VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics

1.0. Hazards 4.0. Switching resistances

1.1. Overview 4.1. Series circuit
4.2. Parallel circuit
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.1. Basics 5.0. Components
2.2. Current 5.1. Resistance
2.3. Types of current 5.2. Potentiometer
2.4. Current measurement multimeter 5.3. Resistance thermometer
2.5. Current measurement amp pliers 5.4. Diode
2.6. Voltage 5.5 Capacitor
2.7. Voltage measurement 5.6. Relay
2.8. Resistance 5.7. Fuse
2.9. Resistance measurement 5.8. Terminal
2.10 Power Output
2.11 Frequency 6.0. Circuit diagram
6.1. Structure and description
3.0. Ohm's Law 6.2. Text field
3.1. Magic triangle

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
1.0. Hazards
1.1. Overview

The general rule is: 50 V alternating current (AC) or 120 V (DC):

Direct current gives the limits of the maximum permissible contact voltage.

From about 50 V AC voltage, the voltage is hazardous for people as the transition
from the skin to inside the body is overcome and the conductivity of the human
body increases.

But it is the current (I) and not the voltage (U) that is responsible for a fatal shock.

However, since the flowing current also increases with the voltage, the greater
the voltage, the greater the danger!!!

It should be noted that serious burn accidents can also occur with "safe" (low)
voltages when metallic jewellery (rings, necklaces) cause a short circuit.

International symbol
for hazardous voltages.

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.1. Basics

Charging
To understand the electrical parameters, we can simply
compare them with what which flows through a pipe.
Water is made up of tiny water droplets like electrons in the
electrical system. If these are collected in a hopper, a charge
is obtained.

The height of the raised water is the voltage. The higher the
water is raised or the higher the voltage, the faster the water
droplets (electrons) flow.

Current

Voltage
The amount of flowing water is limited by resistance.
This means if resistance is high, the current is low.
If resistance is low, more water or current can flow.

Resistance

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.2. Current

Electrical current is basically understood as the directed movement of charge

carriers.

• The charge carriers may be electrons as well as ions.

• An electrical current can flow only if the charge carriers are available
I
and free to move in sufficient numbers.
A
• The electrical current (I) is used for the numerical description of the
electrical current.

• The more electrons that flow through a conductor in one second,

+
the greater the current.

• The current can only flow when the circuit is closed.

- U V R
The formula symbol for current is I.

Units of measurement: kA (kilo ampere), A (ampere), mA (milliampere),

µA (micro ampere), nA (nano ampere)

The Ampere (A) is the SI base unit (SI = system of units).

The namesake for this was Andre Marie Ampere.

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.3. Types of current

U
Direct current (e.g. VÖGELE electrical system):

Direct current (DC) is defined as all electrical current which does not change
its direction or strength over time, so is constant over time. Direct current can
be obtained by rectifying alternating current.
t
There are also direct current sources, such as galvanic cells (batteries)
or photovoltaic cells (solar cells).

Alternating current (e.g. VÖGELE heating system):

U
With alternating current (AC), there is an ongoing, usually periodic, change
in the flow direction. This periodic change is expressed as a frequency (Hz),
which indicates how often the flow direction changes per second.
Advantage: AC is easy to transform between different voltages. t
Grid frequency: Mostly 50 Hz , USA and Japan e.g. 60 Hz
A special form of AC is the three-phase alternating current (colloquially called
high-voltage, rotary or power current) as used in public distribution systems
for electrical power supply of greater outputs.
U
Mixed current:
A combination of alternating current and direct current is called mixed current.
The strength of the time constant DC current component is changed constantly
and usually periodically by the additionally applied alternating current.
This mixed current occurs in rectifiers, for example. t

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.4. Current measurement multimeter

The electrical current can be directly measured using an ammeter.

This requires the measuring device to be clamped between the pipes, i.e. in series.
For safety reasons, an indirect current measuring device, such as the clip-on ammeter is to be used when measuring stronger currents.

+ R (resistance)
- R is available
for a load

Note the settings

Note the connections,
- at AC = A~
(mA or A)
- at DC = A-

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.5. Current measurement amp pliers

Note the settings

Currents of up to 2 amperes of direct current can be measured with the ammeter.
- at AC = A~
Amp pliers must be used for anything beyond that, and also with alternating current!!
- at DC = A-

L1 L2 L3 N N PE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.6. Voltage

Electric voltage is a physical parameter that indicates how much work or energy
is needed to move an object with a certain electric charge along an electric field.
So voltage is the specific energy capacity of the charge. It is a field parameter that

I
can vary by many orders of magnitude.

The following can be said about electrical voltage: A

• Electrical voltage is the pressure or force on free electrons.

• Electrical voltage is the origin of the electrical current.

• Electrical voltage is produced by the equalising efforts of electric charges.

+
- U V R
The formula symbol for voltage is U.
It comes from the Latin word "urgere" (press, push)

Units of measurement: MV (megavolts), kV (kilovolts), V (Volt), mV (millivolts),

µV (microvolts).

The Volt (V) is the SI base unit (SI = system of units).

The namesake for this was Alessandro Volta.

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.7. Voltage measurement

A voltage meter, also called voltmeter, is used to measure voltage.

In a modern digital multimeter, various measuring ranges can be set.
In addition, the measuring device is connected parallel to the load.

+ R (resistance)
- R is available
for a load

Note the settings Note the connections,

- at AC = V~ (no difference
- at DC = V- between AC and DC)

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.8. Resistance

The electrical resistance (formula symbol: R) is a term in electrical engineering.

It is a measure of the voltage which is required to allow a certain current to flow
through an electrical conductor. In general, electrical resistance is dependent on
the temperature. The specific resistance of a conductor is equal to its resistance
at 1m length, 1 mm² cross-section and a temperature of 20 °C.
I
The formula symbol for electrical resistance is R. A
It comes from the English word "resistance" or "resistor".

Units of measurement: MOhm (megaohm), kOhm (kiloohm), Ohm, mOhm (milliohm).

The ohm (Ω), large omega, is the SI base unit (SI = system of units).
+
Any load, such as a light bulb or heating rod, can be considered as resistance.
- U V R
To measure a resistance (R), the system be disconnected from the power supply!

When measuring resistance, the resistor, e.g. a heating rod, must be clamped from
the circuit.

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.9. Resistance measurement

In addition, the measuring

device is connected parallel
to the load.

75 Ω

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.10. Output

Electrical output (P) is a type of power which is present when electrical work
(electrical energy) is run over a certain period of time.

Information on the consumption of active electrical output for electrical machines,

such as heating rods, motors and lamps, are usually given in watts (W).
What matters is whether the the absorbed or emitted output is indicated on the I
A
nameplate. It specifies, for example, the emitted output for generators and the
absorbed power for heating rods.

The following can be said about the electrical output:

The output P is greater,

• the greater the current I, +

• the greater the voltage U.
- U V P
The formula symbol for output is P.

Unit of measurement: W (watts) is also the SI base unit (SI = system of units).

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
2.0. Electrical parameters
2.11. Frequency

In physics and engineering, frequency (from the Latin word frequentia) is a measure
of how quickly the successive repetitions follow in a periodic process.

In the alternating voltage, the positive and negative half-waves of an oscillation are
referred to as periods. The time required to iterate through the period is the period
duration Τ. The period Τ is specified in seconds. U
The frequency indicates the number of periods that are run through in a second. negative half-wave
The frequency is indicated in hertz (Hz).

The frequency is the inverse of the period duration. Thus, the lower the period
duration, the greater the frequency.
t

The formula symbol for frequency is Hz. positive half-wave

Unit of measurement: Hz (Hertz) is also the SI base unit (SI = system of units).

1 wave = 1 period = 1 Hz

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
3.0. Ohm's Law
3.1. Magic triangle

To calculate the resistance, the output, the current or voltage which follow those formulas apply.

U (V)
𝑈𝑈 𝑈𝑈
𝑈𝑈 = 𝑅𝑅 ∗ 𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 = 𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼
R (Ω) I (A)

P (W) 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑈𝑈 ∗ 𝐼𝐼 𝑈𝑈 = 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐼𝐼 𝑈𝑈
U (V) I (A)

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
4.0. Switching resistances
4.1.1. Series circuit

A series circuit of resistances then emerges when the same current flows through all resistors.
In the series circuit, a distinction is made between the voltage of the voltage source and the
voltage drops on the resistors.

U1 U2

I1 V I2 V

A R1 A R2
Rges
+
- V Uges

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
4.0. Switching resistances
4.1.2. Relationships in the series circuit

Which statement about the series circuit is true?

Current: The current is the same at all points of the series circuit.

Iges = I1 = I2 = …..

Voltage: The sum of the component voltages is the same as the total voltage.

Uges = U1 + U2 + …..

Resistance: The sum of the component voltages is the same as the total resistance.

Rges = R1 + R2 + …..

Ratios: The voltages behave as their corresponding resistances.

Usum U1 U2
Rsum = R1 = R2

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
4.0. Switching resistances

4.2.1. Parallel circuit

A parallel circuit of resistances emerges when the currents are split by the resistors.
Currents are inversely proportional to their resistance values. So, a lower current flows
through high resistance than through a low resistance.

Iges

R2
R1

- V Uges U1 U2

A I1 A I2

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
4.0. Switching resistances

4.2.2. Relationships in the parallel circuit

Which statement about the parallel circuit is true?

Current: The total current is the sum of all component currents.

Iges = I1 + I2 + …..

Voltage: The voltage is the same at all resistances.

Uges = U1 = U2 = …..

Resistance: The total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance.

1
Rsum
= R1
1
+ R21 + …..

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.1. Resistance

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component for creating ohmic resistance in electrical and
electronic circuits. Resistors are used to limit the electric current to suitable values​​, for example, or to
divide the electrical voltage in a circuit.

At VÖGELE, resistors are used as a connection for the CAN bus or as a series resistor to the excitation
winding of the alternator. The heating rods of the screed heating are also resistors which convert the
electrical energy into thermal energy.

120Ω CAN bus terminating resistors

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.2. Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a mechanically adjustable resistor. By rotating or moving (depending on the mounting position),
the resistance value can be adjusted continuously. This changes the voltage at the tap.

At VÖGELE, potentiometers are used as steering joysticks, traction main switches or for the pave speed.
The external contacts are connected to a source of voltage. The voltage is tapped at the sliding contact.
If the slider now moves to the carbon film, the resistance value, and thus the voltage at the sliding contact,
changes.
2 Sliding contact

1 left 3 right
External contact External contact

Slider

Carbon film

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.3. Resistance thermometer

RTs are electrical components that utilise the temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of conductors for
temperature measurement. A distinction is made between NTC resistors and PTC resistors. With an NTC resistor,
(negative temperature coefficient) the resistance becomes lower at high temperatures. With PTC resistors (positive
temperature coefficient), the resistance increases at higher temperatures. At VÖGELE, PT100 or PT1000 resistance
thermometers are used.
At 0°C, PT1000 = 1000Ω.

PTC resistor NTC resistor

ϑ ϑ
Resistance

Resistance

Temperature Temperature

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.4. Diode

The diode is a semiconductor component with two connections. These connections are called anodes and cathodes.
Such diodes enable the current to flow in only one direction. Sometimes a diode circuit symbol in the corresponding
direction is printed on the housing. Most have diodes in addition to the type name, but a ring to mark the cathode side.

Anode Cathode

+ -
Direction of flow
Diode module

- + Diode gate

Reverse direction

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.5. Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive electrical component which is able to store electrical charge and thus associated energy.
The ability to store charge is referred to as electrical capacity and its unit of measurement is Farad. Based on their
charge storage capacity, capacitors counteract changes in voltage.

The technical design of capacitors consists of two electrically conductive surfaces at mostly small distances, the
electrodes, also called capacitor plates. In between, there is always an insulating region, a dielectric. In most designs,
the electrodes and the dielectric are arranged as a stack or rolled.

At VÖGELE, capacitors are used to suppress interference, which means to filter voltage spikes.

Dielectric

Electrodes

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.6. Relays

Relays are electromagnetic components that work though a solenoid coil using the force of the electrical 87 87A
current. The relay contacts are activated directly or through the armature. Relays are always used depending
on the current. Only the current flow (strength) in the range of the load circuit (controlled circuit) is relevant
for this. Relays are produced with different contact combinations (e.g. NO, NC and / or changer).

Coil Anchor 30

+-

Relay open Relay closed

Control voltage connection

Load or open circuit connection Changeover contact

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.7. Fuse

The weakest component in an electric current is always the first that is destroyed. The electric circuit is then interrupted.
This component is usually the fuse. The task of a fuse is to protect electrical equipment and wiring. It is NEVER used
for personal safety. A fuse only protects against overload (there is too much current) or a short circuit (low resistance
combination of two potentials).
A fuse always has a rated current. If the rated current is exceeded, the fuse trips.
What does a fuse consist of?
Essentially, a fused consists of a stable housing and wire (fuse wire) which melts in the event of overload or a short
circuit. In this way, the fuse ensures safe disconnection.

A fuse may never be repaired or bridged!!!!!

There are time-lag (T) and fast-acting (F) fuses. Time-lag fuses trip later than fast-acting fuses. Whether a fuse has
a time-delay or is fast-acting can usually be read on the housing.

We distinguish between five categories:

Extra fast (FF) , fast (F) , medium fast (M) , slow (T), extra slow (TT)

Fuse strip

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
5.0. Components
5.8. Terminal

In electrical engineering, a terminal is used for providing detachable connections or for connecting wires,
leads and cables. In the clamped state, a permanent and secure contact must be guaranteed. This is
achieved by mechanically fixing (spring) the connected conductors in a conductive body.

At VÖGELE, triple-deck terminal blocks are often used. The individual levels have no contact to each
other; only the opposite terminals have contact. If terminals are connected to the horizontal, jumpers
are used.

Triple-deck terminal block 2x2

Triple-deck terminal 121

Triple-deck terminal Triple-deck terminal block Jumper

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
6.0. Circuit diagram
6.1. Structure and description

Each page of a function diagram

is divided into sections 1 to 8.
This makes it easier to track the path
of an individual function.

To track a current path in the electrical

circuit diagram, there are so-called
cross-references. This information
contains the name of the path and the
page number with the section where
the current path can be followed up.

Fuse F19

F19
/29.3

Page 29, Section 3

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

 VÖGELE Specialist Training – Electrics
6.0. Circuit diagram
6.2. Text field

Main function on the circuit diagram page

Type of circuit diagram
ESP = Electrical Circuit Diagram

Type description Circuit diagram page and total

10.83 = SUPER !803-3(i) page number

Material number and order number Validity of the circuit diagram from
serial number 0111 to XXXX

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology