ADVANCED CONCRETE MATERIALS AND

TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT
 TYPES OF CEMENT
 CEMENT CHEMISTRY

TYPES OF CEMENT

CONTENTS
 ▪ Introduction
▪ History
▪ Types of cement
▪ Types of cement used in India

Introduction
“Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium
silicates & other calcium compounds having
hydraulic properties”

History
 Lime & clay have been used as cementing
material on construction through many
centuries.
 Romans are commonly given the credit for
the development of hydraulic cement.
 In 1824 Joseph Aspdin from England
invented the Portland cement.

Types Of Cement
 ▪ Portland Cement
▪ Fly Ash cement
▪ Alumina Cement
▪ Pozzolan lime Cement
▪ Blended Cement
▪ Portland Lime-Stone Cement
▪ Natural Cement
▪ Hydraulic Cement

Portland cement:

 It is one of the artificial cement made by mixing

clinker with gypsum.It is the most common
type of cement in general use around the world.
 It is used as a basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar. It was developed from other types of
 hydraulic lime in England in 19th century &
usually originates from limestone.
 Portland cement was developed from natural
cements made in Britain beginning in the
middle of the 18th century.

Fly Ash cement

 Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in
the United Kingdom, is one of the coal
combustion products, composed of the fine
particles that are driven out of the boiler with
the flue gases.
 Ash that falls in the bottom of the boiler is
called bottom ash. In modern coal-fired power
plants . Bottom ash removed from the bottom of
the boiler, it is known as coal ash.
 About 43% is recycled, often used as
a pozzolan to produce hydraulic cement or
hydraulic plaster.
Alumina cement
 Limestones and bauxite are the main raw
materials. Alternative names are "aluminous
cement", "high-alumina cement" and "Ciment
fondu" in French. They are used in a number of
small-scale, specialized applications.

Pozzolan lime cement

 Pozzolans are a broad class of siliceous or
siliceous & aluminous materials.
 It reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary
temperature.
 Use of slaked lime & additions of finely ground
for water proof renderings in baths, cisterns &
aqueducts.
Blended Cement
 Blended cement is obtained by mixing OPC
with mineral admixtures or additives like fly
ash, slag or silica fumes.
 It reduces water demand & therefore water-
cement ratio can be reduced.
  It improves workability for the same water
content.
Portland lime-stone cement
 In 2011, a new category of cement called
Portland-limestone cement (PLC) was launched
in Canada.
 It was now approved for use by the Canadian
Standards Association(CSA).It has been Europe
for over 25 years.
 Large amounts (6% to 35%) of ground limestone
have been added as a filler to a portland cement
base.

Natural cement:
 It is made from argillaceous limestones or
interbedded limestones & clay or shale, with few
raw materials.
 Rosendale cement generally refers to a type of
natural cement that was produced in New York
from argillaceous limestone.
  It was used in the construction of many of the
United States most important landmarks,
including the Brooklyn Bridge.

Hydraulic Cements:
Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars.
Made from calcination of clay & limestones.
Hydraulic lime (HL) is a general term for varieties
of lime(Cao), or slaked lime(calcium hydroxide),
used to make used to make lime mortar which set
through hydration thus they are called hydraulic.
The other common types of lime mortar set through
carbonation (re-absorbing carbon-dioxide from the
air) & are sometimes called air lime.

Masonary cement: Masonry cement is a special

blended cement that is mixed in specific proportions
with sand and water to form a strong binding mortar.
  In stonework, block and brick masonry, but is
not considered suitable strength-wise for
concrete masonry.
 They are a blend of portland cement clinker,
limestone or hydraulic lime filler & various
additives.

Types of cement used in India

 Rapid Hardening Cement
 Quick setting cement
 Low Heat Cement
 Sulphates resisting cement
 Blast Furnace Slag Cement
 High Alumina Cement
 White Cement
 Coloured cement
 Pozzolanic Cement
 Air Entraining Cement
 Hydrographic cement
 CHEMISTRY OF CEMENT

 The raw materials used in the manufacture of

Portland cement consist mainly of lime, silica,
alumina and iron oxide.
 The oxides account for over 90% of the cement.
The oxide composition of (ordinary) Portland
cement may be expressed as follows:

OXIDES COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Oxides Name Composition Function
CaO Lime 60 - 67 Controls strength and soundness.
SiO2 Silica 17 – 25 Gives strength and in excess causes
slow setting.
Al2O3 Alumina 3 – 8 Responsible for quick setting and in
excess lowers the strength.
Fe2O3 Iron oxide 0.5 - 6 Gives colour and helps in fusion of
different ingredients.
MgO Magnesia 0.5 - 4 Imparts colour and hardness and in
excess causes cracks.
Na2O Soda 0.5 – 1.3 There are residues and in excess
K2O Potassa causes efflorescence.
SO3 Sulfuric 1–3 Makes cement sound.
Anhydride
The above constituents forming raw materials
undergo chemical reactions during burning and
fusion, and combine to form the following
compounds called Bogue compounds.
Compounds Chemical Formula Symbol
Tri Calcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S
Di Calcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S
Tri Calcium Aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A
Tetra Calcium Alumino Ferrite 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF

HEAT OF HYDRATION

 Hydration is a series of irreversible exothermic

chemical reactions between cement and water.
 When water is added to cement, it produce
significant amount of heat known as hydration
and the liberated heat is called heat of hydration.
Mechanism of Heat generation
Reaction of calcium silicates
 2C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3CH
 2C2S + 4H C3S2H3 + CH
Reaction of Tri Calcium Aluminate
 C3A + CSH2 + 10H C4ASH12
 C3A + 3CSH2 + 26H C6AS3H32 (calcium alumino
Trisulfohydrate “Ettringite”)

When there is enough gypsum, Ettringite forms with

great expansion.