Malaysian Journal of Nutrition

THE EFFECT OF FOOD PATTERN, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND

INSTANT PORRIDGE BASED RICE BRAN- CHAYOTE ON
BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION OF PREDIABETES

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Nutrition

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Manuscript ID nutriweb-2018-0013

Manuscript Type: Original Article

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Food Pattern, Physical Activity, Instant Porridge of Rice Bran-Chayote,

Keywords:
Blood Glucose, Prediabetes
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Page 1 of 13 Malaysian Journal of Nutrition

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3 The Effect of Food Pattern, Physical Activity and Instant Porridge Based Rice Bran-
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5 Chayote on Blood Glucose Concentration of Prediabetes
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7 Abstract
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9 Introduction: Prediabetes is a global health problem, which is very important at the
10 moment with a higher prevalence than diabetes. This study aims to determine the
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effect of food pattern, physical activity and instant porridge based on rice bran-chayote
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to fasting blood glucose concentration of prediabetes teachers in Makassar City.
14 Methods: This research is true experiment research by using double blind randomized
15 design, pretest-posttest controlled. The study was conducted on elementary school
16 teachers who had fasting blood glucose of 100-125 mg/dL determined by blood
17 chemistry examination. The sample used 42 people divided into three groups, namely
18 rice bran group, chayote and rice bran-chayote. Food pattern, physical activity and
19 blood glucose examination were done twice. Results: The results showed that the
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20 majority of respondents had mild physical activity both before and after the
21 intervention. While for nutrient intake, all nutrients both macro and micro has no
22 significant difference between before and after intervention (p value> 0, 05). For
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23 fasting blood glucose levels, there was a significant effect (p = 0.001) in reducing
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glucose concentration (13.58 mg / dL) in the group given rice bran porridge before and
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after intervention. In the chayote group there was a significant decrease (p = 0.023) in
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27 decreasing glucose concentration (7.20 mg / dL) and in the rice bran-chayote group
28 also significantly decreased (p = 0.004) in decreasing glucose concentration (18.5 mg /
29 dL). Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that instant porridge of rice bran-
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30 chayote is the best in reducing blood glucose concentration.

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32 Key words: Food Pattern, Physical Activity, Instant Porridge of Rice Bran-Chayote , Blood Glucose,
33 Prediabetes.
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37 INTRODUCTION
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39 The International Diabetes Federation estimates that the year of 2035 shows 592
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41 million people with type 2 diabetes and 471 million prediabetes patients and stated that DM
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43 patients in Indonesia in 2011 amounted to 7.3 million people and estimated to be around 11.8
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45 million in 2030 (IDF, 2013). While in the city of Makassar alone, Diabetes Mellitus is
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included in the 10 types of disease that causes the highest death number 4 with the number
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50 216 (Makassar City Health Office, 2014).
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52 Prediabetes is characterized by fasting blood glucose levels between 100-125 mg / DL
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54 (Perkeni, 2006). Prediabetes is a condition that precedes the onset of diabetes mellitus.
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56 Prediabetes prevalence continues to increase. As many as 4-9% of people with prediabetes
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3 will suffer DM every year. Diabetes mellitus is influenced by factors such as high cholesterol
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5 intake, low fibre intake, obesity, exercise habits, smoking habits, men, menopausal women,
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7 and the presence of comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus (Krummel, 2004).
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9 One alternative to prevent the risk of developing degenerative diseases is to consume
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foods high in fibre. Fibre intake can provide health benefits such as can reduce the risk of
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14 coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and indigestion. In
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16 addition, increased consumption of fibre can also lower blood pressure, control blood glucose
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18 levels, play a role in weight loss, and immune function. One of the foods that have very high
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20 fibre content is rice bran and chayote (Auliana, 2011).
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22 Rice bran is an inner layer of rice grain, including some of the endosperm of the heart.
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The bran contains a total of 21-27% dietary fibre and 18-22% fat consisting of
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27 monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as various vitamins and
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29 minerals. Rice bran is a source of dietary fibre is very good to facilitate the digestive tract
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31 (Kahlon, 2009). In addition, the presence of dietary fibre also affects the decrease in blood
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33 cholesterol levels and blood glucose control (Auliana, 2011). Rice bran is known to be rich in
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35 fibre content and has tocopherol, tocotrienol, gamma oryzanol, polyphenols and lipases that
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play an important role in modulation of hyperglycemic consequences through lipid
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40 peroxidation as indicated by increasing lipid conversion of fatty acids and causing rapid
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42 analysis of triglycerides (Takakori et al., 2004).
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44 In addition to rice bran, there are plants that also have a remarkable effect for health,
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46 namely chayote. Chayote (Sechium edule) is one of medicinal plants. Chayote (Sechium
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48 edule) is known to the public as a vegetable that is easily obtained and used as a food
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50 ingredient. In addition to vegetables, chayote is also used as a medicine (Princess, 2012).
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Chayote contains essential components needed in the body, such as folic acid,
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55 potassium, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fibre, glucose, calcium, zinc, copper,
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3 manganese, selenium, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and vitamins K is
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5 very beneficial for the body (Nisa, 2012). This study aims to determine the effect of food
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7 pattern, physical activity and instant porridge based on rice bran and chayote to blood glucose
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9 levels of prediabetes teachers
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14 METHODS
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16 Research sites
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18 The study was conducted in 20 elementary schools in 2 sub-districts in Makassar
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20 City, namely in Biringkanaya and Tamalanrea Sub-district.
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22 Design and Variable Research
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This research is a true experiment with double blind randomized design, pretest-
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27 posttest controlled. The variables in this study were food pattern, physical activity and blood
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29 glucose concentration, both of which were measured before and after the intervention.
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31 Population and Sample
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33 The population in this study was all teachers at risk of prediabetes. While the sample
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35 of this study are teachers who otherwise experienced prediabetes or have fasting blood
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glucose concentration 100-125 mg/dL. The technique of choosing the subjects was taken by
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40 randomized method, with 42 respondents.
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42 Data collection
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44 The data of respondent's characteristic were interviewed, nutrient intake data with 24-
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46 hour Food Recall, physical activity with 24 hours physical activity monitoring sheet, Food
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48 Pattern with Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), fasting blood glucose
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50 measured by Trinder method.
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Data Analysis
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3 The collected data is processed and analysed using SPSS program package and
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5 presented in the form of table and narration included discussion by comparing the relevant
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7 theories. Data analysis of food intake was obtained by using Nutrisurvey program. To see the
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9 effect between the independent variable and the dependent variable the paired t test is used if
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it is normally distributed and if not normally distributed then use the Wilcoxon test. Physical
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14 activity using Mc Nemar test. Furthermore, to see the blood glucose levels of the subjects in
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16 the best group, used One Way Annova test.
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20 RESULTS
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22 Characteristics of Respondents
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Table 1 shows that of the three groups, the majority of respondents were female
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27 (13,9%) in bran group, 10 people (71,4%) in group of squash and 12 people (85,7%) at
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29 groups of Siamese bamboo shoots. Based on age, in the three groups the majority of
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31 respondents were aged between 51-60 years is 9 people (64.3%) in bran group, 8 people
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33 (57.1%) in group of squash and 6 people (42,9%) in group rice bran and chayote. Based on
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35 abdominal circumference, the majority of respondents in the three groups were centrally
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obese as many as 10 people (71.4%) in the rice bran group, 12 people (85.7%) in the group
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40 of chayote and 11 people (78.6%) in the rice bran-chayote. Meanwhile, based on family
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42 history of DM, the majority of respondents in the three groups had a family history of DM,
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44 IE as many as 8 people (57.1%) in group of rice bran, 9 people (64.3%) in a group of chayote
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46 and 11 people (78,6%) in groups of rice ban-chayote.
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48 Analysis of Food Pattern of Respondent Before and After Intervention
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50 Based on table 2, it can be seen that all the macro and micro nutrients from the food
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intake of the respondents before and after intervention there is no difference (p value> 0,05)
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55 either in the group given rice bran porridge, chayote porridge and given mixture of rice bran
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3 and chayote. Some nutrients decreased and some increased after the intervention. Although
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5 some nutrients have decreased still exceeds the Nutrition Adequacy Rate.
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7 Analysis of Physical Activity of Respondents Before and After Intervention
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9 Based on table 3, it is known that the majority of respondent's physical activity in the
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rice bran group before and after the intervention is mild as much as 13 (92,9%) respondent
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14 and there is no difference of physical activity before and after intervention (p = 1,000). In the
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16 cotton group all respondents (100%) had mild physical activity before intervention and after
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18 intervention 12 (85.7%) respondents with mild activity and no difference in physical activity
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20 before and after intervention (p = 0,500). While in mixed group of rice bran-chayote well
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22 before and after the intervention majority of respondents had mild activity as much as 13
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(92,9%) respondents and there was no difference of physical activity before and after
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27 intervention (p = 1,000).
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29 Analysis of Fasting Blood Glucose of Respondents Before and After Intervention
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31 According to Table 4, it is seen that the average of blood glucose in all three
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33 intervention groups all decreased after the intervention. The largest decrease occurred in the
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35 group given instant porridge of rice bran and a chayote mixture of 18.14 mg / DL. Based on
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the p value of the three groups <0.05 which means the three groups have different blood
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40 glucose levels before and after the intervention. However, based on the Anova trials the three
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42 groups before the intervention was 0.164 and after intervention 0.106> 0.05 which means no
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44 difference of blood glucose in the group given instant rice bran porridge, chayote porridge,
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46 and a porridge mixture of rice bran and chayote.
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DISCUSSION
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There are several risk factors that can cause diabetes. In this study, we determined
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55 three risk factors in screening for the study subjects, among those aged 30-60 years, central
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3 obesity (Bodgan, et al., 2015), IE, women's > 80 cm and Man > 90 cm and had a history DM
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5 family. This study shows that the majority of respondents' sex is female. Both men and
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7 women have the same risk of developing DM (Last et al., 2001). While based on age, the
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9 majority of respondents are aged between 51-60 years. According to Holth & Kumar (2003),
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the function of beta cells in pancreatic organs will decrease with the addition / increase in
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14 age. At the age of 40 years, most people experience a physiological decline more quickly.
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16 Characteristics based on abdominal circumference, the majority of respondents have central
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18 obesity. The risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus increases with increasing body mass index, hip
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20 to hip ratio, and centralized fat accumulation. A study by Soewondo & Pramono (2011),
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22 central obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes, reaching 26.6% (in the age group 15 years
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and over). Furthermore, based on family history of DM, the majority of respondents have a
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27 family history of DM. Family history also affects a person's susceptibility to diabetes. Young
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29 children have a proportion of the risk of type 2 DM by 45-80% if at least one parent suffers
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31 from DM (Nadeau & Dabelea, 2008). In this study, of the three risk factors above,
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33 respondents who meet at least 2 of 3 risk factors will be followed by blood glucose
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35 examination.
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This research is known that both from the group given rice bran, chayote and rice
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40 bran-chayote, the majority of respondents have light category physical activity. Lack of
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42 physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) also influences the pathogenesis of failure in glucose
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44 tolerance and is a major risk factor for diabetes (Laakso, 2008). Thus, lifestyle intervention
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46 (physical activity) is useful to prevent central obesity, so that pre-diabetes events can be
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48 prevented (Li Xin Tao et al, 2017).
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50 Based on the research results can be seen that the average energy intake,
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carbohydrate, fat and protein of respondents is more than nutritional sufficient. When eating
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55 foods high in carbohydrates, there will be increased insulin secretion which then impacts on
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3 insulin resistance (Atkinson et al., 2008). Protein consumption stimulates insulin secretion,
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5 especially in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ganong, 2001). When proteins are given
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7 along with glucose, insulin can capture glucose properly so that the glucose in the blood is
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9 reduced. Insulin response is in line with the amount of protein consumed. Consumption of
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excessive fat will result in enlargement of K cells. This enlargement of K cells will result in
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14 increased body fat, increased adipose tissue action, and β cell enlargement which then leads
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16 to glucose intelligence. In contrast to fat, fibre can slow postprandial glucose absorption
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18 resulting in lower blood glucose levels. A high-fibre diet can help cells are more sensitive to
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20 insulin that regulates blood glucose levels. Water-soluble fibre will slow the flow of glucose
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22 into the blood so that the blood glucose concentration is stable (Morgan et al., 2005). The
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role of vitamin C is associated with its function as an antioxidant, which lowers insulin
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27 resistance through improved endothelial function and reduce oxidative stress that prevents
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29 the development of the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
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31 This study aims to see the effect of instant rice bran, instant porridge of chayote and
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33 instant porridge of rice bran-chayote to blood glucose level of prediabetes sufferer. Based on
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35 the result of this research, it can be seen that the average of respondent's blood glucose
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showed decrease in all three groups, but the most decrease was in the group given by rice
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40 bran-chayote. This is in line with a study conducted by Tazakori et al (2007), that the effect
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42 of rice bran flour on glucose and serum lipid levels in type II diabetic patients found that
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44 fasting blood glucose levels of type II diabetic patients had decreased significantly (p
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46 <0.001). In the research (Qureshii et al., 2002) the stabilized rice bran can reduce blood
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48 glucose levels of diabetics militus types 1 and 2. Even for people with hyperglycaemia their
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50 blood sugar levels can drop to 33%. Several other studies have found that whole grains with
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components such as cereal fibre and whole bran can reduce the risk of DM type 2 disease,
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55 CVD (Liu et al., 2000), and death (Jacobs et al., 2000 and Jacobs et al., 1999). Rice bran
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3 contains fibre, vitamins, minerals, polyphenol compounds, Phyto-toxins, and other
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5 unmeasured substances (Anderson et al., 2009) that have a beneficial effect on health by
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7 decreasing serum lipid levels (Jenkins et al., 2000) and blood pressure. Increases glucose and
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9 insulin metabolism (Juntunen et al., 2003), endothelial function and reduced oxidative stress
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and inflammation.
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14 In addition, the chayote can also repair damage to pancreatic β cells. As in a study
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16 conducted by Betty et al (2016), that ethanol extract of chayote managed to repair damage to
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18 β cells pancreas rat diabetes mellitus.
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20 Based on Marliana's research, reported phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract
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22 and thin layer chromatography analysis (TLC) extract of chariot contains alkaloids, saponins,
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kardenolin, bufadienol and flavonoids (Marliana & Suryanti, 2005). Firdous, et al., (2012)
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27 reported that the fruits of chayote can protect the liver, able to prevent damage to liver cells,
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29 destroy free radicals and have anti-inflammatory. The extraction of dichloromethrene of the
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31 chayote produces cinnamic and α-linolenic acids which act as anti-microbial, anti-ulcer and
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33 antioxidant (SM Firdous, Neraja, Debnath, Singha, & Sravanthi, 2012; Ragasa, Biona, &
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35 Shen, 2014).
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A study conducted by Betty Lukiati in 2016 on the potency of ethanol extract of
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40 chayote to repair damage of beta cells pancreatic and nitrogen oxide levels in mice
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42 experiencing diabetes mellitus, it was found that ethanol extract of chayote managed to repair
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44 damage cell β pancreas diabetic rats . So that β cells can produce enough insulin and can
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46 lower glucose in the blood.
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48 From a study of fresh chayote extract given to Wistar rats for 7 days, there was a
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50 decrease in the taking of radioactivity (% ATI) with blood group of diabetic patients treated
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with chayote (89.96 ± 5.16) compared with the cells blood group of diabetes (97.16 ± 1.26)
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55 (Faber et al., 2013).
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3 So it can be concluded that rice bran and squash can be used nutritional supplements
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5 to control blood glucose patients diabetes melitus.
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9 CONCLUSION
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In this study it was concluded that there was a decrease of fasting blood glucose level
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14 after the intervention of instant porridge of rice bran, instant porridge of chayote and instant
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16 porridge of rice bran-chayote for 28 days. The largest decrease occurred in the group given
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18 instant porridge of rice bran-chayote.
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22 ACKNOWLOEDGEMENT
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This study was supported by internal research project by Hasanuddin University. The authors
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27 wish to express their sincere gratitude to all the enthusiastic study participants who extended
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29 their cooperation during the study.
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33 Conflict of interest
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35 The authors have declared no conflict of interest with respect to their authorship or the
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publication of this article and financial source. The study is a non-funded study.
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42 REFERENCES
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44 Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis Jr. Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A. (2009). Health benefits of
45 dietary fibre. International life sciences institute. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 67 (4): 188-205.
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Atkinson et al. (2008). International tables of glycaemic index and glycaemic load value.
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49 Diabetes Care. 31(12):22-81.
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51 Betty L. et al (2016). The potency of ethanol extract of some chayote (scheme ideal) to repair
52 damage of beta cell pancreas and nitrogen oxide level in mice who have diabetes mellitus.
53 (Thesis). University of Indonesia, Jakarta.
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3 Bodgan MM, Antoniu OP, Didona AU, Cristina ML. (2015). Insulin resistance and adipokine
4 levels correlate with early atherosclerosis – a study in prediabetic patients. Open Med. 10(1):
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7 South Sulawesi Provincial Health Office. (2014). Health profile of South Sulawesi province in
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10 Faber M, Wenhold FA, MacIntyre UE, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Steyn NP, Oldewage-Theron WH.
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Presentation and interpretation of food intake data: Factors affecting comparability across
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studies. Nutrition. 2013;29(11):1286-1292.
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15 Firdous, S., Neraja, K., Debnath, R., Singha, D., & Sravanthi, K. (2012). Evaluation of antiulcer
16 activity of ethanolic extract of Sechium edule fruits in experimental rats. Int J Pharm Pharm
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19 Ganong W. (2001). Textbook of Medical Physiology Edition 20. EGC, Jakarta.
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21 Holt & Kumar. (2003). ABC of Diabetes 6th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Norwegia.
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23 International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, 6th Ed., 2013, 7-11
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Jacobs DR JR, Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. (1999). Is whole grain intake associated with
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27 reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women?. The Iowa Women’s Health
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30 Jacobs DR, Pereira MA, Meyer KA, Kushi LH. (2000). Fibre from whole grains, but not refined
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35 Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Axelsen M, Augustin LS, Vuksan V. (2000). Viscous and nonviscous
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heart disease. Current opinion in lipidology; 11:49–56. [PubMed: 10750694].
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40 Juntunen KS, Laaksonen DE, Poutanen KS, Niskanen LK, Mykkanen HM. (2003). High-fibre
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44 Kahlon TS. (2009). Rice Bran: Production, Composition, Functionality, and Food Application,
45 Physiological, Benefits. In: Cho S, Priscilla S, editors, Fibre Ingredients: Food Applications
46 and Health Benefits. Boca Raton. CRC Press.
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48 Krummel, D. (2004). Medical nutrition therapy in cardiovascular diseases. Mahan Ike, Escot.
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50 Krause. (2004). Food, nutrition and diet therapy. Saunders, Pensylvania.
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Laakso. (2008). Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes, in Barry J. Goldstein and Dirk Muller-
54 Wieland (Ed), Type 2 Diabetes: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition. Informa Healthcare,
55 New York
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3 Last et al. (2001). A dictionary of epidemiology 4th edition. Oxford Press, Oxford.
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5 Li XT, Kun et al. (2017). An association of waist circumference gain and incident prediabetes
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9 Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Willett WC. (2000). Whole
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14 Marliana, S. D., & Suryanti, V. (2005). Screening of Phytochemistry and Thin Layer
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16 Ethanol Extract. Biopharmacy, 3 (1), 26-31.
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18 Morgan et al. (2005). Soil Erosion and Conservation, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing, New
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20 Nadeau K. & Dabelea D. (2008). Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents.
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PERKENI (Association of Endocrinology Indonesia). (2006). Consensus on the management
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31 blood glucose levels of Wistar rats induced. Medical School, Diponegoro University,
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34 Ragasa, C. Y., Biona, K., & Shen, C.-C. (2014). Chemical constituents of Sechium edule (Jacq.)
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Qureshii A, Sami S, Khan F. (2002). Effect of stabilized rice bran, Its soluble and fibre fractions
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40 I and II. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 13: 145-187.
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42 Soewondo & Pramono. (2011). Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of pre-diabetes in
43 Indonesia. Medicine Journal Indonesia, Jakarta.
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45 Tazakori Z. et al. (2007). Effect of rice bran on blood glucose levels and serum lipid parameters
46 in diabetes patient II. Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 3(5): 252-25.
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3 Table 1. Distribution of Respondent Characteristics
4 Rice Bran Chayote Rice bran-
Group Group Chayote Group
5 Variables Category
n % n % n %
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7 Man 1 7.1 4 28.6 2 14.3
8 Gender Women 13 92.9 10 71.4 12 85.7
9 Total 14 100 14 100 14 100
30-40 1 7.1 4 28.6 3 21.4
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41-50 4 28.6 2 14.3 5 35.7
11 Age
51-60 9 64.3 8 57.1 6 42.9
12 Total 14 100 14 100 14 100
13 Central Obesity 10 71.4 12 85.7 11 78.6
14 Abdominal
Non Central Obesity 4 28.6 2 14.3 3 21.4
Circumference
15 Total 14 100 14 100 14 100
16 Exist 8 57.1 9 64.3 11 78.6
17 History of DM Nothing 6 42.9 5 35.7 3 21.4
18 Total 14 100 14 100 14 100
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21 Table 2. Analysis of Nutrient Intake Respondent Before and After Intervention
22 Rice Bran Group Chayote Group
Rice bran-chayote
rR
23 Group
p p p
24 Nutrition Pre Post
Value
Pre Post
Value
Pre Post
Value
25 Mean ± Mean ± Mean ± Mean ± Mean ± Mean ±
26 SD SD SD SD SD SD
ev

27 2319,57± 2199,71± 2437.01± 2305.50 2472,87 2151,43

Energy (Kcal) 0,551 0.514 0,133
28 607,71 639,66 597,56 ±418.06 ±653,82 ±489,41
29 Carbohidrate 315,86± 312,93± 358.67± 335.50± 342,79± 293,71±
iew

0,509 0.512 0,103

(g) 75,51 97,39 93.20 120.83 100,10 109,133
30
76,29± 78,57± 90.84± 107.86± 102,81± 110,50±
31 Protein (g) 0,789 0.730 0,221
21,37 28,95 32.74 76.33 47,42 81,63
32
84,86 ± 71,07 ± 72.44 ± 60.43 ± 77,41 ± 58,79 ±
33 Fat (g)
38,51 43,79
0,153
36.06 23.56
0.231
36,05 21,59
0,098
34 12,14 ± 13,64 ± 14.38 ± 16.86 ± 14,41 ± 16,50 ±
On

35 Fiber (g) 0,363 0.133 0,211

4,28 6,45 4.35 6.21 4,43 6,44
36 Vitamine C 23,35± 27,70± 30.21± 47.04± 31,26± 41,47±
0,965 0.575 0,514
37 (mg) 13,62 22,51 18.42 52.77 21,53 53,17
38 Magnesium 305,26± 309,60± 365.78± 361.16± 377,12± 338,39±
ly

0,885 0.480 0,030

39 (mg) 86,61 90,33 118.10 90.78 150,04 131,88
40 Sodium (mg)
953,89± 698,71±
0,096
1465.2± 1171.69±
0.062
1771,3± 1459,05±
0,016
41 643,62 542,65 1241.03 1049.35 1610,85 1554,84
42
43
44 Table 3. Analysis of Physical Activity of Respondents Before and After Intervention
45
46 Rice Bran Group Chayote Group Rice bran-chayote Group
47 Physical p p p
48 Aktivity Pre Post Value Pre Post Value Pre Post Value
49 n % n % n % n % n % n %
50 Low 13 92,9 13 92,9 14 100 12 85,7 13 92,9 13 92,9
51 Medium 1 7,1 1 7,1 1,000 - - 2 14,3 0,500 1 7,1 1 7,1 1,000
52 Total 14 100 14 100 14 100 14 100 14 100 14 100
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3 Table 4. Result Analysis of Fasting Blood Glucose Level and Pre and Post Test
4 Rice Bran-chayote P
Rice Bran Group Chayote Group
Group P Value Value
5
Defferenc Deffere (Third (Third
6 Pre Post Defference Pre Post Pre Post Group Group
e nce
7 Variabel p p p
Before After
8 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean ±
Me
Mean Mean Intervent Interv
9 Mean ± SD an ±
± SD ± SD ± SD ± SD SD ± SD ± SD ion) ension
10 SD )
11 Blood 106,2 92,71 ↓13,58 ±
110,4 102,9
↓7,20 ± 0, 112,
93,86 ↓18,14
12 9±
2,47 0,0 11,54 0 00 ± 0,35 0,00
Glucose ± 3± 3± ± 0,164 0,106
13 (mg/dL)
01
7,77 19,31
2 ± 4
6,13 8,87 10,12
3 9,76
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