Question 1

Calculate the design storms for minor and major systems for medium density residential
development at Kota Bharu. The catchment area is 200 ha and the time of concentration for
the catchment is 30 minutes. Use the empirical IDF equation from MSMA 2nd Edition.
Given:
 Area : 200ha
 Major system: 100 years ARI
 Minor system: 5 years ARI
 Tc = d : 30 minutes = 0.5 hours.

𝜆𝑇 𝐾
Formula:
(𝑑+𝜃)ŋ

From Table 2.B1:

 λ: 60.988
 K: 0.214
 Θ: 0.148
 ŋ: 0.616

(60.988)(100)0.214
Calculation for Major System: = 213.459 mm/hr.
(0.5+0.148)0.616

(60.988)(5)0.214
Calculation for Minor System: = 112.433 mm/hr.
(0.5+0.148)0.616
Question 2
Precipitation drains from a park area into a street gutter to a storm sewer inlet. The flow path
from the sewer inlet to the most hydraulically distant point in its watershed consists of 50 m
of overload flow through Bermuda grass, n=0.05 on a 2.2 percent slope and gutter flow in a
26 m length of paved gutter on a longitudinal slope of 1.5 percent. Estimate the time of
concentration.
Given:
 Overland Flow
o n: 0.05
o slope: 2.2%
o Length: 50m
 Curb Gutter Flow
o Length: 26m
o Slope: 1.5%

tc = tg + to
Calculation:
𝐿
Curb Gutter Flow: Formula: tg =
40√𝑆
26
tg = = 0.53minutes
40√1.5
3
107 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 √𝐿
Overland Flow: Formula: to = 5
√𝑆
3
107 𝑥 0.05 𝑥 √50
to = 5 = 16.41 minutes
√2.2

time of concentration, tc = 0.53 minutes + 16.41 minutes = 16.94 minutes.

Question 3
Given:
 Area: 30ha
 Medium Residential: C = 0.75
 Minor system; ARI = 5 yrs
 Overland Flow: 100m Length; 0.3 Slope; 0.011 n value
 Drain Flow: 600m Length; 1m/s velocity
3 3
107 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 √𝐿 107 𝑥 0.011 𝑥 √100
to = 5 = 5 = 6.95 minutes
√𝑆 √0.3
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 600𝑚
td = = = 600 seconds = 10 minutes
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 1𝑚/𝑠

tc = 6.95 mins + 10 mins = 16.95 minutes

From IDF Curve, Rainfall Intensity = 160 mm/hr

𝐶𝐼𝐴 (0.75)(160)(30)
Q = 360 = = 10 m3/s
360
Question 4
Given:
 Minor Drainage for Medium Density Residential Area; C= 0.7
 Area: 30 ha in Kuala Lumpur
 Overland: 80m length, 0.5% slope
 Open Chanel: 1320m length, 1.0m/s velocity

From chart, to: 8.5 minutes

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 1320𝑚
tchanel = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 1320 seconds = 22 minutes
1𝑚/𝑠

tc = 22 min + 8.5 min = 30.5 mins.

From IDF Curve, Rainfall Intensity= 95mm/hr
𝐶𝐼𝐴 (0.75)(95)(30)
Q = 360 = = 5.9375 m3/s
360
Question 5
Question 6
Given:
 Area: 200 m x 200 m
 Overland Length: 200m
 Gutter Length: 100m
 Overland Velocity: 10m/minute
 Gutter Velocity: 20m/minute

tc = to + tg
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 200𝑚
to = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 10𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 20 minutes

𝑔𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 100𝑚

tg = 𝑔𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 20𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 5 minutes

tc = 20 minutes + 5 minutes = 25 minutes

Time (min) Depth (mm) Time (hour) Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

5 25 0.083333 300
10 39 0.166667 234
15 49 0.25 196
20 57 0.333333 171
25 63 0.416667 151.2
30 67 0.5 134
60 86 1 86

At Time (25 minutes), Rainfall Intensity = 151.2 mm/hr

Catchment Area = 200m x 200m = 40000m2
1 hectare = 10000m2
Catchment Area = 4 hectare
Runoff Coefficient (C) = 0.95; the value is taken for highway since parking lot design
surface is similar to road and highway, and also because this
design is for major event; ARI>10years.
𝐶𝐼𝐴
Q = 360
(0.95)(151.2)(4)
= 360

= 1.596 m3/s
Question 7
A 75ha catchment has the following time area relation:
Time(min) Contributing Area (ha)
0 0
5 2
10 7
15 19
20 38
25 68
30 75

Estimate the runoff hydrograph using the time area method for a 30 min rainfall excess
distribution given by
Time (min) Average Intensity (mm/hr)
0–5 120
5 – 10 70
10 – 15 50
15 – 20 30
20 – 25 20
25 - 30 10

Calculation:
Time (min) Contributing Area (ha) Area (ha)
0 0 0
5 2 2
10 7 5
15 19 12
20 38 19
25 68 30
30 75 7

t = 0 mins
Q0 = 0 m3/s
t = 5 mins
Q1 = I1A1 = [120(2)][5÷3600] = 0.67 m3/s
t = 10 mins
Q2 = I2A1 + I1A2 = [70(2) + 120(5)][5÷3600] = 2.10 m3/s
t = 15 mins
Q3 = I3A1 + I2A2 + I1A3 = [50(2) + 70(5) + 120(12)][ 5÷3600] = 5.30 m3/s
t = 20 mins
Q4 = I4A1 + I3A2 + I3A2 + I1A4 = [30(2) + 50(5) + 70(12) + 120(19)] [5÷3600]
= 9.50 m3/s
t = 25 mins
Q5 = I5A1 + I4A2 + I3A3 + I2A4 + I1A5 = [20(2) + 30(5) + 50(12) + 70(19) +
120(30)]0.002778
= 15.90 m3/s
t = 30 mins
Q6 = I6A1 + I5A2 + I4A3 + I3A4 + I2A5 + I1A6 = [10(2) + 20 (5) + 30 (12) + 50 (19) + 70
(30) + 120(7)] 0.002778 = 12.10m³/s
t = 35 mins
Q7 = I7A1 + I6A2 + I5A3 + I4A4 + I3A5 + I2A6 + I1A7 = [10(5) + 20(12) + 30(19) + 50(30)
+ 70(7)] 0.002778 = 7.90m³/s
t = 40mins
Q8 = I8A1 + I7A2 + I6A3 + I5A4 + I4A5 + I3A6 + I2A7 + I1A8 = [10 (12) + 20 (19) + 30 (30)
+ 50 (7)] 0.002778 = 4.90m³/s
t = 45mins
Q9 = I9A1 + I8A2 + I7A3 + I6A4 + I5A5 + I4A6 + I3A7 + I2A8 + I1A9 = [10 (19) + 20 (30) +
30 (7)] 0.002778 = 2.80m³/s
t = 50mins
Q10 = I10A1 + I9A2 + I8A3 + I7A4 + I6A5 + I5A6 + I4A7 + I3A8 + I2A9 + I1A10 = [10 (30 + 20
(7)] 0.002778 = 1.20m³/s
t = 55 mins
Q11 = I11A1 + I10A2 + I9A3 + I8A4 + I7A5 + I6A6 + I5A7 + I4A8 + I3A9 + I2A10+ I1A11 = [10
(7)] 0.002778 = 0.20m³/s
t = 60 mins
Q12 = I12A1 + I11A2 + I10A3 + I9A4 + I8A5 + I7A6 + I6A7 + I5A8 + I4A9 + I3A10+ I2A11 +
I1A12 = 0m³/s
Time (mins) Runoff (m3/s) Time (mins) Runoff (m3/s)
0 0 35 7.90
5 0.67 40 4.90
10 2.10 45 2.80
15 5.30 50 1.20
20 9.50 55 0.20
25 15.90 60 0
30 12.10

18

16

14

12
Runoff (m3/s)

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (mins)
Question 8
Plans are being considered to develop a 20ha mixed development project consists of
commercial, industrial and residential use. Mean annual rainfall for the catchment is
3000mm. The values for Event Mean Concentration (EMC) for the study area are given in
Table 1. The fraction of landuse for Kajang catchment is given in Table 2. Calculate the
annual pollution loading for TSS, TP and BOD from a 20ha mixed development area located
in Kajang catchment located in Selangor. Load estimation, based on EMC method is
recommended for this project. This is simplest but most widely used method to estimate
runoff pollutants from urban areas.
Given:
 Area: 20ha
 Mean annual rainfall: 3000mm/year
 A1: 5ha, Commercial
 A2: 10ha, Commercial
 A3: 5ha, Residential
Calculation:
Formula:
 Annual Runoff = Volumetric Runoff Coefficient x Mean Annual Rainfall
 Annual Loading =
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)(𝐸𝑀𝐶)(𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙)
100

Landuse Area Volumetric Pollutant EMC Annual Annual Loading

Runoff Runoff
Coefficient TSS TP BOD TSS TP BOD
Commercial 5 0.9 122 122 128 2700 16470 16470 17280
Commercial 10 0.9 0.32 0.32 0.34 2700 86.4 86.4 91.8
Residential 5 0.8 22.9 22.9 17.9 2400 2748 2748 2148
Annual Loading (tons/year) 19.3044 19.3044 19.5198
Question 9
Co = 0.166666667 C1 = 0.666666667 C2 = 0.416342593
Time Inflow Co x Ii+1 C1 x Ii C2 x O i Outflow
(h) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
0 10 10
0.5 10 1.666666667 6.666666667 4.163425926 12.49675926
1 25 4.166666667 6.666666667 5.202933149 16.03626648
1.5 45 7.5 16.66666667 6.676580763 30.84324743
2 30 5 30 12.8413576 47.8413576
2.5 25 4.166666667 20 19.91839486 44.08506152
3 15 2.5 16.66666667 18.35448881 37.52115548
3.5 10 1.666666667 10 15.62165515 27.28832181
4 3 0.5 6.666666667 11.36129065 18.52795732
4.5 0 2 7.713977785 9.713977785
5 0 4.044342696 4.044342696
5.5 1.683832123 1.683832123
6 0.701051032 0.701051032
6.5 0.291877404 0.291877404
7 0.121520995 0.121520995
7.5 0.050594366 0.050594366
8 0.02106459 0.02106459
8.5 0.008770086 0.008770086
9 0.00365136 0.00365136
9.5 0.001520217 0.001520217

60

50

40
Discharge (m3/s)

30
Outflow (m3/s)
Inflow (m3/s)

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (h)