TABLE OF CONTENTS

NOMENCLATURE I
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
ABSTRACT V

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Stability analysis of power system 3
1.2.1 Power System Stability 3
1.2.2 Voltage Stability 3
1.2.3 Voltage Instability 4
1.2.4 Voltage Collapse 4
1.2.5 Cause of voltage instability 5
1.3 Back propagation 5
1.4 Organization of the thesis 7

Chapter 2 VOLTAGE STABILITY 8

2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Definition & classification of voltage Stability 9
2.2.1 Definition of voltage stability, voltage instability & 9
voltage collapse
2.3 Analysis of power system voltage stability 10
2.3.1 Factors affecting voltage stability 13
2.4 Scenario of classic voltage collapse 13
2.5 Voltage stability assessment 15
2.6 Voltage collapse proximity index 16

Chapter 3 LOAD FLOW 17

3.1 Power flow analysis 18
3.2 Load flows 19
3.2.1 Newton Raphson method 20
3.3 Load flow algorithm 22
3.3.1 Newton Raphson load flow algorithm 23

Chapter 4 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 24

4.1 Introduction 25
4.2 Overview of artificial neural network in power system 26
4.2.1 Area of applications in power system 27
4.2.1.1 System planning 27
 4.2.1.2 System analysis 27
4.2.1.3 Operational planning 28
4.2.1.4 Example systems already in service 28
4.3 Basic elements in neural network structures 28
4.4 Properties of neural networks 30
4.4.1 Nonlinearity 30
4.4.2 Input-output mapping 30
4.4.3 Adoptively 30
4.4.4 Fault tolerance 31
4.5 Single layer feed forward network 31
4.6 Multi layer perceptron network 33
4.6.1 Learning process of neural network 34
4.7 Neural network structures 34

Chapter 5 BACK PROPOGATION NEURAL NETWORK 39

5.1 Introduction 40
5.3 Other architecture of back propagation 45
5.3.1 Initializing weights 45
5.3.2 Simulation 45
5.3.3 Training 46
5.4 Back propagation algorithm 47
5.4.1 Flow chart for BPNN 50
5.5 Implementation of back propagation neural networks 51
5.6 Structure of neural networks 57
5.7 Limitations 58

Chapter 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 60

6.1 Results of Proposed Method(for 9 bus system) 61
6.1.1 Voltage collapse proximity indicator for load bus using
conventional method 62
6.1.2 Voltage collapse proximity indicator for load bus using
BP Neural network method 62
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 78

APPENDIX A 79
APPENDIX B 80
APPENDIX C 82
APPENDIX D 84
APPENDIX E 89
APPENDIX F 91
APPENDIX G 92
REFERENCES 95
6.2 Results of Proposed Method (for 14 bus system) 64
6.2.1 Voltage collapse proximity indicator for load bus using 65
Conventional method
6.2.2 Voltage collapse proximity indicator for load bus using BP 66
Neural network method
6.3 Results of Proposed Method (for 30 bus system) 64
6.3.1 Voltage collapse proximity indicator for load bus using 65
Conventional method
6.3.2 Voltage collapse proximity indicator for load bus using BP 66
Neural network method