Current Applied Physics 15 (2015) 669e674

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Current Applied Physics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cap

Designing and manufacturing a piezoelectric tile for harvesting energy

from footsteps
Sung Joo Hwang a, Hyun Jun Jung a, Jeong Hun Kim a, Jung Hwan Ahn a, Daniel Song a,
Yewon Song b, Hee Lak Lee b, Sung Pil Moon c, Hyeonsu Park d, Tae Hyun Sung a, *
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
d
Department of Mathematics, Hanyang University, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The objective of this research is to design a piezoelectric tile for harvesting energy from footsteps and to
Received 11 November 2014 optimize the system for harvesting maximum energy. Because piezoelectric modules easily break when
Received in revised form directly subjected to energy generated by human movements, we designed a tile that employs indirect
22 January 2015
energy transmission using springs and a tip mass. We aimed at matching the mechanical resonance
Accepted 5 February 2015
frequency of the tile with that of the piezoelectric modules. The resonance frequency of a piezoelectric
Available online 14 March 2015
module with a 10-g tip mass was almost similar to the vibration frequency of the tile at 22.5 Hz when we
dropped an 80-g steel ball from a 1-m height. We performed impedance matching and realized a
Keywords:
Piezoelectric tile
matching value of 15 kU. Under these optimal mechanical and electrical conditions, we harvested 770-
Mechanical resonance mW RMS and 55-mW peak output power.
Frequency matching © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Impedance matching

1. Introduction the transfer of energy directly to the piezoelectric modules, and

Over the past ten years, research studies on piezoelectric energy
harvesting have been extensively conducted [1e18]. Among them,
studies on piezoelectric energy harvesting from human force have
also been actively conducted. These studies include the energy
harvested from the bending of elbow or finger joints [19], implants
in the knee joints [20], electricity generated using polyvinylidene
difluoride attached to bag straps [21], piezoelectric modules
inserted under the soles of shoes [22e25], or motion of the human
limbs [26,27].
The power generated from wearable devices such as shoes or
backpacks can be utilized as micro-electricity sources for auxiliary
power. Although the above mentioned cases cannot be considered
as macro-sources because of their limited installation area, inde-
pendent units such as piezoelectric tiles can be planted over a
wider area; thus, they can be used as macro-power sources.
Two ways of generating power from piezoelectric modules are
available: hitting [28e31] and vibrating [32e42]. Hitting involves
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sungth@hanyang.ac.kr (T.H. Sung).
thus, it generates more power than the vibrating method of
generating power. However, because the hitting method of gener-
ating power can easily break the modules, the vibrating method has
been studied more widely. Ceramic piezoelectric modules can be
easily broken when directly subjected to energy generated from
human movements. Therefore, we developed a piezoelectric tile
that employs an indirect method of energy transmission using a
spring and a tip mass.
This research is aimed at matching the resonance frequency of a
cantilevered piezoelectric module with the frequency of a piezo-
electric tile. In addition, we optimize the circuits through imped-
ance matching after mechanical optimization by frequency
matching.
2. Method
Fig. 1 shows the piezoelectric tile used in our experiment.
Fig. 1(a) shows that it is modeled on a real tile, and its area is
150
150 mm2. Fig. 1(b) shows that the piezoelectric tile consists of
an upper plate that has to be directly stepped on, a middle plate
where the piezoelectric modules are set up, a bottom plate, and
four supporting springs. The middle plate is piezo installed layer

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2015.02.009
1567-1739/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
670 S.J. Hwang et al. / Current Applied Physics 15 (2015) 669e674

Table 1
Material properties of the piezoelectric module.

Piezoelectric material Value

Density (g/cm3) 7.60

Dielectric constants (ε33T/ε0) 21
Piezoelectric charge constants (
1012 m/V): d33, d31 450, 200
Piezoelectric voltage constants (
103 V m/N): g33,g31 22.1, 11.1
Elastic constants (
1012 m2/N): SE11, SD11 13.8, 11.8
Stainless steel (SUS-304) Value
Density (g/cm3) 8
Young's modulus (GPa) 193

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Kbeam
ubeam ¼ (1)
meff

Effective stiffness (Kbeam), which can be written as

0 1
b @Xn1 Xn2
Kbeam ¼ ni Ei h3i þ nj Ej h3j A (2)
4L3 i¼1 j¼1

where b is the width of the beam, L is the length of the beam; n1 and
n2 are the numbers of piezoelectric and electrode layers; Ei and hi
are the Young's modulus and height of each piezoelectric layer; and
Ej and hj are the Young's modulus and height of electrode layer,
respectively. The effective mass of cantilever beam (meff) with the
tip mass can be approximated as
0 1
X
n1 X
n2
meff ¼ mt þ 0:23bL@ ni ri hi þ nj rj hj A (3)
i¼1 j¼1

Fig. 1. Conceptual design of the piezoelectric and real tiles. (a) Real piezoelectric tile
with a real tile. (b) Illustration of the piezoelectric tile. (c) Piezo-installed layer.
which is attached upper plate. The length of the four springs is
40 mm, and the thickness of the upper and bottom plates is 10 mm
each. Fig. 1(c) shows a detailed image of the cross section of the
middle part where the modules are placed. The piezoelectric ma-
terial with the dimension of 47
32
0.2 mm3 is placed on a
substrate of stainless steel plate having the dimension of
62
37
0.2 mm3. The thick film piezoelectric material is PZT-
PZNM manufactured by TIOCEAN (Korea). Table 1 lists the prop-
erties of the piezoelectric material.
where mt is tip mass; and ri and rj are the densities of the piezo-
electric and electrode plate, respectively [44].
In order to find out the natural frequency of the tile, we dropped
an 80-g steel ball from a height of 1 m for equal input energy. The
displacement sensor ZS-HLDS10 shown in Fig. 2(a) is manufactured
by Omron (Korea), and the DPO-4054B oscilloscope is manufac-
tured by Tektronix (USA). The displacement sensor measured the
displacement of the vibrating surface when the steel ball hit the
surface under free fall.
Fig. 2(b) shows the experimental tools used for measuring the
resonance frequency of the piezoelectric module with a tip mass.
The function generator is model 33250A manufactured by Agilent
(USA), the vibration exciter is model 4809 manufactured by Brüel &
Kjær (Denmark), and the power amplifier is model 2718 manu-
factured by Brüel & Kjær (Denmark). We used the displacement
sensor to measure the vibration displacement on the surface when
the 80-g steel ball fell on it.
Using the exciter shown in Fig. 2(b), we determined the different
resonance frequencies by varying the tip mass at 0, 10, 30, and 50 g.
Subsequently, we checked whether the output voltage was high
near the resonance point by measuring the voltage using different
tip masses.
From the experiment described, we adopted the tip mass with
the most similar resonance frequency to the vibration frequency of
the tile.

2.1. Frequency matching between the piezoelectric tile and the

piezoelectric module 2.2. Impedance matching using resistive component and
application to real conditions
Theoretically, resonance frequency of the cantilever beam relies
on effective stiffness of the beam and effective mass of both beam Extracted power from piezoelectric module, which can be
and a tip mass [43]. written as
 S.J. Hwang et al. / Current Applied Physics 15 (2015) 669e674 671

 2
Vrms
Prms ¼ (7)
RL; opt

We measured the output RMS voltage by oscilloscope during

four seconds and calculated RMS power of one piezoelectric
module using equation (7). In this case, we varied the resistance
from 10 to 100 kU at a 10-kU step. When we used four piezoelectric
modules connected in parallel, we varied the resistance from 3 to
30 kU at a 3-kU step. Then, we compared the RMS and peak powers
of the four piezoelectric modules.
Also, optimum resistance (RL,opt) can be obtained by

1
RL;opt ¼ (8)
Cp
2pf

where Cp is the internal capacitance of piezoelectric material, u is

the angular frequency and f is vibration frequency of cantilever
beam [46]. And the capacitance is

d31
Lp
bp
Cp ¼ (9)
g31
tp

where d31 is the piezoelectric charge constant, g31 is the piezo-

electric voltage constant, and Lp, bp and tp is the length, width and
thickness of the piezoelectric material, respectively [47].
After this process, we applied the piezoelectric tile to a real
situation. When a 68-kg man stepped on the tile once, we
measured the RMS and peak values of the output power.

3. Result and discussion

Fig. 2. Experimental setup (a) for measuring the vibration frequency of the piezo- 3.1. Frequency matching between the piezoelectric tile and the
electric tile, (b) for measuring the resonance frequency of a piezoelectric module with piezoelectric module using FFT analysis and vibration exciter
a tip mass, composed of the function generator, vibration exciter, power amplifier, and
piezoelectric module (made by TIOCEAN CO.).
The natural frequency for the total system was 23.5 Hz without
any tip mass, and became smaller as the tip mass became heavier.
With the 50-g tip mass which was the heaviest, we measured
19.2 Hz for the natural frequency. Since the frequency ranged
 2
VS around 20 Hz, it was necessary to tune the piezoelectric modules to
P¼ ZL (4) this value.
ZS þ ZL
To determine the appropriate tip mass that could resonate with
where Vs is generated voltage from piezoelectric module, Zs is in- the piezoelectric tile, we calculated and measured the resonance
ternal impedance of piezoelectric module, and ZL is load imped- frequency with respect to the variation in the tip mass. We used
ance. Maximum power was transferred from piezoelectric module equation (2) for calculating effective stiffness (Kbeam) of cantilever
to load when load impedance matched the internal impedance of beam and the value was 146.2 N/m. The effective mass of cantilever
piezoelectric module [45]. beam (meff) with 0, 10, 30 and 50 g tip mass was calculated with
We must perform impedance matching on all the inductance equation (3). Each value was 1.4, 11.4, 31.4, and 51.4 g. With these
and resistance components to extract the maximum power; how- data, the tip masses of 0, 10, 30, and 50 g resulted in theoretical
ever, matching of the inductance components requires inductors of resonance frequencies of 51.8, 18, 10.9, and 8.5 Hz, while giving very
a very large size [45]. Therefore, we only used resistance compo- close measured values of 51.5, 20, 11, and 8.5 Hz, respectively, as
nents for performing impedance matching in this research. shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, 10-g tip mass gave the most desirable
result.
We also measured the natural frequency of the total system with
 2 this tip mass. Fig. 4 shows that the main frequency is 22.5 Hz, as
VS
Pmax ¼ RL; opt (5) obtained from the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of the
ZS þ ZL; opt
vibration displacement of the piezoelectric tile; the vibration
displacement was caused by the impact of the 80-g steel ball under
!2 free fall.
Vs2 Vs2 We conducted another experiment to determine the output
¼ Rs ¼ (6) voltage (open circuit) caused by the tip mass, by dropping steel
ðRs þ Rs Þ2 þ ðXs  Xs Þ2 4Rs
balls with weights of 20, 40, 60, and 80 g. Fig. 5 shows that a higher
If we consider only resistive load, the matching resistance of the input energy resulted in a higher output voltage for all cases. The
four parallel piezoelectric modules will have only a quarter value of generation capacity, however, was not proportional to the weight of
a single module. the tip mass. The 10-g tip mass had a higher output than the 30- or
672 S.J. Hwang et al. / Current Applied Physics 15 (2015) 669e674
Fig. 3. Theoretical and measured value of resonance frequency with respect to the
various tip masses.
Fig. 4. FFT analysis of the displacement vibration of the piezoelectric tile.
50-g tip masses because the piezoelectric module with a 10-g tip
mass had the most similar resonance frequency to the vibration
frequency of the piezoelectric tile.
Fig. 5. Output voltage with respect to the various tip masses.
Fig. 6. Output voltage and power graph according to the load.
Contrary to the common idea that a heavier tip mass results in a
higher output power, the most desirable result was obtained when
a 10-g tip mass was used that realized a resonance frequency of the
piezoelectric module that was similar to the vibration frequency of
the piezoelectric tile. This mechanical resonance frequency
matching is a good initial step in the development of a macro-scale
piezoelectric tile.
3.2. Impedance matching for circuit optimization and application to
real condition
We could calculate the matched resistance at 20 Hz for one
piezoelectric panel with the equation (8), while the equation (9)
gave 135 nF for the capacitance. Therefore, the resistance became
59 kU. For four piezoelectric panels, the Cp becomes four times
larger, which caused the matched impedance to be four times
smaller than the one for single panel. Fig. 6 shows the resistive
impedance matched at 15 kU, yielding an output power of 770 mW
(RMS value), and they are well-measured values compared with the
theoretical ones.
Therefore, by optimizing the system using the tip mass on the
piezoelectric module and the circuit through impedance matching,
we could obtain the optimal conditions for the piezoelectric tile.
Under these conditions, the output power-generation process
Fig. 7. Output RMS power and peak power of the four piezoelectric modules with
respect to the load.
 S.J. Hwang et al. / Current Applied Physics 15 (2015) 669e674
Fig. 8. Output voltage curve after AC-DC converting by rectifier DF04 when a 68-kg
man stepped on the tile once.
when a steel ball of 80 g hit the vibrating surface resulted in 770-
mW RMS and 55-mW peak values, as shown in Fig. 7.
We also applied the piezoelectric tile to a real environment.
Fig. 8 shows the output voltage curve after AC-DC converting by
rectifier DF04 when a 68-kg man stepped on the tile once. It shows
pushing and recovery cycle. An output power with an RMS value of
0.12 mW and peak value of 53.1 mW was generated. We could
energize an LED lamp WLST6030CWY16 which is consist of sixty
chip LED, manufactured by Wellightec (Korea) with this amount of
power as shown in Fig. 9. The piezoelectric tile could generate
electricity proportional to the installation area.
4. Conclusion
We examined the effect of mechanical and electrical matching
Fig. 9. Sixty chip LED lamp turned on when a 68-kg man stepped on the tile once.
673
on the piezoelectric tile when it is impacted by steel balls under free
fall. We performed mechanical optimization by matching the vi-
bration frequency of the tile to the resonance frequency of the
piezoelectric module. A tip mass of 10 g approached the resonance
frequency of 20 Hz, which was very close to the vibration frequency
of 22.5 Hz. Under that condition, we also performed circuit opti-
mization through impedance matching. One piezoelectric module
was matched at 30 kU, yielding an output power of 350-mW RMS.
Four piezoelectric modules were matched at 15 kU, yielding output
powers of 770-mW RMS and 55-mW peak. This RMS value was
203% higher than Moro‘s shoe-mounted harvester [22]. This indi-
rect type harvester has many advantages to applying real envi-
ronment. This advantage will be an important foundation to macro
scale harvester.
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