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LTE-Advanced Pro
TELCOMA
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved
Introduction
❏ The main target of inventing the 4G LTE cellular system is to provide high
data rates to mobile end users.
❏ 3GPP Release 10 through Release 12 are known as LTE-A in which
additional improvements have been made such as NB-IoT and
device-to-device communications.
❏ There can be an enhancement towards 5G from 3GPP Release 13 to
onwards by making further improvements.
❏ 3GPP release 13 and 14 are considered as LTE-A Pro which is also known
as 4.5G, 4.5G Pro, 4.9G, Pre-5G, 5G Project.
❏ It is a successor of 4G LTE-A.
❏ Beyond 3 Gbps data rates are supported by this technology by using
32-carrier aggregation.
❏ The License Assisted Access concept is also introduced in it due to which
licensed and unlicensed spectrum sharing becomes possible.
❏ The latest version of LTE standard is LTE-A Pro which is also known as
4.5 G.
❏ It is an enhancement in LTE-A that can deliver significantly increased
data speed, improved efficiency and capacity of the network.
❏ LTE-A Pro can be described as data superhighway that can achieve 1
Gbps data rate by using carrier aggregation, unlicensed band, 4x4 MIMO
antenna scheme and 256 QAM increased modulation scheme.
❏ 3GPP releases 13 (2016) and 14 (2017) are termed as LTE-A Pro standard.
❏ 3GPP releases 10 (2011), 11 (2012) and 12 (2014) are considered as LTE-A
that has become highly available throughout the globe.
❏ There is a massive improvement in the devices of LTE-A over the LTE
standard as it provides three times higher data speed and increased
capacity.
❏ Carrier aggregation
❏ For 20 MHz bandwidth, carrier aggregation for upto 5 MHz is
available in case of LTE-A
❏ There can be a parallel transmission of combined frequencies that
will deliver higher throughput.
❏ Carrier aggregation of upto 32 carriers is used in LTE-A Pro each
having a bandwidth of 100 MHz that can deliver an aggregated
bandwidth of 640 MHz.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Advanced Parameters
❏ The capacity can be increased by using the 4x4 MIMO antennas that
allows simultaneous transmit and receive of multiple signals.
❏ More number of bits of data per symbol are carried by employing a
256 QAM modulation scheme that will also increase the throughput
and the use of spectrum become better.
❏ LTE-A Pro provides longer battery life and a closer alignment is provided
with 5G in order to provide improved network future-proofing.
❏ Unlicensed spectrum
❏ 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum will be used by the LTE-A Pro standard.
❏ Frequencies from 400 MHz to 3.8 GHz are used by the primary
carrier for its operation.
❏ The unlicensed spectrum can be used by the carriers either
standalone or aggregated with licensed spectrum.
❏ This will allow expensive cellular resources to be used more
effectively and subscribers are provided with increased speed.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Applications of LTE-A Pro
❏ In late 2008, there was an agreement of the specifications for the Long
Term Evolution (LTE) access network.
❏ The NodeB 3G base stations were controlled by the radio network
controller (RNC) in case of legacy 3G networks.
❏ The control functionality has been embedded in the evolved NodeB
(eNodeB) base stations in case of LTE network and RNC will be removed
from the network.
❏ Hence, the quicker response times are allowed by this flatter, simple
architecture.
❏ LTE aims to provide higher data rates as compared to that provided by
legacy 3G.
❏ LTE-A is the further enhancement of LTE so that ITU requirements set for
4G can be completely fulfilled.
❏ Similarly, LTE-A Pro is the improvement of LTE-A and is evolution
towards 5G.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Release 13 and Release 14
❏ The LTE-A technology has some additions in its features in the form of
Release 13 and Release 14.
❏ In September 2012, R13 was begun and with 170 high level features and
studies, it was frozen in March, 2016.
❏ In June 2016, the standardization of new narrowband radio technology
known as NB-IOT was completed that can address the IoT market.
❏ In September 2014, the features and projects of R13 are used to build R14
by further enhancements and in June 2017, the work was frozen.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
LTE-Advanced Pro
❏ The main aim of LTE-A Pro is to increase the data rates and the available
bandwidth.
❏ A wide range of connected devices and platforms are brought by this
network under a single standard.
❏ The capacity, performance, functionality and efficiency of LTE-A can be
improved and optimized by deploying LTE-A Pro.
❏ Moreover, it will reduce the latency in order to provide the user with
better experience.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
LTE-Advanced Pro
❏ LTE-A Pro has been defined by the new attributes such as:
❏ Data rates of 3 Gbps
❏ Carrier bandwidth of 640 MHz
❏ Latency of 2 msec.
❏ LTE and Wifi are aggregated by using LTE Wifi Aggregation (LWA).
❏ R14 uses enhanced LAA (eLAA) for aggregation of licensed and
unlicensed spectrum in the uplink as well.
❏ In unlicensed spectrum, small cells are used ideally and there is a
deployment as hotspots within coverage of macro cell.
❏ The growing demands of data transfer will meet by using these
spectrums.
❏ The latency can be reduced more than tenfold due to the new FDD/TDD
design.
❏ The future capacity demands are addressed by deploying two key
technologies i.e. beamforming and MIMO.
❏ The main focus of beamforming is on the azimuth dimension prior to
LTE-A at the ground level.
❏ New devices and new services are introduced by LTE-A Pro to serve
new industries and pave the way for IoT.
❏ The focus is on the development of new devices whose battery life is
improved, cost can be reduced and coverage is extended.
❏ Many IoT applications need new category devices with low cost and low
throughput.
❏ The popular technologies that are practically used nowadays are LTE
and LTE-A which have more than 700 subscribers, more than 420
commercial networks and 450 Mbps data rate has been provided.
❏ The performance of these technologies can be improved by the further
enhancements.
❏ More efficient mobile broadband services will be provided by the
improved radio capabilities.
❏ The LTE has been originated with a peak data rates of 150 Mbps and
bandwidth of 20 MHz.
❏ Carrier aggregation has been used in Release 10 of 3GPP so that the
peak data rates were upgraded.
❏ A maximum capability of Release 10 of 3GPP is upto 5x20 MHz, that
provides 1 Gbps with 2x2 MIMO and 64 QAM and 3.9 Gbps with 8x8
MIMO.
❏ More spectrum and more antennas can increase the data rates.
❏ The use of comparatively large antennas at base stations make the
higher number of elements of antennas feasible.
❏ The challenge is the integration of further antennas into small devices.
❏ Hence, more spectrum is used to increase the data rates for them.
❏ The carrier aggregation has been enhanced to enable 32 carrier
components to increase the data rates in Release 13.
❏ The licensed spectrum between 450 and 3600 MHz is used to deploy the
LTE networks.
❏ The capacity and peak data rates for LTE-A Pro will be improved with the
use of unlicensed as well as licensed spectrum.
❏ The spectrum is available in plenty in the unlicensed 5 GHz band which is
suitable for deployment of small cells.
❏ LTE and Wifi transmissions are aggregated by the LTE-A Pro so that
unlicensed band can be used efficiently.
❏ The application layer is used to implement LTE and Wifi interworking.
❏ There can be a splitting of data traffic between LTE and Wifi
transmission, so both paths are used by the user device to receive data
simultaneously.
❏ The radio moves closer to the radiating elements by using such active
arrays effectively, that will reduce the feeder loss as well as the
top-tower structure footprint.
❏ A single baseband processing unit is used to connect several distant
antenna locations using an optical fiber or within a cloud RAN solution.
❏ High efficiency has been provided by the radio of LTE-A in the macro
cellular layer.
❏ The increased local capacity has been provided by deploying the small
cells.
❏ Dense urban areas deploy such high traffic hot spots.
❏ Greater efficiency can be brought by defining a number of
enhancements by 3GPP for deployment of small cells coordinated with
the existing macro layer.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Extreme Local Capacity with
Ultra-dense Network
❏ The user device receives simultaneous data from two different sites
served by non-ideal backhaul by providing dual connectivity with
inter-site carrier aggregation.
❏ The uplink transmission to two sites can be supported by Release 13 by
enhancing the dual connectivity.
❏ Macro cells and number of small cells are consisted in the HetNets and
this technique will become important for these networks.
❏ This can also be applied for other services in which the transmission of a
small amount of data is performed in random fashion.
❏ There can be a reconsidering of the fixed latency occured due to the
current synchronous ACK.
❏ In downlink, asynchronous ACK can also be employed in addition with
potentially restricted data sizes.
❏ Low cost device use has been supported by LTE that is enabled by
reducing modem complexity and narrowing the operating bandwidth to
upto 200 kHz.
❏ Moreover, the capacity of the networks can be improved by optimizing
signaling and network so that a single network serves the tens of billions
of devices.
❏ IoT devices are supported by the operators with LTE networks using
category 1 devices from Release 8.
❏ Category 0 devices use upgraded network software that reduces the
cost and power consumption in the devices in case of Release 12.
❏ Narrow-band 200 kHz IoT solution further reduces the cost in 3GPP
Release 13.
❏ VoLTE prioritization uses QoS differentiation in data services for
subscriber differentiation.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Internet of Things (IoT)
❏ Various new functionalities are introduced through LTE-A Pro that allows
these functionalities, extending from the core network to RAN, to move
to the cloud.
❏ The service and savings introduction has been enabled by using the
cloud approach in operating expenditure.
❏ The more challenging is the radio cloud due to requirement of very low
latency at the radio processing and requirement of dedicated hardware
at layer 1 processing for high efficiency.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Cloud Radio Architecture for Network Scalability
❏ The secondary cell operation of LAA uses frame structure type 3 with
normal cyclic prefix only.
❏ For frame structure type 3, the duration for radio frame is 10 msec.
❏ For downlink transmission, there is an availability of all 10 subframes
where one or more consecutive subframes are occupied for transmission
starting at the first or second slot boundaries within the subframe.
❏ The implementation at the eNodeB become simple by limiting the
flexibility to start a transmission only to slot boundaries.
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Frame Structure Type 3
❏ The listen before talk (LBT) principle is applied so that minimum channel
occupancy time will be ensured.
❏ LAA adopted clear channel assessment (CCA) based category 4 LBT
mechanism.
❏ A random backoff is used in LBT mechanisms described in category 4
with variable-sized contention window.
❏ The RSSIs are averaged by the device over the measurement duration
and according to the periodicity, measurements are taken.
❏ The average RSSI as well as the channel occupancy (CO) is reported by
the device.
❏ The load and interference situation is indicated by both measures on the
given SCell of LAA.
❏ High speeds are offered more efficiently by the updated LTE networks
and new use cases are enabled by them so that mobile service providers
enter the new market.
❏ New advancements in LTE will continue even when 5G NR specifications
will be defined in parallel.
❏ Release 14 and beyond continues to evolve as LTE-A Pro.
❏ Both LTE and 5G core networks use the LTE IoT and compatibility with
future networks will be provided.
❏ It is expected that in-band deployments of eMTC and NB-IoT will be
supported by Release 16 with 5G NR.
❏ Hence, the efficiencies of cellular networks will be improved further by
bringing these enhancements.
❏ The private networks use the spectrum ranging from licensed spectrum ,
to shared spectrum.
❏ It can also be deployed in unlicensed frequencies by using MulteFire.
❏ Private network applications are supported by the introduction of new
capabilities in the specifications of 5G.
❏ More flexible spectrum is supported by the 5G that includes licensed,
unlicensed and shared spectrum.
❏ Therefore, in the private network, the barrier of entry for the applications
has been removed.
❏ A system approach has been introduced by the 3GPP to private
networking that includes enterprise vertical automation, support of LAN
over 5G NR.