ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

The University of New South Wales

School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications

Solution for Tutorial 2

Question 1(a).

di
v = Vmax sin ω t = Ri + L + Eb
dt

The solution for i is

R
Vmax Eb − t
i= sin( ω t − φ ) − + Ae L
R 2 + ( ω L )2 R
Eb
At θ b = sin −1 , i=0
Vmax
R
Vmax E − θb
∴0 = i = sin( θ b − φ ) − b + Ae ω L
R + (ωL )
2 2 R
R
Vmax Eb ω L θ b
∴ A = −[ sin( θ b − φ ) − ]e
R 2 + ( ω L )2 R
R
Vmax Eb Vmax E ( θ b −ω t )
∴i = sin( ω t − φ ) − −[ sin( θ b − φ ) − b ]e ω L
R 2 + ( ω L )2 R R 2 + ( ω L )2 R

At ωt = β , i=0
R
Vmax Eb Vmax E ( θb − β )
∴0 = sin( β − φ ) − −[ sin( θ b − φ ) − b ]e ω L
R 2 + ( ω L )2 R R 2 + ( ω L )2 R

Solution of Tutorial 2 1 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

If Eb = 0, then θ b = 0 and
Rβ
−
sin( β − φ ) = − sin φ i e ωL

(b)

β sin( β − φ ) −
Rβ
−
Rβ

Degree Radian − sin φ • e ωL

sin( β − φ ) − sin φ • e ωL

200 3.491 0.422 -0.022 >0

220 3.840 0.087 -0.0156 >0
240 4.188 -0.259 -0.109 <0
230 4.014 -0.087 -0.0127 <0
225 3.927 0 -0.014 <0

By drawing the third and forth columns on a graph paper against β,

β = 225.8°

(c)
1 2π 1 225.8°
2π ∫0 2π ∫0
Vdc = Vmax sin ω td ω t = Vmax sin ω td ω t

V V
= − max [cos ω t ]0225.8° = max [ 1 − cos 225.8° ] = 91.66V
2π 2π

(d)

Vdc 91.66
I dc = = = 18.33A
R 5

Question 2.
Eb = 0.707Vmax
R = 5Ω , ω L = 314 × 16 × 10 −3 = 5Ω
ωL
φ = tan −1 = 45°
R

Solution for i is:

R
Vmax Eb Vmax E ( θ −ω t )
i= sin( ω t − φ ) − −[ sin( θ − φ ) − b ]e ω L
R 2 + ( ω L )2 R R 2 + ( ω L )2 R

At ω t = β , i = 0

Vmax 240 × 2
Here, = = 47.94
R 2 + ( ω L )2 52 + 52

Solution of Tutorial 2 2 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Eb 0.707 × 240 × 2 240 × 2

= = = 47.94
R 5 52 + 52

ωL
ϕ = tan −1 = tan −1 1 = 45° = 0.7854 rad
R

0.707 × Vmax
θ = sin −1 = 45° = 0.7854 rad
Vmax

Dividing by 47.94,
R
− ( β −θ )
sin( β − 45° ) − 1 = − e ωL

β in Degree sin( β − φ ) − 1 −
R( β −θ ) −
R( β −θ )

−e ωL sin( β − φ ) − 1 + e ωL

135 0 -0.2078 >0

140 -0.0038 -0.1605 >0
150 -0.034 -0.1599 >0
160 -0.0936 -0.1343 >0
170 -0.1808 -0.1128 <0
165 -0.13397 -0.123 <0
164 -0.1253 -0.1253 =0

Vmax
v
i

α β ωt

Conduction can not be zero before β = 135° .

After a few iterations, or by using a graphical plot, β = 164° .

1 164° 360° + 45° − 164°

Vdc =
2π ∫
45°
Vmax sinω tdω t +
360°
× 0.707 × 2 × 240

V Vmax
= − max [cos ω t ]45
164°
° + 160.92 = [cos164° − cos45° ] + 160.92
2π 2π
2 × 240
= [ −0.96 − 0.707 ] + 160.92 = 251.02V
2π
90.1
I dc = = 18.02 A
5

Solution of Tutorial 2 3 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Question 3.

Centre-tapped circuit

2Vmax
Vdc = 150 = − 0.7v
π
π
∴Vmax = ( 150 + 0.7 ) = 236.7 Volts
2

Each section of the transformer requires a RMS voltage of 236 / 2 = 167.4V . The current of
each secondary winding is a square wave of amplitude 12 A and its RMS current rating of given
by

π
12A
∫
1 is
I sRMS = 12 dθ
2
2π 0 0
π 2π
= 12 / 2 = 8.5 A .

Transformer secondary KVA rating = 2 × 167.4 × 8.5 = 2.84KVA

Transformer voltage ratio = 240/167.5=1.43
Transformer primary current is a square wave of amplitude 12 × 167.4 / 240 = 8.4 A
This neglects the magnetizing current. This is also the primary RMS current rating. The
transformer primary kVA rating = 240×8.4 = 2.016 kVA. Note that kVA ratings of the
primary and secondary sides of the transformer are not the same.

Diode PRV = 2Vmax = 236.7 × 2 = 474V

Diode RMS current rating = 12/ 2 = 8.5 A
Diode DC I rationg = 12/2 = 6A

Bridge Circuit

2Vmax
Vdc = 150 = − 2 × 0.7v
π
π
∴Vmax = ( 150 + 2 × 0.7 ) = 237.8 Volts
2
Transformer secondary voltage rating = 237.8 / 2 = 168.2V
The secondary current is a square waveform of amplitude of 12A.
∴ Transformer secondary current rating = 12 A
∴ Transformer secondary KVA rating = 168.2 × 12 = 2.016 kVA
Transformer voltage ratio = 240/168.2 = 1.426
Primary RMS current rating = 12 × 168.2 / 240 = 8.4 A
Transformer primary VA rating = 240×8.4 = 2.016 kVA

Note that the primary and secondary VA ratings in this case are the same.

Solution of Tutorial 2 4 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Diode PRV = Vmax = 237.8V

Diode RMS current rating = 12/ 2 = 8.5 A

Note that the bridge circuit has lower transformer and diode rating requirements!

Diode losses: 0.7/150% = 0.467% for C.T. circuit

1.4/150 = 0.933% for Bridge circuit

Question 4.

3Vmax
Vdc = − 2 × 0.7v = 300V
π
∴Vmax = 315.6 Volts( Line − Line )
315.6
∴V / phase rating = = 128.9V
2× 3
∴Vmax = 315.6 Volts( Line − Line )

Diode PRV = Vmax = 315.6V

Diode RMS current rating = 30/ 3 = 17.32A

30A 60°
60°

t=0 time
120° 120°

1 2π / 3 2 × 302
∫ 30 d θ = = 24.5 A
2
Transformer secondary current rating =
π 0 3

∴ Transformer rating = 3 × 128.9 × 24.5 = 9.408KVA

Transformer voltage ratio = 415/128.9 = 3.22 Δ → Y

Primary phase RMS current rating = 24.5 × 128.9 / 415 = 7.61A

Solution of Tutorial 2 5 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Question 5.

The output voltage of the single-phase, center-tap rectifier is:

2Vmax
Vdc =
π
∞
4Vmax 1
an =
π
∑ ( n − 1)( n + 1 )
n = 2,4

2Vmax 4Vmax 4V
∴Vo = − cos 2ω t − max cos 4ω t + ......
π 3π 15π

4Vmax
The dominant ripple voltage is cos 2ω t
3π

z = R 2 + ( nω L )2 ∠θ n
nω L
θ n = tan −1
R

2Vmax 4Vmax
iL = − cos( 2ω t − φ2 ) + ......
π R 3π z2
4Vmax
i2 ( t ) = cos( 2ω t − φ2 )
3π R 2 + ( 2ω L )2
4Vmax
I2 =
2 × 3π R 2 + ( 2ω L )2

I2 4Vmax 2V 2R
= 0.05 = ÷ m =
I DC 2 × 3π × R + ( 2ω L )
2 2 πR 2 × 3 × R 2 + ( 2ω L )2
R = 500ohms
1000
∴ = 0.05 or L = 7.46 H
2 × 3 × 500 2 + 4 × 314 2 L2

Note that this inductance is rather large for this application!!

Question 6.

10
R 2 + ( nω L )2 =
nω C f

For the dominant voltage ripple, (i.e., for n=2)

10 10
Cf = = = 526 μ F
nω R + ( nω L )
2 2
2 × 314 30 + ( 2 × 314 × 7.5 × 10 −3 )2
2

Solution of Tutorial 2 6 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

1
Vo2 = V2
( 2ω )2 L f C f
Vo2
RF = , neglecting all other ripple components
Vdc

V2 1
RF = 0.1 =
Vdc ( 2ω ) L f C f − 1
2

4Vmax 2Vmax
∴V2 = ; Vdc =
2 × 3π π

2 2
∴ RF = = 0.1
3 ( 2 × 314 ) × 506 × 10 −6 L f − 1
2

1 0.3
or −6
=
( 2 × 314 ) × 506 × 10 L f
2
2

∴ L f = 27.5mH

Solution of Tutorial 2 7 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Question 7.

When S is open:

C1

240V,50Hz

C 2

Vmax = 2 × 240 = 339 volts

Assuming continuous conduction:

2Vmax 2 × 339
Vdc = = = 215.9 volts
π π

However, the capacitive filter makes the supply current discontinuous. Input current flows only
when the supply voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage. During the rest of the time, the capacitor
discharges into the load. If the load current is assumed to be ripple-free and constant the
capacitor voltage fall during this time is linear with time. Thus, if the time constant 2RC is large
compared to the main's period (i.e. 2RC >> T/2, where T = 20mS), then the fluctuation of load
DC voltage may be considered negligible. For this:

Vdc ≅ Vmax = 339 Volts

When S is closed

When the switch is closed, the circuit operates as indicated in the two figures below:

C 1

240V,50Hz
120V, 60 Hz

C 2

Solution of Tutorial 2 8 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

During positive half cycle:

C 1

240V,50Hz
120V, 60 Hz

C 2

If C1 R = C2 R >> T / 2 , the capacitors C1 and C2 will each track the peak of the apply voltage.
Thus the load voltage Vdc will be approximately:

Vdc ≅ 2 × Vmax For Vsupply = 120 Volts, Vdc ≅ 2 × 120 × 2 = 339 Volts

The converter circuit thus has the property of doubling the Vdc . It is often used in equipment
which may be used both in the USA where the supply voltage is 120 and in Europe and
Asia/Australia, where the supply voltage is about 240V. The load must be rated for 339 volts
DC, for either supply. By using center-tapped capacitors and a switch, an input transformer is
avoided.

Question 8.

240V,50Hz

2Vmax 2Vmax
Vdc = Pout = Id
π π

Solution of Tutorial 2 9 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Is I d

time

t=0 T /2 T

We can see that the RMS value of input current is Id. Therefore:

Pout 2V I
PF = = max d 2 / Vmax I d = 0.900
INPUT VA π

For a 3-phase diode bridge:

Id

3Vmax 3Vmax
Vdc = Pout = I d Input VA = 3VLrms × I Lrms
π π

I L

I d

time
120° 60°

1 5T / 12 2 11T / 12 2 2
IL = [∫ I d dt + ∫ ( − I d2 )dt ] = I d = 0.8165I d :
T T / 12 7T / 12 3

Pout 3V I
PF = = max d 2 /( 3Vmax × 0.8165 × I d ) = 0.955
INPUT VA π

Solution of Tutorial 2 10 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Question 9.

∞
4I d / 3 4I n × 2 ×π / 3 4I n ×π / 3
iA = ∑
n =1,3,...
[
nπ
cos nω t + d sin(
nπ 2
)cos nω t + d sin(
nπ 2
)cos nω t ]

1 4I d / 3 4I d 4I π
I A1 = [ + sin( π / 3 ) + d sin( )]
2 nπ π nπ 6

I A can be found by adding the rms values of each harmonic components as:

I A = I A1
2
+ I A3
2
+ I A5
2
+ ......

Alternatively, it can be found from:

1 π 5π / 6 2π / 3
IA = [ ∫ ( I d / 3 )2 dθ + ∫ ( I d )2 dθ + ∫ ( I d / 3 )2 dθ
T/2 0 π / 6 π / 3

I A2 − I A1
2
THD = × 100%
I A2

Solution of Tutorial 2 11 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

ia = ia s
I
ia ias d

− Id
I d

'
ias ' i a' s p − Id
i a '
I d / 3

ias − Id / 3
I d / 3
' ' i '
i a sp ibsp
b sp
− Id / 3
'
i csp i c' s p
I d / 3

− Id / 3
2 I d / 3
i a' = i a' s p − i b' s p I d / 3

− I / 3
(1 + 2 / 3 )I d
d

−2 I d / 3
( 1 + 1 / 3 )I d

I d / 3

i A = i a + i a' − I d / 3

−( 1 + 1 / 3 )I d

−( 1 + 2 / 3 )Id

Solution of Tutorial 2 12 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

Question 10.

Ls Id

Vs =Vmax sinωt Load

Ls = 2mH ,V = 240Volts,Vmax = 2 × 240 = 340Volts

(i) Without Ls,

2Vmax 2 × 340
Vdc = = = 216.56V
π π
(ii)
2ω LS
cos μ = 1 − Id
Vmax
2ω LS
∴ μ = cos −1 ( 1 − I d ) = 22.16°, for I d = 20 A μ = 31.54°
Vmax
(iii)
2Vmax 2ω LS
Vdc = − I d = 216.56 − 0.4I d
π π
= 208.56V for I d = 20 A
= 200.56V for I d = 40 A

(iv)
F o r Id = 2 0 A
4 0 0
V m a x

3 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0
V oltage (volt)

-1 0 0

-2 0 0

-3 0 0

-4 0 0
0 .5 0 .5 0 5 0 .5 1 0 .5 1 5 0 .5 2 0 .5 2 5 0 .5 3 0 .5 3 5 0 .5 4
T i i m e ( s e c .)

Solutions to Tutorial 1 ST-13 M. F. Rahman/April 2001

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

(v)

F o r Id = 4 0 A
400
V m ax

300

200

100
V oltage (volt)

-1 0 0

-2 0 0

-3 0 0

-4 0 0
0 .9 0 .9 0 5 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 5 0 .9 2 0 .9 2 5 0 .9 3 0 .9 3 5 0 .9 4
T i m e ( s e c .)

Question 11.

Ls Id
Va
Vb Load
Vc

(i)
3Vmax 3 × 2 × 415
Vdc = = = 560.6v for LS = 0
π π

(ii)
2ω LS
cos μ = 1 − I d = 1 − 0.0021 × I d
Vmax ( line − line )

2ω LS
∴ μ = cos −1 ( 1 − I d ) = 16.8°, for I d = 20 A; μ = 23.88° for I d = 40 A
Vmax
(iii)
3Vmax 3ω LS
Vdc = − I d = 560.6 − 0.6 × I d
π π
= 548.6V for I d = 20 A

= 536.6V for I d = 40 A

Solution of Tutorial 2 14 F. Rahman

ELEC4240/9240 Power Electronics

(iv) Waveforms for I d = 20 A

For Id=20A 3 Phase

800

Vout
600

400
Vc Va Vb Vc
Voltage(volt)

200

( v) -200

-400
0.35 0.355 0.36 0.365 0.37 0.375 0.38 0.385 0.39
Time(sec.)

(v) Waveforms for I d = 40 A

For Id=40A 3 Phase

800

Vout

600

400 Va
Vc Vb Vc
Voltage(volt)

200

-200

-400
0.35 0.355 0.36 0.365 0.37 0.375 0.38 0.385 0.39
Time(sec.)

Solutions to Tutorial 1 ST-15 M. F. Rahman/April 2001