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Report
Rawa Khola Hydropower Project(3.5MW) Inception Report
ACRONYMS
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
amsl Above Mean Sea Level
B/C Benefit/Cost
BM Bench Mark
CAR Catchment Area Ratio
CBO Community Based Organization
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CFUGs Community Forestry User Group
DADO District Agriculture Development Office
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
DDC District Development Committee
DFO District Forest Office
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DoED Department of Electricity Development
DoS Department of Survey
DTM Digital Terrain Model
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
EPR Environment Protection Rule
ERT Electrical Resistivity Tomography
FDC Flow Duration Curve
FDG Focus Group Discussion
FSL Full Supply Level
GoN Government of Nepal
GPS Global Positioning System
GWh Giga Watt hour
ha Hectares
HFL High Flood Level
HPP Hydro Power Project
HSC Hydrological Similar Catchments
IDC Interest During Construction
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
INPS Integrated Nepal Power System
INGO’s International Non-Governmental Organizations
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JV Joint Venture
kV Kilo Volts
kVA Kilovolt Ampere
l/min Liter/minutes
m meter
m3/s Meter cube per second
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Feasibility Study of Rawa Khola Hydropower Project is awarded by Halesi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.,
hereinafter referred as a Client, for consulting services to the TAC Hydro Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. The Contract
Agreement was signed between the Client and Consultant on 3rd September, 2018 and the assignment has
become effective from the date of signing of contract agreement. The Consultant has to complete this job
within 12 weeks from the date of signing of contract. The main objective of this project is to conduct and
complete the Detail Feasibility Study of RKHP following Terms of Reference and to the satisfaction of the
Client.
Rawa Khola Hydroower Project (RKHP) is identified in Rawa Khola at Khotang district of Eastern
Development Region, Nepal. The proposed headworks of the project is located approx. 100m downstream of
Confluence of Rawa Khola and Lidim Khola in Sapteswar VDC at approximately 86°46’34” E longitude and
27°20’3.60” N latitude on the Left bank while as the Powerhouse area lies at right bank of Rawa Khola at
approx. 300m upstream of Rawa khola Small Hydroelectric Project 6.7MW Headworks in Marka VDC. The
approximate coordinate of Powerhouse 86°45’32.22” E longitude and 27°19’07.63” N latitude.
The Consultant has used available and applicable information by going through the previous reports, maps
and guidelines to accomplish the Project desk study. Field visit of the project site was carried out by key
professionals, i.e., Team Leader, Hydropower Engineer, Hydrologist, Geologist and Civil Engineers on
1st week of October, 2018. The team has gathered sufficient site information about general project layout and
possible alternatives, geology, hydrology and sedimentology of the project area. Present report is a collective
summary of Desk Study and preliminary analyses of field investigation and also contains field investigation
program and detail methodology to be carried out for completion of assignment of the project study.
This Rawa Khola Hydropower Project is a Run-of-River type Project. The available gross head is about 111
m and the design discharge for 40% of exceedance of flow, is taken as 10.741 m3/sec giving a total Installed
Capacity of 9.23 MW. This Design Discharge is taken after co-relating the discharge of this Catchment with
Dudhkoshi River. The headworks is proposed at approx. 50m downstream of confluence of Rawa Khola and
Lidim Khola. The alignment runs through the right bank of Rawa Khola. The Elevation of Headworks is 851m
amsl and the powerhouse of the project is proposed to be 740m amsl with Tailrace canal. To evacuate the
generated energy, it would be necessary to construct about 13 km long 33 kV transmission line and get
connected to NEA Buipa Sub-Station located at Buipa VDC.
The in-situ conditions of the sites were studied in order to ascertain the suitability of the sites for project
components. For determining the location of the components, governing factors such as geological and
hydraulic conditions, predictable guarantee for good performance, existing water rights, accessibility, safety
of structures etc. have been taken into consideration. Considering the present site conditions, the most suitable
project components are selected. The Consultant’s Team has made site verification in depth regarding the
technical suitability of the project.
PROJECT LOCATION
Location
Region : Eastern
Zone : Sagarmatha
District : Khotang
VDC : Makpa and Sapteshwar
VDC
Project Boundary
East : 86°47'00"E
West : 86°45'30"E
South : 27°18'54"N
North : 27°20'15"N
General
River : Rawa
Nearest Town : Khotang Bazzar
Type of Scheme : Run-of-River
Gross Head : 111 m
Rated Net Head : 105.45 m
Hydrology
Catchment Area : 170 km2
Design Discharge (Q40,Q60) : 10.741 m3/s ,5.397 m3/s
Design Flood (1 in 100-year Flood) : 781.644 m3/s
Diversion Dam/Weir
Type : Gated Weir
Weir length : Approx. 40m
Weir Crest Elevation : 851m amsl
Surge Tank
Location : Right Bank,
Groundsurface
Powerhouse
Location : Surface powerhouse at
the Right bank of Rawa
River at an elevation of
740m
Power Evacuation
Transmission Line
: 13km long 33kV
transmission upto NEA
Buipa Sub-Station(Buipa
VDC)
Table of Content
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY III
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT BASED OF INCEPTION PHASE FINDINGS I
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Literature Review 1
2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY 2
Objective 2
Scope of Work 2
3 APPROACH FOR INCEPTION PHASE STUDY 3
Mobilization 3
Desk Study 3
Data Collection 3
Reconnaissance Visit 4
Inception Report 4
Site Selection 4
4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR DETAIL FEASIBILITY STUDY 4
General Approach 4
Field Survey and Investigation 7
Topographical survey and data base generation 7
Hydrology and Sediment Studies 9
4.4.1 Hydrological Analysis 9
4.4.2 Sediment Study 9
Engineering Geological Studies 9
4.5.1 Aerial Photo Interpretation 10
4.5.2 Regional Geological Mapping 10
4.5.3 Engineering Geological Mapping 10
4.5.4 Discontinuity Survey 11
Geotechnical/Geophysical Investigation 12
4.6.1 2D Electrical Resistivity Survey 12
4.6.2 Core Drilling 12
Project Layout 13
Optimization Study 13
List of Tables
Table 6 I Detail access to project site from Kathmandu (By Road) .......................................................................... 24
Table 6 II Elevation range within the Rawa catchment ............................................................................................. 28
Table 6 III Hydrological stations in and around the project area. .............................................................................. 30
Table 6 IV Meteorological station in and around the project area............................................................................. 30
Table 6 V Comparison of Mean Monthly Flow......................................................................................................... 33
Table 6 VI Mean Monthly Flow from Modified Hydest. .......................................................................................... 34
Table 6 VII Discharge Measurement at 40% Exceedence (CAR-method)................................................................ 35
Table 6 VIII Discharge Measurement at 40% Excedence(HYDEST Method) ......................................................... 36
Table 6 IX Discharge Mesurement at 40% Exceedance(Modified Hydest) .............................................................. 36
Table 6 X Maximum Flow Discharge(CAR Method) ............................................................................................... 37
Table 6 XI Maximum Flow Discharge (Modified Hydest Method) .......................................................................... 38
Table 6 XII Flood Discharge from Gum-bell Distribution ........................................................................................ 38
Table 6 XIII Minimum Dischage Flow (CAR-Method) ............................................................................................ 39
Table 6 XIV Minimum Discharge Flow (Hydest Method) ........................................................................................ 39
Table 6 XV Minimum Discharge Flow (Modified Hydest)....................................................................................... 40
Table 6 XVI Minimum Discharge Flow (Modified Hydest) ..................................................................................... 40
Table 6 XVII Comparison of Different Options for RKHP....................................................................................... 49
Table 6 XVIII Comparison of Different Options for RKHP ..................................................................................... 49
List of Figures
Figure 6- 1 Project Location Map .............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 6- 2 District Map and Catchment Area........................................................................................................... 22
Figure 6- 3 Access road from Hurlung to Rawa site.................................................................................................. 24
Figure 6- 4 Google map of the Rawa River at Rawa Khola HPP Intake ................................................................... 26
Figure 6- 5 Headpond of Catchment area .................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 6- 6 Elevation Range in the Rawa River basin. .............................................................................................. 27
Figure 6- 7 Elevation Range in the Rawa River basin. .............................................................................................. 27
Figure 6- 8 Aspect of the Rawa River basin. ............................................................................................................. 28
Figure 6- 9 Hydrological stations in and around the project area. ............................................................................. 29
Figure 6- 10 Meteorological stations in and around the project area. ........................................................................ 29
Figure 6- 11 Elevation wise Comparison of Catchment of Dudhkoshi and Rawa Khola .......................................... 31
Figure 6- 12 Thiessen polygon of Meteorological Stations around the Project Catchment area ............................... 31
1 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Nepal's water resources potential including hydropower is sufficient which could be developed for rapid
socio-economic growth of the Country. The gross hydropower potential of Nepal is estimated to be
83,000 MW, of which about 42,000 MW is considered as economically effective based on the fuel
power balance, multipurpose utilization of water resources and preserving ecological balance in the
country. In spite of the presence of sufficient hydropower potential within the country, Nepal could not
meet the domestic demand of power and energy supply. The ever-increasing demand of power and
energy has promoted the decision makers of the country to harness the sufficient water resources
potential. As a result, more than 50% of the country’s population is still deprived of electrical energy.
The investment required for the development of the Hydropower project is quite high because of the
difficult terrain and the risks posed by the young geology of the Himalayas as well as foreign
dependability in the hydropower construction technology. The government of Nepal has set an
encouraging investment environment for private sector. As per the Hydropower Development Policy,
2001 and Water Resources Strategy, 2002, the government envisages maximum involvement of private
sector in hydropower development for large, medium and small-scale projects.
The Rawa Khola Hydropower Project is identified by Halesi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. TAC Hydro
Consultancy P. Ltd., has undertaken the Feasibility Study of RKHP under the Contract Agreement with
Halesi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd., signed on 3rd September 2018. The study is scheduled to be completed
within 48 weeks starting from the date of signing of the Contract.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The different information’s regarding the project as indicated in ToR of the project has been reviewed
on the basis of present study and described as follows:
A) Location
The Rawa Khola Hydropower Project is located in Khotang District of the Eastern Development Region
of Nepal. The proposed intake of the project lies approx. 50m downstream from the confluence of two
river i.e Lidin Khola and Rawa Khola of Jalapa VDC, Khotang District at approximately 86° 46’ 33.82”
E longitude and 27° 20’ 3.76” N latitude and powerhouse site lies along the right bank of Rawa Khola,
of Jalapa VDC, Khotang District. The approximate coordinate of proposed powerhouse is at 27° 18’
57.46” N Latitude and 86° 45’ 25.41” E longitude.
B) Hydrology
Rawa Khola Hydropower Project’s headwork site has a total catchment area of 170 km2 at intake. There
is no discharge measuring gauging station at headwork thus the discharge at this river section is
determined by Modified Hydest method. The mean annual flow estimated in the intake is 17.07m3/s
based on modified hydest method. The design flow is taken as 10.741 m3/s at Q40. The minimum and
maximum monthly flows are 2.362 m3/s and 57.581 m3/s respectively.
C) Layout
Rawa Khola Hydropower Project is a Run-off-River project. The available gross head is about 111 m
and the design discharge are 10.741m3/s giving the installed capacity of 9.23MW (Option A). The intake
is proposed at approx. 50m downstream of confluence of Rawa Khola and Lidim Khola. The intake
level is proposed at elevation of 851m amsl. The conveyance system is proposed a Pipeline of length
around 2.5km up to the proposed Surge tank site (Option A). Later, the design flow for power generation
is conveyed from surge tank to powerhouse by a 500m vertical Penstock pipe. Powerhouse is proposed
on the right bank of the Rawa Khola at an elevation of about 737 amsl.
D) Energy
As per the Energy Q40, the annual energy that is expected to be generated is 50.63 GWh, as per Inception
Phase Study.
E) Access
The project lies in Khotang district of Eastern Development Region.The project site is accessable
through Ktm-Kavre-Nepalthok-Sindhuli-Khurkot (BP Highway) and then Khurkot-Ghurmi-Harkapur-
Halesi-Hurlung (Diktel Road). Khurkot is about 115 km far from Kathmandu. From Khurkot to
Harkapur is about 60 km. From Harkapur to Halesi is about 42 km. From Halesi to Hurlung is about 27
km. The project site is accessible from Hurlung (Diktel Road). From Hurlung, approx. 20km offroad
leads to Jalapa Village of Jalapa VDC, Khotang. Jalapa is the nearest small bazar to the project site.
The project site is about 10km offroad from Jalapa village. From Jalapa fedi to Headworks, track has
been excavated but disturbed because of land slide so they need to be re-construct.
F) Transmission Line The nearest substation from the project site is Buipa Sub-Station (NEA) at
Buipa VDC, which is approximately 13 km far from proposed powerhouse site.
Geological and geotechnical investigations: The consultant is expected to propose the detail of
geological investigation required. The client will decide whether to do geological investigation
or not.
Geological mapping: The consultant will do the geological surface mapping of the project area.
Project component layout and feasibility level design
Energy calculations
Transmission line and power evacuation
Approximate layout of access road.
Project Size Optimization.
Project Cost estimates.
Construction planning schedule.
Financial analysis of the project.
Coordinate with EIA/IEE team appointed separately by Client and provide with necessary
information.
Engineering design of the project sufficient enough to start the detail engineering design.
The main basis to carry out the Detail Feasibility Study of the project will be the ToR of the Project. In
additional to the ToR the consultant will perform the activities as per prevailing guidelines for
unclarified task in ToR.
Hydrological data
Hydrological and meteorological data has been collected form Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology, Kathmandu.
Documents
The following documents are revisited by the Consultant:
Guidelines for Study of Hydropower Projects, DoED;
Design guidelines from the official website of DoED;
Hydrological study of Rawa Khola its correlation with Dudhkoshi river.
RECONNAISSANCE VISIT
During the field visit by the Consultant’s professionals including Team leader,Civil Engineer,
Hydropower Engineer Engineering Geologist, Hydrologist and other supporting members, the
project area has been verified. Potential Alternatives for project layout are studied taking into account
of existing topography, landscaping, geology and nature of the Rawa Khola etc.
INCEPTION REPORT
This Inception Report has been prepared based on the findings of the available project information,
review and reconnaissance field survey. Based on the field visit made by the professionals, options for
project layout with major hydropower components are prepared and presented herewith. Similarly, the
finalized field investigation program, a general approach and methodology to conduct the feasibility
study indicating procedure of design analysis, power production simulations, and economic analysis are
presented in this report.
SITE SELECTION
Under the site selection, the sites selected during reconnaissance study need to be re-confirmed and
approved in terms of suitability from technical and economic considerations. Different Alternative sites
will be studied and the most potential and technically viable Alternative will be proposed by the
Consultants with technical justifications for approval of the Client. Further activities related to field
investigation works will be preceded fully concentrating on the approved project Alternative.
Commencement
Reconnaissance Survey
Review of Report
Inception Stage
Inception Report
Field Report
Comments by
Draft Report Client
Incorporation of
Comments
Final Report
azimuths of the sides of the network, subsidiary bases on the triangulation will also be
measured at suitable intervals. Following error limits are to be validated/checked
Allowable tolerances for angle: < 10” (seconds) being the maximum difference
between angles obtained from face left and right observations and 5” per set.
Appropriate correction technique will be applied if the angular misclosure
exists within the allowable tolerance. The angular misclosure for traverse will
be within 10√n” (seconds) where “n” is the total number of traverse points.
Allowable tolerance in distance to be within 1:2,500 or (5mm± 5ppm).
Linear misclosure of traverses to be better than 1:10,000 with the condition
that all angles have been adjusted.
Difference in levels to be within 12√k mm where "k" is the distance between
two benchmarks in kilometers.
Traverse will be computed and errors in X, Y & H will be adjusted by
Bowditch or least squared method as appropriate.
g) Details will be surveyed using Total Station and the established points as above and
establishing new points connecting the existing points. Hanging station (station not
included in Closed traverse) more than one will not be allowed.
h) 3-4 check details/ common points will be observed for each adjoining station. The
check points should be agreed within 0.025 x of the map scale factor in cm.
i) The maps will be compiled from database where the following data are compiled
together with attribute table:
DGPS Points
Ground control Points and BMs with No. and elevation in m
Traverse lines
Grid and sheet No. (50 cm x 50 cm paper size in plotting scale)
Field data from total station
Annotation data
DTM and contours
Legend, and border information
Sheet frame, name and grid/graticule value
j) A complete topo-map in the standard format and scale as per ToR will be prepared and
submitted to Client.
k) The detail will be classified and symbolized from Database; pdf sheet files for each
map will be prepared and printed to required no. of copies.
l) For larger area, DTM and contours will be compiled separately dividing the areas into
different grid sheets or administrative regions. There will be no problem of
mismatching if the common areas are used on both adjoining maps.
iii) Mapping:
The consultant will prepare the contour plan in 1:5,000 scale with 5 m contour of the whole project
area. All the features such as rocky cliff, side zones, cultivated land, community forest etc will be
shown, also consultant will prepare digital maps at the scale of 1: 1,000 showing the location of control
points and BMs, topographical features and dam site, Forebay/ Surge tank, power house site, spillway,
project road and of canal/tunnel alignment in 1: 2,000 scale. The contour intervals will be 1m for BM,
topographical features, dam site, forebay/surgetank and of 2m to 5m for canal/tunnel alignment and will
be annotated. The symbol / database of the features will be as prescribed in the Legend.
iv) Strip survey:
The strip survey will also be carried out on the course using Total Station.
Digital strip maps at the scale of 1:2,000 will be prepared covering at least 100m strip from the centre
line on each side (at least 50m) from the central line of project road and canal/tunnel alignment of
showing the location of control points and BMs, topographical features and water diversion, Forebay/
Surge tank, power house site, spillway, project road and canal/tunnel alignment. The contour interval
will be 2m and will be annotated. The symbol / database of the features will be as prescribed by the
project/ Survey Department. In case of exposed water conveyance, the details of cross drainage covering
50m both sides will be prepared and submitted.
v) Transmission Line Walk over survey:
The walk over survey will be carried out during the field verification time and on the design of
transmission routes and pylon positions using available larger topographical maps at the scale of
1:25,000 or 1: 50,000.
The locations of the various field features will be recorded together with necessary coding system with
a view to process the data using standard mapping software. The Digital Topo map obtained from
Survey Department will be used for creating layout and presenting the field features, if required.
vi) Cross section and profile
The consultant will carry out cross-section and longitudinal profile survey at the headworks and
powerhouse site. The specifications of the X-section and L-profile survey will be as follows.
geological picture would be clear. The geological fieldwork will cover an appreciable amount of the
surrounding area such that the regional geological picture would again be clear. The existing 1:25,000
or 1: 50,000 topographical maps will be used as a base map for the purpose of mapping the larger areas.
The engineering geological part of the feasibility report will include the engineering geological maps
accompanied with one or more cross sections and relevant photographs. The geological cross-section
of the project layout will be prepared and the geological cross-section at the typical sections like
Headworks site, powerhouse site etc. will be prepared.
4.5.1 Aerial Photo Interpretation
Aerial photo interpretation of the area will delineate all the geological structures, alignments and
morphological features at the project and its vicinity. It will cover at least 100 m to 300 m beyond the
proposed site of hydropower structures. Aerial photographs will be studied under stereoscope and all
alignments, local as well as regional faults, will be identified and verified in the field. Special attention
will be given to the intake site and the alignment.
The engineering geological portion of the feasibility report will include cross sections and relevant
photographs. The engineering geological mapping will be presented to the Clients.
The engineering geological maps will be based upon the following:
Methodology
Engineering geological map will be prepared based on field data using survey map in and around the
project area. While collecting field data locations are made in such a way that the spatial coverage of
the area is high. For precise measurements of field data GPS will be used. Identification of rock types
and measurement of attitude of rocks/ and delineation of rock soil boundaries will be made in the field.
For the data acquisition in the field geological hammer, dilute Hydrochloric acid, hand lens and Brunton
compass and color pencils will be used. Measured attitude of rock mass discontinuities, distribution of
different rock/ soil types, and rock mass classification using RMR and Q system will be plotted on
detailed topographic map and tunnel /canal sections. Finally support system will be proposed for the
given underground structure.
Based on the finding of engineering geological mapping geological section along the proposed
alignment, headworks section and powerhouse section will be prepared.
be recommended for underground structures. Engineering geological mapping will be presented to the
Clients.
GEOTECHNICAL/GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION
Geophysical methods are often used to gather information from sub-surface exploration prior to core
drilling and excavation of exploratory Audits or Shafts. The main types of geophysical methods used
in rock mass investigation are listed below:
Seismic refraction;
Seismic reflection;
Cross hole tomography;
Electric Resistivity;
Electromagnetic (Radar);
The seismic refraction method or 2D Electrical Resistivity Survey is commonly used in hydropower
projects. The seismic refraction methods involve blasting and explosive material which links with
security organization and causes lengthy procedure to accomplish the work than 2D ERT. So, the
Consultants will adopt 2D Electrical Resistivity Survey in order to investigate the sub-surface
geological condition at different finalized project components/locations by taking consent from the
Clients. The consultant will recommend seismic refraction method if necessary.
4.6.1 2D Electrical Resistivity Survey
2D-ERT is most commonly used geophysical tool in the feasibility study of hydropower projects of
Nepal. It is useful in characterizing the subsurface geology in the sites of different components of a
hydropower project. Geological observations provide a prior information while processing the data and
interpreting the tomogram.
Resistivity of a material is the inverse of the conductivity of that material. Electrical conductivity of a
material is the measure of ease with which an electric current can be made to flow through it. Thus,
electricity conductivity is the ratio of reading from voltmeter in volt to current measured in ampere. The
unit of electrical conductivity is ohm. Hence, the electrical resistivity is the reciprocal of electrical
conductivity and the measuring unit is mhos. The electrical resistivity thus measures the difficulty
following the current inside the material when the electric current passes through it. Current and
potential electrodes are used in measuring the electrical resistivity.
The location, lines and length of ERT line will be recommended after the preparation of geological and
engineering geological mapping of the project area and different project structure.
PROJECT LAYOUT
The Consultants will include layout and design of following components:
Diversion system;
Water conveyance system;
Location of headworks structures undersluice, desender, approach canal and spillway;
Forebay/Surgetank
Penstock alignment;
Powerhouse location;
Access road; and
Transmission line.
OPTIMIZATION STUDY
The optimization study encompasses both optimization of project in terms of installed capacity and
energy generation in conjunction with the economic as well as environmental aspects and other project
components. The principle objective of the optimization study is to find out a project configuration,
which generates maximum annual energy at the possible low cost.
The Consultants will use a number of methods and tools to optimize the size of the project components
on the basis of working out several potential options for various structures and alignments of the
hydropower project. Optimization procedures for finding the major project parameters of the
hydropower component will be conducted such that the total costs of construction, operation and
maintenance, and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts is minimum while providing for
adequate factors of safety against hydrological, geological, seismological and geo-technical risks.
All of the above activities will include the layout and design of following components which are:
diversion system, intake and water conveyance system, forebay, powerhouse, mechanical and electrical
equipment, power evacuation system, access track and River flow diversion during construction.
4.8.1 Optimization of Power Installed Capacity
In this optimization process, the full supply level at headwork will be fixed. Designed diversion system,
intake, desander, forebay/surge tank and installed capacity will be taken into account in the economic
analyses. Conceptual layout and designs will develop for different Alternatives on the basis of which,
cost estimate for each Alternative will be computed. The obtained benefits for each Alternative will be
computed and will be compared with the costs to identify benefit cost ratio. The optimization process
can be summarized below:
• Performing the conceptual design/layout of structures with cost estimation for various
Alternatives;
• Determine the optimum level of pondage for generating required peaking power.
• Determine the optimum of generating units for selected installed capacity.
• Computing power and annual energy along with benefits for each Alternative;
• Computing and analyzing the benefit cost ratio for each Alternative;
• Computing the annual cost of the project and annual benefit derived from power for each
Alternative; and
• Performing economical and financial analyses including determination of net present value,
benefit cost ratio and financial internal rate of return.
• Determining the optimum generation Capacity with respect to project operation, repair and
maintenance.
Optimization Parameters
The optimization will be carried out using the following parameters.
Hydrological Data
The mean monthly flow and the selected turbine discharge obtained from Modified Hydest Method will
be used for the project.
Energy Prices
For the benefit computations, the current power purchase prices offered by Nepal Electricity Authority
(NEA) were adopted the following rates:
Four months’ dry energy NRs.8.40/kWh
Eight months’ wet energy NRs.4.80/kWh
Here, Four-month dry energy is defined as the portion of hydrological available energy generated from
Manghir 16th to Chaitra 15th of a year. Likewise, the Eight-month wet energy is defined as the energy
that produced over and above the firm energy, limited by the installed capacity of the Project. This
energy would be generated from Chaitra 16th to Manghir 15th in a year.
4.8.2 Civil Engineering Design
This will be next phase for the project. The civil engineering design works will be undertaken in the
following sequence:
Layout planning;
Design of component structures; and
Preparation of Drawings.
a) Layout Planning
An optimum layout plan for all the project structure based on the previous studies and current studies
will be prepared by the joint effort of the hydropower engineer, hydraulic engineer and geotechnical
engineers. It will take into consideration the various requirements applicable in the international
practices.
Headrace pipe: The consultant investigated the viability of the headrace pipe in this site. The pipe should
be designed to convey the required design flow; size of the pipe will be optimized. Alternative options
for the pipe will also be evaluated. Pipe Type will be determined. If pipe is found not feasible,
Tunnel/canal option as Alternative options will also be evaluated.
iv.Forebay/Surge Tank:
Water hammer effect and other Surge effects will also be taken into consideration during design of
Surge tank. It should be designed to create pressure flow in the penstock leading to the turbines. The
water level should be determined in such a way that it will be possible to avoid entrance of air into the
penstock during maximum drop of water level at the time of sudden opening of turbine valves. A
suitable spillway and escape will be designed to safely manage the excess flow.
v.Penstock:
Penstock pipe will be designed for structural requirement and the alignment. The size of the penstock
diameter will be optimised based on cost and benefit comparison. The penstock pipe will be designed
with sufficient steel thickness to conduct water from Forebay to the turbines. Bifurcation of the penstock
appropriate for the turbine and Powerhouse layout will also be designed. Based on the topographic and
environmental conditions present along the penstock route either a surface or underground or vertical
Penstock will be considered.
vi.Anchor Blocks and Saddle Support:
Required numbers of anchor blocks and saddle supports will be provided to support the penstock based
upon site conditions. Stability analysis for anchor blocks and saddle supports will be carried out as per
standard practices taking adequate factor of safety.
vii.Tailrace:
The tailrace canal/tunnel will be designed to be able to adequately convey the discharge from the
turbines into the River without eroding the existing Riverbanks and Riverbed. Bank protection works,
if felt important, will be assessed during field visit.
viii. Powerhouse:
The Powerhouse will be designed to generate the Power by the design discharge and the net head.
Powerhouse may be surface and underground depending upon the geology of the area. The dimension
of the powerhouse is defined by the Electro Mechanical Components (turbine units and type, governors
etc.) to be installed in powerhouse. As this project is of medium head, thus Francis turbine is effective.
However, further study will be taken into consideration for the type and units of turbines. Protection
works will be given considering the maximum flood and GLOF at powerhouse area, and its geology.
4.8.3 HM and EM Components
Hydromechanical and Electromechanical components of a hydropower project include Hydraulic Steel
Structures, turbine, governors, fly wheel, gear-box, generator, control panel etc. Hydromechanical and
Electromechanical equipment required for the project will be sized according to the project requirement.
Optimization of Hydraulic Steel Structures and Selection of the appropriate electromechanical
equipment will be carried out. The power plant operates in a larger network of national grid thus
variation of load will be considered. Also, selection of the hydromechanical and electromechanical
equipment will be based on the important factor of road access and the maximum transportable loads
and sizes along the road.
The general design and performance specification for the electro-mechanical equipment will be based
on the standards issued by IEC and other publications such as Water Power and Dam Construction,
United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF RECLAMATION (USBR), IS-12800 (Part I),
Japanese Electro technical committee (JEC), JICA Training Manual etc.
In case of turbine, maximum water level, FSL, minimum operating level, normal tail water level, high
flood tail water level, highest upsurge, lowest upsurge, summer water temperature etc. will be taken as
design parameter. The plant capacity of the turbine will be from rated discharge and net rated head.
While determining the numbers and size of the units, due considerations will be given to the available
flow, its distribution throughout the year (in case of run of River type), size and characteristic of the
connected grid, manufacturing facility, transportation facility, ease of operation and maintenance, etc.
The selection of turbine will be done as per the design head, discharge and specific speed by using
different standard turbine selection charts.
Governor will be designed considering sensing speed, speed and load setting, stroke limitation, speed
drop function, feed-backs, communication with the main control system, protection and monitoring
functions.
The generator will be designed mainly based on IS 12000 Part 2. The air gap diameter will be sized
based on the maximum peripheral rotor velocity and the number of pair poles. Other generator
components like outer core diameter, stator frame diameter, and inner barrel diameter will be sized with
respect to the air gap diameter and number of pair poles. The rated kVA, output coefficient, air gap
diameter will be considered for the core length of stator.
Two units of Francis Turbine (vertical shaft) has been proposed till the inception phase because of
medium head available. However, the exact number and type of units, generators will be decided after
the detail survey.
4.8.4 Transmission Line System and Access Road
The Consultants will work out a preliminary concept for the transmission systems of the energy
produced by the project to the nearest point in the national grid.
The transmission line will be plotted on the available topographical maps prepared by the Department
of Survey of the project area. A single line diagram of the substation will be prepared.
The Consultants will assess the requirement of the access road and project roads for the implementation
of the project. The most advantageous option will be studied to complete feasibility level outputs.
The Consultants will prepare a project schedule highlighting the key and major events. The critical
activities and the critical path of activities in the schedule will be elaborated.
4.8.7 Drawing
The drawings for the project will be submitted as follows:
General layout plan and longitudinal profile of waterways in the scale of 1:10000 with 1 m
contour
Anchor blocks, Saddle supports: Plan – 1:200 and section 1:50;
Plan and interval;
Plans of diversion works, intakes, spillway, Desander etc. in 1:200 and section in 1:50;
Crossings and super-passages: Plan, profile & section in 1:100 and 1:50;
Forebay & spillway: Plan and section 1:200 and 1:50;
Penstock, section of Powerhouse and tailrace plan 1:100 and section 1:50; and Drawings will
be prepared and submitted in A3 size paper as and where required.
4.8.8 Cost Estimates, Economic Evaluation and Financial Analysis
a) Cost estimates
Quantity estimation and cost estimates are critical elements in the economic analysis and financial
planning and cost management of the project. The estimates will be done on the optimized layout,
structure sizes and the construction methodology conceived for the project, taking account of the project
schedule. The cost of construction management and engineering will be included in the estimate as
separate items. Preliminary cost estimates will be prepared for the various elements of the project on
the following principles:
Civil works unit rates will be based on the rate analysis, district unit rate and transport and
haulage distance of the construction material will be analysed;
Cost of electromechanical will be derived from similar projects undertaken by NEA and IPP
projects undertaken in Nepal. Also, with the help of the Client attempt will be made to get
quotation from the manufacture as far as possible.
For costing of transmission lines, the breakdown of the item the average rate per kilometre cost
derived from the construction experience of NEA and other similar projects will be taken into
account.
The Quantity of civil structures and Hydromechanical structures shall be determined from the
drawings.
b) Energy Computation
The consultant will carry out the energy computation based on the hydrology at Q40%, Q45%, Q50%
and Q60% and the design parameters with consideration of compensation flow and losses on both Run
off River and Peaking Run off River concept. The consultant shall present the Energy Computation in
both the Georgian and Bikram Sambat Calendar.
c) Economic Analysis
The Consultant will carry out the economic viability of the project taking into account the requirements
of the integrated power systems. An assessment of the economic cost of the project will be made based
on the project cost estimate (investment cost), projected operation and maintenance costs, projected
environmental mitigation costs, and the possible costs of parts that may likely to impose on the lifetime
of the works. From this information an assessment will be made on the total financing package required
for the scheme.
The economic analysis will be based on consumable energy. The economical parameters that will be
used for economic evaluation are presented below.
Project cost stream: The project cost stream will include the following cost components;
a. Construction cost: All direct & indirect cost related to the project implementation;
b. Interest During Construction (IDC);
c. Project Capital Cost: Sum of Construction cost & IDC;
d. Recurring Annual Cost: Includes the average annual cost of operation, maintenance,
insurance and general expenses;
e. Tax and duties;
f. Price Escalation;
Project revenue stream: It is the annual revenue generated from the sale of energy.
e) Sensitivity Analysis
The sensitivity of the economic and financial parameters will also be performed for following changed
conditions to examine the soundness of the project:
• Varied discounted rate (say 8% -14%);
• Capital Cost decreased/increased by 10% to 20%;
• Varied revenue generation due to Hydrological risk analysis (say -5% to -10%)
• Delay in project commissioning (say for 1 year or 2 years, cumulative effect of cost and time
overrun); and
Cumulative effect of cost and time over run
Dry Energy Decreases by 5%, 10%, 15%
Halesi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. 18 TAC Hydro Consultancy P.
Ltd.
Rawa Khola Hydropower Project(3.5MW) Inception Report
5 REPORTING REQUIREMENT
PRESENT REPORT
The present Inception Report is first delivered Report. This Report incorporates the preliminary findings
of the desk study and details of the field reconnaissance program. The Report also includes
methodologies for conducting the study work with field investigation program. The details presented in
this Report is based on baseline information, first handed filed investigation and information from
secondary source. Thus, the result based on such information is crude and may conflict the detail
findings at the end of Study. This Report contains the details of different project Alternatives, their
relevant optimizations including analysis of Alternatives on different discharge option. The finding of
this report forms a boundary to carry out studies under subsequent phases of the study. Bounded to area
covered by the project, possibility of different options however cannot be ruled out.
REPORTING REQUIREMENT FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY
5.2.1 Inception Report
One copy of the Inception Report will be prepared and submitted to Client no later than 12 weeks after
signing the Contract Agreement. This Report will contain the finalized field investigation program and
a general approach and methodology that the Consultant proposes to conduct the Feasibility Study.
Such methodologies will include design analysis, power production simulations and economic analysis.
5.2.2 Topographical Survey Reports
One copy of draft report of topographical survey Reports with overlaying cadastral map indicating land
requirements and land details, will be prepared and submitted to Client no later than 20 weeks after
signing the contract agreement. This report also includes the walkover survey report of access road with
transmission lines.
6 INCEPTION STUDY
GENERAL
This Chapter deals with the field relevant data collection, project settings, hydrological and geological
studies as well as different Project Alternatives within the specified Project boundary. This chapter also
deals with the outcomes of site visit. The issues related with the study of various Project options are
also discussed herein as part of the Study. The Project location map of the RKHP and the Project area
delineation is presented in Error! Reference source not found. and Figure 6-2 respectively.
FINDINGS OF STUDY
Observation of Desk Study:
The Consultant carried out desk study of the project on the basis of project boundary provided by the
Client. During the desk study the topo maps, aerial photos and geological map of the area were studied.
The other technical findings of the study are summarized as below:
The matrix form of project boundary was plotted in topo-maps and was cross checked using
Arc-GIS 10 and Google Earth Pro. The project lies on Khotang district;
Catchment area demarcation on the topo-sheet is made;
The proposed layout mentioned in Desk Study is studied and other possible Alternatives
demarked;
FIELD VISIT
The Consultant’s team of experts consisting of Team leader, Civil Engineer, Hydropower Engineer,
Hydrologist, and Geologist visited on October, 2018.
As planned, during this field visit the Consultant’s Team has made sincere efforts in obtaining the
required information on the following aspects of field findings.
Identification of project area including basic River characteristics;
Location and position of Confluence of Rawa Khola and Lidim Khola Site.
Familiarization with the project boundary and possible project layouts with locations of major
project components.
Identification of possible Alternatives;
Findings of field status on number and length of crossings, out cropped rocks, fissures and rock
nature, etc. to be encountered in Tunnel alignment.
After completion of field visit, the site constrains are evaluated and Alternatives have been identified
and their analysis are being carried out.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
6.4.1 Access
The project lies in Khotang district of Eastern Development Region.The project site is accessable
through Ktm-Kavre-Nepalthok-Sindhuli-Khurkot (BP Highway) and then Khurkot-Ghurmi-Harkapur-
Halesi-Hurlung (Diktel Road). Khurkot is about 115 km far from Kathmandu. From Khurkot to
Harkapur is about 60 km. From Harkapur to Halesi is about 42 km. From Halesi to Hurlung is about 27
km. The project site is accessible from Hurlung (Diktel Road). From Hurlung, approx. 20km offroad
leads to Jalapa Village of Jalapa VDC, Khotang. Jalapa is the nearest small bazar to the project site.
The project site is about 10km offroad from Jalapa village. From Jalapa fedi to Headworks, track has
been excavated but disturbed because of land slide so they need to be re-construct.
Figure 6- 4 Google map of the Rawa River at Rawa Khola HPP Intake
The topographic information presented in Figure 6-6 and Figure 6-7 indicates that the basin lies in the
High Hilly region with most of the areas covered by forest. Significant area is also covered by exposed
areas utilised for agriculture and rock outcrops.
Drainage
Total catchment Area below 3000 Area below 5000 Total stream Density(k
Name (km2) (km2) (km2) length (km) m/km2)
151.75 0.89
Rawa 170 155 170
Mean
Index Lat.(D Log.(DD Ele.(m rainfall(m
S.N. Station name No. District D) ) ) m)
CHAURIKHAR
231 K 1202 Solukhumbu 27.7 86.72 2619 2088.11
232 PAKARNAS 1203 Solukhumbu 27.43 86.57 1982 1784.76
AISEALUKHA
233 RK 1204 Khotang 27.35 86.75 2143 2179.28
242 SALLERI 1219 Solukhumbu 27.5 86.58 2378 1654.34
243 DIKTEL 1222 Khotang 27.22 86.8 1623 1466.9
Sankhuvwasab
248 NUM 1301 ha 27.55 87.28 1497 4423.09
265 DINGLA 1325 Bhojpur 27.37 87.15 1190 1961.72
86.3833
245 SIRWA 1224 Solukhumbu 27.55 3 1662 1820
27.6333 86.2333
214 JIRI 1103 Dolkha 3 3 2003 2304
MANE 27.4833 86.4166
235 BHNJYANG 1207 Okhaldhunga 3 7 1576 1093
OKHALDHUN 27.3166
234 GA 1206 Okhaldhunga 7 86.5 1720 1756
Among these hydrological station, the nearest hydrological station is the Dudhkoshi hydrolological
station.Since the Rawa khola is a tributary of the Dudhkoshi,daily data from this station is used for
catchment correlation to find the mean monthly flow.Thus, we adapted the value from the Dudhkoshi
Khola Correlation.
Among all those meteorogical station around the Rawa Catchment, only the Chaurikharka metrorogical
station has influence in the Inkhu khola watershed according to the theissen polygon analyis of
neighbouring station. Therefore, we collected the rainfall data of the Chaurikharka station to calculate
the total water yield in the watershed of Rawa Khola.
Figure 6- 12 Thiessen polygon of Meteorological Stations around the Project Catchment area
The thiessen polygons were found too large due to uneven and lesser number of the meteorological
stations around the Rawa catchment. Therefore, isohyetal method were used to calculate the mean
rainfall of the catchment.
2400
2300
2200
2100
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Month
20
Flow, m3/s
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
6.5.3.2.2 Recommendation:
The nearby hydrological station to the Rawa catchment is the Dudhkoshi Hydrological station at
Rabuwaghat. However,Dudhkoshi catchment is 22 times the Rawa catchment the Hydrological
phenomena of large catchment does not match with that of smaller one so mean monthly flow from the
Modified Hydest is Adapted, which is given below.
Table 6 VI Mean Monthly Flow from Modified Hydest.
FDC Curve
40.00
35.00
30.00
Discharge (m3/s)
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Probability of Exceedence
Discharge
Probability of Excedence (%) (m3/s)
0 39.071
5 22.099
20 22.676
40 6.342
50 4.734
60 3.126
65 2.595
80 1.004
95 0.651
100 0.557
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Probability Exceedence , %
6.5.3.3.4 Recommendation:
The design discharge is taken at 40 percentiles of probability of exceedance.The design discharge at
Q40 is adopted at 10.741 m3/s from Modified Hydest Method.
6.5.3.4.1 CAR-Method
The following table and figure show the Flood Discharge for different return period using the
Instantaneous Maximum Flow of Dudhkoshi station.
Return Log-pearson-
period(Yr) Gum-BELL III
2 96.40 81.86
5 170.17 110.51
10 219.02 135.91
20 265.88 165.93
50 326.53 214.81
100 371.98 260.56
500 477.00 406.98
1000 522.16 493.14
10000 672.07 936.66
Flood flows
Return Period, T yrs Flood flows, Q m3/s
2 175.195
5 301.046
10 399.478
20 504.491
50 656.234
100 781.644
200 917.945
500 1114.664
1000 1277.441
5000 1706.059
10000 1914.151
6.5.3.4.3 Recommendation:
Since we have the recorded flood discharge at the Dudhkoshi Catchment, the Flood discharge for
different return period is adopted from Gum-bell Distribution.
Return
period(Yr) Gum-BELL
2 96.40
5 170.17
10 219.02
20 265.88
50 326.53
100 371.98
500 477.00
1000 522.16
10000 672.07
6.5.3.5 Minimum Flow
6.5.3.5.1 CAR-Method
For minimum flow, Weibull analysis is used for different basin correlation.
The table and figure show the Minimum discharge available for different Probabilistic value at Rawa
Khola using Dudhkoshi river station.
Return Minimum
period(yr) Flow(m3/s)
2 1.639
5 1.168
10 0.813
20 0.457
30 0.249
40 0.102
50 0
Low-Flow-DudhKoshi Correlation
3.00
2.50
2.00
Discharge
1.50
(m3/s)
1.00
0.50
y = -0.513ln(x) + 1.9941
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-0.50
Return Period(Yr)
Low Flows
Return Period Day Low flows, Q m3/s
2 1 0.781
7 0.830
30 1.018
Monthly 1.113
10 1 0.415
7 0.490
30 0.674
Monthly 0.761
20 1 0.327
7 0.419
30 0.604
Monthly 0.687
Low Flows
Return Period Day Low flows, Q m3/s
1 1.631
7 1.738
2
30 2.005
Monthly 2.135
1 1.074
7 1.139
10
30 1.391
Monthly 1.505
1 0.973
7 1.026
20
30 1.273
Monthly 1.387
6.5.3.5.4 Recommendation:
The following table shows adopted minimum flow obtained from Modified Hydest.
Table 6 XVI Minimum Discharge Flow (Modified Hydest)
Low Flows
Return Period Day Low flows, Q m3/s
1 1.631
7 1.738
2
30 2.005
Monthly 2.135
1 1.074
7 1.139
10
30 1.391
Monthly 1.505
1 0.973
7 1.026
20
30 1.273
Monthly 1.387
about 2,400 km length and lies in the central part of Eurasia the northwards of the Indian Shield. The
Himalaya terminates in both east and west direction. According to Bordet (1961) the Himalaya is
divided geologically and geographically into Punjab Himalaya, Kumaon Himalaya, Nepal Himalaya,
Sikkim/ Bhutan Himalaya and NEFA Himalaya
The Nepal Himalaya extends from Mahakali River in the west to the Mechi River in the east is 800 km
long which is one third of total length of the Himalayas. Geologically, it is divided into five major
tectonic zones (Gansser 1964, Le Fort et al. 1975, Valdiya 1980), from south to north. They are given
below. A brief summary of these zones is described below in order to provide the background for further
discussion on geological condition of the study area. Each zone characterized by their own lithology,
tectonic, structure and geological history. Fig. 6-14 depicts the generalized regional geological map of
the Nepal Himalaya.
Tibetan –Tethys Zone
……….STDS……….
……….MCT……….
……….MBT……….
……….MFT……….
Indo-Gangetic Plain
phyllite, schist, quartzite, limestone and dolomite etc. There are also some remarkable granitic
intrusions in this zone.
6.6.5 Higher Himalayan Zone
Geologically, the Higher Himalayan Zone includes the rocks lying north of the Main Central Thrust
(MCT) and below the fossiliferous Tibetan-Tethys Zone. This zone consists of an approximately 4–10
km thick succession of crystalline rocks of the Precambrian age (Bordet et al., 1972). This zone
comprises mainly high-grade metamorphic rocks such as kyanite-silliminite bearing gneiss; schist and
marble form the basement of this zone. Granite is found in the upper part of this zone.
6.6.6 Tibetan-Tethys Zone
The Tibetan-Tethys Zone is the northernmost tectonic division of the Nepal Himalaya and extends to
the north in Tibet. This zone is composed of fossiliferous sedimentary rocks such as shale, limestone
and sandstone, ranging in age from the late Precambrian–early Paleozoic to the upper Cretaceous
(Colchen et al., 1980). It lies between the Southern Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) in the south
and Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITS) in the north. Most of the great Himalayan peaks of Nepal,
including the Mt Everest, Manaslu, Annapurna and the Dhaulagiri belongs to the Tibetan-Tethys Zone.
Figure 6- 14 Generalized geological map of the Nepal Himalaya (after Amatya and jnawali, 1994)
6.7.1 Headworks
The headworks area is proposed at the straight course about 50 m downstream from the confluence of
Rawa Khola and Lidim Khola near suspension bridge. The left bank of the Rawa Khola on the proposed
headworks area consists of grey to light grey schist intercalation of with phyllite. The rock is intensely
crenulated and boudinaged. The schist with folded, boudinaged and disrupted quartz veins is observed.
That of right bank consists of alluvial deposit. The alluvial deposits consists of dominantly boulder size
materials.
The desander basin is proposed at the left bank of the Rawa Khola about 50 m downstream from the
proposed weir axis which connected by connecting canal. It consists of alluvial deposits which is
slightly cover by colluvial deposits at the slope part as shown in figure 6-15.
Figure 6- 15 Photograph of proposed desander basin area (showing the alluvial deposits)
6.7.4 Powerhouse
The powerhouse area lies at the lowermost end of the nose shape river bed deposits (upper alluvial
terrace). The terrain composed of sand to boulders size materials. The rock is exposed just upstream
from the proposed powerhouse area on the right bank of the Rawa Khola which is grey, fine grained,
fresh to moderately weathered phyllite with major three joint sets. The attitude of foliation is 160°/52/
NE.
Figure 6- 16 Google photo showing the proposed powerhouse and surge tank area.
These are criteria set during site visit to identify alternative layout of the project components.
Sufficient and adequate space and span available for headwork components such as diversion
structures, intake, gravel trap and flushing.
Sufficient and stable site for desander and flushing’s structure within the location of the
headwork.
Hard rock geology for waterway such as headrace, surge tank and penstock alignment.
Stable sites for approach canal alignment and surface waterways
Sufficient, safe and stable sites for powerhouse location.
Accessibility to sites such as roads and foot trail including headwork, surge tank and
powerhouse location.
Project boundaries and availability of maximum head for generation.
Geologically feasible location of tunnel and audit portals the projects
Streams crossings and revolute crossing along the waterway alignment.
Exposed rock outcrops, soil deposits, landslides and rockfalls.
6.8.1 Option A
6.8.1.1 General Arrangement and Layout
The alignment of Option A passes through the right bank of Rawa Khola. A Gated type diversion weir
has to be constructed at the headworks location, at approx. 50m downstream of Confluence of Lidim
khola and Rawa Khola. The Reduced level of river bed of Weir location is 851m amsl and the approx.
length of weir will be around 40m. Thus, the collected water is then conveyed to the Surface Desander
(2 bays- 5m wide, 90m long and 5m deep). The headrace pipe of 2500m, finished dia 2.3m will convey
the water to the surge tank. The alignment passes through the Matauli village Area, Makpa VDC. The
headrace pipe will be circular-shaped. The Surge tank will be Underground of 5m dia. and 20m height,
circular shaped with concrete lining. Penstock would be of approx. 500m long. The diameter of penstock
pipe is assumed to be of 1.3m to 1.8m, made of steel pipe. The Surface Powerhouse is proposed at the
right bank of Rawa River. As for now, the dimensions of powerhouse are assumed to be of 30m X 20m
X 10m and 50m Surface tailrace canal is proposed. The Reduced Level of Powerhouse Area is 740m
amsl, leading to the Gross Head of 111m.
Diversion Weir: Gated Weir, Elevation 851m amsl, Approx. Length: 40 m
Desander: Surface, 2 bays- 5 m wide and 90 m long and 5 m deep
Headrace: Pipe, Circular-Shaped Length 2500 m, finished dia. 2.3 m and of steel pipe.
Surge Tank: Underground, 5m dia. and 20 m Height, circular shaped, concrete lining
Penstock: Surface, 500 m long, 1.3m to 1.8 m dia. steel pipe
Powerhouse: Surface, 30m long, 20m wide X 10 m height. Elevation: 737 masl
Tailrace: Surface, Canal, 50 m long, size 2m wide and 2.5 m depth
Design discharge: 10.741 m3/sec
Gross Head: 111 m
Capacity: 9.23 MW
Energy Output: 50.63 GWh
6.8.1.2 Power and Energy Benefits
Option A have a gross head of 111 m and a design discharge of 10.741 m3/s. With an overall efficiency
of 86%, hydraulic parameters and available head result in an installed capacity of 9.23 MW. The average
annual saleable energy generation from this Option will be 50.63 GWh.
6.8.1.3 Rate analysis and Cost Estimates
The rate analysis will be done based upon the Khotang District rate and the rates of the relevant and
similar projects. The total cost of the project will be estimated based upon the size of civil structures,
mechanical, electrical, electromechanical including transmission line of the project. This cost also
includes overall provision of 10% contingencies on civil cost, 5% Contingencies on hydro mechanical
and electro mechanical cost, 3% towards construction management and administration and 2.5%
towards environmental impact mitigation and compensation cost. Similar pattern will be followed for
all the Options of project layouts.
6.8.2 Option B
6.8.2.1 General Arrangement and Layout
The alignment of Option B half passes through the left bank and half passes from the right bank of
Rawa Khola. A Gated type diversion weir has to be constructed at the headworks location, at approx.
50m downstream of Confluence of Lidim khola and Rawa Khola. The Reduced level of river bed of
Weir location is 851m amsl and the approx. length of weir will be around 40m. Thus, the collected water
is then conveyed to the surface Desander (2 bays- 5m wide, 90m long and 5m deep). The headrace pipe
of 3300m, finished dia 2.3m will convey the water to the surge tank. The half alignment passes through
the Sapteshwar VDC and half passes from Makpa VDC. The headrace pipe will be circular-shaped. The
Surgetank will be of 5m dia and 20m height, circular shaped with concrete lining. Penstock would be of
approx. 500m long. The diameter of penstock pipe is assumed to be of 1.3m to 1.8m, made of steel pipe.
The Surface Powerhouse is proposed at the right bank of Rawa River. As for now, the dimensions of
powerhouse are assumed to be of 30m X 20m X 10m and 50m long tailrace canal is proposed. The
Reduced Level of Powerhouse Area is 740m amsl, leading to the Gross Head of 111m.
Diversion Weir: Gated Weir, Elevation 851m amsl, Approx. Length: 40 m
Desander: Surface, 2 bays- 5 m wide and 90 m long and 5 m deep
Headrace: Pipe, Circular-Shaped Length 3300 m, finished dia. 2.3 m and of steel pipe.
Surge Tank: Underground, 5m dia. and 20 m Height, circular shaped, concrete lining
Headworks
Surge Tank
Power House
mechanical, electrical, electromechanical including transmission line of the project. This cost also
includes overall provision of 10% contingencies on civil cost, 5% Contingencies on hydro mechanical
and electro mechanical cost, 3% towards construction management and administration and 2.5%
towards environmental impact mitigation and compensation cost. Similar pattern will be followed for
all the Options of project layouts.
Table 6 XVII Comparison of Different Options for RKHP
REFERENCE
DHM Hydrological records of Nepal. Stream flow summary. Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Government of Nepal, 2008.
DMIP Design Manuals for Irrigation Projects in Nepal. M9: Drainage Manual. Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Water Resources, 1990.
DoED Inception Report. Feasibility Study and IEE Study of Kabeli-3 Hydropower Project. Department of Electricity Development, Ministry
of Energy, Government of Nepal, July, 2012.
DoED Inception Report. Feasibility Study and IEE Study of Ikhuwa Khola Hydropower Project. Department of Electricity Development,
Ministry of Energy, Government of Nepal, July, 2012.
DoED Design Guidelines for Headworks of Hydropower Projects. Department of Electricity Development, Ministry of Energy, Government
of Nepal, 2005.
DoED Guidelines for study of Hydropower Projects, Department of Electricity Development, Ministry of Energy, Government of Nepal,
December, 2003.
IOE Design Guidelines on Hydropower Projects. Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, 1993
Feasibility Study and IEE Study Reports of BudhiGandaki (Ka) and (Kha) Hydroelectric Projects. Patel Energy Ltd., 2012 .