VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 Engine: Emission Measurements For VTI and COST 346

VTI notat 51A-2005 www.vti.
se/publications
Published 2005
VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 engine

Emission measurements for VTI and COST 346
Anders Hedbom
Ulf Hammarström (Editor)
Preface
VTI has on commission of VINNOVA and the Swedish Road Administration
(SRA) participated in COST 346: ”Emissions and fuel consumption from heavy
duty vehicles”. In this commission VTI has engaged AVL MTC Motortestcenter
AB. The research efforts at AVL MTC have been executed by Anders Hedbom.
This report, VTI notat 51A-2005, constitutes a documentation of exhaust emission
measurements for one engine, VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3. In the COST 346
project AVL MTC has performed exhaust emission measurements on three
engines in total.
Project leader at VTI has been Ulf Hammarström. Contact persons: Carl
Naumburg at VINNOVA and Håkan Johansson at SRA. Gunilla Sjöberg, VTI,
has performed the final revision of this document.
Linköping, December 2005
Ulf Hammarström
VTI notat 51A-2005

VTI notat 51A-2005
Contents Page
1 Engine and measuring arrangements 1
2 Facilities 13
3 Program 17
4 Results 21
VTI notat 51A-2005

VTI notat 51A-2005
1 Engine and measuring arrangements
VTI notat 51A-2005 1

2 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO FM12
data
• MODEL YEAR 2001
• 6 x 2 RIGID
• NET VEHICLE WEIGHT 11 800 kg
• GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT 29 600 kg
VOLVO D12C 420 ENGINE

• 6 INLINE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE • EURO3 — EM-
EM-EC99
• TURBO, AIR/AIR INTERCOOLER • MAX. POWER 420 hp (309 kW) @ 1800 rpm
• ELECTRONIC UNIT INJECTORS • MAX. TORQUE 2000 Nm @ 1050-
1050-1450 rpm
• 4 VALVES PER CYLINDER • COMPRESSION RATIO 18.1:1
• SWEPT VOLUME 12.1 LITRES • MAX. EXHAUST BRAKE 285 kW @ 2300 rpm
Figure 1 Rental truck Type approval according to 99/96/EC.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 2 Right view from brochure Exhaust manifold Turbo – intercooler.

Figure 3 Left view from brochure Inlet manifold Engine ECU.
Figure 4 Engine in reality.

Figure 5 Front view Intercooler and fan from vehicle Fan locked in fixed
position. Corrections made to net power according to 80/1269/EC.
Figure 6 Exhaust manifold Turbo compressor and turbine.

Figure 7 Connection to torque shaft and brake.
Figure 8 Left view Engine ECU Vehicle ECU.

Figure 9 Vehicle ECU.
Figure 10 Network and units needed for communication between engine and
vehicle ECU’s.

Figure 11 Engine actuator – pedal potentiometer from vehicle.
Figure 12 Combustion air intake. Temperature and pressure measurement.

Figure 13 Intake manifold. Temperature and pressure measurement.
Figure 14 Exhaust gas pipe. Temperature and pressure measurement.

Figure 15 Exhaust manifold – turbine. Lambda sensor.
Figure 16 Etas lambda meter.

Figure 17 Indimaster equipment.
Figure 18 Crank angle measurement; 720 marks per revolution; 2,880 pulses per
cycle.

Figure 19 Connection to engine ECU brooken. All communication via a connected
brake-out box instead.
Figure 20 Break-out box.

2 Facilities

Blower Unit
Heated sample line
Sample line
Wire
TRANSIENT HEAVY DUTY
ENGINE TEST BED
TRANSIENT HEAVY DUTY Upper Floor
ENGINE TEST BED Dilution Air On Line

Dilution Air Bag
Diluted Sample Bag
Unregulated Emissions Sampling
Dilution
Air System
Flow Controller
CVS
Control Unit Insulated 5” exhaust pipe
NOx / CO Diluted
HORIBA HORIBA
MEXA-9400D MEXA-9400D AVL 439

HC Diluted
ELPI PSS V&F MS

InfraredAnalyzer InfraredAnalyzer
RS 330
AVL 670 Indimaster Line Selector Backpressure
Flame Ionization Flame Ionization Valve
Analyzer Analyzer Line 1
NO Direct
Engine Exhaust
Chemiluminescent Chemiluminescent Line 2

Analyzer Analyzer NOx / CO Direct
HC Direct
Magnetopneumatic- HORIBA HORIBA HORIBA HORIBA
detection AVL 415
Pump dehumid Pump dehumid FlameIonization FlameIonization

NOx/CO/CO2 Analyzer Analyzer
NOx /CO/CO2 O2
Muffler Mass Flow Combustion
Direct Diluted HC Diluted HC Direct Air
Diluted Direct Sensyflow
AVL AVL Torque shaft

Transputer Transputer ELIN
Fuel Mass
Fuel
Conditioning Flow
AVL PUMA
Engine Test System
PUMA 5
ISAC 200
Fully transient asynchronous brake

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE Figure 21 Dual analysing systems
Full flow tunnel system

3 Program

MEASUREMENT PROGRAM
ARTEMIS PROGRAM MTC PROGRAM
FULLOAD PERFORMANCE program

FULLOAD PERFORMANCE
STEADY STATE CYCLES STEADY STATE CYCLES
► ECE R49 ► ECE R49
► ESC ► ESC
► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS ► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 10
5
► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS ► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS + 2
TRANSIENT CYCLES TRANSIENT CYCLES
► ►
► ETC
► ETC
ETC ETC
► ►
► ELR
ELR
ELR
► ELR
ELR
► TNO-
TNO-REAL WORLD ►
► TNO-
TNO-REAL WORLD
TNO-REAL WORLD CYCLE
CYCLE (12.5 kW/ton)
► TNO-REAL WORLD CYCLE
CYCLE
► ► TUG-
TUG-REAL WORLD
TUG REAL WORLD
► TUG-REAL CYCLE
WORLD CYCLE
CYCLE
► TUG-
TUG-REAL WORLD
TUG-REAL WORLD CYCLE
CYCLE
ALL CYCLES RUN TWICE
ALL CYCLES REPEATED 3 TIMES
PROGRAM PERFORMED WITH
PROGRAM
SWEDISHPERFORMED
EC1 DIESEL WITH
FUEL 2
DIFFERENT DIESEL FUELS
UNDERLINED CYCLES ALSO RUN AS
SINGLE TESTS WITH REFERENCE FUEL
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE Figure 22
FUEL KEY PARAMETERS
Cetan Number
ANALYSIS fuel
UNIT
RESULT
CEC RF-06-99
52,3
EC1
51,3
Cetan Index 51,8
Density @ 15°C kg/m³ 834,0 816,9
Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 2,945 1,959
Calorific Value MJ/kg 43,18 43,14
CFPP °C -26 < -35
Flash Point °C 83 69
Aromatics total %vol 22,0 4,6
Monoaromatics %vol 18,1 4,3
Diaromatics %vol 3,9 0,2
Polyaromatics, tri and higher %vol 0,1 < 0,02
Sulphur content mg/kg 50 3
Distillation
IBP °C 185,9
50 % recovered @ °C 270 235,0
90 % recovered @ °C 269,3
95 % recovered @ °C 345 279,7
FBP °C 349 290,9
HFRR µm 403 235
Figure 23 Major differencies: Density, Viscosity, Aromatic content, Sulphur

content, Destillation curve.

4 Results

FULLOAD PERFORMANCE
VOLVO D12C 420 RF AND EC1 FUEL
2200 480
2000 RF FUEL 440

EC1 FUEL
1800 400
1600 360
torque, Nm; NOx rate, g/h
1400 320
power, kW; mg/st

1200 280
1000 240
800 200
600 torque, Nm 160
400 NOx rate, g/h 120

power, kW
200 mg/st 80
0 40
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042Q003 engine speed, rpm
Figure 24 Measurements have been performed with two fuel qualities, EC1
and RF fuel, see figure 23 Mg/st: milligram fuel per engine stroke.
FULLOAD PERFORMANCE
VOLVO D12C 420 & SCANIA DC12 01 RF FUEL
2200 480
2000 440
1800 400
1600 360
torque, Nm; NOx rate, g/h
1400 320
power, kW; mg/st
1200 280
1000 240
800 200
600 torque, Nm 160

NOx rate, g/h
400 power, kW 120
mg/st
200 kW 80
0 40
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042Q003+5728Q008 engine speed, rpm
Figure 25 Comparison of measured results for VOLVO D12C and SCANIA DC 12

01 (without dots). Note the fuel cut-off region for the SCANIA. SCANIA DC 12 01 was
the first engine in the Swedish COST 346 measuring campaign.

FULLOAD PERFORMANCE
VOLVO D12C 420 RF FUEL
2200 440
VOLVO HOMOLOGATION:
2000 nlo = 950 rpm 400
A = 1200 rpm nhi = 70% * Pmax
nhi = 1950 rpm B = 1450 rpm
1800 1945 rpm 360
C = 1700 rpm
1600 320
nlo = 50% * Pmax
1400 910 rpm 280
torque, Nm
power, kW
1200 240
CONTROL
1000 AREA 200
ESC
800 160
600 120
400 80
200 40
A B C
0 0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Based on measurements 2042Q002 engine speed, rpm
Figure 26 Emission control area for the Volvo engine.
FULLOAD PERFORMANCE
VOLVO D12C 420 RF FUEL
2200 440
VOLVO HOMOLOGATION:
2000 nlo = 950 rpm 400
A = 1200 rpm nhi = 70% * Pmax
nhi = 1950 rpm B = 1450 rpm
1800 1945 rpm 360
C = 1700 rpm
1600 320
nlo = 50% * Pmax
1400 910 rpm 280
torque, Nm
power, kW
1200 240
1000 200
800 160
600 120
ETC POINT DISTRIBUTION
400 80
200 40
A B C
0 0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042R004 engine speed, rpm
Figure 27 ETC point distribution in relation to ESC area (A–B–C). Majority of points
in ETC around 1,400 rpm.

FULLOAD PERFORMANCE
TUG FUEL
2200 440
SCANIA HOMOLOGATION:
2000 400
nlo = 900 rpm A = 1250 rpm ETC POINT DISTRIBUTION
1800 nhi = 2300 rpm B = 1600 rpm 360
C = 1950 rpm
1600 320
nlo = 50% * Pmax nhi = 70% * Pmax
1400 909 rpm 2275 rpm 280
torque, Nm
power, kW
1200 240
1000 200
800 160
600 120
400 80
200 40
0 0
A B C
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
engine speed, rpm nref = 2230 rpm
Based on measurements 5728Q008+5728R039
Figure 28 ETC point distribution in relation to the ESC area (A–B–C) for SCANIA
DC 1201 engine running on TUG/RF fuel. Majority of points in ETC around 1,550
rpm for the SCANIA engine.
STEADY STATE CYCLE MEASUREMENT POINTS

VOLVO D12C 420
350
fulload performance, VOLVO D12C 420, kW
ARTEMIS 29 POINTS
300 ESC CYCLE
ECE R49
EXTRA MOTORING AND HIGH IDLE
250
200
power, kW
150
100
50
-50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Based on measurements 2042Q001 norm. engine speed, %
Figure 29 Extra motoring and high idle points. With a full load curve consisting of 23
emission measurements there are alltogether 103 points included in the map
calculation. Some of the points though overlaping.

Test id 2042A002.AAD
Date 2003-05-31 VOLVO D12C420 Test date 17-DEC-02
Time 18:05:20 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom NOx g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi
2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD
2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD
2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
956956 1024 1056 1136

1235
1036 1249
1226
1800 863 1013 10
00
1222
1200 1297
1185 1297
831 929 1254
1161
1047 12001122 1212
772 900 1212041209
712 00
1500 683 820 1202
1158 12
TORQUE [Nm]
762 982 00
640 800 1180
814
580 609
747 792
539 619
110
1200 700 792 885
814
0
452 648 767
676
646 622 600 931
489
900 616 511
526
604 823
603 500
543 534
548
600 342
400
387 352
374 312 317 288
299 309
300
322
300 292 316
210
195 254 200
237 251 248 246
146 236 237
79
81
68 151 103 162 196 200 216
67
0 83 62
70 100
0
0 0 1
0 1
0
0
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Figure 30
Time 15:11:01 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom NOx g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
1800
1600
1400
1200
G_NOX [g/h]
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
2000
1800 1800
1500 1600
1200 1400
900 1200
600 1000
TOR
QUE 300 800 PM]
[Nm 0 600 ED [R
] SPE
Figure 31 (Tendency of a ditch between 1,200–1,700 rpm.)

Time 18:05:47 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom NOx g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
4,5 4,5 4,5 4,4 4,6

4,7
4,4 4,6
4. 4,7
1800 4,7 4,3 5 4,5 4,7
4,4 4,7
4,6 4,3 4,5
4.5 4,1
4,3 4,3
5,1
5,1
4,0 4,3 4,2
1500 5,5 5,1 4,4
4,1
TORQUE [Nm]
4,3 3,9
5,7 4,6
4,0
5,9 5,5
5,5 3,9
5.5
5,6
6,3
1200 3,7 4,2
4.5
3,9
6,9 4,2 3,6
4,0
5,9 4,9
4
7,8 4
4,1
900 6,6 3,9
3,9
4,2 5,3
6,7 3,9 3,8
9.5
10
10,0
600 4,4
7,6 4,1
7,7 5,4 4,6 4,1
4,2 4,3
5.5 4,6 4,5 5 6.5
300 11,8 6
10,5
6. 5
7.5 7,5
11
10
.5 99,3
.5 10,4 9,3 9,2 10 9,2 8,4 7
12.5
13
16 11,714,8
.5 10,2 10 8,6 13 13.5
.5 11. 5 12
.5
382,2
445,0 77,5 17 1011
542,5 592,4 2020 1.5.5 1519,6
221 1314 15 12.5
-943,1
16
15.5
16.5 17 8.5
.5
-33,4 8 .5 14.5
0 13 12 115 19.524 23 2
23
16
15 -11,0 7. 5 5 5.5 4 18 22.52 13
9 11.5.5 17 19
.5.5
14
14.5
-146,9 12.5 6. 5 1011.5 18 1415
-0,0 10.5
12 7 -0,0 2 2.53 3.5 4
11.5 -0,0 0 0.5 1.5 0
11 5 6 4. 5 1 -0,0 -0,0
10. -0,0
-0,0
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 32
Time 15:12:48 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom NOx g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
20
18
16
SP_NOX [g/kWh]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 600
0 800
1000
300
600 1200
900 1400
TOR 1200 1600
M]
QUE 1500 1800 [RP
ED
[Nm
] 1800 2000 SPE
Figure 33

Time 18:06:13 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom CO g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
606611 443 318 280

180
0 435 150
60 0
20202
1800 526 50 381 163 136
550
5 162
263 127 139
570
148
150
464 500 129 149
524 450
142 155 156
1500 446 500 186 150 139
166
TORQUE [Nm]
217 134
376 119
128
500
355 4565000
211 138
289 424 4 4
350
1200 300 122 95
103
229 78 140
250
150 77
100 77 96
83 69
0
900 20 73
66 70
88 99
67 75 97
32
600 63
42 78
37 49 72 119
108 113
101 114
300 24
39
38 63 106
51 72 80
10
94
0
23 51 72
9 23 26 51 79 106
10
0 10 11
9
2 50
2 2
2 2
3
3
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 34
Time 15:13:14 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom CO g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
900
800
700
600
G_CO [g/h]
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
2000
1800 1800
1500 1600
1200 1400
900 1200
TOR 600 1000
QUE 300 800 PM]
[Nm] 0 600 ED [R
SPE
Figure 35

Time 18:06:41 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom CO g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
2,852,85 1,94 1,34 1,13

0,69
1,84 0,55
0,78
1800 2,88 1,63 0,60 0,49
1,23
0,60 0.5 0,46 0,49
3,17
0,53
0,52 0,52
3,06
3,77
0,51 0,550,55
1500 3,60 1,16 0,51
5
2.
0,59
TORQUE [Nm]
1,22 0,53
3,37 4
3. 5
0,63 0,46
3,62 4,12
3.5 1,55 0,67
3,39 3,80
1200 0,58 0,45
0,49
3,48 0,50 0,66
2
0. 0,46
1,00 0,73 5 0. 0,50
0,57 5
900 4 0,71 0,54
0,54
0,62 0,64
0,74 0,54 0,69
5
0.
3.5
0,58
600 0,81
0,82 0,91 1
0,76 0,84 1,05 1,68
1,52 1,58
1.5 1,44
300 0,99 1,61
1,96
1,83 2,31 3,98 5
3 2,25 2,64 2,94 3,20
5 4.5
5.5
2,33 5 5 2,21 5.5 2,60 5

7.
1,77
5
19,48 5 7. 5 5. 5 7 5.
51,12
44,72
71,45 7 7. 186,50 608,85 6.5 -464,49
8.
8.5
6
7.5
5
4.5
-4,85 99.
5 .5 8.5
4.
1 10 11
6.
9.
10
3. 11.5 7
0 89
6
5
3. 5
4.
3
5
-1,88 5 8 7 9 6 4
5
-18,34 6 6.5 8 6.5

1. 5 4-0,13 4 4
0. 5 0 2.5 2
-0,11 -0,08
-0,08 -0,06 0 -0,06 0
-0,05
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 36 (Maximum about 4 g/kWh at full load and low speed (SCANIA max 14).)
Time 15:13:38 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom CO g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
10
9
8
7
SP_CO [g/kWh]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
600
0 800
300 1000
600 1200
900 1400
TOR 1200 1600
QUE 1500 1800 PM]
[Nm 1800 ED [R
] 2000 SPE
Figure 37

Time 18:07:06 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom HC g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
14,411,4 12,5 15,7 19,2

24,2
20,4 30,7
27,4
1800 10,9 14,6 28 31,0 38,3
12 19,7
27,3 39,2 43,1
15,9
44,2
30,9 47,0
10,8
8,6
43,0 56,655,0
1500 11,3 17,8 58,6
12 50,3
TORQUE [Nm]
19,0 42,1
12,2 61,9
31,9
13,1 16,8
20 19,1 33,6
13,0 14,5
1200 46,3 48,8
46,8
13,0 31,2 44,9
40,1
22,0 25,1 63,7
20,8
900 24,3 30,3
29,6
49,7 60,2
24,4 39,6 41,2
40
21,6
600 24 37,5
27,2 43,7
25,0 22,6 32,1 49,0 60
32 42,4 56 55,2 56
56,6 60,3
300 17,6
23,0
19,9 35,4 54,1
8 27,1 41,2 45,2 54,2
13,3 30,6 41,0 52
10,1
10,4 16,7 24
24,9 30,9 41,4 48,3 48
9,7 44
0 9,5 13,1 40 36 32
10,012
7,0 28
8,6 24
6,3 20
12 12 8 4 8,2 10,6 16 12
10,6 8
13,3 4
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 38
Time 15:13:58 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom HC g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
100
90
80
70
G_HC [g/h]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
1800 1800
1500 1600
1200 1400
900 1200
TORQ 600 1000
300 800 M]
UE [N 0 600 D [RP
m ] SPEE
Figure 39

Time 18:07:33 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom HC g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

0,1
0,1 0,1
0,1
1800 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,1 0,1
0,1 0,1 0,2
0,2
0,1 0.1 0,1 0,2
0,1
0,2 0,2 0,2
1500 0,1 0,1 0,2
0,2
TORQUE [Nm]
0,1 0,2
0,1 0.1 0,2
0,2
0,1 0,2
0.2 0,1 0,2
0,2 0,1
1200 0,2 0,2
0,2
0,2 0,2 0,2
0.2
2
0,2
0.
0,3 0,2 0,3
0,2
900 0.3 0,3 0,2
0,2
0,3 0,4
0,3 0,3 0,3
0,4 0.3 0.4

600 0,5
0,5 0,5 0.5
0,5 0,4 0,5 0.6 0,7
0.7 0,6 0,8
0.8 0,8
300 0,7 0.9 0,8
1,1 1
0,9 1.1 1.4 1.5 2,0
1,2 1.3
1,3 1,5 1,7 1.6 1.7 1.8
1.2 1,8
1,3 1,3 1,5
48,7
55,4
83,0 1,3 18,7 112,8 320,5 -211,1
-4,8
0 -2,3
-20,8
-0,4
-0,4 -0,3
-0,3 -0,2
-0,2
-0,2
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 40
Time 15:14:16 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom HC g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
1,8
1,6
1,4
SP_HC [ g/kWh]
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
-0,2
0 600
800
400 1000
1200
800 1400
TOR 1200 1600
QUE 1800 PM]
[Nm 1600 2000 ED [R
] SPE
Figure 41

Time 18:08:01 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom FUEL g/min EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
0,7250,730 0,788 0,828 0,852

0,896
0,834 0,943
0,886
1800 0,624 0,819 0,943 0,962
0,940 0,957
0,618 0,752 0,987
0.6 1,012
0,856 1,015
0,519
0,485
1,006 1,0131,028
1500 0,428 0,544
0.5
0. 95
0,984
5 1,014 1
TORQUE [Nm]
0,630 0,916
0,386 0.9 0,931
0,729
0,342 0,387
0,465 0.5 0,731 0. 85
0,300 0,387
1200 0,789 0,773
0.8
0,769
0.4 0,779
0,234 5 0,552
0,604 0. 75
0,285 0,367 0,712
0,433 0.7
0.4
900 0,319 0,469
0,496
0,548 0.6 5
0,601
0,314 0. 35 0,511 0,542
0,192
0. 3
600 0,298
0,200 0,342
0,173 0,223 0.25 0,277 0,330
0,312 0,324
0,311 0,328
300 0,101 0.2
0,105
0,091 0,142 0,197
0,122 0,150 0,161 0,186
0.15
0,057 0,121 0,155
0,022
0,018 0,058 0,044 0,070 0,110 0,164
0,016 0.1
0 0,022 0,018
0,018
-0,002 0.05
0 0,001 -0,002
0,003 0,000
0,000
0,002
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 42
Time 15:14:37 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom FUEL g/min EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
1,8
1,6
1,4
G_FUEL [kg/min]
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
-0,2
2000
1800 1800
1500 1600
1200 1400
900 1200
600 1000
TOR
QUE 300 800 PM]
[Nm ED [R
] 0 600 SPE
Figure 43

Dat e 2003-05-31 VOLVO D12C420 Test date 17-DEC-02
Time 18:08:27 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom FUEL g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
2400 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
205205 207 209 206
205
205
211 206
205
1800 210 207 207
5
205
20
208 206
206 211 210
216
209 215
206
209
215 217 216
1500 207 203 217
217
TORQUE [Nm]
213 219
208 217
214
210 210
204 213
211 208210
1200 223 219
220
213 213 222
216
206 207 224
21
205 215
0
900 21
5 206 217
219
230 231
208 220 231
22
0 211
600 210 229
225 236 239
245 229 240
250 213 235 242 280
255 264 272
230
265 277
300 270 246
275 314
26 0 260 314 444
300 25
245
255 322 330 357 380
5
0
29
28
5 343 313 300 285 335

7348
6372
8723 270 1972 15339 50926 -42988
-476 260290 245 240 280
285 190 185
180 175
0 -195 205 195
200 170 165 160155 150 235 275 295 290
-2200
9 230 270 265 260
-3 4 255 250
-6 225
-0 220
-0 210 215
-1
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED[RPM]
Figure 44
Time 15:14:53 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom FUEL g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
360
340
320
SP_FUEL [g/kWh]
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
600
0 800
300 1000
600 1200
900 1400
0
TOR 120 1600 M]
QUE 150
0 1800 [RP
[Nm 0 ED
] 180 2000 SPE
Figure 45

Time 15:15:57 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom PM g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
PM measured by TEOM instrument. Series in PC-TRR files Net vers
2002 juli-decþ2042Q003.AAD
2400 2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD
2002 juli-decþ2042M002.AAD
2002 juli-decþ2042X003.AAD
2002 juli-decþ2042B002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD
11,612,1 12,2 10,8 9,6

8,2
15,1 4
1 8,4 8 8,2
1800 10,7 12 13,5 8,8 7,8
9,6
8
11,4 7,6 10,1
11,3
12,9
10,5 9,5 13,3
10 13,7 14,514,7
11 14
1500 9,1 7,7 13,1
TORQUE [Nm]
12,2 14,9 16
7,4 12 13,9
7 8,1 13,4
7,8
6 7,5
1200 14,9 13,4
22,2 13,9
4,5 8,4
6,9 9,1 14,9
2,9 8,9
900 5,5 9,1
9,3
18,1 18,6
5,1 12,1 18,9
1,6 18
600
6,2 10,4
2,7
2 2,4 5,6 26,2
14,5 21,6
17,7 23,4
300 1
1,4
1,6 2,1 3 3,8 17,1
5,8 8,5
1,7 0,5 3,4 14 18
11,9 16
-0,5
0,1 0,41 0,1 2,7
12
8
0,5
0
0 0,6 -0,5
10
-0,1 0
-0,1 6
-0,4
0,7 0,3 4
0,4 0,2
0 0,9 2
-300
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED [RPM]
Figure 46
Time 15:15:09 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom PM g/h EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
PM measured by TEOM instrument.
72
64
56
48
G_TEOM [g/h]
40
32
24
16
8
0
-8
2000
1800 1800
1500 1600
1200 1400
900 1200
TOR 600 1000
300 800 M]
QUE D [RP
SPEE
[Nm 0 600
]
Figure 47

Time 15:15:36 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom PM g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
PM measured by TEOM instrument. Series in PC-TRR files Net vers
2400 2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD
0,06
0,05 0,05 0,05 0,04
0,03
0,06 0,03
0,03
1800 0,06 0,06 0,03 0,03
0,05 0,04 0,03 0,04
0,06
0,05
0,07 0,04 0,05
0,05 0,05
0,05
0,08 0,05
0,0 5
1500 0,07 0,05 0,05
TORQUE [Nm]
0,0 0,07 0,06 0,06

0,07 5 0,06 0,05
0,07 0,07 0,06 0,07
0,07 0,07
1200 0,07 0,06
0,10,11 0,07
5
0,07 0,05
0 ,0
0,06 0,05 0,08
0,04 0,07
900 0,06 0,07
0,07
0,13 0,12
0,06 0,09 0,13
0,03
600
0,08 0,12
0,05
0,04 0,04 0,08 0,37
0,21 0,3
0,25 0,33
300 0,04
0,07
0,07 0,11 0,64 0,75
0,09 0,14 0,21 ,7
0,1 0,08 0,1 0,39
0,29 0,79 0 0 ,8
0 ,0
0,03 0,03 0,11

-0,42
3,67
4,92 0,1 0,85
5
-0,26 0,4
0 -1,870,09 0,35 0,650,55 0,5 0,4 5
0,6 0,4
0,07 0,01 0,3 5
0,1 0,02 0,3
-0,04 -0,01 0,25 0,2 0,15
-0,010 -0 0,1
0 0 -0,02 0,05 0
-300
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED [RPM]
Figure 48
Time 15:16:14 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom PM g/kWh EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
PM measured by TEOM instrument.
0,9
0,8
0,7
SP_TEOM [g/kWh]
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
-0,1
600
0 800
300 100
0
600 120
0
900 140
0
0
TOR 120 160
0 M]
QUE 150
0 180 [RP
[Nm 0 0 ED
] 180 200
0 SPE
Figure 49

Time 15:16:34 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom LAMBDA EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
2700
LAMBDA measured by ETAS instrument. Series in PC-TRR files Net vers
2400 2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD
2100 2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD
1,311,31 1,38 1,43 1,46

1,54
1,39 1,6
1,531,58
1800 1,31 1,42 1,67
1,48 1,59 1,69 1,74
1,3
1,76
1,33 1,69 1,79 1,8
1,31 1,77 1,81
1500 1,33 1,45 1,86
TORQUE [Nm]
1,56 1,86 1,78

1,34 1,93
1,75
1,34 1,32 1,75
1,33 1,46
1,36
1200 1,96 2,03
1 ,5
1,95 2,04
1,36 1,82
1,72 2
1,58 2,2
1,81
900 1,78 1,91
2,04
2,37 2,4
1,77 2,12 2,28
2
2,1
600
2,4 2,62
2,61 2,5
2,78 2,73 2,8 3,16
3 3,08 2,98
2,94 3,04
300 3,48 3,5
4,4
4,5 4,574 4,16 4,1 4,43
5 4,15 4,22 4,23
5,5 5,87 4,99
7,5 6,5 5,465,56 6 8,4 4,166,93 4,14
10,37
11,28
9,98 12,44 7
0 9,9 13,37
10,43 13 16,42
12,5 11,5 16,43
12 11 16,42
10,5 16,42 9 ,5 16,42 16,42
10
9 8,5 8 16,42 8 8,5
-300
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
SPEED [rpm]
Figure 50
Time 15:16:51 Test time 19:13:47
Anders Hedbom LAMBDA EC1 fuel Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
LAMBDA measured by ETAS instrument.
10
9
8
7
LAMBDA [-]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 600
800
0
100
300 0
120
600 0
140
900 0
0 160
TOR 120 0 [rp m
]
QUE 0
150 180
0 ED
[ Nm
] 180
0 200 SPE
0
Figure 51

VOLVO D12C 420
SPEED AND TORQUE POINTS
ETC CYCLE
2400
2200
2042FL01.AA
2000 2042R005.AA
1800
1600
1400
1200
TORQUE [ Nm]
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
600 900 1200 1500 1800
SPEED[ rpm]
Figure 52 (2042: engine number; FL: Full Load; R:ETC test.)
TNO HD test cycle

12.5 kW/ton
BAG 1 BAG 2 BAG 3
100
90
80
70
Vehicle speed [km/h]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time [s]
Figure 53

VOLVO D12C 420
TNO CYCLE PART 1
2400
2200
2042FL01.AA
2000 2042C003.AA
1800
1600
1400
1200
TORQUE [ Nm]
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
600 900 1200 1500 1800
SPEED[ rpm]
Figure 54
VOLVO D12C 420

TNO CYCLE PART 2
2400
2200
2042FL01.AA
2000 2042D003.AA
1800
1600
1400
1200
TORQUE [ Nm]
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
600 900 1200 1500 1800
SPEED[ rpm]
Figure 55

VOLVO D12C 420
TNO CYCLE PART 3
2400
2200
2042FL01.AA
2000 2042E002.AA
1800
1600
1400
1200
TORQUE [ Nm]
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
600 900 1200 1500 1800
SPEED[ rpm]
Figure 56
HC-limit
VOLVO D12C 420
EURO3 / ETC ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,7 7
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS
0,6 6
0,5 5
CO AND NOx g/kWh
HC AN PM, g/kWh
0,4 4
0,3 3
0,2 2
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
R004 R003+R005 TNO (C+D+E) TNO (C+D+E)
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
Figure 57

VOLVO D12C 420
ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,7 7
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
0,6 6
0,5 5
CO AND NOx g/kWh

HC AND PM, g/kWh
0,4 4
0,3 3
0,2 PM-limit 2
EURO3 / ETC
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
Figure 58
VOLVO D12C 420

0,7 7
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
0,6 6
CO-limit
EURO3 / ETC
0,5 5
HC AND PM, g/kWh
CO AND N O g/kWh
0,4 4
0,3 3
0,2 2
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
Figure 59 Comparison between RF and EC1 fuels for transient conditions. For ETC
and EC1, double tests.

VOLVO D12C 420
0,7 7
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
0,6 6
NOx-limit
EURO3 / ETC
0,5 5
CO AND NOx, g/kWh

HC AND PM, g/kWh
0,4 4
0,3 3
0,2 PM-limit 2
EURO3 / ETC
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
Figure 60
VOLVO D12C 420

300 1200
avg. power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2

250 1000
AVG. POWER, kW; FC, g/kWh
200 800
CO2, g/kWh
150 600
100 400
50 200
0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
Figure 61

VOLVO D12C 420
ETC CYCLE CHANGE FROM RF TO EC1 DIESEL FUEL
90%
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
80%
COMPARISON BASED ON EMISSIONS IN g/kWh
70%
60%
EMISSION INCREASE
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10%
-20%
delta %
EC1/RF
Figure 62
VOLVO D12C 420

ETC CYCLE CHANGE FROM RF TO EC1 DIESEL FUEL
4%
avg. power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2
2%
0%
INCREASE
-2%
-4%
-6%
-8%
COMPARISON BASED ON EMISSIONS AND FC IN g/kWh

-10%
delta %
EC1/RF
Figure 63

HC-limit
VOLVO D12C 420
EURO3 / ESC ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,6 6
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS
0,5 5
0,4 4
CO AND NOx, g/kWh

HC AND PM, g/kWh
0,3 3
0,2 2
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
S002 S001+S004 M001+M002
Figure 64 (S: ESC test; M: R49 test. Double test for EC1 fuel and single test for
RF fuel.)
VOLVO D12C 420

ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,6 6
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
0,5 5
0,4 4
CO AND NOx, g/kWh
HC AND PM, g/kWh
0,3 3
0,2 2
PM-limit
EURO3 / ESC
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
S002 S001+S004 M001+M002
Figure 65

VOLVO D12C 420
0,6 6
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
0,5 5
0,4 4
CO AND NOx, g/kWh

HC AND PM, g/kWh
0,3 3
CO-limit
EURO3 / ESC
0,2 2
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
S002 S001+S004 M001+M002
Figure 66
VOLVO D12C 420

0,6 6
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
NOx-limit ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS
EURO3 / ESC
0,5 5
0,4 4
CO AND NOx, g/kWh
HC AND PM, g/kWh
0,3 3
0,2 2
PM-limit
EURO3 / ESC
0,1 1
0,0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
S002 S001+S004 M001+M002
Figure 67

VOLVO D12C 420
300 1200
weighted power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2
250 1000
WEIGHTED POWER, kW; FC, g/kWh
200 800
CO2, g/kWh
150 600
100 400
50 200
0 0
RF EC1 RF EC1
S002 S001+S004 M001+M002
Figure 68 (Calculated fuel based on carbon balance measurements.)
ENGINE SPEED CORRELATION ENGINE TORQUE CORRELATION NOx RATE CORRELATION

ARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001 ARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001 ARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
1900 2400 1400
1700 y = 0,99x + 9,69 1200 y = 0,97x + 0,54

y = 1,00x - 1,17 1900
TORQUE B002 Nm
R2 = 1,00 R2 = 1,00 R2 = 1,00

SPEED B002 rpm
1500 1000
NOx B002 g/h
1300 1400 800
1100 900 600
900 400
400
700 200
500 -100 0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 -100 400 900 1400 1900 2400 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
SPEED B001 rpm TORQUE B001 Nm NOx B001 g/h
PM RATE CORRELATION TEOM RATE CORRELATION

ARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001 ARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
30 30
y = 1,01x - 0,26
TEOM vs
25 25
y = 1,03x - 0,36
R2 = 0,99
20
R2 = 0,97 GRAVIMETRIC PM
TEOM B002 g/h
20
PM B002 g/h
15
15
10
MEASUREMENT
10
5
5 0 STEADY STATE TEST
0 -5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PM B001 g/h TEOM B001 g/h
TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATION TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATION TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATION

ARTEMIS 15 STEP B001 ARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 ARTEMIS 15 STEP B001+B002
30 30 30
25 25 y = 1,08x - 1,43 25
y = 1,09x - 1,51 y = 1,08x - 1,47
TEOM B001+B002 g/h
20 R2 = 0,98 20 R2 = 0,97 20 R2 = 0,98

TEOM B001 g/h
TEOM B002 g/h
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
-5 -5 -5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PM B001 g/h PM B002 g/h PM B001+B002 g/h
Figure 69 (B001 and B002 are repeated ARTEMIS 15 mode test series. The first two rows of diagrams describes
the stability when the same test procedure is repeated, first B001 and then B002. The third row of diagrams compare
two measurement methods for PM, TEOM and gravimetric.)

TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATION
ALL TRANSIENT TESTS
0,30
0,25 y = 1,05x + 0,01

R2 = 0,99
0,20
TEOM g/kWh
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
PM g/kW h
Figure 70 Comparement of two measurement methods, TEOM and

gravimetric, under transient conditions.
VOLVO D12C 4 20
LAMBDA MEASUREMENT ETC CYCLE
20 480 21
00 400 18
80 320 15
LAMBDA [ -]
CO^ [ ppm]
60 240 12
40 160 9
20 80 6
0 0 3
20 -80 0
5000 TOR Q UE 2000

SPEED
4000
LAMBDA
1800
ALPHA
CO^
3000 1600
TORQUE [Nm]
SPEED [RPM]
2000 1400
1000 1200
0 1000
-1000 800
-2000 600
300 325 350 375 400
T IM E[sec.]
Figure 71 (ALPHA: % throttle opening.)

VOLVO D12C 4 20
NOx MEASUREMENT ESC CYCLE
20 800 21
00 700 18
80 600 15
60 500 12
NOX [ppm]
LAMBDA
40 400 9
20 300 6
0 200 3
20 100 0
TORQUE
5000 SPEED 2000
LAMBDA
4000 ALPHA 1800
NO X
3000 1600
TORQUE [Nm]
SPEED [RPM]
2000 1400
1000 1200
0 1000
-1000 800
-2000 600
0 300 600 900 1200 1500
T IM E[sec.]
Figure 72
'INJECTION TIMING'
FULL-LOAD PERFORMANCE
VOLVO D12C 420 2042Q003
4000 -5
TORQUE Nm SPEED rpm NOX ppm approx. timing
'inj. timing' °
3500 -10
3000 -15
2500 -20
2000 -25
rpm, Nm, ppm
1500 -30
1000 -35
500 -40
0 -45
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage seconds
Figure 73

'INJECTION TIMING'
ESC TEST
VOLVO D12C 420 2042S001
4000 -5
'inj. timing' °
3500 -10
3000 -15
2500 -20
2000 TORQUE Nm SPEED RPM NOX approx. timing -25
1500 -30
rpm, Nm, ppm
1000 -35
500 -40
0 -45
-500 -50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
seconds
Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage
Figure 74
'INJECTION TIMING'
ETC TEST
VOLVO D12C 420 2042S001
4000 -5
'inj. timing' °
3500 -10
3000 -15
2500 -20
2000 TORQUE Nm SPEED RPM NOX approx. timing -25
1500 -30
rpm, Nm, ppm
1000 -35
500 -40
0 -45
-500 -50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
seconds
Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage
Figure 75

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VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 Engine: Emission Measurements For VTI and COST 346

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VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 Engine: Emission Measurements For VTI and COST 346

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Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

VTI notat 51A-2005 www.vti.

VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 engine

Linköping, December 2005

VTI notat 51A-2005

1 Engine and measuring arrangements 1

VTI notat 51A-2005

VTI notat 51A-2005 1

VOLVO D12C 420 ENGINE

Figure 1 Rental truck Type approval according to 99/96/EC.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 2 Right view from brochure Exhaust manifold Turbo – intercooler.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

VTI notat 51A-2005 3

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 4 Engine in reality.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

4 VTI notat 51A-2005

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 6 Exhaust manifold Turbo compressor and turbine.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

VTI notat 51A-2005 5

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 8 Left view Engine ECU Vehicle ECU.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

6 VTI notat 51A-2005

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

VTI notat 51A-2005 7

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 12 Combustion air intake. Temperature and pressure measurement.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

8 VTI notat 51A-2005

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 14 Exhaust gas pipe. Temperature and pressure measurement.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

VTI notat 51A-2005 9

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

Figure 16 Etas lambda meter.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

10 VTI notat 51A-2005

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

VTI notat 51A-2005 11

Figure 20 Break-out box.

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

12 VTI notat 51A-2005

VTI notat 51A-2005 13

ENGINE TEST BED Dilution Air On Line

MEXA-9400D MEXA-9400D AVL 439

ELPI PSS V&F MS

Chemiluminescent Chemiluminescent Line 2

Pump dehumid Pump dehumid FlameIonization FlameIonization

AVL AVL Torque shaft

Fully transient asynchronous brake

VTI notat 51A-2005 15

VTI notat 51A-2005 17

FULLOAD PERFORMANCE program

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE Figure 22

FUEL KEY PARAMETERS

Figure 23 Major differencies: Density, Viscosity, Aromatic content, Sulphur

VTI notat 51A-2005 19

VTI notat 51A-2005 21

2000 RF FUEL 440

power, kW; mg/st

600 torque, Nm 160