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Fabry-Perot Resonator Antenna

Article in Journal of infrared, millimeter and terahertz waves · December 2009

DOI: 10.1007/s10762-009-9605-4

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J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403
DOI 10.1007/s10762-009-9605-4

Fabry-Perot Resonator Antenna

Zhen-guo Liu

Received: 26 November 2008 / Accepted: 25 November 2009 /

Published online: 22 December 2009
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

Abstract Fabry-Perot Resonator (FPR) antennas have attracted significant attention in

microwave and millimeter waves due to a number of attractive properties, such as low
complexity, high directivity and conformal deployment capability. In this paper, a summary of
recent publications on FPR antenna is presented focusing on the different capabilities,
technologies and architectures that have been proposed. Several structures, analytic models and
research developments and a corresponding comparison are also made. It shows that such
analytic models as FP cavity model, EBG defect model, transmission line model, leaky wave
model and refractive lens model are consistent when applied to analyze this type of resonator
antenna. Some interesting topics under recent research are surveyed in detail. At the same time
some attractive topics to be further researched are also pointed out. Recent works of the authors
are also included in this paper.

. . .
Keywords Fabry-perot resonator antenna EBG resonator antenna Leaky-wave antenna
. . .
Defect mode Refractive lens Artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) Frequency selective
.
surfaces (FSS) Gradient index

1 Introduction

A Fabry-Perot Resonator (FPR) antenna generally consists of a primary radiator backed

with a metal ground plate and a partially reflective covered plate [1]. When the spacing
between these two plates is about integer times of half wavelength, the forward radiation
can be enhanced remarkably by means of in-phase bouncing. Their highly directional
radiation properties and low complexity with single-feed system allowing the gain to be
increased, as compared to feeding networks used in conventional antenna arrays, which
aroused more and more attention and resulted in their increased deployment in several
wireless communication system and radar applications. At the same time, a number of
research results and various novel configurations have been attained and designed in the

Z.-g. Liu (*)

State Key Lab. of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
e-mail: liuzhenguo@seu.edu.cn
392 J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403

past years. This article focuses in reviewing recent publications and patents related to FPR
antennas.
An introduction to the principle of operation, the advantages of FPR antennas and a
historical overview of such configurations is given, followed by fundamental principles of
analytic modes from different viewpoints and their corresponding comparison.
Additionally, some interesting topics that have been researched recently are surveyed in
detail, followed by conclusions.

2 Historical overview

The first application of FPR structure to produce high directivity at broadside excited by a
single source was in 1956 [1]. It consisted of a waveguide aperture on the ground plane
and a partially reflective surface (PRS), formed by parallel metal wires or strips, located
approximately a half wavelength from the ground plane. The structure forms a Fabry-Perot
Resonator (FPR) and successive in-phase bounces of the trapped rays radiate with a
coherent summation along broadside direction thus producing a high directive beam.
Successively, other fundamental studies were done in 1985 [13] and in 1988 [16], where
the PRS was replaced by a dense, quarter wavelength, dielectric sheet, still keep the half
wavelength distance from the ground plane. Then, instead of a single layer dielectric sheet,
the higher directivity FPR antenna was proposed in 1993 when several layers dielectric
sheets are used to form the top cover of the resonator [19].
On the other hand, studies on Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures led to the
idea that the resonant defects in an EBG material could be used to produce high directivity
outside the crystal [5–11]. Thus, in these studies the top reflective superstrate was replaced
by a single or multiple layers of EBG material.
With the recent advent of metamaterials, realized by periodic structure surfaces
properly designed to offer a high impedance with approximate zero phase delay of
reflection coefficient, the metallic ground plane or reflective surface can be replaced [15,
16] with metamaterial surface to further decrease the thickness of this highly directive
antenna and control the resonant frequency and thus the operating bandwidth.
Throughout the development of FPR antenna, the top cover of FPR follows the process:
PRS (made by wires or strips), single-layered dense dielectric sheet, multilayered
dielectric sheet, EBG materials, FSS, Metamaterials.
The antennas described above could be excited by a single source located inside the
resonator such as a coaxial probe, a microstrip patch, a slot in the ground plane or by a
waveguide horn.

3 Comparison of analytic models

More and more recent attention to this type of resonator antenna has been aroused. This strand
of research has been, though different in starting point and focus, mainly based on the
following five analytic models. The analytic models mentioned below have different purposes,
for example, both the FP cavity model based on the ray viewpoint and the transmission line
model based on the circuit viewpoint can provide the quick initial design guidelines, whereas
the leaky wave model can generate accurate results and the EBG defect model can offer a novel
mechanism, and last the refractive lens model based on effective index view point and Snell’s
law can provide a concise concept, they nevertheless can be
J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403 393

validated by each other and thus are in essence consistent when applied to analyze this
type of antenna.

3.1 FP cavity model

The basic principle of the FP optical interferometer is based on the multi-interference between
two reflecting mirrors. This theory can also be used to explain the FPR antenna. Figure 1a
shows the geometry of the proposed FPR antenna which consists of a primary radiator backed
by a metal ground plate with reflective coefficient r1ff81 and a leaky reflective covered plate
with reflective coefficient r2ff82 acting as partial reflective surface. The distance between two
parallel plates is h. Based on the ray viewpoint, EM wave excited by source is bounced in the
FP cavity. In order to superpose in phase, the phase shift of the electromagnetic waves each
return is integer times of 2π , which can be written as [1–3]:

4ph=l þ 81 þ 82 ¼ N 2p; N ¼ 1; 2 ð1Þ

The resonant frequency is determined by

f ¼ ½ð 81 þ 82Þ=2p N
& c=2h; N ¼ 0; 1; 2 ð2Þ

where c is the velocity of light. The bandwidth of directivity vs. frequency at its half-
squared maximum amplitude is defined as 1/Q, where Q is the quality factor and can be
expressed as a function of the magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient. The
minimum of the half power beamwidth of the FPR antenna 4q3dB;min, achieved near the
resonant frequency, can be expressed as [3]
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4q3dB;min ’ Q=2 ð3Þ

In reference [4], an analysis for the directivity bandwidth properties of Fabry-Perot

Resonator antennas composed of PEC or PMC ground plate are presented theoretically base on
ray view point, respectively. It is shown that the directivity is a function of location of primary
source and it will obtain its maximum when primary source is located at certain of position.
The available maximum of directivity in theory is unique for both PEC ground plate and PMC
ground plate. At the same time, the product of maxium of the transmitted power (i.e.directivity)

superstrate
h

substrate radiator ground plate

a b
Fig. 1 Geometry of FPR antenna (a) Planar type (b) Cylindrical type.
394 J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403

and its bandwidth can be acted as a reasonable criterion for evaluating the performance of such
kind of antenna. The product can also be written as a function of reflection coefficient of
partially reflective surface r2 in theoretical, which has a lower limitation expressed as formula
(4), where p is a constant determined by the primary radiator location. It is indicated that the
bandwidth of directivity is inverse proportional to the maxium of directivity.
T BW p þ j j j j þj j 4
r2
jj
max
2
¼ 1 r2 1 jr 2j
21
p 2
jr j
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼2p 1p
r2
2
jr j
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4p
p
ðÞ

3.2 EBG defect model

EBG materials are periodical structures composed of metallic or dielectric elements. There
are two important attributes of the EBG materials. The first one is to prevent the
propagation of the electromagnetic fields within a bandgap, which makes them useful for
building high-quality mirrors more commonly called Bragg mirror or micro cavities or
suppressing the surface wave along the substrate, and then improving the efficiency and
radiation pattern. The second important property of EBG materials is that they display
localized frequency windows within the forbidden frequency band when the periodicity is
broken up by some defects. The concept of EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) resonator
antenna was proposed in [6] for the first time. In fact, FPR antenna can be regarded as a
kind of EBG resonator antenna with defect mode [12]. When the periodicity is broken up
by some defects in EBG materials by inserting irregular components in the periodic
structure, they display localized frequency windows within the forbidden frequency band.
This property is very useful for improving the directivity of an antenna when an EBG
structure is used as a superstrate of the antenna [7–11]. At the defect frequency, the
superstrate alters the distribution of the EM fields along specific directions, and also
serves to increase the aperture to one much larger than that of the original antenna, thus
enhancing the directivity of the antenna in the process. A particularly interesting case will
be obtained when only one slab dielectric, metamaterials or FSS is considered. Two
multilayer dielectric structures are shown in Fig. 2: one is a uniform stack (a) and the other
contains a defect resonator (b). The FPR antenna of Fig. 1 exploits the symmetry of the
structure in Fig. 2b by positioning a ground plate at the image plane of the device. This
forces the radiation into the half-space above the ground plane, and allows the placement
of a feed antenna on the ground plane [12]. Furthermore, a dual-resonator 1-D EBG
material through introducing two defect in vertical plane combined with quasi-periodic
printed FSS in transverse plane as reflective covered plate is presented. It is indicated that
the performance of FP resonator antenna can be further improved obviously [12].
h
h

ε
1
d

r1 ε
r1

air
1

Image plane
2h

ε r1
1

air
1

air
d

ε ε
1

r1 r1
d

a b

Fig. 2 Structure of (a) 3-layer EBG material (b) 2-layer EBG material with defect.
J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403 395

3.3 Transmission line model

The Transmission Line Model can also be used to analyze FPR antenna [13–15]. It can act
as a cascade model of transmission lines with different characteristic impedance when the
EM wave propagated in FPR. In 1985, the resonant conditions and the simple asymptotic
formulas of resonance gain, beamwidth and bandwidth for a substrate-superstrate antenna
geometry have been established by Jackson and Alexopoulos using this model [13]. In this
model a shunt admittance is used to represent the PRS. In the calculation of the radiation
pattern, invoked with reciprocity, which can reduces the far-field calculation to one of a
plane-wave excitation on the structure, at the location of the source dipole, due to a plane-
wave incidence. The asymptotic formulas of gain, beamwidth and bandwidth have been
presented for the cases of broadside radiation and for scanning to an arbitrary angle
respectively. It is consistent when compared with resonance conditions derived from the
transmission line model and those derived from FP cavity model. In reference [16], the
normalized transmission coefficient, derived by the transmission line model and
considering the available power from the source, was proposed to analysis FPR antenna.

3.4 Leaky wave model

For most leaky-wave antennas the radially propagating mode is a fast wave, where the
propagation wave number k=β−jα on the guiding structure is complex, consisting of both a
phase constant β and an attenuation constant α due to the leakage of power along the structure
as the wave propagates. Although the leaky wave itself never reaches the far field, it may
determine the nature of the far field; in fact, when a weakly attenuated leaky wave (i.e. α is
very small) is dominant on a surface of guidewave structure, the leaky-wave field on the
guiding surface can be seen as an equivalent source with large aperture distribution and then the
high directivity is obtained [17]. The leaky wave radiation of the microstrip antennas with a
superstrate has been examined in [18]. For this kind of leaky-wave antennas, which are
essentially leaky parallel-plate waveguiding structures, the top plate of the parallel plate
waveguide is replaced with a partially reflecting surface of some sort, which allows leakage to
occur. Starting from the spectral Green’s function, the field can be calculated by contour
integration. When deforming into the steepest-descent path which passes through the saddle
point, the integral contour may cross not only the surface wave poles (the proper Riemann
sheet), but also the leaky wave poles (the improper Riemann sheet). A proper choice of
substrate and superstrate thicknesses can generates resonance condition, whereby the leaky-
wave poles become dominant contribution to far field and determine the radiation pattern.
Some interesting features can be observed as the leaky-wave pole positions are traced as a
function of frequency in the steepest-descent plane [19]. Since the fundamental nature of the
beam forming is through leaky-wave radiation, the source merely acts as a launcher for the
leaky waves that propagate on the structure. More detail can be refered to [20–23].

3.5 Refractive lens model

It has been shown that under proper conditions the energy radiated by a source embedded in a
slab of metamaterial will be concentrated to a small solid angle [24–27]. Two features are of
interest regarding the control of emission: direction and power of emission. From the effective
medium point of view, the cavity consisting of the PRS (composed of a periodic array of
metallic cylinders and/or metallic strips with spatial period small with respect to the
wavelength) behaves as a homogenous material with an effectively low refractive index
396 J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403

(neff) medium around the resonant frequency region, whose n is much close to zero.
According to Snell’s law (sin θt/sin θi=ni/nt where i denotes the incident medium and t
denotes the transmitted medium), for ni ≃ 0, we obtain a θt of zero regardless of what θi
is. As shown in Fig. 3, if a primary source is embedded in a substrate with index of
refraction neff ≈0, the exiting ray from the substrate will be normal to the surface, then this
property can be used to control the direction of emission and enhance the directivity.

4 Research dynamics and directions

The first way of producing a high directivity antenna excited by single source was
introduced in [1]. Successively, other fundamental studies were done in [13] and in 1988
[19] where the reflective surface was substituted by a dense dielectric. Importantly, the
idea that the excitation of a leaky wave contributes to the high directivity was established
for the first time in [19]. A high directivity patch antenna using an EBG cover together
with an EBG substrate is designed [28, 29], which is very efficient for the improvement of
the radiation directivity. However the EBG superstrate made of dielectric rod layers [8,
31] or plates [10] is difficult to fabricate in practice, FSS can be good candidates as
alternatives to dielectric rod layers or plates [11, 30].
Various configurations of FPR antenna have been designed in the past years [31],
which can be categorized into the following types according to their research directions.

4.1 Dual band or multi-band

Based on defect model, Lee [30] proposed a novel design by introduing the second defect
to control the defect frequencies of an EBG superstrate with the objective of enhancing the
directivity of a patch antenna at two frequencies (as shown in Fig. 4). Successively, in the
newly proposed design [32], two strip-dipole arrays acted as FSS with the same
periodicity, but with different alignments. They are placed above and below a thin
dielectric layer to achieve dual band operation (as shown in Fig. 5a). In 2007, a compact
and dual band FPR antenna, only one layer superstrate with appropriate FSS structure (as
shown in Fig. 5b), different perimeter loops corresponding different resonant frequency,
was proposed [33]. By incorporating more defects or designing the appropriate FSS
structure, this type of antenna with multi-band operation can be achieved.

4.2 Improvement of gain bandwidth

The cavity resonance, though increasing the directivity of simple radiating sources, narrows the
operational bandwidth significantly. Then the gain enhancement and the bandwidth

Fig. 3 Schematic of refractive

lens effect. air n  1

n
eff 0
source
ground
J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403 397

Fig. 4 Geometry of a patch

antenna with defect EBG
superstrate ( two defect mode:
one introduced by ground plane;
one introduced by different
dielectric rod).

broadening become a severe challenge. Incorporating EBG and FSS structures, a broadband
FPR antenna was proposed [34]. A new method for obtaining broadband FPR antennas
maintaining the high-gain performance was presented in [35]. This design was based on using a
single-layer FSS superstrate with tapered size element as the reflective covered plate (as shown
in Fig. 6) to compensate phase shift caused by different path lengths from primary source to
individual FSS element, the total reflect field can then be made in-phase superposition in wide
bandwidth. If based on refractive lens view point, using tapered FSS acted as the PRS of FPR
antenna may result in the gradient index effect which can improve the bandwith of directivity.
Another method to achieve broadband operation is replace the simple feed by the array (as
shown in Fig. 7), which making the field distribution of the aperture more uniform and hence
attaining a wide bandwidth of gain [36]. Additionally, it can also be used to realize dual
polarization capability. In reference [37], the circularly polarized Fabry-Perot Resonator
antenna using L-shaped probe-fed patch as radiator, combined with ring element FSS cover is
proposed. The antenna possessed a 10-dB return loss bandwidth of 15.5%, and has a 3-dB axial
ratio bandwidth of 13.2%.
According to the formula (1), let Fð f Þ ¼ 81ð f Þ þ 82ð f Þ and Yð f Þ ¼ 4phf =c
2N p;
N ¼ 0; 1; 2 , then the resonant condition is expressed as Φ( f )=Y( f ). Hence, the directivity
bandwidth relies on the phase variation dð f Þ ¼ Yð f Þ Fð f Þ. Obviously the smooth other
than sharp slope of the curve of phase response F( f ) will help for enhancement of directivity
bandwidth. Generally the slope of the curve F( f ) is negative as shown in Fig. 8. It is also

Fig. 5 Geometry of FPR antenna with FSS superstrate (a) two-layered FSS ( with different alignments ) (b)
single-layered FSS ( different perimeter loops).
398 J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403

Fig. 6 Structure of FSS cover as PRS (a) Uniform FSS (b) Tapered FSS.

worth indicating that in reference [38], a novel method to enhance directivity bandwidth is
proposed through which reducing the slope of the curve F( f ) or even inverting the slope
of it around the resonant point.

4.3 Low profile

According to the resonant condition (1), the thickness of FPR antenna is determined by,

h ¼ ð81 þ 82 N 2pÞl=4p; N ¼ 0; 1; 2 ð5Þ

Generally, the antenna profile has always been close to half wavelength due to 81=82=π but
able to be reduced by changing the reflection phase. If we replace one plate by a metamaterials
reflector which does not reflect with 8=π the half wavelength restriction can be lifted. For
instance, artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) reflectors reflect with 8=0 at some particular
frequencies [39–41]. Working at these frequencies, a cavity only requires a thickness h = l/4 (as
shown in Fig. 9). This idea can be pushed even further. If select an appropriate reflection phase
and let 81 =-82, the theoretic thickness value can be reduced to

superstrate
superstrate

z
z y
y
Ground plane x Groundplane
x slot patch
a b
Fig. 7 Geometry of FPR antenna with array feed (a) slot array (b) dual polarized sparse microstrip array.
 R
J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403 399

e
c
f

t
l
Fig. 8 Schematic of Resonant 500
condition relative to slope of
the curve F( f ). 400 Φ ( f ) =ϕ 1 ( f ) +ϕ 2 ( f )
300 N0 δ(f)

200

100

0 δ(f)

-100
Ψ( f ) = 4 π hf / c − 2 Nπ ff
-200

-300 N1

f0
8 10 12 14 16 18
Frequency (GHz)

approximate zero. Since all metamaterials are dispersive, such reflectors can reflect with
arbitrary phases depending on f, which can in principle remove the lower limit on the
cavity thickness.

4.4 Beam control

In many current communication systems, the feature of beam forming is required. Reference
[42] has demonstrated that an antenna beam can be shaped by shifting the patch antennas from
the centre of the cavities (as shown in Fig. 10). A compact steerable directive FPR antenna is
proposed in [43] (as shown in Fig. 11a). The phase-varying behaviour is

Fig. 9 FPR antenna formed by

(a) PEC and PRS (b) AMC h= h=
and PRS.

PEC PRS AMC PRS

radiator radiator
a b
400 J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403

Fig. 10 Side view of the layered

FPR antenna proposed for
antenna beam shaping.

obtained with a regular adjustment of the spacing between each unit cell of the capacitive
grid, which form the phase-varying partial reflect surface. A±20°deflection of the antenna
beam is obtained. Successively, the modelling and characterization of an electronically
controllable metamaterial partially reflecting surface to FPR antenna is considered by the
insertion of active electronic components [44]. The proposed antenna configuration is
shown in Fig. 11b.
To realize an omnidirectional radiation pattern azimuthally, the basic structure
presented on Fig. 1a has been modified to introduce a revolutionary symmetry. In addition
to a simple dipole source, a metallic cylinder among other components of it acts as ground,
and a cylindrical cover comprises a periodic array of FSS [45–47] (as shown in Fig. 1b).

5 Conclusions

The number of attractive properties that FPR antennas have such as low complexity and
easy deployment have resulted in their increased use in telecommunication and radar
applications, as noted in the previous sections. In recent years emphasis has been placed in
increasing their bandwidth, as well as taking advantage of additional capabilities such as
shaped beam, dual beam, dual polarization and so on. Finally, the recent advent of
metamaterials, made by periodic structure metallic or dielectric show novel and interesting

Fig. 11 Schematic view of steerable directive FPR antenna a) mechanical control b) electrical control.
J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2010) 31:391–403 401

electromagnetic feature, which has led to significant interest from both industry and
academia in developing FPR. The various innovative architectures and technologies that
continue to appear verify the advantages and the potential of the FPR antenna in the future
telecommunication and radar systems.
A detailed overview of the technology and analytic model for Fabry-Perot Resonator
antennas has been presented in this paper. It indicates that some analytic models are
consistent when applied to analyze this type of resonator antenna, since these models can
be validated by each other. For Fabry-Perot Resonator antennas, their advantage is the
attainment of high directivity only with one or a few radiating elements whereas their
main disadvantage lies in the reduction of bandwidth. In view of this tension, some
attracting topics in this regard can be further researched.

Acknowledgement This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
project No. 6204029002.

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