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5G
5G is a marketing term for some new mobile technologies. Definitions
differ and confusion is common. The ITU IMT-2020 standard provides for
speeds up to 20 gigabits per second and has only been demonstrated with
millimeter waves of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency. The more recent
3GPP standard includes any network using the NR New Radio software. 5G
New Radio can include lower frequencies, from 600 MHz to 6 GHz.
However, the speeds in these lower frequencies are only modestly higher
than new 4G systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster.[1] At least at the
5G logo
lower frequencies, "5G is evolutionary." [2]

Contents
Speed
Standards
Capabilities
Deployment
Spectrum
Mobile networks
5G modems
Technology
New radio frequencies
Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)
Frequency range 2 (24–86 GHz)
Massive MIMO antennas
Edge computing
Small cell
Beamforming
Radio convergence
First 5G Network Deployments
Qatar
United States
United Kingdom
Spain
Finland & Estonia
South Korea
Australia
Philippines
Bangladesh
Indonesia
See also
References
External links

Speed
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5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be modestly higher than 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and
antennas.[3][4] Adding LAA (Licensed Assisted Access) to a 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second
to the speed.[5]

Until there is substantial field testing, 5G speeds can only be estimated. Qualcomm, the leading chipmaker, presented
at Mobile World Congress a model that has been cited by many.[6][7][8] The simulation predicts 490 Mbit/s median
speeds for a common configuration of 3.5 GHz 5G Massive MIMO. It predicts a 1.4 Gbit/s median speed for a
configuration using 28 GHz millimeter waves.[9]

Some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks. T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network is deployed
and serving customers at over 500 megabits per second in Manhattan.[5] The 5G specification allows LAA as well but it
has not yet been demonstrated.

Standards
Initially, the term was defined by the ITU IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download capacity of
20 gigabits.[10] More recently, the industry standards group 3GPP has included any system using NR (New Radio)
software.[11] The 3GPP standards do not require any particular performance level.

ITU has divided 5G network (https://www.onlybasic.org/what-is-5g/) services into three categories: enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB) or handsets; Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), which includes industrial
applications and autonomous vehicles; and Massive Machine Type Communications (MMTC) or sensors.[12] Initial 5G
deployments will focus on eMBB[13] and fixed wireless,[14] which makes use of many of the same capabilities as eMBB.
5G will use spectrum in the existing LTE frequency range (600 MHz to 6 GHz) and also in millimeter wave bands (24–
86 GHz). 5G technologies have to satisfy ITU IMT-2020 requirements and/or 3GPP Release 15; while IMT-2020
specifies data rates of 20 Gbit/s, 5G speed in sub-6 GHz bands is similar to 4G.[3][4]

IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and
Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focuses on network architecture and dividing the connection between the
RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation
Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost
effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different
traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format
capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized, this is based on the
3GPP definition of functional splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE groups are being
updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required for the traffic carried over it.

Capabilities
5G systems in line with IMT-2020 specifications,[15] are expected to provide enhanced device- and network-level
capabilities, tightly coupled with intended applications. The following eight parameters are key capabilities for IMT-
2020 5G:

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Usage
Capability Description 5G Target
Scenario
Peak data rate Maximum achievable data rate 20 Gbit/s eMBB
User experienced
Achievable data rate across coverage area 1 Gbit/s eMBB
data rate
Latency Radio network contribution to packet travel time 1 ms URLLC
Mobility Maximum speed for handoff and QoS requirements 500 km/h eMBB/URLLC

Connection density Total number of devices per unit area 106/km2 MMTC

Data sent/received per unit energy consumption (by Equal to

Energy efficiency eMBB
device or network) 4G
Spectrum efficiency Throughput per wireless bandwidth and per network cell 3-4x 4G eMBB
10
Area traffic capacity Total traffic across coverage area eMBB
(Mbit/s)/m2

Note that 5G as defined by 3GPP includes spectrum below 6 GHz, with performance closer to 4G. The 3GPP definition
is commonly used.

Deployment
Development of 5G is being led by companies[16] such as Intel[17] and Qualcomm[18] for modem technology and
Lenovo,[19] Nokia,[20] Huawei,[21] Ericsson,[22] ZTE,[23] , Cisco [24], and Samsung[25] for infrastructure. AT&S is
supporting the current roll-out of the 5G mobile communications generation with high frequency (HF) optimized
interconnect solutions by developing and producing hybrid-printed circuit board (PCB) structures [26]

Worldwide commercial launch is expected in 2020. Numerous operators have demonstrated 5G as well, including
Korea Telecom for the 2018 Winter Olympics[27][28] and Telstra at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[29] In the United
States, the four major carriers have all announced deployments: AT&T's[30] millimeter wave commercial deployments
in 2018, Verizon's 5G fixed wireless launches in four U.S. cities and millimeter-wave deployments,[31] Sprint's launch
in the 2.5 GHz band, and T-Mobile's 600 MHz 5G launch in 30 cities.[32] Vodafone performed the first UK trials in
April 2018 using mid-band spectrum,[33] and China Telecom's initial 5G buildout in 2018 will use mid-band spectrum
as well.[34]

Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be widely utilized for private networks with applications in
industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications.

Spectrum
In order to support increased throughput requirements of 5G, large quantities of new spectrum (5G NR frequency
bands) have been allocated to 5G, particularly in mmWave bands.[35] For example, in July 2016, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underutilised high-
band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave (mmWave)
unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had
licensed to date.[36] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by
2020.[37]

Mobile networks
Initial 5G launches in the sub-6 GHz band will not diverge architecturally from existing LTE 4G infrastructure.
Leading network equipment suppliers are Nokia,[20] Huawei,[21] and Ericsson.[22]

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5G modems
Traditional cellular modem suppliers have significant investment in the 5G modem market. Qualcomm announced its
X50 5G Modem in October 2016,[38] and in November 2017, Intel announced its XMM8000 series of 5G modems,
including the XMM8060 modem, both of which have expected productization dates in 2019.[17][39] In February 2018,
Huawei announced the Balong 5G01 terminal device[40] with an expected launch date for 5G-enabled mobile phones of
2018[41] and Mediatek announced its own 5G solutions targeted at 2020 production.[42] Samsung is also working on
the Exynos 5G modem, but has not announced a production date.[43]

Technology

New radio frequencies

The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two
frequency bands, FR1 (<6 GHz) and FR2 (mmWave),[44] each with different capabilities.

Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)

The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz. Note that beginning with Release 10, LTE supports
100 MHz carrier aggregation (five x 20 MHz channels.) FR1 supports a maximum modulation format of 256-QAM
while LTE has a maximum of 64-QAM, meaning 5G achieves significant throughput improvements relative to LTE in
the sub-6 GHz bands. However LTE-Advanced already uses 256-QAM, eliminating the advantage of 5G in FR1.

Frequency range 2 (24–86 GHz)

The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP
Release 15. The maximum phy rate potentially supported by this configuration is approximately 40 Gbit/s. 5G
Networks. In Europe, 24.25-27.5 GHz is the proposed frequencies range.[45]

Massive MIMO antennas

Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output Antennas) increases sector throughput and capacity density using
large numbers of Antenna and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may
embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claims 5x capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx Antennas) system. The
term "massive MIMO" was first coined by Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010. and has been
launched in 4G networks, such as Softbank in Japan.

Edge computing
Edge computing is a method of optimizing cloud computing systems "by taking the control of computing applications,
data, and services away from some central nodes (the "core area"). In a 5G network it would promote faster speeds and
low latency data transfer on edge devices.[46]

Small cell

Beamforming

Radio convergence

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One perceived benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost,
power and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-Fi via various efforts, such as License
Assisted Access (LAA) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have
limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G,
combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN)
and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and
indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi
channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.

First 5G Network Deployments

A variety of operators have announced 5G trials and network launches. (Comprehensive list of 5G networks.)

Qatar
Ooredoo, a large mobile network operator in Qatar, launched the first commercial 5G network in the world as of May
2018 in 3.5 GHz band.[47]

Vodafone Qatar has ramped up for 5G with the first tests successfully conducted using spectrum in the 3.5GHz band
allocated for 5G in July 2018. Vodafone Qatar has launched its 5G services officially in August 2018
https://vodafone.qa/5G

United States
US operators' launch plans fall into two distinct categories: Fixed wireless and mobile. Fixed wireless typically services
residential broadband customers with speeds in excess of 1 Gbit/s using mmWave bands. Mobile launch will use sub-
6 GHz spectrum in traditional LTE or newly-allocated bands with similar performance to LTE.

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Fixed Wireless Mobile

Launch Launch Launch
Operator Bands Launch Geographies Bands
Date Date Geographies

Trials: Austin, Waco, Dallas, Waco,

End
AT&T TBD[48] 28/39 GHz[49][50] South Bend, TBD[52] Atlanta (12
2018[51]
Kalamazoo cities total)[53]
3-5 cities including
2H Indianapolis, 1H
Verizon 28 GHz Sacramento, Los TBD[56] TBD
2018[54] 2019[55]
Angeles, and Houston
(2H18)
Atlanta,
Chicago,
Dallas,
1H Houston, Los
Sprint N/A N/A[57] 2.5 GHz Angeles,
2019[58]
Washington,
New York,
Phoenix,
Kansas City
Los Angeles,
End End New York, Las
T-Mobile 28/39 GHz[59] Trials: Bellevue, WA[60] 600 MHz
2018 2018[61] Vegas, Dallas
(30 cities total)

Dish Network N/A N/A 2020[62] 600 MHz

Orlando, Reno,
Charter End Clarksville TN,
28 GHz[63]
Communications 2018 Columbus, Bakersfield
and Grand Rapids

United Kingdom
EE, a large mobile network operator in the UK, plans to trial a 5G network in October 2018. A small number of
businesses and homes in East London Tech City will take part in the trial.[64] BT Group, who owns EE, had previously
said during a presentation in May 2018 that they plan to launch a commercial 5G product "within 18 months".[65] The
UK first plans to deploy 5G to London and other major cities (e.g, Bristol, Birmingham) as a starting point, and then it
will establish a 5G network in other major cities. The next step will be for small- and medium-sized towns.[66]

Spain
Vodafone announced officially in July 2018 that they had completed a minor pre-market deployment of 5G base
stations across several big cities in Spain including Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Málaga, Bilbao and Sevilla. They also
announced that only the wireless technology is completely 5G based but not the connection of the base stations itself,
which will be temporarily based on the LTE infrastructure.[67]

Finland & Estonia

On June 27, 2018, Elisa, a Finnish telecommunications company, launched the world's first commercial 5G network in
Tampere, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia.[68]

South Korea
South Korea successfully launched the trial of 5G showcases during the 2018 Winter Olympics.[27][28]

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Fixed Wireless Mobile

Launch Launch
Operator Launch Date Bands Launch Geographies Bands
Date Geographies
Seoul, Incheon,
KT, LG U+, and By no later than the
T.B.D Daejeon, Daegu, T.B.D T.B.D T.B.D
SK Telecom middle of 2019
Busan

South Korea's three major mobile companies which are KT, LG U+, and SK Telecom, agreed to collaborate on a single
nationwide 5G infrastructure by no later than the middle of 2019. Previously South Korea's three mobile companies
constructed their 3G or 4G network independently. South Korea Government recommended sharing some of their
infrastructure (examples: 3G/4G base-station and mobile tower) where it is possible. However, South Korea’s Ministry
of Science and ICT analysed that 5G requires "small cell" base stations, which is expected to about 8~12 times of more
significant numbers of stations to cover the current coverage of 4G base stations. It potentially involves a lot of
infrastructure cost and redundant investments.[69] South Korea agreed to collaborate with China and Japan for the 5G
standardisation.[70]

Australia
To enable the 5G Mobile service, the new spectrum bands were assigned by ACMA. The spectrum in the 3.6 GHz and
5.6 GHz were approved to use for new 5G service in metropolitan and regional Australia from the end of 2018.
However, the millimeter wave bands (24–86 GHz) are still under 5G mobile services.[71] On the 15th of August 2018
Telstra activated its 5G network on the Gold Coast, Australia making it the first global telecommunications provider to
bring a commercial 5G network to market. In February 2018, Telstra had demonstrated that its 5G network could
achieve download speeds of 3Gbps and a ping of just 6ms. [72]

Philippines
On June 7, 2018, a Philippine telecommunications company, Globe Telecom announced its plans to adopt 5G (with a
partnership with Huawei) and its slated to available commercially by the 2nd quarter of 2019.[73]

Bangladesh
On July 25, 2018, Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei conducted Bangladesh's first trial of fifth generation
network (5G). Huawei conducted the trial teaming up with the Bangladeshi government's Posts &
Telecommunications Division, the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology and Robi, a
joint venture of Axiata Group Berhad (Malaysia) and NTT DoCoMo Inc. (Japan), at a ceremony in the capital Dhaka
on Wednesday. This next generation of wireless technology will be commercially launched between 2020-2025
(expected) as officials said. [74]

Indonesia
On August 20, 2018, XL Axiata with Nokia has conducted Indonesia's first trial of fifth generation network (5G) in
Jakarta Old City.[75] During Asian Games 2018, Telkomsel with Indonesia government's Posts & Telecommunications
Division and KT.Group from South Korea Also open Trial of fifth generation network (5G) in Gelora Bung Karno
Stadium, Jakarta. [76]

Lesotho

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Vodacom anounced on 25th August 2018 that they have launched the first 5G commercial network in Africa in
Lesotho. It will be used to provide fixed connectivity to two corporate clients in the country. The network operates on
the 3.5GHz spectrum. 700Mbps speeds have been achieved.[77]

See also
List of mobile phone generations (1G, 2G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G)
Network simulation

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External links
5G Automotive Association (http://www.5gaa.org/)
LTE-3GPP.info: online 5G messages decoder fully supporting 3GPP Rel.15 (http://lte-3gpp.info/)

Preceded by
Mobile Telephony Generations Succeeded by
4th Generation (4G)

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