.

To
The big share pvt' Ltd,
1st floor,
Bharat tin works building
Makwana road
maral,andheri
Mumbai.

Sub- To issue second copy of share certificate of bank of India, folio no. 068175
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear Sir
Please refer your letter no.RM629312964IN/093296/ INTIMATION Dated
10/07/2018, which has been intimated me to update PAN and bank detail in above folio
no.068175.
I inform you that I have send my PAN,AADHAR, cancelled chaque and other
bank detail by registered post on 16/08/2018 and same had delivered on 18/08/2018. I
hope our account may be updated.
But my original share certificate has been destroyed by insects. Therefore it is
necessary to issue second copy of share certificate.
I requested you, kindly issue second copy of share certificate.
Dated-03-12-2018
Enclosur-
1-Copy of PAN
2-Copy of AADHAR
3-Passbook
Your's

(Lalan)
S/O Ram Ratan,
V&P Jabroli
Distt Lucknow
 .

INDEX

1- Introduction

2- Aim

3- Requirements

4- Theory

5- Procedure

6- Graph

7- Rrsult

8- Bibliography

.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Asmita Sahu, student of class XII did this
work as a part of investigatory project in physics
entitled ''To investigate the dependence, of the
angle of the deviation on the angle of
incidence, using triangular prism filled one by
one with different transparent fluids, And find
the speed of light in given transparent fluids.''
I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my
physics teacher Mr. Sonu sir for her valuable
advice and guidance in doing this project for
conception to completion. At the same time I can
not forget to express my thankfulness to the
principal Dr. (Mrs.) Anupam saxena, for
extending her generous patronage and constant
encouragement.
Finally, I am very thankful to my parent for
helping me morally and economically and my
classmates for giving me a helping hand at every
step of the project.

Asmita sahu
Class XII
 INTRODUCTION
Casein is the name of related phosphor protein.
These proteins are commonly found in
mammalian milk, making up 80% of the proteins
in cow milk and between 20%and 40% of the
proteins in human milk. Casein has a wide
variety of uses, from being a major component of
cheese, to use as a food additive, to a binder for
safety matches. A as a food source, casein
supplies for amino acid, carbohydrates and two
inorganic elements, calcium and phosphorus.
 AIM
To determine amount
of
casein
present
in
different
sample
of
milk
 Requirements

APPARATUS -:
 250ML BEAKERS
 FUNNEL, GLASS ROD
 PORCELAIN DISH
 CHEMICAL BALANCES
 TEST TUBE
 FILTRATION FLASK
 BURNER
CHEMICALS -:
 SATURATED AMMONIUM DIFFERENT SAMPLE
OF MILK
 1% OF ACETIC ACID SOLUTION SULPHATE
SOLUTION
 THEORY
Natural milk is an opaque white fluid
secreted by the mammary glands of female
mammal. The main constituents of natural milk
are protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins,
fats and water and are a complete balanced diet.
Fresh milk is sweetish in taste.
However, when it is kept for long time at a
temperature of 5 degree celsius it become sour
because of bacteria present in air. These bacteria
convert lactose of milk into lactic acid which
sour in taste. In acidic condition casein of milk
starts separating out as a precipitate. When the
acidity in milk is sufficient and temperature is
around 36 degree celsius, it forms semi-solid
mass, called curd.
 composition of casein-:

casein contain a fairly high numbers fro line

residues, Which do not interact. there are also no
disulfide bridges. As a result hydrophobic,
making it poorly soluble in water. It is found in
milk as a suspension of farticles called "casein
micelles" which slow only limited resemblance
with surfactant-type micelles in a sense that the
hydrophilic fasts reside at the surface and they
are spherical. However in sharp contrast to
surfactant micelles, the interior of a casein
micelle is highly hydrated. The caseins in the
micelles are held together by calcium iron and
hydrophobic interactions. Several models
account for the special conformation of casein in
the micelles. One of them proposes the misallar
nucleus is formed by several sub micells, the
periphery consisting of microvellosite of casein.
Another model suggests the nucleus is farmed by
casein-interlinked fibrils. Finally, the most recent
model proposes a double link among the caseins
for getting to take place. All three models
consider micelles as colloidal particles formed by
casein aggregates wrapped up in soluble, k-
casein molecules.
 Uses-
Paint- Casein faint is a fast drying, water
soluble medium used by artists. Casein paint has
been used since ancient Egyptian times as a form
of tempra paint, and was widely used by
commercial illustrators as the material of choice
untill the late 1960s when, with the advent of
acrylic paint, casein become less popular. It is
still widely used by scene painters, although
acrylic has made in roads in that fields as well.
 Glue- Casein- based glues were popular for
woodworking, including for aircraft, as late as
the de hacilland Mosquito. Casein glue is also
used in transformer manufacturing ( specially
transformer board ) due to its oil permeability.
While largely replaced by synthetic resins, casein
based glues still have a use in certain niche
application, such as laminating fireproof doors
and the labeling of bottles.
Cheese making - Cheese consist of proteins and
fat from milks, usually the milk of cows, buffalo,
goats or sheep. It is produced by coagulation of
casein. Typically, the milk is acidified and then
coagulated by the addition of rennet, containing a
protrolytic enzyme, typically obtained from the
stomachs of calves. The solids are separated and
pressed into final form.
 Unlike many proteins, casein is not
coagulated by heat. During the process of
clotting, milk-clotting proteases act on the
soluble portion of the casein, k-casein, thus
originating an unstable micellar state that result
in clot formation. When coagulated with
chymocin (EC3.4.23.4) is an aspartic protease
that specially hydrolyser the peptide cond in
Ph105-Met106of k-casein, and is considered to
be the most efficient protease for the cheese-
making industry (Roaet al.,1968). British
terminology, on the other hand, uses the term
caseinozens fo the uncoagulated protein and
casein for the coagulated protein. Asit exists in
milk, it is a salt of calcium.

Plastics and fiber - Some of the earliest plastics

were based on casein. In particular, galalith was
well known for use in buttons. Fiber can be made
from extruded casein. Lamital, a fabric made
from casein fiber(known as Aralac in the united
states), was particularly popular in Italy during
the 1930s. Recent innovation such as QMilch are
offering a more refined use of the fiber for
modern fabrics.

Protein Supplements - An attractive property of

the casein molecule is its ability to form a gel or
clot in the stomach, which makes it very efficient
in nutrient supply. The clot is able to provide a
sustained slow release of amino acid into the
blood stream, sometimes lasting for several
hours.
Medical and dental uses- Casein derived
compounds are used in tooth reminerlization
products to stabilize amorphous calcium
phosphate (ACP) onto tooth surface, where it can
facilitate remineralization.
 Controversies -:

Autism - Although research has shown high

rate of use of complementary and alternative
therapies for children with autism, including
gluten and/ or casein exclusion diets as of 2008,
there is a lack of evidence for the efficacy of
these diets. A 2006 review of seven studies
indicated that, although all reported benefits of
exclusive diets in reducing autism symptoms, all
suffered design flaws, and these was not enough
evidence overall to justify recommending
exclusion diets to patient.

Cancer - T. Colin campbell's The china study

2005, a book, describe a direct correlation
between casein administered to rats and the
promotion of cancer ceii growth when exposed
on carcinogens. Aflataxin (a potent carcinogen)
was administered to these rats over a 2 week past
doing period before beginning the test(promotion
period).During the promotion period, one group
of rats was put on a 5% casein protein diet and
another group on a twenty percent casein protein
diet. None of the rats on 5% casein protein
developed faci, precursors to cancerous cell
growth, and every rat on 20% casein protein
developed the pre cancer faci. It should be noted
that all test groups were fed a20% casein diet for
a total of 5 weeks (2 weeks acclimation, 2week
dosing, 1 week post dosing) prior to the 12
weeks promotion period i order to survive in
initial aflatoxin B1(AFB1)dosing, regardless of
whether they were in the 5% or 20% test groups.
Campbell has performed additional studies using
a range of different carcinogens and other
experimental animals, and claims to have found a
consistent correlation between cancer growth and
the amount of casein protein in diet. A2001 study
suggests another milk protein, when protein, may
play a protective role against colon tumors in
rats. According to a study from the Australian
Dairy Council, casein has anti-mutagenic effects.
 procedure
A clean dry beaker has been taken, followed by
putting 20 ml of cow's milk into it and adding 20 m
of saturated ammonium sulfate slowly and with
stirring. Fat along with casein was precipitate out.

2. The solution was filtered and transferred the

precipitates in another beaker. Added about 30 ml o
water to the precipitate. Only casein dissolves in
water forming milky solution leaving fat un-
dissolved.

3. The milky solution was heated to about 40 degre

celsius and 1% acetic acid solution drop wise, when
casein got precipitated.
4. Filtered the precipitate, washed with water and th
precipitate was allowed to dry.

5. Weighed the dry solid mass in a previously wegh

watch glass.
6. The experiment was repeated with other samples
of milk.
 Observation Table

Serial noName of Content of % of casein

milk proteins
1 cow 0.60 3.00
2 buffalo 0.85 4.20
3 goat 0.65 3.25
 Conclusion

''Different samples of milk contain different

percentage of Casein.''
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Wikipedia.com
2. Chemiprojects.blogspot.ln
3. Scribed.com
 INDEX

1- Introduction

2- Aim

3- Requirements

4- Theory

5- Procedure

6- Observations

7- Conclusion

8- Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
In optics prism is a transparent optical
element with flat polished surface that refract
light. The exact angle between the surfaces
depends on the application. The geometrical
shape is that of a triangular prism with a
triangular base and rectangular sides, and a
colloquial use ''prism'' usually refers to this
type. Some types of optical prism in fact in the
shape of geometric prism. Prism can be made
from any material that is transparent to the wave
lengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up
into its constituent spectral colors (the colors
of the rainbow). Prism can also be used to
reflect light, or to split light into components
with different polarization.
 AIM
1) To investigate the dependence, of the angle
of the deviation on the angle of incidence,
using triangular prism filled one by one with
different transparent fluids.
2) And find the speed of light in given
transparent fluids.
 Requirements

APPARATUS -:
1-Drawing board
2-White sheet of paper
3-Triangular prism
4-Different liquids (water, kerosene, oil, sprit etc)
5-Drawing pins
6-Pencil
7-Half meter scale
8-Thumb pins
8-Graph paper
9-Protector
 PRISM AND NATURE OF LIGHT
Before Isaac Newton it was believed that white
light was colorless, and that the prism itself
produces the color. Newton's experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in
the light in the heterogeneous fashion and that
''corpuscles'' (particles) of light were fanned out,
because particles with different color traveled with
different speeds through the prism. It was only later
that Young and Fresnel combined Newton's particle
theory with Huygens wave theory to show that color
is the visible manifestation light's wave length.
Newton arrived at the conclusion by passing the
red color from the prism through a second prism
and found the color unchanged from this. He
concluded that the color must already present in the
incoming light. Thus the prism does not create
color, but merely separated colors that are already
there. He also used lens and a second prism to
recompose the

Spectrum back into white light. This experiment

has become a classic example of the methodology
introduced during the scientific revolution. The
result of the experiment dramatically transformed
the field of metaphysics leading to John Locke's
primary Vs secondary quality distinction.
Newton discussed prism dispersion in great
detail in his book Optics. He also introduced the use
of more than on prism to control dispersion.
Newton's description of this experiment on prism
dispersion was qualitative, and is quite readable. A
quantitative were introduced in the 1980s.
 THEORY
HOW DOES A PRISM WORK;
Light changes speed as it moves from the
medium of another (for example from air into the
glass of the prism). This speed changes cause the
light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at
a different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of
bending of the light's path depend on the angle that
the influent beam of light makes with the surface,
and on the ratio between the refractive indices of
the to media (Snell's law). The refractive indices of
many materials (Glass) varies with the wave length
or color of the light used a phenomenon known as
dispersion. This cause light of different color to be
refracted differently and to leave the prism at
different angle, creating an effect similar to
rainbow. This
can be used to separate a beam of white light into its
constituent spectrum of color. Prism will generally
disperse light over a much larger frequency
bandwidth than diffraction grating, making them
useful for broad spectroscopy. Further more prism
do not suffer from complications arising from
overlapping spectral orders, which all greeting have.
Prisms are sometime used for the internal
reflection at the surface rather than for dispersion. If
light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces of a
sufficiently steep angle, total internal reflection
occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a
prism a useful substitute for a mirror in some
situation.
 Angle of Minimum Deviation
A) Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum
deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
B) Explanation: For same angle of deviation
(D) there are two values of angle of
incidence. One value equals 'i' and other value
equal 'e'
As angle'i' is increased from a small value,
'e' decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of
deviation is minimum (Dm), then, 'i' and 'e'
becomes equal.
Composition of the spectra obtain from a
diffraction grating by diffraction(1), and a prism
by refraction(2), longer wavelengths (red) are
diffracted more, but refracted less than shorter
wavelengths (violet).
Dispersive prism:-
Dispersive prism are used to break up light into its
constituent spectral colors because the refractive
index depends on frequency; the white light
entering the prism is a mixture of different
frequencies, each of which gets bent slightly
differently. Blue light is slowed down more than
red light and will therefore be bent more than red
light.
 GRAPHS
Graph between angle of incidence and angle of
deviation:-
 RESULT
1. The i-D graph indicate s that as angle of
incidence(i) increases, the angle of
deviation(Dm) and then again start increasing
for further increase in angle of incidence.
2. The angle of minimum deviation for
a) water Dm= c
b) kerosene or glycerin Dm= c
c) sprit Dm= c
d) turpentine oil Dm = c
3. The refractive indices of the
a) water n =
b) kerosene or glycerin0 n =
c) sprit n =
d) turpentine oil n=
4. Speed of light
a) water v= m/s
b) kerosene or glycerin v = m/s
c) sprit v= m/s
d) turpentine oil v = m/s
 DOUBTS
Ma' am can we use glycerin instead of kerosene and
the rest liquids are oil, sprit and water.......???
And anything else that we should in the project.......
???
is any more information required for the project or
this is enough.......?
 INDEX
1- Introduction
2- Aim
3- Requirement
4- Theory
5- Graph
6- Result
7- Bibliography