Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Case study
BY
WEAM SALAH ELDEEN AHMED MOHAMED
Supervisor
A REPORT SUBMITTED TO
University of Khartoum
(Power Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering
August 2015
1
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Study Case:
is my own work except as cited in the references. The report has not been
Signature: ________________________
i
Abstract
Estimating power demand (or simply Load Calculation), is a combination of science and
art. It’s an area of electrical engineering where there is no specific final answer.
There was very little planning of wiring installations and electrical load calculation in the
early days of electricity. But now, with supplies from the grid, very large sources of
power are introduced into all premises which use electricity, and proper planning and
design have become essential to guarantee electrical sustainability for any project.
This project aims to introduce an appropriate method to calculate the electrical loads in a
building and design its wiring using a computer software, taking into account the IEC
Standard of Wiring.
Constitutional Court new building was taken as a case study to perform the electrical
wiring design methods and standards in order to calculate the total electrical load for the
building, and then choosing the right size of circuit breakers (CB), which is going to be
connected to the transformer through an appropriate size of cables, all the decisions are
made in order to increase the reliability and sustainability of the building electrical
system. The transformer was chosen to deliver the electrical load needed by the building.
Also, a stand-by Generator has been selected to work whenever the main supply “the
transformer “is out of order.
In addition to the manual electrical design methods a simulation design is done using
SIMARIS design program that is used for equipment selection and sizing, which saves
the time consuming in search in catalogues.
Successfully, we have obtained a satisfying result from all the aspects in our calculation.
The Total electrical Load for the building was 375 kVA, with transformer rating of 500
kVA and standby generator of 500 kVA.
Also the software program results were almost the same as the manual results.
ii
المستخلص
تقدير األحمال الكهربائية عبارة عن خليط بين العلم والفن حيث أنه يعتبر ذلك الجزء من الهندسة الكهربائية الذي
اليحتوي على إجابة نهائية محددة.
في بداية عصر الكهرباء كان يعتبر التخطيط الجيد للتوصيالت الكهربائية أمراً ثانوياً ,لكن اآلن مع توفر اإلمدادات
عبر الشبكة القومية للكهرباء فقد أصبحت المباني قابلة للتعرض إلى قيم عالية من الكهرباء التي تنقل عبر الشبكة.
ألجل ذلك أصبح التخطيط والتصميم الجيد لكيفية توصيل و توزيع األحمال الكهربائية للمبنى أمرا مهما لضمان
إستمرارية الطاقة الكهربائية فيه.
يهدف هذا المشروع الى تقديم طريقة علمية لتقدير حسابات األحمال الكهربائية في المباني مع األخذ في االعتبار
المقاييس العالمية لتوصيل األحمال للمباني ,وأيضا إستخدام برامج الحاسوب المساعدة لتصميم التمديدات الكهربائية
فيها.
تم إختيار مبنى المحكمة الدستورية الجديد ليكون نموذجا ً للدراسة في هذا المشروع و ذلك لتطبيق طرق و مقاييس
التمديدات الكهربائية لحساب األحمال الكلية للمبنى و استخدام نتائج هذه الحسابات في إختيار القواطع الكهربائية
المناسبة والتى سنقوم بتوصيلها للمحول الكهربائي بإستخدام كوابل كهربائية ذات مقاسات مناسبة ,كل القرارات تم
إتخاذها لزيادة موثوقية وإستمرارية التوصيالت الكهربائية.
تم أختيار المحول الكهربائي المناسب بنا ًء على كمية األحمال التي تم حسابها ,إضافة لذلك فقد تم إختيار مولد كهربائي
مناسب ليكون متوفراً عند إنقطاع الطاقة الكهربائية من المحول الرئيسي.
باإلضافة إلى الطرق التقليدية لتقدير األحمال الكهربائية تم أستخدام برنامج حاسوب مساعد إلختيار مقاسات المعدات
المختلفة لتوفير الوقت المهدر في البحث في الكتلوجات.
تم بحمد هللا الحصول على نتائج مرضية فيما يخص جزئية حساب األحمال الكهربائية ,وكانت الحمولة الكلية للمبنى
573كيلوفولت أمبير ,وتم إختيار محول كهربائي بقدرة 355كيلوفولت أمبير ومولد كهربائي بقدرة 355كيلوفولت
أمبير.
أيضا تم الحصول على نتائج تكاد تكون متشابهة بإستخدام الطرق التقليدية و برنامج الحاسوب المساعد.
iii
Dedication
To my parents
For their endless love, support, and encouragement
To My Teachers
Those who gave me their knowledge
To all my friends
Your friendship makes my life a wonderful experience
iv
Acknowledgement
This project would not have been possible to accomplish without the kind
support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
Also I would like to thank DAR CONSULT Company in special way for the
assistance and help.
v
Contents
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY............................................................................... i
Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii
المستخلص............................................................................................................................... iii
Dedication.......................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. v
List of Figures.................................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables.......................................................................................................................x
Abbreviations..................................................................................................................... xi
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Over View…………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Motivation…………………………………………………………………………...1
1.3 Problem Justification………………………………………………………………...1
1.4 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………....1
1.5 Thesis Layout..............................................................................................................2
2. Literature Review………………………………………………………………………3
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3
2.2 Wiring method……………………………………………………………………….4
2.3 Electrical wiring standards…………………………………………………………..4
2.3.1 National Electrical Code (NEC)………………………………………………….5
2.3.2 International Electro technical Commission (IEC standard)……………………..5
2.3.3 British Standard (BS 7671)……………………………………………………….5
2.3.4 Local codes……………………………………………………………………….5
2.4 Electrical wiring basic equipment…………………………………………………...6
2.4.1 Power handling equipment……………………………………………………….6
2.4.2 Cables and raceways……………………………………………………………...8
2.4.2.1 Wires and cables layout……………………………………………………….8
2.4.2.2 Cable structure…………………………………………………..…………….8
2.4.2.3 Cable classification…………………………………………..………………..9
2.4.2.4 Current carrying capacity of cables………………………………………..….9
2.4.2.5 Methods of installation…………………….…………….……………………9
2.4.2.6 Cables problems………………………….……….………………………… 10
2.4.2.7 Bus ducts………………………………….….…………………………….. 10
2.4.3 Electrical protection devices…………………………………………………….11
2.4.3.1 Circuit breakers……………………………………………………………...11
2.4.3.2 Fuses……………….……………………………………….…… ……….. 11
2.4.4 Control and utilization equipment………………………………………………12
2.4.4.1 Contactors…………………………………..………………………………..12
2.5 Methods of electrical load estimation……………………………………………....12
2.5.1 Preliminary load calculation…………………………………………………….12
2.5.1.1 Space by space “functional area method”………………………..…………..12
2.5.1.2 Building area method…………………………..…………………………….13
2.5.2 “NEC” load calculation………………………………………………………….13
2.5.3 Final load calculation……………………………………………………………13
vi
2.5.4 General notes for the all methods……………………………………………….13
2.6 Design by computer……………………………………………………………..….14
2.7 Building Management system………………………………………………...…….15
3. Electrical load calculation..............................................................................................16
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................16
3.2 Power loading of an installation…………………………………………………....16
3.2.1 Installed power (kW) ...........................................................................................16
3.2.2 Installed apparent power (kVA)...........................................................................17
3.3 Factors for Estimating Actual Maximum KVA/KW Demand .................................17
3.3.1 Factor of Maximum Utilization (Ku) ..................................................................17
3.3.2 Factor of Simultaneity (Ks) .................................................................................18
3.3.2.1 Ks for an apartment block………………………………….……………......18
3.3.2.2 Ks for distribution boards…………………………………………….……..19
3.3.2.3 Ks according to circuit function…………………………………………......20
3.4 Load Assessment ......................................................................................................20
3.4.1 Lighting load....................................................................................................... 20
3.4.2 Sockets load………………………………………………………………...…..21
3.4.3 Air-conditioning (AC) load assessment……………………………………….. 21
3.4.3.1 Fan coil unit……………………………………………………………...….21
3.4.3.2 Air handling unit…………………………………………………………….21
3.4.3.3 Chillers load……………………………………………………………… ...22
3.5 Electric lines calculations………………………………………………………….22
3.6 Load balancing…………………………………………………………………..... 23
3.7 Cable Sizing..............................................................................................................24
3.7.1 Voltage drop……………………………………………………………..… ….25
4. Methodology.................................................................................................................26
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................26
4.2 Manual Load Calculation …................................................................................... 26
4.2.1 Lighting load………………............................................................................. 26
4.2.2 Sockets load….....................................................................................................27
4.2.3 AC load…………………………………………………..…………………..…27
4.2.4 Cable selection .................................................................................................. .27
4.2.5 Distribution boards selection...............................................................................27
4.2.6 Transformer and standby generator selection……………………………..…....27
4.2.7 Final load distribution………………………………………………...……......27
4.3 Wiring design using software program……………………………………….…...27
5. Case study: constitutional court building.....................................................................29
5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................29
5.2 Load description……………………………………………………………… …..29
5.2.1 Lighting load ……………..……………………………………………..….….29
5.2.2 Sockets load………………………………………………………..…………..30
5.2.3 AC load………………………………………………………………………...31
5.3 Load calculation……………………………….…………………………………..31
5.4 Selection of cables and distribution boards……………………………...………..37
5.5 Final load calculation………………………………………………………….......37
5.6 Transformer and standby generator selection………………………………...…...38
vii
5.7 Load balancing for final load distribution………………………………….……39
5.8 Software design simulation results………………………………………………44
5.9 Discussion…………………………………………………………………...…...46
6. Conclusion and future work………………………………………………………...48
6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….48
6.2 Future work……………………………………………………………………....48
References……………………………………………………………………………..49
Appendix A: Electrical drawing of the building………………………………………A-1
A.1 lighting…………………………………………………………………………..A-1
A.2 Sockets………………………………………………………………………......A-5
A.3 AC……………………………………………………………………………….A-9
Appendix B: Cables size Table…...…………………………………………………...B-1
Appendix C: Project documentation…...……………………………………………...C-1
viii
List of figures
Figure 2.1: Project steps……………………………………………………………….3
ix
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Transformers rating kVA………………………………………………....7
Table 3.1: Ks for an apartment block………………………………………………18
Table 3.2: Ks for distribution board…………..……………………………………19
Table 3.3: Ks according to circuit function…………………………………....….20
Table 5.1: Lighting load description……………………...………………………..29
Table 5.2: Sockets load description………………………………………………...31
Table 5.3: AC load description…………………………………..……………….…31
Table 5.4: Basement load calculation………………………………………………31
Table 5.5: Ground load calculation…………………………………………...……32
Table 5.6: 1st floor load calculation…………………………………………...……34
Table 5.7: 2nd floor load calculation………………………………………………..35
Table 5.8: AC load calculation…………………………………..…………….……37
Table 5.9: Selection of cables and distribution boards………………………..…37
Table 5.10: Final load calculation…………………………………………..…..…37
Table 5.11: Basement SMDB……………………………………………………..…39
Table 5.12: Ground SMDB…………………………………………………….……40
Table 5.13: 1st floor SMDB……………………………………………………….…41
Table 5.14: 2nd SMDB……………………………………………………………..…43
Table 5.15: Software results versus manual calculation results……………….47
x
Abbreviations
LV Low Voltage
MV Medium Voltage
UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply
CB Circuit Breaker
kW Kilo Watt
kVA Kilo Volt Ampere
I Current
P Power
Ku Utilization Factor
Ks Factor of Simultaneity
AC Air Conditioning
AHU Air Handling Unit
FCU Fan Coil Unit
CAP Cooling Capacity
COP Coefficient of performance
TOR Ton OF Refrigeration
ATS Automatic Transfer Switch
DB Distribution Board
SMDB Sub-Main Distributed board
xi
Chapter one Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Over view
Like fire, electricity is a very good servant, but if not properly controlled and used it can
prove to be a very dangerous master. The need for planned methods of wiring and
installation works has long been recognized, and all kinds of regulations, requirements,
recommendations, and codes of practice and so on have been issued. Some are mandatory
and can be enforced by law, whilst others are merely recommendations.
There was very little planning of wiring installations in the early days of electricity, but
now, with supplies from the grid, very large sources of power are introduced into all
premises which use electricity, and proper planning and design have become essential.
In fact, electrical load estimation is very important in the draft design (early stage of the
project); because it helps the “Head Engineer” in the arrangements for connecting the
project to the upstream network (National Grid) and choosing the best transformer and
main switchgear room for this mission. In addition to that, it helps in calculating the
initial budget for the electrical works.
1.2 Motivation
Every person wants to excel at his specialist and always pursues to perfection. And as a
beginner electrical power engineer, this is a good opportunity to integrate the knowledge
gains from the university with what the outside world (The Market) really wants.
1.4 Objective
By using IEC standards the electrical load calculation is done to achieve these objectives:
Choosing the right size of cables, CBs, transformer, and standby generator to be
installed.
1
Chapter one Introduction
Minimize the power loss in the distribution system, and reduce the maintenance
of the equipment.
Increase the reliability and sustainability of the building electrical system to meet
the future demands.
How to make use of software program to get more accurate results.
This chapter shows the methods used for load calculation, cables and CBs sizing, and
transformer and standby generator selection.
Chapter 4 (Methodology):
This chapter shows how the load’s equations is used in order to calculate the total load
for the Constitutional Court new building.
Chapter 5 (Case study: Constitutional court building):
This chapter presents and discusses the results obtained from the calculation, and shows
the best selection for the Cables, CBs, and the Transformer.
Chapter 6 (Conclusions and Future work):
The project is reviewed in this chapter, discussing the achieved objectives. In addition to
the further developments that can improve the final result to a professional level.
Appendix A: Electrical drawing layouts of the building.
Appendix B: Cable sizes table.
Appendix C: Project documentation done by SIMARIS software program.
2
Chapter two literature review
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
A project naturally progresses from design to the actual building going through the
following stages:
The electrical design is the first step of any electrical project this step has two major
concerns besides the basic knowledge of electrical engineering which are basic
knowledge of Electrical Safety and Economical Design.
3
Chapter two literature review
or elaborate, can be used with safety unless this installation work has been carried out
correctly.
Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex, for example, are simple, with
relatively low power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and
layout, usually with dry, moderate temperature and non-corrosive environmental
conditions. In a light commercial environment, more frequent wiring changes can be
expected, large apparatus may be installed and special conditions of heat or moisture may
apply.
Most symbols have a standard interpretation throughout the country as adopted by ANSI
electrical codes.
4
Chapter two literature review
The NEC is published by the National Fire Protection Association and is referred to as
NFPA 70. The NEC was first published in 1897. It is revised every 3 years so as to be as
up to date as possible. The NEC does not become law until adopted by official action of
the legislative body of a city, municipality, county, or state. Because of the ever-present
danger of fire or shock hazard through some failure of the electrical system, the
electrician and the electrical contractor must use listed materials and must perform all
work in accordance with recognized standards.
The IET plays a key role in electrical installation standards and safety, and is known for
its independent and trusted voice. It manages the national committee JPEL/64 and
publishes the IET Wiring Regulations BS 7671. [1]
5
Chapter two literature review
6
Chapter two literature review
3- Emergency generator
It used to provide electrical energy for the emergency loads or important load
at building, the loads can be transferred to transformer by mutual transfer
switch (ATS) or manual. (ATS) is often installed where a backup generator
(emergency generator) is located, so that the generator may provide temporary
electrical power if the utility source fails.
In case of critical load such as the devices in hospital, the un-interrupted
power supply (UPS) is used, which guarantee the continuity of electrical
current.
7
Chapter two literature review
The safety element is the most important element inside buildings. All conductors are
put inside conduits; these conduits may be external or underground.
The most important points that must be taking into account are:
1. Make sure that the number of conductors inside the conduit doesn’t exceed the
maximum number of conductors according to conductor section and conduit
diameter.
2. Applying distance rules between conduit binding points.
Inside buildings another way of layout is used, called raceways or trunking made
from plastic or metal. Some types of raceways are underground especially in offices
and the others are built on walls.
Cable layout:
The method using for cable layout depends on the nature of the project; in industrial
projects it’s preferable to use cable trays for better heat dissipation and faults can
easily be detected.
1-Using conduits.
8
Chapter two literature review
The wall consists of an outer weatherproof skin, thermal insulation and an inner skin of
wood or wood-like material having a thermal conductance of at least 10 W/m².K. The
conduit is fixed such that it is close to, but not necessarily touching the inner skin. Heat
from the cables is assumed to escape through the inner skin only. The conduit can be of
metal or plastic.
Reference method B
The conduit is mounted on a wooden wall such that the gap between the conduit and the
surface is less than 0.3 times the conduit diameter. The conduit can be metal or plastic.
Where the conduit is fixed to a masonry wall the current-carrying capacity of the non-
sheathed or sheathed cable may be higher.
Reference method C
Cable mounted on a wooden wall so that the gap between the cable and the surface is less
than 0.3 times the cable diameter.
Where the cable is fixed to or embedded in a masonry wall the current-carrying capacity
may be higher. The term 'masonry' is taken to include brickwork, concrete, plaster and
similar (but excluding thermally insulating materials).
9
Chapter two literature review
Reference method D
The cable is drawn into a 100mm diameter plastic, earthenware or metallic ducts laid in
direct contact with soil having a thermal resistivity of 2.5 K.m/W and at a depth of 0.8 m.
The values given for this method are those stated in this Part of BS 7671 and are based on
conservative installation parameters. If the specific installation parameters are known,
(thermal resistance of the ground, ground ambient temperature, cable depth), reference
can be made to the cable manufacturer or the ERA 69-30 series of publications, which
may result in a smaller cable size being selected.
The cable is supported such that the total heat dissipation is not impeded. Heating due to
solar radiation and other sources is to be taken into account. Care is to be taken that
natural air convection is not impeded. In practice a clearance between a cable and any
adjacent surface of at least 0.3 times the cable external diameter for multi-core cables or
1.0 times the cable diameter for single-core cables is sufficient to permit the use of
current-carrying capacities appropriate to free air conditions.
Bus duct types according to the isolation method between the three phases are:
a. Non-segregated duct.
b. Segregated duct.
c. Isolated duct.
10
Chapter two literature review
A switching device.
Capable of making, carrying and breaking normal or fault currents.
Must offer short circuit current.
Specifications:
2.4.3.2 Fuses
A fuse is a type of over-current protective device.
Fuse types:
11
Chapter two literature review
2-Totally enclosed or cartridge type. The fuse element is enclosed in a totally enclosed
container and is provided with metal contacts on both sides. These fuses are further
classified as:
D-type.
Link type cartridge or high rupturing capacity (HRC).
2.4.4.1 Contactors
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar
to a relay except with higher current ratings. A contactor is controlled by a circuit which
has a much lower power level than the switched circuit.
Contactors are considered main elements in control circuits, they are used to control
electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, thermal evaporators, and other
electrical loads.
A contactor has three components. The contacts are the current carrying part of the
contactor. This includes power contacts, auxiliary contacts, and contact springs. The
auxiliary contacts are two types; normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC).
The electromagnet (or coil) provides the driving force to close the contacts. When current
passes through the electromagnet, a magnetic field is produced, this attracts the moving
core of the contactor. The (NO) became (NC) and (NC) became (NO). [2]
2.5 Methods of electrical load estimation
1- Preliminary Load Calculation which divided to:
In the Space-by-space method, the building will be divided into different spaces based on
its function, like: Office, Conference Room, Lobbies, Parking Area, Workshops, etc...
3-Load Growth: Determining the requirements for load growth for anticipated usage and
life expectancy, with particular attention to the possibility of adding heavy loads in the
form of Air-Conditioning ,electric heating, electric data processing and electronic
13
Chapter two literature review
(1) The speed at which calculation is carried out will clearly be much faster than with
manual methods even with use of a calculator in the hands of an experienced designer,
manual methods can take up to 20 minutes per circuit for all aspects to be properly
assessed. The computer will be able to do the work in a fraction of the time.
(2) Nearly all the work of looking at tables can be eliminated. The key facts about cable
ratings, volt drops, the fuse and earth fault loop impedance data, and even the
manufacturers’ characteristics on devices and equipment, can all be stored in the memory
of the computer. Many electrical manufacturers are able to supply product data in
computer format for the popular software packages, the disk contents being fed straight
into the computer.
(3) Repetition of calculations can easily be carried out. In settling the question of the best
location of a distribution board, or whether it would be more economical to avoid
grouping by fixing cables separately, it is possible to quickly recalculate to decide the
optimum condition. With manual methods, the work would be considerable and it is
probable that only one set of calculations would be made.
(4) Potentially the computer method will be more accurate. This is of course
fundamentally dependent upon the quality of the software, but provided this is
satisfactory, the risk of human error, present in the manual methods, is avoided. Again
speed of calculation is of advantage, as the simplified formulae sometimes used in
manual methods can be avoided. The computer will be able to use the most appropriate
and accurate method of calculation for every single circuit.
(5) Design data for the installation can be produced by computer print-out with little extra
effort. The manually produced design data sheet which may take some time to prepare
without computers, is one of the tasks that can be done more quickly. [3]
14
Chapter two literature review
Access control
Plumbing
Control Panel
PA system
Alarm Monitor
Security Automation
15
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
Chapter 3
Electrical Load Calculation
3.1 Introduction
Whatever type of electrical equipment is installed, it has to be connected by means of
cables and other types of conductors, and controlled by suitable switchgear. This is the
work which is undertaken by the installation engineer, and no equipment, however simple
or elaborate, can be used with safety unless this installation work has been carried out
correctly.
For these entire significant characteristic that can be gain from a good estimation, a lot of
methods developed in order to make sure that the calculation is most accurate as possible.
The installed power is the sum of the nominal powers of all power-consuming devices in
the installation. This is not the power to be actually supplied in practice. This is the case
for electric motors, where the power rating refers to the output power at its driving shaft.
The input power consumption will evidently be greater Fluorescent and discharge lamps
associated with stabilizing ballasts, are other cases in which the nominal power indicated
on the lamp is less than the power consumed by the lamp and its ballast. The power
demand (kW) is necessary to choose the rated power of a generating set or battery, and
16
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
where the requirements of a prime mover have to be considered. For a power supply from
a LV public supply network, or through a MV/LV transformer, the significant quantity is
the apparent power in kVA.
It may be noted that, strictly speaking, the total kVA of apparent power is not the
arithmetical sum of the calculated kVA ratings of individual loads (unless all loads are at
the same power factor). It is common practice however, to make a simple arithmetical
summation, the result of which will give a kVA value that exceeds the true value by an
acceptable “design margin”. [4]
17
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
For Socket-Outlet Circuits: it depends entirely on the type of the type of appliances being
supplied from the socket (in the most application usually this value is equals to 1).
Figure 3.1 with their total load at each floor and the value of Ks according to No. of
consumer taking into account, so, in order to determine the total installed load and the
apparent power supply, we do the following:
18
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
Number of circuits Ks
2&3 0.9
4&5 0.8
6 to 9 0.7
10 and more 0.6
19
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
have 5 sockets in an office there will not be all operating at the same time ” mostly”, so
their
Ks is going to be too small. However, the all the Lighting is operating at same time, so
the
Ks will be bigger than the socket. Again, this depends on the designer and how he sees
the situation (especially in industrial installation, where the values become higher than
the usual), so he can choose the most suitable Ks. And here are the (Ks) values in Table
3.3.
Table 3.3: Ks according to circuit function
Circuit function Ks
Lighting 1
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊
Power in kVA = Equation 3.2
𝐶𝑂𝑆∅
But there are special cases when the designer faces some special load, with specific way
of calculating its nominal KVA. In this project we are interested in Lighting, Elevator,
and Air-Conditioning (AC) Loads.
20
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
The consumption power may be given or calculated from the air quantity (air rate) by
using:
21
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
𝑃×𝐺×𝑄×𝐻
Power in kW = Equation 3.3
1000×ƞ
Where:
ƞ ≡ Efficiency
H ≡ the head in meters
G ≡ gravity acceleration
Calculating the load of the chillers is done through using multiple equations, since the
AC Load using chillers system is given as a cooling load (cooling capacity “CAP”) which
it can be expressed in (kW) or in Tons of Refrigeration (TOR).
A particular air-conditioner has a dimensionless number called the Coefficient Of
Performance (COP). It is defined as the ratio of Energy Removed to Energy Consumed.
This value, usually around 4 to 8, divided into cooling capacity (preferably in kW), will
give the Electrical Power Consumption in kW of the unit when running
𝐶𝐴𝑃
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃 Equation 3.4
22
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
23
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
Balance Check:
For any panel board, there is a balance check for three phase loads due to reducing
neutral current and unbalanced stresses on circuit breakers.
Unbalance ratio can be calculated by:
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑−𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜(%) = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
× 100 Equation 3.5 [5]
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝐾𝑊)×1000
𝐼= Equation 3.6
√3×𝑉×𝑃.𝐹
And by taking the V= 400 volts (Line voltage), and from Equation 3.6 this equation can
be written as flows:
Having established the design current Ib, the appropriate procedure described below will
enable the designer to determine the size of the cable that will be use, the steps is:
1- Select an appropriate protective current rating (In), larger than the design current.
2- Tabulated cable size current (It) is obtained by using the protective device rating, and
correcting factors for ambient temperature (Ca) and grouping factor (Cg), as flow:
𝐼
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑛𝐶 Equation 3.8
𝑎 𝑔
3- Then, a cable with tabulated current-carrying capacity (Iz) is then selected such to
exceed the It or just above it.
24
Chapter 3 Electrical Load Calculation
Sometimes, and in order to make the calculation more easily, we just can take the Full
Load Current (without Diversity Factor) and multiply this value with the factor (usually
1.25), so the protection purpose is done through taking the Full Load Current in the
calculation and the 1.25 factor is taking for the Future Loads purpose. [5]
A long distance cable and its internal impedance may cause a voltage drop more than the
allowed percentage. Voltage Drop Percentage mustn’t more than 5%. Voltage drop can
be calculated from:
𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ×𝐼𝐶.𝐵 ×𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (%) = × 100 Equation 3.9 [5]
380×1000
𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ≡ Voltage Drop for a certain cable [Obtained from cables catalogues].
L≡ Cables Length.
25
Chapter 5 Methodology
Chapter 4
Methodology
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will illustrate how the information mentioned in chapter three is used to
estimate the total load and design the electrical wiring for constitutional court new
building.
Figure 4.1 illustrates the steps of the wiring design.
26
Chapter 5 Methodology
4.2.3 AC load
The ac load is given in mechanical kW power, which must be first converted to Ton Of
Refrigeration (TOR) by dividing it by the factor 3.517, then it converted to kVA by
multiplying it by the factor 1.8. [5]
27
Chapter 5 Methodology
institutional buildings – from medium voltage to the wall outlet. With this tool electrical
networks can be dimensioned automatically with a minimum of manual entries
It is used for equipment selection and sizing, which saves the time-consuming research in
catalogues.
The single line diagram is given to the software as input with all the load expressed in the
design current. The software then selects all the cables and distribution boards sizes, it
also selects the transformer and the main circuit breaker.
28
Chapter Five Case Study
Chapter five
Case Study: Constitutional court
building
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter the constitutional court new building have been taken as a case study.
The layout drawings of the building which contain all electrical equipment information
have been used as initial data to calculate electrical load.
In addition to the manual load estimation a software program known as SIMARIS design
was used for the selection of the distribution boards, cables and transformer.
5.2 Load Description:
5.2.1 Lighting load
From electrical layout drawings of the building the lighting load description has been
obtained as illustrated in table 5.1, which gives the type of load and its total quantity in
each floor.
Table 5.1: lighting load description
Quantity
29
Chapter Five Case Study
30
Chapter Five Case Study
Quantity
Type of load Basement Ground 1st floor 2nd floor
Duplex UPS socket for 3 5 3 2
door access
13 A duplex UPS socket 1 23 35 41
for data
13 A single UPS socket for 3 6 5 5
CCTV
13 A duplex socket for TV 1 5 3 3
13 A single socket for TV 18 45 59 96
5.2.3 AC Load
Table 5.3 shows the cooling capacity of AC load in each floor which is calculated from
electrical layout drawings of the building.
Table 5.3: AC load description
31
Chapter Five Case Study
B) Ground
The full load for the ground has been calculated as shown in table 5.5, using the manual
load calculation methods and the load description tables.
Table 5.5: ground load calculation
32
Chapter Five Case Study
C) 1st floor
The full load for the 1st floor has been calculated as shown in table 5.6.
33
Chapter Five Case Study
34
Chapter Five Case Study
D) 2nd floor
The full load for the 2nd floor has been calculated as shown in table 5.7, using the manual
load calculation methods and the load description tables.
Table 5.7: 2nd floor load calculation
35
Chapter Five Case Study
E) AC load
The total AC load for all floor has been calculated as shown in table 5.8, using the
manual load calculation methods and the load description table for ac load.
36
Chapter Five Case Study
F) Elevators
There are 3 elevators in the building each of 16 kVA
37
Chapter Five Case Study
Figure 5.1 shows the final manual design results for the building, including the Cable
sizes, DB rated current, Transformer Size and the Stand-by Generator.
38
Chapter Five Case Study
A) Basement SMDB
Table 5.11: Basement SMDB
R5 Sockets 3 20 370
Y5 Sockets 3 20 375
B5 Sockets 3 20 370
R6 Spare - - - - -
Y6 Spare - - - - -
B6 Spare - - - - -
39
Chapter Five Case Study
R7 Spare - - - - -
Y7 Spare - - - - -
B7 Spare - - - - -
R8 Spare - - - - -
Y8 Spare - - - - -
B8 Spare - - - - -
B) Ground SMDB
Table 5.12: Ground SMDB
R5 Sockets 3 20 1400
40
Chapter Five Case Study
Y5 Sockets 3 20 1410
B5 Sockets 3 20 1400
R6 Spare - - - - -
Y6 Spare - - - - -
B6 Spare - - - - -
R7 Spare - - - - -
Y7 Spare - - - - -
B7 Spare - - - - -
R8 Spare - - - - -
Y8 Spare - - - - -
B8 Spare - - - - -
41
Chapter Five Case Study
R8 Sockets 3 20 1750
Y8 Sockets 3 20 1755
B8 Sockets 3 20 1750
R9 Spare - - - - -
Y9 Spare - - - - -
B9 Spare - - - - -
R10 Spare - - - - -
Y10 Spare - - - - -
B10 Spare - - - - -
42
Chapter Five Case Study
43
Chapter Five Case Study
R8 Sockets 3 20 1000
Y8 Sockets 3 20 1360
B8 Sockets 3 20 1340
R9 Sockets 3 20 1300
Y9 Sockets 3 20 950
B9 Sockets 3 20 1000
R10 Spare - - - - -
Y10 Spare - - - - -
B10 Spare - - - - -
44
Chapter Five Case Study
45
Chapter Five Case Study
5.9 Discussion
The lighting loads were calculated straight ahead, since the original data came with loads
in kW, which is only needed to be converted into kVA using equation 3.2.
One of the problems that faces us is the estimating of the kVA power for the sockets
because they have been given in their rated current. Starting with the load of the single
socket 13 Amps, it was obviously to us that this value of Amps may never occurred, so,
we alter this value by taking a percentage of it. When we check the market and the well-
known value that proudly used in the calculation was 180VA. So we take this value into
our calculation and from it we obtained the corresponding electrical load.
The AC load have been given in mechanical units, we faces problem in converting this
units to electrical power. We searched for factors to convert this mechanical units and we
found the appropriate ones as mentioned in chapter four. And we successfully obtained a
satisfying and good results about the AC Loads
We did not have sufficient information about the elevator, so we assumed a standard
elevator of 16 kVA to be in our study.
In General, the calculated results of the total Loads was done using the appropriate
equations and standards. These values were used to calculate the corresponding CB, and
Cable Sizes.
When it comes to Selection of Cables, the most appropriate cables are the Copper. We
used the cooper conductor as our choosing cable type because it is cheaper than the
Aluminum and it can sustain more than it.
The problem was how to choose the right reference method. For our building the
appropriate reference method for the inner cables is reference C in which the cable is
fixed to or embedded in a masonry wall without conduit and this is a cost effective
method. And for the main cable reference method F was used because the main cable is
in free air and can carry high current due to high heat dissipation.
There are a lot of coefficients were introduced in chapter three that we did not take it into
account in our calculation, instead we toke the full rated current for the full load, in order
to simplify our calculation and also make sure of the safety factor, since the actual load
may never reach to the full load, hence the building will always be in safe and sustain
state.
We multiply our rated current with a factor equals to 1.25, to insure the sustainability and
the reliability if the loads grow in the future.
The selected CB was chosen according to the design current in order to sustain the load
rated current, while the cables were chosen to sustain the over current that may occurred
46
Chapter Five Case Study
while switching and for any reason the loads were work in their full rated power. So we
choose the cable size with such a caution, because in occurrence of damage, it is easy to
replace a CB, while it’s so difficult to replace a cable.
For the final load distribution the balance check was done to ensure that the load on the
three phases is equal. And for all the sub main distribution boards the balance ratio was
less than 5%.
For the software part the results were almost identical to our manual calculations except
for a few cables and circuit breakers size as shown in the table 5.15.
Software Manual
results calculation
results
Cable size mm2 DB Amp Cable size mm2 DB Amp
Basement 10 32 4 25
Ground 10 50 10 50
1st floor 16 80 16 80
2nd floor 25 80 25 80
Elevator 16 80 25 80
AC 185 400 185 400
Main 240 630 300 630
These differences are due to the simplifications that were used in manual load
calculation, also we didn’t take the voltage drop calculation in consideration. In general
the software program has a high accuracy rather than the manual calculations.
Most of these calculations depend on the engineering sense of the engineer, because there
are a lot of factors and standards that the engineer must achieve, but only a good engineer
can have these standers and factors, but yet, using it in a compatible way with his
surrounding environment.
47
Chapter six Conclusion and future work
Chapter Six
Conclusion and future work
6.1 Conclusion
In this project all methods and equations needs for an appropriate good electrical load
calculation were covered.
The total electrical load of the Constitutional Court new building have been successfully
calculated and a satisfying results have been obtained, the total electrical load was 375
kVA. The right sizes of cables and CBs have been successfully selected. Hence a
transformer of 500 kVA and standby generator of 500 kVA have been selected.
Also the SIMARIS design program results were almost same as manual results.
48
References
[1] Ray C.Mullin Phill Simmons, Electrical Wiring Residential 17th edition.
[2] Electrical installation, Jillany.Technicien Inferieur.
[3] T.A.Stubbs W.E.Steward, Modern Wiring Practice, Design and Installation. England,
2005.
[4] CIBSE Guide K, Electricity in Buildings. England: The Chartered Institution of
Building Services, 2004.
[5]Mohamed Tharwat, Basics Of Electrical Works design for projects.
[6]www.impet.by/docs/coversion%20table.pdf
49
Appendix A
A. Electrical drawings of the building
A.1 Lighting
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A.2 SOCKETS
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A.3 AC
A-9
A-10
A-11
Appendix B
B. Cables Size Table
B-1
Appendix c
Project documentation
created with
SIMARIS design
Version: 5.0 (27-03-2009)
Subrevision: 1102
http://www.siemens.com/simaris
Master data
Customer data
City: Khartoum
Customer: Ministry of cabinet
Comment:
I
Network parameters:
General
Standard IEC
Attitude of Site < 1000 m
Medium Voltage
Rated voltage 20 kV
Ambient temperature 40 °C
Voltage factor c max 1.1
Voltage factor c min 1
Max./Min short-circuit power 250 / 100 MVA
Neutral System Low-resistance
Relation R1/X1 min 0.2
Conductor temperature of MV cable
on beginning of short circuit 20 °C
for disconnection 80 °C
for voltage drop 55 °C
Low Voltage
Rated voltage 415 V
System configuration TN-C
Frequency 50 Hz
Tolerable touch voltage 50 V
Ambient temperature of devices 45 °C
Voltage factor c max 1.1
Voltage factor c min 0.95
Base point of voltage drop calulation Transformer-primary terminals
Relative operating voltage at reference point 100 %
Max. permissible voltage drop in network 14 %
Conductor temperature of LV cable
on beginning of short circuit 20 °C
for disconnection 80 °C
for voltage drop 55 °C
II
List of devices:
Sources of feeding:
Transformers:
Designation Type Sn [kVA] ukr [%] Uprim Pk [kW] P0 [kW] Vector group Δu_transfor Catalog Reference
[kV]/ mer [%]
Usec [V]
Place Designation Catalog Reference In [A] Icu/Icn [kA] Icu/Icn [kA] Release Quantit
required type / y
characteristi
cs
III
Connections and line distribution:
Designation Type/ Profile Starting point / Ib [A] Iz Material Length Isolation Installati ftot
Target point [A] [m] on type
Designation Type/ Profile Starting Ib [A] Iz Materia Numbe Length Isolatio Installatio ftot Δu [%] / ∑ Quantity
point / [A] l r of [m] n n type Δu [%]
Target point runs
IV
Designation Type/ Profile Starting Ib [A] Iz Materia Numbe Length Isolatio Installatio ftot Δu [%] / ∑ Quantity
point / [A] l r of [m] n n type Δu [%]
Target point runs
Load:
Stationary loads:
Designation Place Pn [kW] In [A] Un [V] cos φ ai Phase Type of load Quantit
connecti y
on
V
Symbols legend:
Ai Load factor
Icu [kA] Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity according to IEC 60947-2
Icn [kA] Rated short-circuit breaking capacity according to IEC 60898-1
Icu/Icn [kA] required the required breaking capacity of the protection device at installation location
VI
R1 [mΩ] Positive phase-sequence resistance
voltage drop between beginning and end of a section / cumulated voltage drop from the transformer primary/
Δu [%] / ∑ Δu [%]
secondary clamps to the specified point
Η Efficiency
VII
Standards for computation:
Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems – Calculation of currents 60909 60909 0102
*) Special national conditions and deviations from IEC 60364-4-41: 2005 are not implemented and need to be considered!
VIII