1000 Eurocodes Third Balkan WS DNikolov

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC
AND SEISMIC ACTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL

DESIGN IN THE BALKAN REGION
27-28 October 2015, Zagreb
Experience from the

region in elaboration of
maps for climatic
actions: Bulgaria
Dimitar Nikolov
National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology,
BAS, Bulgaria
Elaborated maps for climatic actions
in Bulgaria
EUROCODE 1: Actions on Structures
•EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads;

•EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions;
•EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions.
ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN IN THE BALKAN REGION
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads – elaboration
of the snow load map for Bulgaria
• Main goals
• The elaboration of the map for snow load in
Bulgaria was focused on the following two tasks:
• estimation of the characteristic value of the

snow load on the ground – sk and
• estimation of the exceptional snow loads on

the ground.

EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads – elaboration of the snow
load map for Bulgaria
• According to EN 1991-1-3 the characteristic value of the snow

load on the ground sk is the “snow load on the ground based on
an annual probability of exceedence of 0.02, excluding exceptional
snow loads”, which is equivalent to Mean Recurrence Interval
(MRI) of 50 years
• and the exceptional snow loads on the ground is the “load of

the snow layer on the ground resulting from a snow fall which has
an exceptionally infrequent likelihood of occurring” .
• The criterion for identifying the last is “If the ratio of the largest
load value to the characteristic load determined without the
inclusion of that value is greater than 1.5 then the largest value
should be treated as an exceptional value”.

Background research for snow maps in Bulgaria
 Till 2004 the national snow load standard was based on 2

years MRI, which corresponds to the mean values of the
seasonal maxima of the snow cover;
 Maps with this requirement were elaborated in 1979 and
1989;
 In 2004 a new transient standard was adopted with MRI of
25 years;
 In 2009 ended the described research for elaboration of a
new snow load map according to EN 1991-1-3;
 Since 2012 the EN 1991-1-3 has been in force.

For the snow map of Bulgaria the following common

methodology has been applied:
 statistical analysis of the seasonal maxima of the snow
cover using four different cumulative distribution functions
(Gumbel, Lognormal, Weibull and Freshe);
 LSM for determination of the best fitting regression curve;
 snow density estimations;
 snow load – altitude dependency;
 exclusion of the exceptional snow loads;
 checking for consistency at the national borders.

Models for snow density used for transformation of a

measured snow depth into a load according to
EN 1991-1-3:
 Fixed value for the mean density of snow (Belgium, Eire,
France, Greece, Luxembourg and Netherlands);
 Density as a function of snow depth (Germany);
 Density as a function of the place of observation (Sweden,

Spain and Austria);
 Density as a function of time (Italy, Portugal, Spain, Norway and

Switzerland).

• Data and examples from Bulgaria

 Data for the seasonal snow cover maxima from 126
meteorological stations was used;
 The main period is 1931–2006. Only few of the used stations have
such long period, but for all of them it is longer than 50 years;
 Regular data for the snow density from 22 stations was added;
 Old archive field measurements of the snow density

complemented the data base;
 New field campaigns in the mountain regions during this research

were organized.

The snow density model in Bulgaria
 fixed value (210 kg/m3 ) up to 1000 m
Mean monthly snow density for the period 1984-2007
Station І ІІ ІІІ ХІ ХІІ
Vidin 0,21 0,23 0,26 0,14 0,22

Kneja 0,26 0,28 0,23 0,22 0,25
Veliko Tarnovoо 0,19 0,16 0,16 0,15 0,14
Ivailo 0,16 0,16 0,16 0,16 0,15

• The snow density model in Bulgaria
 above 1000 m – as function of the altitude, snow depth and

the time of the year; 2.5
Dependency of the snow 1.5
density from the snow

h, (m)
depth for the regions

above 1000-1200 m in
1
Bulgaria for month April

0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

kg10-3/m3)

EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads – elaboration of the
snow load map for Bulgaria
• The altitude dependency of the density in Bulgaria
D:\curently\BookSYSTAT.xls
Rank 1 Eqn 7 y=a+bx^3
r^2=0.76779349 DF Adj r^2=0.75524179 FitStdErr=0.023241566 Fstat=125.64744
a=0.20679048
b=1.3364738e-11
0.4 0.4
0.35 0.35
density, gr/cm^3
density, gr/cm^3
0.3 0.3
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15 0.15
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
altitude, m

• The altitude dependency of the snow depth in Bulgaria
y = 8E-05x 2 - 0.0498x + 80.389

R2 = 0.8302
450
400
snow depth, cm
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Altitude, m

• Examples of the new density measurements in
the mountain regions of Bulgaria:
a. at meteorological stations
peak Botev, January - May 2008 peak Murgash, February 2008

60 0.8
0.38
3
0.7
snow density, g/cm
50
0.36
snow density, g/cm 3

0.6
0.34
snow cover, cm
40
0.32 0.5
0.3
0.28 30 0.4
0.26 0.3
0.24 20
0.22 snow cover 0.2
0.2 10 density 0.1
1/1/2008
4/8/2008
5/6/2008
1/15/2008
1/29/2008
2/12/2008
2/26/2008
3/11/2008
3/25/2008
4/22/2008
0 0
2/ 00 8
2/ 00 8
2/ 00 8
2/ 00 8
2/ 00 8
/ 8
8
/2 8
8
/ 8
8
/ 8
8
/ 8
8
/ 8
8
/ 8
8
/ 8
8
/ 8
/2 8
8
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 0 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
2/ /20 0
2/ 20 0
00
2/ /200
2
2
2
2
2
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2/

b. and in field campaigns
snow cover, Mean density, air temperature,

Points Latitude Longitude Altitudde, m оС
cm gr/cm3
1 41 50 603 23 29 324 970 17 0,317 5.0
2 47 47 984 23 26 422 1635 62 0,255 0.0
3 41 46 436 23 26 489 1916 72 0,287 2.2
4 41 45 954 23 26 385 2226 140 0,276 0.0
5 41 45 440 23 26 082 2543 175 0,335 0.0

• Further examples of the measurements from the field
campaigns in the mountain regions of Bulgaria

• Further examples of the measurements from the field

campaigns in the mountain regions of Bulgaria
600
500
Sn o w d e n sit y , k g / m 3
400
300
200
100
0 100 200 300
Sn o w d e p th , cm

EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads – elaboration of the snow load
map for Bulgaria
• Examples of the best fitting regression line
3 3
2
2
ln{-ln[1-F(H)]}
1
1
ln{-ln[1-F(H)]}
0
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-5 y = 1,6519x - 5,244
y = 1,5442x - 4,7487 ln(H)
ln(H) R2 = 0,959
R2 = 0,9817
Station Gospodinci – Station Goleshevo –

Weibull best fit Gumbel best fit
regression line regression line

• The snow load map

EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions – elaboration
of the wind load map for Bulgaria
Main goals
• to determine the characteristic values of the wind
velocity vb,0 and velocity pressure q0 for Bulgaria;
• to estimate relations for estimation of other
representative values (values with different MRI);
• to check for consistency at the national borders.

EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions – elaboration of the
wind load map for Bulgaria
Definitions and methodology
 The definition of characteristic value is the same as for the

snow.
 As well as the statistical methodology for estimation of

these values

• Background research for wind load maps in Bulgaria
 The first map for wind load was developed in 1978;
 In 2004 a new transient standard according to EN-1991-1-4
was adopted.

EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions – elaboration of the wind
• Data and period of investigation

 Data from 150 meteorological stations for the
wind speed at 10 m above ground;
 more than 50 years;
 accepted terrain category – II from the Table 4.1
of the EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions.

Map of the characteristic wind load

EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions –
elaboration of the maps for Bulgaria
Main goals
• to determine the characteristic values of the extreme
temperatures (maximum and minimum shade air
temperature – Tmax and Tmin) for Bulgaria;
• to elaborate maps for these values for both
temperatures;
• to recognize the regions with very low/high air
temperatures;
• to conduct an experimental investigations for
assessment of temperature changes in buildings.
-

EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions – elaboration of the
maps for Bulgaria
Definitions and methodology
 The definition of characteristic value is the same as for the

snow and wind.
 As well as the statistical methodology for estimation of

these values.

maps for Bulgaria
Data and period of investigation
 The number of the used stations is 125 and the

investigated period is 1950–2006.
 One averaged gradient for the change of the maximum
shade air temperature with the altitude was used:
Tmax50 = -0.0096H + 47.442;
 The averaged gradient for the change of the minimum
shade air temperature with the altitude above 1000 m was
estimated as:
Tmin50 = -0.0053H – 18.77

maps for Bulgaria
• Regression model for the dependency of the air

temperature on the altitude
 Tmax_elev = -0.006*elev + 44.7 for 100<elev<1000 m,

r2=0.64;
 Tmax_elev = -0.010*elev + 47.9 for elev>1000 m; r2=0.95
 Tmin_elev = -0.005*elev + 20.1 for elev > 800 m, r2=0.82

maps for Bulgaria
Map of the characteristic values for the yearly maximum
shade air temperatures

maps for Bulgaria
• Map of the characteristic values for the yearly
minimum shade air temperatures

Thank you for your attention


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ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC

AND SEISMIC ACTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL

Experience from the

•EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads;

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• estimation of the characteristic value of the

• estimation of the exceptional snow loads on

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• According to EN 1991-1-3 the characteristic value of the snow

• and the exceptional snow loads on the ground is the “load of

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

Background research for snow maps in Bulgaria

 Till 2004 the national snow load standard was based on 2

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

For the snow map of Bulgaria the following common

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

Models for snow density used for transformation of a

 Density as a function of snow depth (Germany);

 Density as a function of the place of observation (Sweden,

 Density as a function of time (Italy, Portugal, Spain, Norway and

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• Data and examples from Bulgaria

 Old archive field measurements of the snow density

 New field campaigns in the mountain regions during this research

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

Mean monthly snow density for the period 1984-2007

Station І ІІ ІІІ ХІ ХІІ

Vidin 0,21 0,23 0,26 0,14 0,22

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• The snow density model in Bulgaria

 above 1000 m – as function of the altitude, snow depth and

Dependency of the snow 1.5

density from the snow

depth for the regions

Bulgaria for month April

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• The altitude dependency of the snow depth in Bulgaria

y = 8E-05x 2 - 0.0498x + 80.389

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

peak Botev, January - May 2008 peak Murgash, February 2008

snow density, g/cm 3

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

b. and in field campaigns

snow cover, Mean density, air temperature,

1 41 50 603 23 29 324 970 17 0,317 5.0

2 47 47 984 23 26 422 1635 62 0,255 0.0

3 41 46 436 23 26 489 1916 72 0,287 2.2

4 41 45 954 23 26 385 2226 140 0,276 0.0

5 41 45 440 23 26 082 2543 175 0,335 0.0

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• Further examples of the measurements from the field

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

• Examples of the best fitting regression line

Station Gospodinci – Station Goleshevo –

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

ELABORATION OF MAPS FOR CLIMATIC AND SEISMIC ACTIONS

Definitions and methodology

 The definition of characteristic value is the same as for the

 As well as the statistical methodology for estimation of