INDEX

 Acknowledgement …1

 Introduction …3

 Mutual induction …4

 Step up Transformer …5

 Loss in Transformer …9

 Construction …10

 Appendix …12

 Bibliography …13

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 INTRODUCTION

India is a country which faces acute power shortage.

Its many villages have not yet experienced electricity.
Even in cities there are frequent power cuts which
makes our life miserable. Also, the electric supply is
stopped to avoid accidents, but at the same time they
find it difficult without light.

Our motto is to eradicate this problem partially by ap-

plying our knowledge in a practical way. We have de-
vised a DC generator, which converts 6V supply to
220V supply. Though the current produced is of less
powerand is capable of lighting a low power LED,
which is sufficient in the times of hardship.

We have used the basic concepts of transformers and

mutual inductance in the project.

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 MUTUAL INDUCTION
Mutual Inductance can be defined as the current flowing in one
coil that induces a voltage in an adjacent coil. It is the basic op-
erating principal of the transformer, motors, generators and
any other electrical component that interacts with another
magnetic field.

Its S.I unit is HENRY.

The device we represented in our project is step up transform-

er, which works under the principle of Faradays law.

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that “the

magnitude of voltage is directly proportional to the rate of
change of flux.”
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 Step up transformer

Magnetic circuit

The magnetic circuit of a transformer consists of core and

yoke. The circuit provides the path to the flow of magnetic
flux. The transformer consists of laminated steel core and the
two coils. The two coils are insulated from each other and also
from the core. The core of the transformer is constructed
from laminations of sheet steel or silicon steel assembled to
provide a continuous magnetic path. At usual flux densities, the
silicon steel material has low hysteresis losses.

The vertical position on which the coil is wound is called the

limb while the horizontal position is known as the yoke.

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Electric circuit

Construction of electric circuit of transformer consists of pri-

mary and secondary windings usually made of copper. The Con-
ductors of rectangular cross section are generally used for low
voltages winding and also for the high voltage winding for large
transformers. Conductors of the circular cross-sectional area
are used for high voltage winding in the small transformer.

According to the core construction and the manner in which the

primary and secondary windings are placed around it, the trans-
former is named as core type and shell type.

Working

Step up transformer is a device use to convert low voltage to

high voltage by the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Based on the winding in the primary and secondary coils it con-
verts the lower voltage to higher voltages. However transform-
er consist both advantages drawbacks which we are discussed
broadly below.

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Applications

 It offers good mechanical strength.

The cylindrical coils used in core type transformers are
wound over a symmetrical core section. The way they are
constructed will give you the advantage of getting better
mechanical strength than other types of coils. As men-
tioned above, a core type transformer is created with one
half of every winding enclosed around each of the limbs of
its magnetic circuit.
 2. It has the advantage of preventing condensed flux
leakage and iron loss.
When it comes to its lamination, the one in a core type
transformer is typically arranged to create an overlapping
joint with an extra pair of laminations to make for an accu-
rate core thickness. This stacking of laminations also pro-
vides this transformer the advantage of preventing con-
densed flux leakage and iron loss.
 3. It is efficient for high frequencies.
Because the core type transformer uses several steel lami-
nations, which are protected by a non-conducting insulation
material between layers, the eddy currents will be con-
tained and the magnetizing effects will be reduced. Now,
while these thin laminations are more difficult to manufac-
ture and more expensive, they make the transformer effi-
cient for high frequencies.

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Drawbacks

 It is not good to use outdoors.

As with other dry transformers, a core type transformer is
not good for outdoor use. Unlike oil transformers, it is not
protected from corrosion and other extreme weather ele-
ments that can slowly degrade its inner components, espe-
cially those made of metal. As you can see, this type of
transformer is good for household appliances and mid-size
industrial appliances, such as indoor power centrals and
plants.
 2. It can be noisy.
A core type transformer and other dry transformers can
be noisy. It can produce audible noise emissions from the
tin work or electrical noise that arises from arcing on the
covers. Now, this is not good if you have sensitive applianc-
es or equipment nearby.

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 Loses in transformer

Iron Losses

Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of the trans-
former as this loss occurs in the core it is also known as Core loss. Iron
loss is further divided into hysteresis and eddy current loss.

Eddy Current Loss

When the flux links with a closed circuit, an emf is induced in the cir-
cuit and the current flows, the value of the current depends upon the
amount of emf around the circuit and the resistance of the circuit.
Since the core is made of conducting material, these EMFs circulates
currents within the body of the material. These circulating currents are
called Eddy Currents. They will occur when the conductor experiences a
changing magnetic field. As these currents are not responsible for do-
ing any useful work, and it produces a loss (I2R loss) in the magnetic ma-
terial known as an Eddy Current Loss.
The eddy current loss is minimised by making the core with thin lamina-
tions.

Dielectric Loss

Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating material of the transformer that

is in the oil of the transformer, or in the solid insulations. When the oil
gets deteriorated or the solid insulation get damaged, or its quality de-
creases, and because of this, the efficiency of transformer is affected.

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 CONTRUCTION

Aim:

To develope a portable DC inverter.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
A transformer removed from phone charger.
4 AA batteries
100 ohm resistor
0882 transistor
Capacitor
Connecting wires
Bulb
Bulb holder

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Procedure :
The transformer is soldered out from the circuit board in-
side the phone charger.
The transistors, resistors and batteries are connected to
the transformer as shown in the circuit diagram.
The voltage is checked using a multimeter.
Then the live wires are connected to the bulb holder and
can be used as a emergency lantern.

Result :
The voltage observed is between the range 200-220V.

Soures of error :
The battery may not be working.
Excess heat of transformer.

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 APPENDIX
Advantages of the project :

1. Cheap and affordable.

2. Handy and portable and easy to use.
3. Useful at remote relief camps during calamities.

Disadvantages of the project :

1. Excess heating due to eddy current.

2. Compatible only for the low power appliances.
3. Short-life of the batteries.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT Physics class 12

2. www.wikipedia.com
3. Fundamental Physics
4. All in one- Physics

REMARKS

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