COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Subject Name: Composite Materials Accepted Date: 02-07-2010

Subject Code: Delivery Date: 31-07-2010

Type (Theory-T, No. of questions

Problem-P)
CAT 1 CAT 2 CAT 3 CAT 4 Total
T P T P T P T P
Accepted
Answered 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
 CAT-1

267. Give the different types laminate sequences.

Ans:

Types laminate sequences are

• Unidirectional
• Cross-ply symmetric
• Angle-ply symmetric
• Quasi isotropic
• Multidirectional
• Hybrid

281. Define solid solution hardening.

Ans:

It is a typical hardening behavior observed commonly in all classes of metallic alloy

systems including off-stoichiometric intermetallic compounds. The origin of solid
solution hardening is usually ascribed to the interaction between a dislocation and
impurities contained in a solid solution that act as obstacles to a moving dislocation.

298. What are the fracture toughness parameters?

Ans:

The same parameters are also used to describe laboratory measurements of the critical
combinations of stress and crack size for crack extension in a test specimen, when they
are referred to as fracture toughness parameters.

451. What are microstructures?

Ans:

It is defined as fiber distributions and orientation Deviations in the microstructure (over-

cure, under cure, porosity, fiber orientation, fiber segregation, etc.) can result in degraded
material properties which can adversely affect performance. These material anomalies are
not associated with large impedance differences from the bulk material.

537. What is non-flat configuration?

Ans:
The deformations in the equilibrium configuration immediately make the structural
element non-flat, the structural element bows in some manner if only an infinitesimal
load is applied. Such behavior is not buckling because is not sudden and is not a change
in deformation configuration, but instead is ordinary deformation behavior in a non-flat
configuration.

539. What are the various energy methods?

Ans:

• Fuel energy
• Embodied energy
• Operating energy

540. What is buckling of laminated plates?

Ans:

The buckling and post buck-ling behavior of laminated composite plates resulting
differential equations, boundary conditions and energy functional may be used to analyze
these behaviors by various solution techniques with the bifurcation buckling of thin
laminates, the effects of shear deformation in the transverse direction are neglected.

542. What is Timoshenko Mindlin theory?

Ans:

The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), also known as the Mindlin or Mindlin-
plate theory, which is an extension of the Timoshenko beam theory, will be presented for
thin plates, the effect of shear deformation and rotators inertia arc small, and the theory
can be reduced to the classical plate theory (CPT).

543. Write the principle of Boltzmann superposition.

Ans:

The dynamic mechanical properties of a given polymer, whether represented in the form
of storage modulus or loss modulus, can be utilized to predict the behavior of the same
polymer in a different flow field this is done by appealing to the principle of Boltzmann
superposition.

618. List the assumptions of made for the laminated

composites.

Ans:
The following basic assumptions are made:

• Each lamina or ply of the laminate is quasi-homogeneous and orthotropic, but the
orientation of the fibre may change from lamina to lamina.
• All displacements are continuous throughout the laminate.
• All deformations in the laminate are considered to be small.
• Strain-displacement and stress-strain relations are linear.

646. Sketch the layer coordinates of a symmetric laminate.

Ans:

Image Reference: Q646_image1

667. Draw a typical shapes of the curve corresponding to the second order
polynomials.

Ans:

Image Reference: Q667_image1

669. Sketch the failure envelope for glass epoxy unidirectional composite in plane.

Ans:

Image Reference: Q669_image1

670. Define transverse stress.

Ans:

The transverse stresses taking into account the transverse shear deformation of the
laminate. To do this, we should first specify the character of loading, e.g., suppose that
axial force T in is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional contour of the angle-ply
layer middle surface. The transverse stress can be neglected, i.e., σy =0, and that the axial
strain in the middle part of the long strip is constant, i.e.,

εx = ε = constant.

671. What is interlaminar strength?

Ans:

The failure of composite laminates can also be associated with interlaminar fracture
caused by transverse normal and shear stresses σ3 and τ13, τ23 or σz and τxz, τyz shear stresses
in coordinates (1, 2, 3) are linked with stresses in coordinates (x, y, z) by simple
relationships of the strength criterion is formulated here in terms of stresses σz, τxz, τyz
which can be found directly.

673. What is interlaminar shear strength?

Ans:

The strength of the material in thin-walled structures, the transverse normal stress is
usually small and can be neglected in comparison with the shear stress. Then, can be
simplified and written as

τr = τ i

674. What is interlaminar fracture toughness?

Ans:

Fracture toughness is a very important characteristic of a structural

material indicating resistance of a material to cracks and governed by
the work needed to destroy a material work of fracture. It is well known
that there exist brittle and ductile metal alloys, whose typical stress–
strain.

701. List the parameters of the manufacturing process.

Ans:

As a result, the material characteristics depend on the type and

parameters of the manufacturing process, e.g., unidirectional
composites made by pultrusion, hand lay-up, and filament winding can
demonstrate different properties. This is concerned with the effect of
environmental, loading, and manufacturing factors on the mechanical
properties and behavior of composites.

717. Draw a neat graph of normalized long term longitudinal

strength of aramid epoxy (i) glass epoxy (ii) unidirectional
composites,

Ans:

Image Reference: Q717_image1

718. How to find the material durability?

Ans:
The material durability td(σ ), the time during which the material can withstand stress σ.
Consider the process of loading as a system of k stages such that the duration of each
stage is ti and the stress acting at this stage is σi (i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , k). Then, the whole
period of time during which the material can withstand such step-wise loading can be
calculated with the aid of the following equation.

Equation Reference: Q718_eq1

747. What is optimal structure for uniform tension?

Ans:

A cross-ply laminate, there exists an infinite number of optimal structures. For example,
this equation is satisfied for a symmetric ±45◦ angle-ply laminate l the quasi-isotropic
laminates discussed in satisfy the optimality conditions for uniform tension. A loading
case, which is important for actual applications, corresponds to a cylindrical pressure
vessel, as considered.

749. What is quasi isotropic materials?

Ans:

The materials for polymeric composites the characteristics of the first

group of materials are about 40% higher than those for the second
group. it should be emphasized that whereas the properties of quasi
isotropic laminates are universal material constants, the optimal
laminates demonstrate .

752. Draw a axisymmetrically loaded membrane shell of

revolution.

Ans:

Image Reference: Q752_image1

754. Draw a neat graph of combined meridian of the pressure

vessel dome.

Ans:

Image Reference: Q754_image1

783. What is cartesian coordinate frame?

Ans:
It specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are
the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in
the same unit of length.

Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point
where they meet is its origin. The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the
perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as a signed distances
from the origin.