstacles on the ground below before exiting.
DON'Ts
 Don't climb down with something in your free hand. Put it on the vehicle floor and reach up for it
when you get down on the ground.
 Don't rush to climb out after a long run. Descend slowly, to avoid straining a muscle.
 Don't ever jump out. You may land off balance or on an uneven surface, and fall.
 Don't use tires or wheel hubs as a step surface.
 Don't use the door frame or door edge as a handhold.
 Don't become an injury statistic.
The only person who can prevent a fall is you! The professional driver or operator knows all the do's
and don'ts of getting in and out of vehicles and practices the Three Point Rule every day.

THE TRUE DANGER OF CONFINED SPACES

Just how dangerous are confined spaces? Aren't all the warnings and procedural checks simply
overkill? Hardly. Think about this: According to a study performed by Safety Specialists, the following
types of confined space incidents resulted in injuries and/or fatalities:
Number of Injuries
Type of Event Number of Events Number of Fatalities
Only
Atmospheric
Conditions (lack of 80 72 78
oxygen)
Explosion or Fire 15 49 15
Explosion or Fire at
23 20 32
Point of Entry
Electric Shock 11 2 9
Trapped in Unstable
16 0 16
Material (cave in)
Struck by Falling
15 1 14
Objects
These numbers should tell you something:
-ins left 100 % of the victims dead.
Still think the safety rules pertaining to confined spaces are overkill? It is important to know what you
are getting into. Has the space been recently inspected by certified industrial hygienist, marine chemist
or shipyard competent person? Have instruments been used to determine the presence or absence of
combustible or flammable vapors? Do these instruments show the oxygen level to be between 19.5
and 22%? Is a "safe for hot work/safe for workers" permit required? Are the conditions of the permit or
certificate being followed to the letter?
Are the contents of the space stable? Construction workers beware. Confined spaces are not limited to
tanks and the like. Trenches, utility vaults, and large diameter pipelines all present similar dangers. In
fact, trench cave-ins are a leading cause of construction fatalities.
Confined space work is dangerous. However, it can be done safely if appropriate precautions are
taken. The hazards in most cases are invisible, so take those precautions before entering.

EQUIPMENT HAZARDS - TIRE EXPLOSIONS

There have been instances of brand new truck and tractor tires spontaneously, and violently, exploding
with no apparent cause while still mounted on the vehicle. The forces involved in this type of explosion
are very powerful and capable of causing serious injury to anyone in the immediate vicinity, or a
collision if this occurs while the vehicle is being driven.
Although the causes of tire explosion are often difficult to determine, some of these explosions are
believed to be caused by flammable vapors that somehow enter the tire. When the vehicle is being
operated, the temperature of the air and vapor mixture inside the tire increase due to friction, the
outside air temperature, and the effect of sunlight shining on black rubber absorbing heat. If the vapor
and air mixture inside the tire are within the flammable limits that will support combustion, and any or
all of the above heat producing factors are present, the temperature inside of the tire can reach the
combustion point of the air mixture, and an explosion will occur. It is believed that the source of this
problem is the introduction of flammable gasses and vapors through the compressed air system. The
following are some precautions that will help prevent flammable vapors from entering the compressor
and subsequently becoming trapped in your tires.
Do not locate the compressor in a utility room that is also used for storing flammable solvents, paints,
thinners, etc. The flammable vapors will be sucked into the compressor intake, and pumped into your
tires.
Do not clean the compressor air intake filter with a flammable solvent. Use a non-flammable solvent or
degreaser designed for this purpose that is recommended by the filter manufacturer.
Do not add alcohol, methanol, or other flammable solvents to the compressor tank to prevent freezing
of the condensation inside of the air tank. A better solution is to drain the tank frequently, or relocate
the compressor inside of the building to eliminate the freezing problem.
Do not locate the compressor near your battery charging area. When batteries are being charged, they
emit hydrogen gas during the process that is highly flammable and can be sucked into the compressor
intake.

TRYING TO DO THE JOB ALONE

I am responding to your request for additional information regarding how my recent injury
occurred. In block number 3 of your accident report form I put "trying to do the job
alone" as the cause of my accident. You said in your letter that I should explain more
fully. I trust that the following details will be sufficient.
I am a bricklayer by trade. On the day of the accident I was working alone on the roof of a new six story
building. When I completed my work I discovered that I had about 500 pounds of bricks left over.
Rather than carry the bricks down by hand, I decided to lower them in a barrel by using a pulley, which
fortunately was attached to the side of the building at the 6th floor.
Securing the rope at the ground level, I went up to the roof, swung the barrel out, and loaded the bricks
into it. Then I went back to the ground and untied the rope, holding it tightly to ensure a slow descent of
the 500 pounds of bricks. You will note in Block number 2 of the accident report form that my weight is
135 pounds.
Due to my surprise at being jerked off the ground so suddenly I lost my presence-of-mind and didn't let
go of the rope. Needless to say, I proceeded at a rather rapid rate up the side of the building.
In the vicinity of the third floor I met the barrel coming down. This explains my fractured skull and
collarbone.
Slowed only slightly, I continued my rapid ascent, not stopping until the fingers of my right hand were
two knuckles deep into the pulley.
Fortunately, by this time I had regained my presence of mind and was able to hold tightly to the rope in
spite of my pain.
At approximately the same time however, the barrel of bricks hit the ground and the bottom fell out of
the barrel. Devoid of the weight of bricks, the barrel then weighed approximately 50 lbs.
I refer you again to the information in Block number 2. As you might imagine, I began a rapid descent
down the side of the building.
In the vicinity of the third floor, I met the barrel coming up. This accounts for the two fractured ankles
and the lacerations of my legs and lower body.
The encounter of the barrel slowed me enough to lessen my injuries when I fell onto the pile of bricks
and fortunately, only 3 vertebrae were cracked.
I am sorry to report, however, that as I lay in pain on the bricks, unable to stand-up, and watching the
empty barrel 6 stories above me, I again lost my presence of mind and let go of the rope. The empty
barrel weighed more than the rope so it came down upon me and broke both of my legs.
I hope I have furnished the additional information you required as to how the accident occurred.
P.S. We hope he isn't working on your crew!


GENERAL SAFETY - UNSAFE ACTS

Most of us know that accidents are caused by only two things - unsafe acts or practices, and unsafe
conditions. Some of us even know that 9 out of 10 accidents are the result of unsafe acts, or things we
do when we know better. This is kind of strange if you think about it. We have more to fear from our
own actions than from any other job hazards around us. Why do we deliberately expose ourselves to
injury every day?
It Won't Happen To Me
Basically, most of us are just thinking about getting the job done and we tend to rationalize the risk of
getting injured. We think to ourselves that we have done this job many, many times this way and
nothing bad has happened. Therefore, nothing bad will happen to us today. On an intellectual level, we
realize there is a potential danger but decide that the risk of being injured is low. Because we have not
been injured so far, we actually think of ourselves as being very safety conscious. We know the right
way to do it, we realize that it is hazardous to do it this way, but what we are really thinking to
ourselves is "it won't happen to me."
We Take Short Cuts
Some of us are fairly meticulous about following safe work practices, but because a job "will only take a
minute" we use an unsafe method or tool. For example, not putting on our safety glasses because the
job will only take a minute, or not locking out a machine because an adjustment will only take a
second.
Usually we think about it just before we do something a little unsafe, or maybe quite a bit unsafe. We
know better, we know the safe way to do it, but we take that little chance. In effect we are saying, "I
know that this could result in an injury, but "it can't happen to me." Maybe it's human nature to think
that accidents always happen to someone else, but they can happen to you too. What makes you
different?
Why take a chance in the first place? Only you can decide to take the time to do your job safely and
correctly the first time.

USING & STORING ACETYLENE GAS

Companies that fail to use or store compressed gases properly are inviting disaster. Improper handling
of compressed gases can lead to serious fires, explosions or releases due to pressure buildup in
cylinders or reactivity with other materials. Proper procedures for handling and using acetylene gas
should be understood and followed by all employees.
Acetylene is a well known fuel gas used almost universally in gas welding. Even though it is very
common, this gas is an extremely dangerous material. Acetylene is so reactive, it should never be
allowed to come into contact with certain metals such as unalloyed copper. Nor should it be stored or
used at pressures greater than 1barg. (Cylinder pressures are rated for over 16 barg but this is
acceptable because the gas is dissolved in acetone.)
Acetylene is so flammable, that it requires special designation for using electrical equipment around
acetylene. No other substance falls into this classification! Acetylene leaks, no matter how small can
have serious consequences. The explosive range of the gas, when mixed with air, is from 2.5% to
82%, the widest of any commonly used gas.
When using acetylene gas, always observe the following procedures:
 Close the cylinder valve before shutting off the regulator, to permit gas to bleed from the
regulator.
 When returning empty cylinders to storage or for refill, close the valves. Even though the
acetylene gas is used up, the flammable acetone in the cylinders can still evaporate into the air
and create its own dangers. Acetylene gas is lighter than air so any leaking gas should rise.
However, it is only slightly lighter so certain atmospheric conditions can prevent this.
 Acetylene cylinders are not hollow. They are packed with porous rock that is saturated with
acetone. Cylinders should be used or stored only in an upright position to avoid the possibility
of the acetone leaking from the cylinder. If this is not possible, it is recommended that the
cylinder be placed upright and left to stand for one-half hour before using. This is to prevent
liquid acetone from running through your regulator.
 Cylinders containing acetylene must not be taken into a confined space.
 Always use acetylene in a well vented area. Never store cylinders near open flames or
electrical equipment, where in case of a leak, gas can diffuse to a flame or spark from a motor.
 Never store acetylene, or any other fuel gas, within 8 metres of oxygen cylinders. If this
separation is not possible, erect a non combustible (1/2-hour fire rated) partition, at least five
feet high, between the two gases in storage.
 Always cap and secure stored cylinders upright to prevent them from falling over and damaging
the valve or cylinder.

USING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

In the event of a fire, the correct use of a portable fire extinguisher could mean the difference between
suffering a minor loss or a major one. Portable fire extinguishers, if used properly, can make that
difference. But there are several things to consider in using fire extinguishers. For instance, you must
know the class of fire involved and the correct type of fire extinguisher to use.
CLASSES OF FIRES AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
Class A Involves ordinary combustibles such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber or plastics. The common
extinguishing media is water or dry chemical.
Class B Flammable liquids, grease or gases are covered under this category.
Common extinguishing media are foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical.
Class C Live electrical fires are class C fires. CO2 or dry chemical extinguishers should be used.
However, the actual burning product may be class A items.
Class D Burning materials include combustible metals such as magnesium and sodium. Special
extinguishing agents, approved by recognized testing laboratories, are needed when working with
these metals.
RESPONDING TO FIRES:
Sound the fire alarm and call the local fire department immediately if a fire breaks out, Follow your
company's procedures on responding to fires. But attempt to fight the fire only if, (1) you know the type
of combustible material burning, (2) you have been trained to use the fire extinguisher correctly, and
(3) if the fire is still in the incipient (beginning) stage. If the fire gets too large or out of control, evacuate
immediately.
REMEMBER P-A-S-S WHEN USING AN EXTINGUISHER:
P - Pull. Pull the locking pin before using the fire extinguisher.
A - Aim. Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the fire. Not at the flames or smoke.
S - Squeeze. Squeeze the lever of the fire extinguisher to operate and discharge.
S - Sweep. Sweep the fire extinguisher back and forth at the base of the fire to extinguish. (Most
extinguishers will only allow about 10-seconds of extinguishing media.)
Prevention is the key when it comes to firefighting. Good housekeeping, proper storage procedures
and safe work practices will go a long way toward reducing the likelihood that a fire will destroy
valuable property or injure either you or a fellow employee.
Discussion Questions:
 What is your company's policy on sounding an alarm and contacting the fire department?
 What kinds of flammables are most likely to create a fire danger at your jobsite?
 What type of fire extinguisher should be used on those flammables or combustibles?

VENTILATION
- AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF WELDING SAFETY -
The fumes produced in a welding operation can be hazardous to the welder or workers in the near
vicinity. Reducing the exposure to fumes through an effective local exhaust or area ventilation system
is the first line of defence in preventing discomfort or illnesses from toxic welding fumes.
Respirators are another means of reducing exposure. This personal protective equipment should be
considered a temporary process until more appropriate measures to control the exposure are in place.
However, when the level of the exposure cannot be entirely eliminated by an exhaust ventilation
system, some form of respiratory protection will be required when welding is performed. Highly toxic or
concentrated welding fumes may require the welder to use a supplied air hood-type respirator, no
matter what type of ventilation is in place.
Testing equipment is needed to effectively evaluate the levels of toxicity welding fumes emit. Many
toxic fumes are colorless and odorless, and chronic effects of overexposures may not be immediately
detectable. Harmful levels of welding fumes cannot be determined by relying on your body's senses.
You may see smoke in the air, smell an irritant and not be adversely affected. In order to accurately
determine the level of the contaminants present, air quality testing equipment in the way of air
sampling pumps are placed in the area and on the welder. This equipment pulls air through a filter for a
specified amount of time. The sample is then evaluated at a laboratory to determine the levels of the
exposure.
The degree of exposure present determines which type of ventilation system is most appropriate. In
field locations, such as construction projects and shipyards, 'sucker' hoses can be set up to pull fumes
from the welding zone. Welding booths with local exhaust hoses at each station gives the welder some
flexibility and mobility in performing the operation. In situations where the welder must go to the work
area (due to size, weight or the unwieldy configuration of the work piece), portable exhaust systems
could be an option to consider. In some situations, laboratory-type hoods may be used for ventilation.
This type of system creates a high velocity exhaust vacuum within an enclosure. Using Laboratory-type
hoods allow only the welder's hands/arms in the enclosure while welding is being performed.
Determining the needed ventilation and/or respiratory protection must be taken very seriously.
Systematically evaluate the process, exposures and possible controls to determine which will help
ensure providing an employee a safe place to work.
Once protective measures have been determined, it is the responsibility of each welder and their
supervisor to make sure they are being used properly. Taking a proactive step in reducing your
exposure to welding fumes is the professional approach to working as a welder.

VENTILATION
Work activity or the presence of harmful substances in industrial environments frequently produces
airborne contaminants. These contaminants can be controlled by isolating them from the breathing
zone, substitution of a less hazardous substance or process, or by providing adequate ventilation.
Ventilation is one of the most common engineering control methods, and can be defined as the
movement of fresh air into a space in order to replace contaminated air and/or control the temperature
in a space.
Natural ventilation usually does not provide a sufficient volume of airflow to ventilate enclosed spaces,
or to promptly remove highly toxic airborne contaminants from breathing zones. Mechanically aided
ventilation, measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM), is generally classified as either "dilution"
(consisting of a supply and exhaust system) or as "local exhaust." A properly designed local exhaust
system located at the source of the contamination is extremely effective in removing contaminants.
The effectiveness and efficiency of supply and exhaust fans will depend upon the volume of air that is
moved in conjunction with the proximity to the contamination source. The following principles and
safety controls should be considered whenever ventilation systems are utilized:
 A supply fan with a diameter of 1 will produce approximately 10% of its face velocity at a
distance equal to 30 diameters from the face opening.
 An exhaust fan with a diameter of 1 will lose approximately 90% of its face velocity at a
distance of 1 diameter from the exhaust opening.
 The use of ducting systems will improve circulation and minimize airflow losses.
 Make-up air should be provided where exhaust systems are operating. The make-up air source
point should be located so that only fresh, contaminant-free air is introduced into the working
space.
 Never use pure oxygen to ventilate a space. An oxygen-enriched atmosphere is extremely

explosive.
 Know whether the airborne vapor contaminants you are trying to remove are heavier or lighter
than air (which has a vapor density of 1). This will assist you in properly locating exhaust fans at
the most effective height.
 All fan motors and control equipment utilized to move combustible or flammable vapors should
be of the explosion-proof type. The metallic parts of air-moving devices, including fans, blowers,
jet-type air movers, and ductwork should be electrically bonded to a grounded structure.

WANT A DRUG USER ON YOUR WORK TEAM?

More and more companies require drug testing these days. Chances are your company schedules pre-
employment or random drug tests for its employees. Some people don't like the procedure very much.
So what's the best possible attitude to have about this matter? You can joke about it-that's okay. You
can grumble about it-that's natural. But do you want your employer to change the company policy and
stop the testing? Here is what that would probably mean:
 Firms that do not test these days tend to end up with a greater percentage of drug users, since
word gets around about which companies test and which do not. This increases the chance that
someone on your work team would be "high," and not able to maintain work quality, safety and
production levels.
 A typical "recreational" drug user, compared to a non-drug user in today's workforce is three
times more likely to injure himself, herself, or another person in a workplace accident. This
means you may not be safe around such a co-worker, no matter how careful you are.
 The typical recreational drug user is 2.2 times more likely to request time off, and 2.5 times
more likely to have an absence of eight days or more during a year. This means you may have
to personally make up for what's not being done during that person's absence.
 Drug users are 5 times more likely to file a workers' compensation claim. Just as your car
insurance goes up when you have an accident, your employer's insurance costs may go up
when many claims are filed. This has an effect on company profits and potentially on your own
wages or bonus.
 Up to 40% of industrial fatalities and 47% of industrial injuries are related to alcohol abuse and
alcoholism. Workplace accident rates are two or three times higher than normal for alcoholics.
 A recent survey of drug users who were seeking help in regard to their drug habits revealed:
o 75% had used drugs on the job.
o 44% had sold drugs to other employees.
o 18% had stolen from co-workers to support their habits.
So, your employer's drug screening program is an advantage to you. It helps assure that your co-
workers will be alert, hardworking and responsible-and that you will go home safely. It may also help
individuals who are trying to kick the habit. It's smart to support the program.

WARNING: READ THE SIGNS!

When is it that people pay the most attention to signs? It seems to be while driving a car! Have you
ever wondered why that is? Most likely it's because signs are the simplest way to direct, instruct, and
warn people. During your commute to the jobsite today did you happen to notice all the signs along the
way? "You'll need to detour on this road," one tells you. "Slow down, you're driving too fast!" another
advises. "Watch out for that bump," you are warned…
Road and travel indicators are not the only signs that direct, instruct and warn. Safety signs at the
workplace direct, instruct and warn employees too. Just as it is dangerous to ignore road signs, it is
dangerous to ignore workplace safety signs. These messages are in place to prevent accidents and
injury. They alert employees to potential hazards in the workplace.
But as on the roadway, signs at the workplace have different meanings. Let's take a look at a few of
the more common of these, their colors, and what the colors symbolize:
 DANGER: These signs have a red background and warn of immediate danger. Failure to
comply could result in serious injury or death.
 CAUTION: These have a yellow background and warn of potential hazards. They also instruct
you to take certain measures to protect yourself.
 WARNING: Warning signs have an orange background and indicate immediate danger or the
potential for serious injury or death if not obeyed.
 BIOHAZARD: These have a florescent-orange or an orange-red background to indicate the
presence of infectious biological material.
 SAFETY INSTRUCTION: Safety instruction signs have a green, white and black background
and give directions for safe procedures.
Correct placement of signs also adds to their effectiveness. Workplace safety signs should be placed
as close to the hazard as possible. In some cases, a Pre-Warning System is a good idea. This is done
by using several signs together, and placing them progressively closer to the hazard before employees
come close to the actual danger.
Unfortunately, safety journals are filled with stories about people who were seriously injured or lost
their lives because they failed to observe workplace safety signage. It may be up to your employer to
make sure signs are in place, but it's up to you to read and obey them! Not doing so can have serious
consequences.
So, read them, obey them, and--Get The Message!


WARNING: EXTREME HEAT IS COMING!

Wow! What a scorcher! You knew it was going to be a hot day but with this humidity it has to be 105o F
outside. You reach for that power tool to finish your job and start to feel lightheaded. It's probably
because you haven't eaten much this morning. You can make it until lunch!
Time passes and your condition hasn't gotten any better-in fact it's worse! Your breathing has
increased, you're sweating profusely, and your mouth is dry. Something's wrong! You start to climb
down the scaffolding but you're almost too weak to move. You feel like you're going to be sick. With no
control over your movements, you fall to the ground below. The workers above you are trying to get
your attention but you can't understand them. You yell, "Help me up guys!" but they don't respond.
Can't they hear? All you can see is black…what's happening…?
Heat Exhaustion! That is what's happening. Heat exhaustion can occur when you are subjected to hot
environments and fail to take in enough fluids, salts, or both. And even worse, this can lead to a life
threatening condition known as a heat stroke. Sun stroke or heat stroke happens when the body's
internal mechanism fails to regulate its core temperature. At this point, the body stops cooling itself
through perspiration and can't get rid of excess heat. Unfortunately, the end result can be death if the
body temperature isn't lowered immediately! So, especially if you work in hot environments, it's critical
to recognize when you're suffering from a Heat Stress Disorder.
SYMPTOMS OF HEAT STRESS DISORDERS:
 Heat Cramps - Symptoms are painful spasms of the muscles. Heat cramps are caused when
workers consume large quantities of water but fail to take in enough salt to replace the salt their
body lost through sweating. Tired muscles are most susceptible to cramping.
 Heat Exhaustion - Symptoms for this disorder are moist, clammy, pale skin; profuse sweating;
extreme weakness or fatigue; dry mouth; dizziness; fast pulse; rapid breathing; muscle cramps
and nausea.
 Heat/Sun Stroke - Symptoms are a very high body temperature (104o F or higher); lack of
sweat; mental confusion, delirium, or hallucinations; deep breathing and rapid pulse; hot, dry,
red or mottled skin; and dilated pupils. Seek medical help at once for this condition.
TIPS FOR PREVENTION:
 Acclimatization - Adjust yourself to the heat through short exposure periods followed by longer
exposure until your body is accustomed to the heat. It may take 5-7 days of hot weather
exposure before the body undergoes changes that make heat more bearable.
 Drink lots of Water/Liquids - Replenish the fluid that your body is losing though sweating. Not
only water, but critical electrolytes such as sodium, potassium and calcium are lost through
sweating, so consider using electrolyte drinks to combat heat related disorders.
 Education - Know the signs and symptoms of heat stress disorders and act quickly.
 Use Your Head - Do not ignore possible symptoms of heat stress disorders. If you feel very hot,
dizzy, nauseous or if your muscles cramp, stop and cool off!
Heat Stress Disorders are serious. Workers who have ignored the symptoms have lost their lives.
Humans have an ingenious system for regulating body temperature-a personal, "natural" air
conditioner. We sweat, it evaporates through our skin, and we're cooled off. But this personal air
conditioner can fail, and often does if we overexert when environmental temperatures are high.
Be Cool. Know what you have to do to Beat the Heat!


WAS IT AN ACCIDENT OR WAS IT AN ERROR?

What is an accident? Briefly, it is a sudden and unforeseen event. Given that definition, can we say
that the Apollo fire that killed three astronauts on the launch pad, and the Challenger disaster, were
accidents?
The first Apollo fatalities were due to a fire that occurred when the spacecraft cabin was charged with
pure oxygen during a test. Unfortunately, there was an electrical short under the seat of one of the
astronauts. Oxygen fed the resulting fire. The men could not escape because of a poorly designed
escape hatch that took too long to open even under ideal conditions. It is well known that pure oxygen
atmospheres are very dangerous. It has also been recognized for many years that escape hatches
must be simple to use and designed so they will open quickly.
The Challenger exploded because cold temperatures effected the performance of a seal already
stressed due to an inadequate design. Previous Challenger inspections had shown that the seals were
not holding up as intended during launches, and it was known that low temperatures would degrade
them further.
What do these events have in common? In every case, there were experts in charge and plenty of
opportunities to anticipate problems. Experience should have told them to take corrective action long
before the disastrous incidents took place. So why--in spite of all the warning signs--were these
conditions allowed to exist? The answer is simple: The warning signs were overlooked. So ask the
question again: "Were they accidents or were they errors?"
Be alert to warnings and take heed when they are encountered. Irritated by the metal filings hitting you
in the face and eyes while you grind? This is a warning that you need eye and face protection. Do you
keep banging your knuckles when your wrench slips? That is your warning that an old favorite tool may
be worn out and need replacing. Have you or a co-worker ever suffered an injury because you failed to
anticipate and ward off possible dangers?
Think about what could go wrong before you act! If something minor goes wrong, this is a warning to
stop! Consider what has gone awry. Figure out what should be done to resolve the problem, then take
care of it! Accidents are usually errors on someone's part. They are not an incidental part of the job. If
you accept the mind set that they are, accidents will occur.
This is your challenge: Think about what pitfalls may come up during work tasks. Recognize the early
warning signs of things going wrong. Have the strength to stand up and say:
"Hold on a minute. Let's think about this!"


WATCH YOUR STEP!! DON'T SLIP & FALL

Slips and falls are one of the most frequent causes of accidents, both on and off the job. Each year
more than 300,000 people suffer disabling injuries from falls. Slips and falls can be fatal as well; they
rank second only to automobile accidents, causing nearly 12,000 deaths a year. To avoid getting hurt
from falls, avoid rushing and remember the following:
WATCH WHERE YOU WALK
Be aware of where you are walking. Look down continuously for spilled liquids, materials, equipment,
changing surface levels, etc. Make sure the area is well-lit or use a flashlight if lighting is poor.
WEAR PROPER FOOTWEAR
Make sure your shoes are in good shape and correct for the job. Discard worn-out shoes with smooth
soles and other defects. If conditions are wet and slippery, wear non-slip shoes or boots. Avoid
footwear with leather soles which have poor floor traction--especially on smooth surfaces.
CHECK FLOOR OPENINGS
Avoid unguarded floor openings. On construction sites, when covers are placed over floor openings,
avoid walking on the cover unless it is absolutely secure and will not move or collapse. Never jump
over pits or other openings.
BE CAREFUL ON STAIRS
Do not run when going up or down stairs. Check to see that stair treads are in good shape, with no
obstructions on the steps. Always use the hand railings that are provided. Avoid carrying large loads
when going up or down stairs and ensure that stairs are well-lit.
USE LADDERS CORRECTLY
Never use broken or defective ladders. Set the angle of the ladder at the proper four-to-one ratio
(height to width angle). Make sure the ladder is on solid footing and will not move when you climb upon
it. Whenever possible, tie your ladder to the structure to improve stability. Anchorage at the bottom is
also a good idea. Never stand on the top two steps of a step ladder.
MAKE SURE SCAFFOLDING IS SAFE TO USE
When working on scaffolding, make sure it is secure, stable and properly set-up. Do not work on
scaffolding if guard rails are missing or the base is unstable. Check to see that planks are in good
shape and not cracked. Tall scaffolds should be tied into a structure to increase stability.
DON'T JUMP OUT OF VEHICLES
Never jump from equipment or vehicles. Use the handrail and steps provided, remembering the "three
point rule." Avoid stepping onto loose rocks, slippery surfaces, oil spills, etc. Watch your step and don't
trip yourself up! Remember, Gravity Always Wins!

WATER SAFETY - ON & OFF THE JOB

Whether you are working or enjoying recreational activities near water, the best water hazard
insurance you can have is learning to swim and teaching your family to swim. You do not have to be a
champion swimmer in order to save yourself in a water emergency. A simple stroke such as a dog
paddle can enable you to reach safety. Statistics reveal that one half of the annual drowning incidents
happen within 10 metres of safety.
Water safety begins with good judgment. Never work alone near water, or swim alone. Know the area
where you are working or swimming and do not exceed your ability. Know where the swift currents are.
Find out about drop-offs, deep holes, and rocky areas. A few common sense items that could save
your life are:
 Wear flotation devices while working on docks or piers, or while boating. Always keep them
buckled, snapped or zipped, so if you fall in, they will stay on.
 Do not mix drinking and swimming at picnics or outings. Over ten percent of all drowning
victims had consumed alcoholic beverages.
 Swimming requires a lot of energy and makes muscles susceptible to cramps. If you lose
energy, rest on your back in a floating position, and use a minimum amount of motion.
 Undertow or strong currents: There are several types of dangerous marine currents that should
be avoided, if possible. If you are caught in a current, do not fight it. Swim parallel to the shore
or diagonally toward it, heading shoreward only after you are out of the current.
 Water Temperature: Cold water can cause shock to the body. Blood vessels constrict, your
body loses heat, and you can develop an oxygen deficiency that causes unconsciousness and
ultimately drowning. Hypothermia caused by cold water can cause death in minutes.
 The old saying you heard as a child is true - Don't go swimming immediately after eating or any
vigorous exercise. This may cause severe cramps.
 Stay with a swamped boat or canoe. Many boats will not sink even if the hull has been
ruptured, and they may offer some buoyancy. Sometimes you can climb or swim into the
swamped boat and paddle to shore. It is also easier for emergency rescuers to find you if you
are close to the boat.
Finally, abide by the safety rules at all times-on and off the job-when around water. Share these rules
and enforce them with your children. Do not let a drowning tragedy strike your workplace, or any
members of your family.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WELDING & CUTTING

Protecting yourself when performing welding operations depends on your understanding of the hazards
involved and the proper way to control them. Control of welding hazards include avoiding eye injury,
respiratory protection, ventilation of the work area, protective clothing and having safe equipment to
use.
Eye hazards include exposure to ultraviolet and infrared light. Welders and their helpers should wear
filter glasses with shades ranging from 2 to 14, depending on the type of welding being done, to protect
their eyes. Unless a welding arc is behind a screen, not only the welder, but also people nearby may
need eye protection. Other workers should be excluded within a 10 metre radius from gas or low
powered arc welding, or also be protected with appropriate filter lenses. Heavy welding requires a 33
metre radius. Inert gas welding produces 5 to 30 times as much ultraviolet light as arc welding and
requires shielding for even greater distances. Keep in mind that ordinary untreated plastic lenses
absorb ultraviolet light very poorly and should not be relied on for protection.
Virtually all welding processes generate gases, fume and dusts. Gases generated include carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone, and nitrous gases. Other gases may also be formed in the presence
of chemicals which may be on the material being welded. For example 1,1,1 Trichloroethane generates
phosgene gas when exposed to the heat of welding. Welding and cutting can also generate fumes
from cadmium, lead, cyanide, beryllium, arsenic, fluorides, nickel, cyanide, and other materials when
can be hazardous if inhaled. Proper respiratory protection should always be worn when cutting or
welding. The best type of protection to use can be determined by reading the Material Safety Data
Sheet for the material being welded, or the manufacturer of the rod or flux being used.
Mechanical ventilation at the rate of 2,000 cubic feet per minute per welder is required if the area is
more crowded than 10,000 cubic feet per welder; has a ceiling height of less than 16 feet; or in
confined spaces where structural barriers significantly obstruct cross ventilation. Additional specific
ventilation requirements are necessary for fluorine compounds, zinc, lead, beryllium, cadmium,
mercury, and for stainless steel that is oxygen cut using either a chemical flux or iron powder or gas
shielded arc cutting. Where it is not possible to provide this ventilation, airline respirators, hose masks,
or self contained units must be used. Oxygen should never be used for ventilation.
All parts of the body should be protected from radiant energy, sparks, and molten metal splashes.
Clothing made from wool, or wool blends, is generally better than cotton. Some cutting operations such
as inert-gas metal arc welding will cause exposed cotton clothing to rapidly deteriorate. Leather capes,
jackets, leggings, and aprons provide additional protection especially in vertical, or overhead
operations. Use of dark clothing will help reduce reflected light.
All welding equipment should be inspected each day prior to use. Report any defects found in
regulators, torches or electrical components to a person that is qualified to make the necessary repairs.

WHAT IS A HAZARDOUS MATERIAL OR CHEMICAL?

At one time or other, you and your co-workers have received training on the "Hazard Communication
Standard" alerting you to the chemicals in use at your worksite. But everyone should review this
information now and then, as a reminder of the need to be cautious.
Hazards from chemicals and other materials are everywhere we look-at work and at home. To protect
yourself, you should know what type of exposure a particular chemical or material presents. Hazardous
materials or chemicals can be classified into two groups, based upon their characteristics, physical
hazards and health hazards. Examples of each follow:
Physical Hazards
 Explosives - This product has the ability to quickly and violently release extraordinary amounts
of energy through chemical reaction due to heat, shock or other source. An example of an
explosive is dynamite.
 Corrosives - Corrosives can cause severe skin tissue damage such as deterioration, burns, etc.
Examples include hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.
 Reactive - Certain chemicals or materials react or change their properties or composition if
exposed to other chemicals, products, or just air or water. Reaction can result in hazardous
conditions or situations resulting in fire, explosions or the creation of other hazardous by-
products. Examples include certain metals such as sodium or potassium.
 Flammable - Items that catch fire relatively easy can be considered as flammable. Generally
speaking, a flammable product has a flashpoint of 100 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Examples
include certain solvents and fuels.
Health Hazards
 Toxic - Toxic materials or chemicals are generally considered as poisons that can cause short-
term or long-term sickness or even death. Exposure can be through inhalation, physical
contact, etc. The degree of danger is dependent upon the level of exposure. Examples of toxic
substances include gases like hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide.
 Radioactive - Exposure to harmful levels of ionizing radiation can cause adverse health effects.
Biological damage to cell tissue can result from overexposure.
When the specific type of chemical or material hazard is identified, proper planning and precautions
should be taken to prevent exposure and address emergencies. Precautions may include eliminating
the hazard by not using it or by substituting a safer material. People can stay away from the hazard to
prevent exposure or provide physical barriers as a safeguard. Emergency planning includes action
plans for reporting, containing and disposing of chemical spills.
If you have questions about hazardous chemicals or materials: Review the specific chemical Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), which describes the physical and health hazards, or ask your supervisor.
Only when you identify hazards can proper precautions be taken to minimize exposure.
Few of us are chemists, but we all need to learn about the chemicals we work with.

WHAT'S THIS IN OUR TOOL BOX!

All right, now that we are gathered around for our weekly Tool Box Safety Meeting , lets actually take a
look inside the tool box to see what we might find. Is there a box of horrors waiting for us when we
reach in? Field shop boxes, mechanics' chests in shops, the boxes on the backs of our pickup trucks,
or the bucket we carry with saddle bags for our personal tools...do they contain accidents waiting to
happen? Might you find something like THIS....?
Sharp Tool Edges: - a Box Cutter with the blade open! Could be reaching in to find something in the
bottom--and coming out with a badly cut hand.
Frayed Power Cords: - the drill's power cord pulled loose from the housing. In too much in a hurry to fix
it--but an electrical shock might slow us down!
Scratched Safety Glasses: Someone just threw them in with all of the other junk. The lenses are all
scratched and dirty. Probably can't see a thing with them...probably won't wear them. Probably taking a
big risk!
Dirty Respirator: Looks like this spare respirator wasn't put in it's protective container. It's covered with
some kind of white powdery stuff...stinks, and the filters are all crushed. I was going to use that today
because I left mine at home. S'pose it'll do?
Misused Tools: I see a couple of screw drivers with the handles and ends all beat up. Looks like
someone has been using them as chisels. Could I remove screws with these today without busting my
knuckles?
Damaged Head Protection: Several of the hard hats here have torn suspension systems, and one hat
is slightly cracked. Who wants to use these today? Someone with a really hard head?
Ruined Footwear: Yesterday I was in a hurry and I just threw my rubber boots in the box. Someone
else threw a bunch of sharp stuff on top of them and they are all cut up. Looks like I'll have wet feet
when I start working in that open trench today.
Sharp Wire, Rusty Nails, Cracked Tools....? Any of these in your tool box???
IF YOU CHOOSE to use a broken tool, or piece of safety equipment that doesn't provide adequate
protection - you might not be at work tomorrow. You might be convalescing at home or in the hospital.
Or worse yet, you may contribute to the injury of one of your fellow workers. Do you want to carry that
burden today?
WHY NOT CLEAN IT UP? If you find that the box is a mess, the tools are in terrible shape, or "I
wouldn't wear that," then take a few moments and get things right. Red tag defective tools or turn them
in for repair to your supervisor. Replace broken or unusable safety equipment. Make your tool box a
SAFE one. Let it reflect that Professional Attitude you take pride in.
Take a few minutes at the beginning of work today and look closely at the tool box where you keep
your professional equipment. What condition is it in? Do you feel SAFE and COMFORTABLE using all
of the stuff in there?
Put everything in it's PROPER place.
Each of you look at yourselves as professionals. You take pride in the work you do.

If you don't take care of the equipment you have to work with on a daily basis, your effectiveness will
be reduced. Looking for another tool because you didn't take proper care of the one you need, will cost
you work time.

WHAT IS YOUR BACK IQ?

Back injuries are a painful, sometimes debilitating, problem in many industries. Back strains can often
be avoided by reducing the size or weight of materials handled by employees, by using mechanical
aids such as hoists, conveyers or hydraulic lifts, and by making certain that employees are well trained
in lifting techniques. But the key to back care lies with the individual worker. Everyone should be a
back care "expert"and be able to answer the following questions:
Q: What's the most important lifting rule to remember?
A: Keep The Load Close! There are many other lifting rules, like "bend your knees and lift with your
legs," but you can't do this in every situation. Research has also shown that leg muscles become
fatigued when frequent lifts are required, so other techniques must be used as well.
Q: If you don't hold a load close to your body, how much heavier is the "experienced"weight than the
actual weight?
A: Ten times as heavy! The back operates as a simple lever, with the fulcrum in the lower back. Back
muscles serve as the power arm; the load being lifted is the weight arm, and a 10-1 leverratio
exists in the lower back. The further away you hold the load, the "heavier" it is.
Q: Why never twist with a load?
A: Lumbar (lower back) vertebrae, disks and joints are under the most vertical pressure when lifting a
load. Twisting with a load creates a "shearing" effect on these tissues. The more "mileage" you
have on your back, the less forgiving it will be under this pressure.
Q: Which muscles are most important for keeping the spine in its strong S-shaped curve?
A: Abdominal muscles, which work in cooperation with back muscles to support your spine. The
trouble is, abdominals tend to weaken over time. It helps to tighten them during a heavy lift,but
more importantly, keep them in good shape.
Q: How can stress in your life effect back pain?
A: Whether you're aware of it or not, emotional stress can tighten muscles. Often, fatigued back
muscles are the most effected and the first to feel it. It's been said that back ache is just a tension
headache that "slipped."
Q: What time of the day are back strains most likely to happen?
A: In the morning, or at the beginning of a work shift, when muscles aren't "warmed up." Trends also
show an increase following the lunch hour, perhaps because blood circulation is in the stomach,
instead of the large muscles, and because people may be sleepy and inattentive then.
Q: How does keeping flexible help prevent back and muscle strains?
A: Muscles tend to shorten when not used to their full capacity. Flexible muscles are less likely to be
strained and injured than "tight" muscles, when sudden or heavy power is required. Pre-work
stretching programs have been very successful in preventing back and muscle strains.Take a tip
from professional athletes--they warm up before a game! Even five minutes helps!

WHAT TO DO ABOUT "NEAR MISSES?"

Unlike a western gunfight "shoot out" at the corral on television, serious accidents can cause real
anguish and suffering so real and vivid that persons involved or nearby bystanders rarely forget the
flow of blood, broken limbs, crushed bodies, or screams of pain. An accident without injury though is
more like the bloodless, painless fakery of television "violence"-perhaps without real purpose in the
drama, and therefore easy to forget.
In real life there is a danger in brushing off accidents that do not hurt, harm, or damage. When these
accidents, or perhaps we should refer to them as near misses, happen we should immediately run the
red warning flag up the pole. Because a non-injury accident is like a 104 degree fever, it's a positive
sign or symptom that something is wrong.
Sometimes we misdiagnose or completely fail to diagnose the symptoms of near misses, because luck
or blind chance saved us from injury. We may tend to shrug it off and forget the near miss with a
casual kind of ignorance. Hopefully everyone agrees that it is not a good practice to rely on luck for
effective accident prevention.
One of the best ways to eliminate the likelihood of future close calls is through effective root cause
analysis and effective corrective action taken on near misses. A list of near misses can be almost
endless: lack of proper machine guarding; improper maintenance or grounding of equipment; missing
handrails or guardrails; poor housekeeping; improperly stored material; stubbing a toe on a protruding
floor object; bumping up against a sharp object; or tripping over clutter and almost falling down. It's
best to learn the real lessons from these near misses, since they are very likely to continue to occur
repeatedly until an injury occurs.
There was a study done many years ago that found for every serious or disabling injury reported, there
were about 10 injuries of a less serious nature, 30 property damage incidents, and about 600 incidents
(near misses) with no visible injury or property damage. This study was part of the foundation for the
widely accepted accident prevention theory that "increased frequency leads to severity."
How can you help? Report each and every near miss incident to your supervisor immediately in order
to help prompt investigation and follow up actions that will reduce the potential for future near misses.
Supervisors must partially rely upon you and your fellow workers to report these to them as they just
can't see everything.
If you are involved with or witness a near miss incident, remember that you or your co-worker may not
get a second injury free chance to hoist that red warning flag up the pole. Do your part to help make
the workplace safe for everyone involved.
Report those near misses to your supervisor immediately!


WHAT TO DO FOR DROWNING VICTIMS

As summertime arrives, we become more aware of water safety, though many workers are exposed to
water hazards all year long. Safety regulations require that waterside workers wear personal floatation
devices, but sometimes people are careless about fastening their vests and lose them after falling into
the water. There may be a risk that a customer or bystander will take a misstep and fall into the water-
and not all people know how to swim.
Whatever the season, people who work or play near water--on the barge or the dock, at the lake, river,
or swimming pool, should be alert to the potential for drowning and know what to do in an emergency.
The following "Safety Clip" is printed with permission from Safety + Health magazine and offers useful
tips and reminders:
Drowning kills about 4,800 Americans each year, according to Accident Facts, published by the
National Safety Council. You can help reduce that number, and you don't have to be a lifeguard to do
so.
The National Safety Council lists four basic steps you can take to help a person who is distressed in
the water-even if you're a poor swimmer or a non-swimmer: reach, throw, row and go.
Reach: The easiest method to save drowning victims, and the one you should try first, is to reach out to
them. Use a lightweight pole, long stick or ladder-anything that can extend your reach. Once you've
snared each person, make sure your footing is secure and, if possible, ask a bystander to hold onto
your waist for added stability. Keep talking to the people in the water while you pull each person out. It
will calm each of you.
Throw: If you cannot reach the people, determine whether you can throw them something that floats-a
large plastic container, a life jacket, a floating cushion. If rope is available, tie it to the object before you
throw it so you can get it back if you throw poorly.
Row: If the victims are still out of reach and a boat, canoe, surf board or some such thing is available,
you might try to "go" to them. If you're in a rowboat, you must keep them in sight; turn around often to
get a fix on them. And when you do get to the victims, don't try to pull them in over the side of the boat-
this could cause it to capsize. Pull them in at the stern or the rear end.
Go: If none of these techniques works, you must determine whether you are a strong enough swimmer
to enter the water and go to the drowning person. Be aware that doing this could put you at great risk.
Don't overestimate your abilities and become a victim yourself. You should attempt to go to the person
only if you have been trained in lifesaving techniques.
Do water hazards exist in your work environment or family activities? Have you thought about how
you'll react if a co-worker, friend or family member is at risk of drowning?

WHEN YOU LEAST EXPECT IT...LESSONS LEARNED!

The prospect of getting into an accident is something no one likes to think about. Time and again we
hear our managers, supervisors or co-workers telling us to be careful, work safely and use personal
protective equipment. Yet, do we really listen? We hear the words, but do we really believe we'll be the
one who will have an accident?
There are those who take the safety message at work seriously, and those who do not. Safe work
procedures have a purpose. Experience tells us that if we do things right, we'll complete our work
correctly and safely. When personal protective equipment (PPE) is provided, this is also for good
reason. PPE prevents or minimizes injury or illness to the user.
Sometimes accidents happen when you least expect them. The following true stories prove this, along
with a reminder that sometimes they do happen to us….
Lesson #1: Two mechanics were working on a step van and repairing the rear roll-up door. In order to
fix the door, they had to alternately "tension" the large spring that assists the door's upward movement.
As they took turns tightening the spring by inserting 3/8 inch metal rods into the spring catches, the
front mechanic's rod slipped out from the catch. The rebound motion and force made the rod, still in his
hand, fly back and strike the other mechanic in the eye. Obviously, the mechanic who was struck in the
eye needed immediate emergency medical attention.
Lesson? Lack of eye protection + inadequate work procedures = serious injury.
Lesson #2: A construction superintendent was observing project operations when a piece of heavy
equipment ran over a piece of concrete with its' rear tire. The object became a flying projectile when it
"shot out" from under the tire, missed a small stock pile, sailed past a back-hoe and struck the
superintendent in the head. Fortunately, the superintendent was wearing his hard hat, or the blow
might easily have been fatal.
Lesson? Use of PPE = protection from more serious injury or death.
Lesson #3: An employee was using a bench grinder to polish a piece of metal on the wire wheel. When
he turned to talk to another employee, and took his eyes off his work, the piece of metal he was
holding became caught between the wheel and the tool rest. His finger was pulled into the wire wheel
which instantly shaved off part of his finger.
Lesson? Lack of concentration + improperly adjusted tool rest = painful injury.
Work should not have to be a death or injury experience. Unfortunately, lack of caution and attention
can make it one. The next time you hear someone say, "be careful," take a minute to really listen to the
message and ask yourself, "Why should I be careful?" The answer is, "because accidents happen
when you least expect them-and sometimes they happen to you."
Think about yourself, family, friends and co-workers-don't learn a lesson the hard way!

WHY A WRITTEN SAFETY PROGRAM?

The formal safety program is a set of written documents that describe a company's safety policies,
priorities, and responsibilities. The program is designed to bring structure and consistency into a firm's
accident prevention efforts. Without a written document, you might as well have a construction crew
without a blueprint, or a factory without a production plan.
However, just because a safety program is written, doesn't mean it is always followed. To be effective,
everyone on the management team must understand what is expected of them and safety must be an
ongoing, essential part of production. This means the entire workforce must have an occasional
reminder of what accident prevention is all about. Key safety program elements are:
1. Management's Safety Policy - This is usually a simple but important statement, emphasizing that the
safety and well being of employees is of the highest priority in the firm, and will be fully supported by
top management.
2. Responsibilities of Management, Supervisors, and Employees - Safety responsibilities at every level

of the organization must be clearly defined in writing and in training, so everyone has a fair and equal
chance to live up to what is expected of them.
3. Safety Rules - A list of specific Safe Work Practices must be established for the safety of each
individual and all co-workers. These "conditions of employment: can prevent accidents during
production--but workers and companies often tend to forget them, unless they are enforced.
4. Disciplinary Policy - When any individual fails to follow established safety rules, the entire work team
may be at risk. And when rules are ignored by many, the idea of consistent safe work practices "goes
down the tube." The disciplinary policy defines how safety rules will be enforced fairly and consistently.
The typical policy is a form of "Three Strikes and You're Out."
5. Specific Written Programs - Federal and State laws also require that critical jobsite hazards must be
controlled through specific written programs and extra employee training. These include programs in
Confined Space Entry, Lock out /Tag out, Fall Protection, Scaffolding Safety, Hazardous Materials, etc.
Strict procedures are necessary to prevent exposures, fatalities or serious injuries, and must be
followed to the letter.
6. Safety Meetings - Responsibilities and safety procedures are rarely followed by everyone without an
occasional reminder. Like the vaccinations we got as kids, we all need booster shots for a good "take."
Most worksites have a variety of hazards to discuss, and safety meetings provide this opportunity.
Many hazardous industries hold them weekly. Remember, though, you needn't wait for a safety
meeting to correct a potentially hazardous situation.
Why a written safety program? As workers we need to know what is specifically required of us, to
perform our job safely. As supervisors we need the tools and guidance to help us manage a safe
production process. As management, we must continually protect our greatest asset--the workforce.
Safety is a teamwork effort. Let's everyone remember the important part they play!

WHY DO WE HAVE SAFETY MEETINGS?

Why do we have safety meetings? Safety meetings are an opportunity for management and your
safety department to communicate to employees how they can do their jobs safer and better. Topics
discussed in safety meetings may be topics that you are familiar with, or topics that you have limited
knowledge about. If the topic is something that your are familiar with, it may be easy to tune-out and
not listen to the safety information presented. Do yourself a big favor and listen to the information as if
you have never heard before. You may just learn something new, about the newest protective
equipment, or a smarter way to do your job. Information passed on in a safety meeting has a
purpose…..To stop you or your co-worker from being injured. Safety meetings also allow employees
an opportunity to relay safety / health concerns or improvement ideas to their supervisors.
Accidents result from unsafe acts or unsafe conditions. For a variety of reasons, unsafe acts typically
account for 90% of all accidents, according to some experts. Safety meetings serve as a preventative
measure against unsafe acts by educating employees on how they can do their job safely.
If you're still not sold. let's look at the potential cost of accidents. More specifically, how can accidents
directly affect you?!
1. DEATH- The ultimate unwanted result. Where does this leave your loved ones?
2. FINANCIAL COST- Lost pay or reduction in pay. Who pays the bills? Are you the sole income
producer in your household?
3. PAIN & SUFFERING- An obvious detriment that no one desires.
4. DISABILITY- A life changing experience. Now you're not able to do what you use to do.
Maybe now you can't cast that fishing rod? Ride that bike, hug your wife, lift your child, or
simply see? Or perhaps you're confined to a wheelchair. Good bye career.
5. COMPETITIVENESS ON BIDDING JOBS- Other than payroll and benefits, worker'

compensation insurance and accident costs may represent the bulk of a company's operating
expense. When a company's operating expense increases, they are then less competitive to
bid jobs. If your company is not awarded jobs, where does that leave you?
6. YOUR CO-WORKERS SAFETY- Perhaps you and your co-worker have been working together
for sometime now. Chances are you may spend as much time with your co-workers than
possibly your own family. Thus, you obviously do not want something bad to happen to them.
Watch out for their safety too.
Safety meetings are a perfect opportunity for you to communicate any safety ideas or concerns that
you may have. Participate in your safety meetings. If you don't participate then your ideas will not be
heard. Who knows, the idea that you have may very well save your co-worker's life or even your own!

WHY TAKE A CHANCE?

Are you willing to risk losing your ability to see? Thousands of people take that chance every day by
not wearing needed eye protection. In fact 3 out of 5 workers who have experienced an eye injury were
not wearing their eye protection.
A recent industry survey found that nearly 70% of the injuries were the result of flying or falling objects.
Most of the material striking the eye was reportedly moving at speeds faster than something being
thrown by hand.
What can you do so you are not added to these statistics? Easy...
 WEAR PROPER EYE PROTECTION AT ALL TIMES. It is estimated that 90% of eye injuries
can be prevented through the use of proper protective eyewear. Manufacturers of eye and face
protection have greatly improved their products to help encourage more willing and more
consistent use. In the past workers in the field would not wear the protection because of the
equipment's lack of comfort, durability, or out-dated styling. Considerable advancements have
now been made in the design of this protection to improve the comfort, durability and fashion.
 MAKE SURE THE EYE PROTECTION IS RIGHT FOR THE HAZARD and that it fits correctly.
Also know when to wear goggles and/or a face shield especially when doing high hazard work
such as grinding, chipping or working with corrosive compounds.
Most eye injuries are rated either mild or severe, with few being in between. Mild cases usually require
only simple outpatient care such as irrigating and antibiotic treatment. Severe cases may require
multiple surgeries and in most cases the eye sight will not be as it was before the accident, if the vision
can be saved at all.
Protecting your eyesight should be one of your most paramount concerns whether you are on the job
or not. Your company may provide you the protection, and have a 100% eye protection policy.
However, it is your responsibility to wear the eye protection. Without your commitment, you put yourself
at risk of losing your eyesight.
Often people will think nothing of spending a hundred dollars or more for a pair of name brand fashion
sunglasses. Some of the best safety glasses cost less than $10. Fashion eyewear looks great and
protects your eyes from the sun. But they are typically not safety-rated, and are not designed to protect
your eyes from objects impacting the lense.
Remember! There are no good excuses for not protecting your eyesight.

WHY USE A SAFETY CAN FOR GASOLINE?

Gasoline is an extremely flammable liquid fuel. It should always be handled and stored properly in
order to reduce the likelihood of fires and explosions. Personal injuries ranging from first degree burns
to fatalities can result from improper handling and storage practices. Safety cans are designed to
control the flammable vapors of gasoline and to provide a safe and convenient means for storage and
transfer. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approved safety cans should be used to carry, dispense, and
store gasoline in quantities up to five gallons.
Failure to use approved metal containers for flammable or combustible liquids has often been cited by
compliance officers. Under certain circumstances approved plastic containers can be used. These
plastic containers need not be equipped with a spring closing lid, spout cover and flash arresting
screen.
Nevertheless, many companies will allow only metal safety cans on the worksite, unless it can be
demonstrated that plastic containers are safe to use. Construction managers may feel that plastic will
not hold up as well under heavy use and handling. Whatever standards must be followed, it is
important to understand the features and benefits of a safety container so that you and your co-
workers can best guard against fire or explosion.
Approved safety cans have several basic design qualities:
1. They have a spring loaded cap that closes the spout automatically when released. Tension in
the spring forces the cap closed and provides a leak proof seal.
2. The spring tension is also designed to lift the cap slightly in the event of excessive internal
vapor pressure inside the can. This automatically vents off vapors at approximately five psi
internal pressure, to prevent the can from rupturing or exploding if it is exposed to excessive
outside heat.
3. The spout is also equipped with a flame arrester screen designed to prevent outside fire from
reaching the gasoline inside the can. This is the same type of screen that is found in marine
gasoline engine carburetors. With the screen in place, if the can is involved in a fire, the vapors
will burn around the spout, but will not permit an internal fire or explosion. This screen must not
be removed or damaged. Sometimes safety cans are also used to hold thick liquids such as
lubrication oil, which is not recommended. Since the heavy liquid will not pass through the
screen, the screen is often removed, defeating an important safety feature of the container.
Finally, it is extremely dangerous to carry gasoline--even in a safety can--in the trunk of a vehicle. If the
trunk heats up from the sun, the contents of the can will expand and pressure will raise the springed
cap. This permits vapors to accumulate in the trunk, and an explosion may result.
Do your part to prevent fires that can lead to serious burns, loss of life and significant property damage.
Whether it is required or just good sense, always use approved safety cans when handling gasoline or
other flammable liquids. Periodically inspect the cap, spring and flame arrester screen as well, to be
sure it will provide the safety you expect.
Why take chances?


CHEMICAL HAZARDS - WORKING SAFELY WITH LEAD

It used to be thought that only children were exposed to lead poisoning hazards which occurred mostly
from eating lead based paint chips from doors or windows in the home. This is no longer the case.
Studies conducted over the past few years now suggest many adults are exposed to lead in the work
place and suffer from varying degrees of lead poisoning. These studies have also shown that eating
lead based paint chips is not the only - or even the primary- way for lead to enter the body. Workers
that use lead based paints, or work with items that may contain small amounts of lead may be creating
lead dust and lead fumes that settle on their clothing, furniture, carpets, drapes, and contaminate the
air.
In some parts of the country, this has caused a public outcry similar to that experienced with asbestos.
Although publicity about lead hazards has not yet created the hysteria caused by asbestos, lead does
show signs of becoming the next asbestos. Like asbestos, lead accumulates in the body, but instead of
affecting the lungs, it also damages the kidneys, nervous system, intestines, and the reproductive
system. Much of the data from new research has focused attention on lead exposure to adults in the
workplace as adults are more likely to be exposed to unsafe levels of lead on the job than at home.
Most of the people that work directly with lead recognize that it is hazardous and take precautions to
protect themselves. It is the workers that are exposed to lead and are not aware of it that are at most
risk. This includes construction workers - especially those that work on bridges, tunnels, water towers
and similar structures; painters, demolition workers, hazardous waste haulers, shipyard workers, and
possibly anyone that works in a structure that has been coated with lead based paints. Also possibly at
risk is anyone that lives near a lead abatement project that has not established adequate containment
to prevent contamination of the surrounding community.
In industries where there is a recognized exposure to unsafe levels of lead, employers must make
initial determination of the airborne lead levels by sampling the air. If the initial determination results in
airborne lead levels higher than 30 micrograms per cubic meter of air- the action level- several safety
procedural requirements are triggered. An air monitoring program must be established to measure the
exposure of employees at least every six months. A medical surveillance program must also be
established for employees that are exposed above the action level, as well as a training program so
that employees will know how to recognize the symptoms of lead poisoning and how that they can
protect themselves from over exposure.
The OSHA standard also establishes a maximum permissible exposure level, or PEL, of 50
micrograms per cubic meter of air. If the PEL is exceeded, measures must be taken to reduce the
exposure which includes personal hygiene practices, housekeeping, personal protective equipment,
and respirators.
Lead enters the body by inhaling either lead dust or lead fumes. If you are exposed to lead, it will
probably be in the form of dust that contains lead. This dust often settles on the skin and clothing so it
is important that good habits of personal hygiene are observed. It is particularly important not to
smoke, eat, drink, or apply cosmetics in contaminated areas, or while wearing contaminated clothing.
You should also be sure that you do not wear contaminated clothing home which could contaminate
your car, house, and potentially expose your family to this hazard. All contaminated clothing - including
shoes- should stay at the work site.

Care should be exercised to avoid creating dust where lead is known to be present to prevent it from
becoming airborne. Spills in particular create a problem because the dust can contaminate large areas
once it is airborne. Dry sweeping is never acceptable to clean up anything that may contain lead dust.
To clean lead dust from work surfaces, the area should first be wet down with water and then
vacuumed with a vacuum. Don't forget to wear your respirator if you are involved in clean up tasks.
Yes, exposure to too much lead is dangerous, it does build up in the body, and may gradually harm
vital organs. Despite these dangers, there is no need to panic if you use a healthy dose of caution and
take advantage of all of the available means to protect yourself. You can work with lead in complete
safety; but if you are not sure about what you need to do, discuss your concerns with your supervisor.

WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Electrocutions occurring between 1982 and 1994 were studied by the National Institute of Occupational
Safety & Health (NIOSH) in 1998. The NIOSH researchers, Kisner & Casini, analyzed 224
electrocutions which resulted in 244 workplace fatalities. These fatalities accounted for approximately
7% of all workplace deaths. The information they learned provides valuable lessons for everyone that
works with or around electricity.
 Younger males die most often. Victims ranged in age from 17- 70 years, 99% of them were
men, 64% died prior to age 35, and 99% of the incidents involved alternating current (AC).
 New hires need to take the most care. 41% of all victims were on the job for under 1 year.
 Construction workers had the highest percentage of electrocutions at 40%. Other predominate
industries included: transportation/communication/public utilities (16%); manufacturing (12%);
and agriculture/forestry/fishing (11%).
Utility line workers (linemen) typically receive extensive training in electrical safety, yet they had the
highest number of fatal injuries. 55% of linemen fatalities were caused by failure to use required
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as gloves, sleeves, mats, or blankets. Laborers, who
generally receive little or no electrical training had the next highest fatality rate.
NIOSH identified five case scenarios describing the 244 fatalities: 1) Direct worker contact with an
energized powerline (28%); 2) Direct worker contact with energized equipment (21%); 3) Boomed
vehicle contact with an energized powerline (18%); 4) Improperly installed or damaged equipment
(17%); and 5) Conductive equipment contact with an energized powerline (16%).
Here is a partial checklist of basic safe electrical practices to help prevent occupational electrocution.
Customize this checklist with your company's own safety procedures.
1. Are employees given and required to use the proper protective equipment and tools when
working around electrical hazards?
2. Is there an effective lockout/tagout procedure for work on electrical circuits and equipment?
3. Have employees been advised of the location of hazards and proper protective measures to
avoid contact with an energized circuit?
4. Are safe work practices (de-energizing live parts, discharging capacitors, lockout, etc.) used to
prevent electrical shock and other injuries?
5. Are portable electrical tools and equipment grounded or double insulated?
6. Do electrical boxes and fittings have approved covers?
7. Are defective, damaged, or frayed electrical cords replaced promptly?
8. Are ground fault circuit interrupters and/or an assured equipment grounding program used on
construction sites?
9. Are electrical installations in hazardous locations approved for those locations?
10. Is your electrical system regularly checked by someone trained in the National Electric Code?

EVERYONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFETY

Safety is everyone's responsibility! As am employee, you should:
a. Learn to work safely and take all rules seriously.
b. Recognize hazards and avoid them.
c. Report all accidents, injuries and illness to your supervisor immediately.
d. Inspect tools before use to avoid injury.
e. Wear all assigned personal protective equipment.
On the other hand, it is management's responsibility to:
a. Provide a safe and healthy workplace.
b. Provide personal protective equipment.
c. Train employees in safe procedures and in how to identify hazards.
Everyone must be aware of potential hazards on the job:
a. Poor housekeeping results in slips, trips and falls.
b. Electricity can cause shocks, burns or fire if not handled properly.
c. Poor material handling may cause back problems or other injuries.
d. Tools and equipment can cause injuries if guards or protective devices are disengaged.
Always use the protections that are provided on the job:
a. Guards on machines and tools keep body parts from contacting moving equipment.
b. Insulation on electrical equipment prevents burns, shock and fire.
c. Lockout/tagout assure equipment is de-energized before it is repaired.
d. Personal protective equipment shields your body from hazards you may face on the job.
In case of emergency:
a. Understand alarms and evacuation routes.
b. Know how to notify emergency response personnel.
c. Implement a procedure for leaving the scene safely so emergency personnel can do their job.
d. Wipe up spills promptly and correctly.
Safety benefits everyone! By incorporating safety rules, employees avoid injury as well as illness from
exposure to hazardous substances. With less injuries, a business can be more productive and
profitable. The welfare of the community is also enhanced by providing cleaner air and water and less
chance of dangerous accidents that can put lives and property at risk.

EYE PROTECTION: PRESERVE YOUR VISION

This SMO is going to require some effort on your part! I'm assigning everyone a homework task. But
don't panic, this homework will be a piece of cake! What I'd like you to do on your way home today is
spend the evening observing the many beautiful things in this world! For just one evening, stop taking
your eyesight for granted! Let me suggest the following:
As you leave the workplace today, look up, down and all around, observing the beauty around you.
See the blue sky, the many shades of leaves in the trees, and the different birds that occupy them.
When you get home, watch your children playing in the yard and pay attention to how their eyes light
up when Daddy or Mommy gets home. Have you ever stopped to think how wonderful your eyesight
really is? Well, think about it. For about two minutes, close your eyes completely and contemplate how
life would be if you lost your eyesight! That's it-your homework is complete! Did you come up with
visions about how your life would change if you couldn't see? Did they include any of the following?
 When you and your family are on vacation, they will have to describe the scenery to you.
 You would have to be led wherever you want to go.
 Your spouse would have to describe the way your children's eyes light up when they open their
presents at Christmas.
 No more leisurely activities such as hunting or fishing, watching movies or TV.
 No more driving the new truck you just bought.
Does this sound like something you want to go through? I didn't think so! Is there a way to prevent this
from happening? You bet-wear your eye protection! A recent article in Safety & Health states that
every day approximately 1,000 eye injuries occur in the U.S. OSHA estimates that 90% of eye injuries
are preventable through the proper use of safety eye wear. What does this tell us? Many people are
not wearing proper eye protection! Let's examine a few operations that present eye hazards:
 Grinding, hammering, chiseling, wood working or any other activity that might cause large
fragments or small particles to fly through the air and into the eyes;
 Painting, spraying, sanding, metal working, spot welding or any process that may cause dust,
fumes or tiny particulate to become airborne;
 Work tasks such as electric welding and cutting with a torch, furnace tending or operations
around radiant energy or intense heat;
 Operations such as handling acids and caustics, and hot metal casting and babbitting where
gases, vapors, liquids or splashing metals are generated.
Your eyesight is a precious gift. Please do not wait until it's too late to come to your senses. If your
work presents an exposure to eye hazards, wear your eye protection.
Don't take chances. Open your eyes and protect your vision!

LIKE OIL AND WATER, DRINKING AND DRIVING DO NOT MIX.

Season's Greetings. It's that time of the year again, for friends, family, and the eagerly awaited
company Christmas party. Yes, you know, the party where Bob has one eggnog too many and hits on
someone else's wife. All kidding aside, this is the worst time of year for drinking and driving accidents.
In fact, people who drink and drive are responsible for about 23,000 deaths a year.
In recent years a great deal of attention has been devoted to solving the drinking and driving problem
that plagues this country. More police patrols and roadblocks are out to find drunk drivers.
Consequences for drunk driving vary according to local laws. In some areas drunk drivers can lose
their license, pay a fine, have the cost of their insurance doubled or tripled, and even serve time in jail
for a first offense. To understand why it's so important to solve the drunk driving problem, it's
necessary to understand why drinking and driving is so dangerous.
When we drink, alcohol goes to the stomach where it is absorbed by the blood stream. The alcohol is
then carried to our brain. When it reaches the brain, alcohol affects our driving in three ways. It impairs
our judgment and our decision making ability. It affects our coordination, and our ability to handle a
vehicle. And it affects our vision--our ability to see things clearly. Our judgment is the first thing to go.
When that happens, we lose our appreciation for the dangers of the road. We tend to drive too fast for
conditions; we are less alert to other drivers than normally. All of that is bad enough, but the worst is,
we lack the judgment to realize what's happening to us. So, if alcohol is readily available, people often
continue drinking far beyond their limit. By the time their coordination is shot, they've lost their ability to
judge their condition. They think they're doing just fine. If drinking continues, vision also becomes
impaired., which is particularly dangerous, since most heavy drinking is done at night when good vision
is critical. When under the influence of alcohol, it is difficult to make out dimly lit shapes, such as
parked cars and turns in the road. It is also easier to be blinded by the lights of oncoming cars.
As previously mentioned, people who drink and drive are responsible for about 23,000 deaths a year.
In fact, we often neglect to assign part of the responsibility to those who are providing the alcohol. As a
host or hostess, it's easy to try to avoid this responsibility. After all, nobody forced him to drink. If he
has an accident, he can't blame you. Maybe he can't, but the people he runs into can. That's why the
law has begun to hold people who provide alcohol responsible as well as the driver.
Why take the chance? What do you gain by getting someone drunk? They're not going to thank you for
a party they'll never remember--or a hangover they'll never forget. Here are a few suggestions on how
to help your guests be responsible drinkers.
Make it very clear that if they drink, they are not going to drive (collect their keys if they plan to drink,
have a designated driver available, etc.).
Give your guests a choice. Have nonalcoholic beverages available (coffee, soft drinks, mocktails).
If you're going to tend bar, don't push drinks on people. Let them come to you.
Don't make drinks excessively strong (you won't impress them by serving drinks that make their eyes
water).
If you're going to push anything, push food (crackers and cheese, chips and dip, or hors d'oeuvres).
Serve coffee. It won't sober up a guest, but at least it takes the place of another alcoholic drink.
`Tis the season for giving and caring, not for attending a funeral. Please! Remember, friends don't let
friends drive drunk. Merry Christmas and have a Happy New Year.

PERSONAL PROTECTION -- STORAGE, MAINTENANCE AND CARE

Depending on the occupational safety and health hazards encountered while performing assigned job
tasks, your employer may require you to use properly fitting personal protective equipment (PPE) to
avoid injuries and illnesses.
Some of the most common types of PPE are:
Eye protection
Face protection
Hearing protection
Head protection
Hand protection
Foot protection
Respiratory protection
Each of the above are designed to provide a certain level of protection if used and cared for as
intended by the manufacturer. One of the factors which helps maintain the level of protection is that the
device is kept in a clean and sanitary manner. Usually, unless otherwise directed by the manufacturer,
this entails washing the components of the device in warm water with a mild detergent on a regular
basis (daily, weekly, monthly as conditions warrant).
If the safety device is shared by more than one person, it must be cleaned and sanitized after each
use.
Cleaning and sanitizing will do no good, however, if the device is not properly stored in-between uses.
For instance, safety glasses or face shields which are left out in the open in a dusty or otherwise
contaminated environment will become dirty and may compound an injury rather than prevent it (dust
falls into eyes from unclean safety glasses). Or a respirator fitted with an organic cartridge, left out on a
work bench, will become ineffective as the cartridge absorbs contaminants from the atmosphere.
Most of the devices noted above can be safely stored in reclosable plastic bags, clean cans with lids or
storage cupboards with tight-fitting doors.
Personal protective equipment should be inspected frequently and any defective parts or devices
immediately removed from service until repaired and in good operating condition.

UNEXPECTED HAZARDS IN DEMOLITION WORK

Remodeling of buildings sometimes involves demolishing parts of existing structures to make room for
new improvements. Demolition can expose workers to dangerous materials that are sometimes difficult
to recognize. In many cases, even the building owner may not know these hazards are present.
Potentially dangerous materials include lead, silica and asbestos.
Lead dust is caused by removing, grinding, or cutting materials covered with lead based paint, or from
handling metallic lead. Lead fumes can also be created when a torch is used to cut tanks that have
contained leaded gasoline or other lead containing products. Since lead is a toxic material that can
cause serious illness, respirators should be worn if lead dust or fumes are present.
Silica is found in many building materials such as natural stone, brick and concrete. Breaking, cutting,
crushing or grinding this material will generate dust containing crystalline silica. Exposure to excessive
dust can cause silicosis, a disease resulting in lung problems. If it is not possible to control dust to an
acceptable level by keeping materials wet or damp, respirators should be used.
Asbestos dust can be generated whenever materials containing asbestos are handled or removed.
Typical asbestos containing materials include sprayed asbestos coatings on steel columns, insulation
materials, fire resistant walls, asbestos cement sheets, and flooring materials. Breathing this dust can
cause asbestosis and lung cancer. Asbestos coating or insulation should be removed by a certified
asbestos removal worker before any demolition is started.
Gases and vapors are chemical hazards that may be present in buildings previously used for chemical
manufacturing or storage. These vapors may be found in pre-existing tanks and pipes, from the
burning of waste materials, and even from natural processes such as rusting of metal. The degree of
hazard depends upon the type, toxicity, and concentration of the gas present. Adequate ventilation
must be provided and suitable respiratory protective equipment worn when there is an exposure to
toxic chemicals.
Enter confined spaces with extra precautions. Confined spaces include basements, tanks, and
excavations. Hazards may include oxygen deficiency, and/or the presence of toxic or flammable gases
such as carbon monoxide, methane or hydrogen sulfide. Be certain that atmospheres in confined
spaces have been tested and levels determined to be safe before entering these areas.
Dermatitis or skin irritation can result from contacting substances such as mineral oil, pitch,
disinfectant, solvents, oils, acids, and alkalis. Exposure to epoxy resins, formaldehyde, nickel, cobalt,
and chromium, may cause allergic reactions in some people. If contact with any of these substances is
likely, protective clothing and gloves with cotton lining should be worn to prevent skin contact.
High noise levels from equipment such as compressors and jackhammers frequently create noise in
excess of maximum permissible levels. Long term exposure to excessive noise may cause permanent
hearing loss. To avoid this, always wear hearing protection when noise levels are high.
Potential hazards exist in all demolition work. Be aware of these hazards and protect yourself by using
appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment.

WELDING ON GALVANIZED METALS

One of the most significant health hazards in the welding process is the generation of fumes and
gasses. Do you weld on galvanized metals? Zinc is the coating used on galvanized metals, and when
you heat the metal, it produces vaporized metal droplets which are called fumes. This is the smoky
haze which consists of fine particles of metals or silicates. When you breathe these fumes, they may
work deeply into your lungs.
The typical effect of breathing zinc fumes is metal fume fever. One or two hours or more after welding-
without proper personal protection-you may experience severe thirst, pain in the legs, shivering,
congestion in the head, dryness and tickling of the throat, and a cough. In very bad cases, you may
feel severe shivering, a high fever, buzzing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, and even hallucinations and
convulsions. Your symptoms will usually last 24 hours.
Some of you may weld for a period of time and find some of the symptoms appeared, then went away.
You may actually have built up an immunity that hides the full effects. If you take a break from welding
over the weekend or over a holiday, the symptoms will often come back again the next time you weld
on galvanized metal. Because of this behavior, metal fume fever is sometimes known as "Monday
morning sickness."
Protect yourself, if you weld on galvanized metals, by following these precautions:
In all operations where metal fumes are present, you should work in a well ventilated area. The best
way to protect yourself against metal fumes is to use local exhaust ventilation at the source of the
smoke. Do not re-circulate the air in the shop.
If good local ventilation is not possible you should wear an approved respirator, which will fit
underneath your welding helmet, to protect yourself from fumes. This respirator collects the fume
particles and keeps them from entering your lungs. (A paper dust mask is not adequate).
If you find white dust inside your welding shield, you are not properly protecting yourself from the
fumes.
After you have finished welding, wash your hands and face thoroughly with soap and water.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas contaminated by welding fumes.
If you think you are experiencing symptoms of metal fume fever, report it to your supervisor. Physicians
familiar with this illness say that the best treatment is to drink plenty of water and go to bed and rest.
Finally, did you know that you can "contaminate" your family by bringing home zinc particles on your
clothing? Protect both yourself and your family-weld safely.

BENCH AND PEDESTAL GRINDERS

Almost every maintenance shop has a bench or pedestal grinder. They are most commonly used to
shape or sharpen the cutting edges of tools such as chisels or lawn mower blades. These are
powerful, useful tools, but they are also potentially dangerous, because users take them for granted.
Serious injury and even death can result from improper handling, installation or use of abrasive wheels.
Cracked or defective grinding wheels can "explode" when in use.
Secure both pedestal and bench style grinders securely to the floor or work bench to prevent
movement during usage. Store grinding wheels carefully on racks in dry places, and visually inspect
them for warping, chips, cracks or other damage before installation. Discard used wheels once they
are approximately 2/3 worn.
Proper guarding is one of the most important safety requirements. Missing or improperly adjusted
guards are common and frequent safety violations. Check the following before using your grinder:
 The wheel guard enclosure should cover most of the wheel, the spindle, and the wheel
mounting hardware. Some of the wheel must be exposed to allow grinding access, but the
maximum access space between the horizontal work rest and the top of the wheel guard
opening should be no more than 65 degrees of the wheel.
 The horizontal work rest should be adjusted to within 1/8-inch of the wheel. This reduces the
risk of wheel breakage caused by an item being jammed between the work rest and the wheel.
 The tongue guard is an adjustable safety plate that is attached at the top of the wheel guard
enclosure and can be moved closer to the wheel as its diameter decreases from wear. The
distance between the tongue guard and the wheel must not exceed 1/4-inch in order to
minimize exposure to flying fragments in the event of wheel disintegration.
 A transparent hinge-mounted face guard should be attached over the exposed wheel surface
area to provide additional protection from particles thrown off the rapidly spinning disk.
 Personal protective equipment includes safety glasses and a face shield--your face as well as
your eyes need protection. Do not wear loose fitting clothing that could become caught in the
wheel.
Do not stand directly in front of the grinder during start up, in case the wheel disintegrates as it reaches
full speed. Allow the grinder to reach operating speed and then bring the item to be honed slowly and
smoothly into contact with the wheel. Gradual application gives the wheel an opportunity to warm up
and lessens the chance of breakage due to thermal stress.
Most grinding wheels are designed for face use only. The side of the wheel should not be used for
grinding unless it is designed for that purpose.
Wheel disintegration can cause very serious injury due to the high speed of flying particles. Be sure
your shop grinder is equipped with the proper safety features. One of next month's Safety Meeting
Outlines will explain how to perform the critically important "Ring Test" for grinding wheels.

CARE FOR YOUR HALF-MASK AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR

Your half-mask air-purifying respirator provides protection against breathing of airborne contaminants.
Your employer is responsible for the respiratory program which includes providing you with the proper
type of respirator for the given exposure. You and your employer share responsibility for making
certain that your respirator is functioning as intended for your protection. The following is a list of
general rules to help you care for and maintain your respirator:
1) The disposable filter cartridges usually contain a chemical absorbent to trap contaminants. The filter
cartridge should be replaced immediately if it becomes more difficult to inhale. It should also be
changed if you begin to smell or taste the contaminant.
2) You should thoroughly inspect your respirator on a daily basis or before each usage. Examine the
elastic headband(s) to assure it has not lost elasticity. Also check the headband for tears, frays, and
loose strands. Take the cartridges off and examine the cartridge housing to make certain it is not
cracked. Check the cartridge threads to ensure they are not stripped or damaged in any way. Check
the facepiece for tears, cuts, or holes. Inspect the exhaust valves and intake valve to make certain they
are not sticking or damaged.
3) Clean your respirator after each use. The cleaning process usually consists of washing, disinfecting,
rinsing, and drying. You should refer to the manufacturer's suggestions for specifics. Most facepieces
can be washed with warm water. Disinfecting with a disinfectant cleaner or germicidal detergent is a
commonly acceptable practice. Rinsing should be done with water. Air drying is usually preferred as
towel drying or heated quick drying may cause damage.
4) It is important to store your respirator properly. Your respirator should be protected from heat,
sunlight, dust, and vapor contaminants. Storage in a sealed plastic bag is the preferred practice. Be
careful not to cram the respirator in a tight space or store it in an awkward position as both of these
practices may warp the respirator permanently and alter the fit.
5) Do a "fit-check" often to make certain that you have a good seal. This can be done by covering the
exhalation valve with your hand and gently exhaling into the facepiece. If air leaks out during gentle
exhaling, the seal and facepiece should be checked by your respirator program administrator.
If you take good care of your respirator, it will take good care of you!

PALLET SAFETY
Webster defines a pallet as a "support for freight." As a support, it has the potential to take a lot of
abuse. A lot of old pallets are never discarded when they should be. They are stacked in a corner and
not used except as a last resort when there are no good ones left. Too many times we hear that a
pallet has broken and the freight has fallen to the floor. This not only causes freight damage but can
also result in equipment damage--or worse yet, in employee injury or death. Please take a moment to
review the following safety tips for working around palletized loads:
Develop a pallet inspection program. Before you use a pallet, inspect it for cracks, weaknesses and
other damage. If you find damage, mark it unsafe for use until it is either fixed or thrown away. This can
prevent a lot of potential problems.
When loading a pallet, make sure the load is centered and not out of balance.
If the pallet is holding several loose items, make sure the entire load is secured with shrink wrap or
banding.
Exercise caution when stacking several pallets high. Make sure the stack is not leaning, because of
weak or broken segments, which may cause the whole pile to fall over.
Always know the load limit of the pallet jack or forklift you are using. Neither the pallets nor mechanical
lifting devices should ever be overloaded.
Load limits should also established and marked on warehouse floors--balconies, mezzanines, etc.
Always comply with these.
Make sure your forklift has an overhead cage or screen to protect the driver from falling objects when
merchandise is being stacked overhead.
Remember--thinking ahead can save a lot of trouble. It is a waste of production time and effort to
reload a pallet that has fallen. But, more importantly, an effective pallet/warehouse safety plan can
prevent injuries and save lives!

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Arrab Contracting Company (ACC)

Document No. HSET.TBT.01 Revision No. : 0

ACCIDENT PREVENTION - PAINLESS & PROFITABLE!.................................................................... 5

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FUELING OPERATIONS & STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................................................................ 60

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SAFE USE OF HAND TRUCKS ............................................................................................................ 120

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CHEMICAL HAZARDS - WORKING SAFELY WITH LEAD ............................................................ 178

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ACCIDENT PREVENTION - PAINLESS & PROFITABLE!

ACCIDENT COSTS 1% profit margin 5% profit margin 10% profit margin

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ACTION TO TAKE IF AN EARTHQUAKE STRIKES

Steps to Take During An Earthquake:

1. Remain inside the building.

Steps To Take Immediately After An Earthquake:

Steps to Take Before An Earthquake:

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AERIAL WORK PLATFORMS

Safe Operating Procedures for Both Manlifts and Scissor Lifts:

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AFTERTHOUGHTS AND REGRETS….

Learn from others' mistakes and you'll have no regrets!

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ALCOHOL & THE JOB - A SAFETY ISSUE

Are you allowing the drinking to continue?

 You are - if you cover for the drinker's poor productivity

Take control of the situation.

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ALLERGIES, ANTIHISTAMINES & DROWSINESS

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GENERAL SAFETY - ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR

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AVOID COMMON OFFICE INJURIES

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AVOIDING ELECTRICAL SHOCKS

Remember, electricity strikes without warning-always play it safe!

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BACK CARE: YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE!

 Avoid using fast, jerking motions when lifting.

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BACK INJURY PREVENTION TIPS

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GENERAL SAFETY - BACKING INTO TROUBLE

BE SAFE OUT THERE!!

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BASIC MACHINE SAFETY

Be alert to these areas when working around or operating machinery:

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BATTERY CHARGING - A MULTITUDE OF HAZARDS!

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BE CAUTIOUS WITH SULFURIC ACID

Take no chances! Mishaps can be serious.

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BEING MENTALLY PREPARED FOR EMERGENCIES

How and who do you notify in an emergency?

Are you prepared to react responsibly?

Does the emergency scene need to be secured?

Do you know the chain of command? Who's in charge during an emergency?

When an emergency does occur, it is your responsibility to be mentally ready.

Document No. HSET.TBT.01 Revision No. : 0

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS (BBP)

Hepatitis B Virus versus Human Immunodeficiency Virus: