Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

EarthWise Air Systems

An Introduction to
High Performance HVAC Air Systems

Simon Ho – IR CS
e: Simon.Ho@irco.com
www.trane.com

Airside
Energy Recovery
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Airside Energy Recovery (ER)

• Why Recover Energy ?

– A method of improving system efficiency using the
exhaust air stream
– Exhaust air is a major energy recovery heat sink
• BCA requires the use of ‘energy reclaim system’ when
– OA quantity is > 1.2x of code minimum per AS1668.2
(e.g. Code min OA for offices is 10 L/s/person)
– Crowded areas with less than 1m2/person (e.g. cafe,
restaurants, auditoriums) with OA exceeding 1,000 L/s

alternately use demand controlled ventilation (DCV)

Code and Trends

• Demand for increasing airflow rates for IAQ - increases

energy consumption, e.g. Green Star IEQ-1 awards
• 1 credit for 50% over code minimum
• 2 credits for 100% over code minimum
• 3 credits for 150% over code minimum
• Airside system design has evolved from floor by floor
AHUs to central plants serving facade zones
– Efficiency in zoning, minimizes reheat
– OA and EA path proximity makes ER more feasible
• Integrated Controls Makes it Easy
– Optimize using HVAC equipment with unit mounted
controls
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Air-to-Air ER
OA Pre-conditioning

EA

Heat Exchange
Recovered
energy to pre- Sensible or
cool or preheat total energy

OA

sensible
energy recovery
OA' OA
humidity ratio

RA RA’

dry--bulb temperature
dry
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total
energy recovery
OA

humidity ratio
OA'

RA

dry--bulb temperature
dry
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ER Effectiveness

Sensible effectiveness
ρmin × Vmin
ρs × Vs (T1 – T2) exhaust side
ε= ×
ρmin × Vmin (T1 – T3) X4 X3

air-
air-to-
to-air
heat exchanger
Total effectiveness
X1 X2
ρs × Vs (h1 – h2)
ε= × supply side ρs × Vs
ρmin × Vmin (h1 – h3)

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Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

Air-to-Air ER
Supply Air Tempering (reheat after Dehum)
cooling
coil
SA

RA

“parallel” energy
recovery
“series”
energy transfer

Recovered heat cooling SA

used for reheat coil

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OA Treatment Comparison

• Dedicated OA System (DOAS)

• Compare ER types: cool-reheat, RAC, EW, CDQ for
OA treatment
• OA 5,000 L/s @ 32/26°C
• RA 4,500 L/s @ 25°C/50% RH
• Required SA @ 18°C, 7 g/kg (8.7°CDP)
– Dependent on internal air system type, design RH% and
latent load requirements
– Cooler SA contributes to sensible cooling; warmer SA
requires more reheat
– Consider part load

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DOAS: Cool Reheat

4.5 m3/s
25°C/50%RH
EA RA

8.9°C, 7g/kg 5 m3/s

18°C, 7g/kg

5 m3/s
OA SA
32/26°C
SPACE

T RH

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Cool Reheat

OA

RA

CA SA

56 kW
REHEAT

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Run Around Coil

4.5 m3/s
25°C/50%RH
EA RA

Run
around
coil 5 m3/s
18°C, 7g/kg

5 m3/s EAT CA
OA SA
32/26°C

8.9°C, 7g/kg
29.1/25.3 °C
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RAC

EAT OA

RA EA

CA SA

56 kW
REHEAT

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Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

Total Energy Recovery

4.5 m3/s
25°C/50%RH
EA RA

total-
total-
energy 5 m3/s
wheel 18°C, 7g/kg

5 m3/s EAT CA
OA SA
32/26°C

8.9°C, 7g/kg
27.3/21.0 °C
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EW

OA

EAT

RA

CA SA

56 kW
REHEAT

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Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Technologies (airside)

• Run Around Coil (Coil Loop)

• Plate Heat Exchanger
• Heat Pipe
• Heat (Energy) Wheel

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sensible-energy recovery devices

Coil Loop

OA • 45% – 60% sensible

effectiveness
• Very flexible
EA • No cross-leakage
• Capacity modulation
expansion tank using variable-speed
pump or mixing valve
pump • Compact
three-way
three-
mixing valve
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sensible-energy recovery devices

Fixed-Plate Heat Exchanger

• 60% – 70% sensible

OA
effectiveness
• Capacity modulation
using face-and-bypass
dampers
• Very low cross-leakage

EA

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sensible-energy recovery devices

Heat Pipe

• 30% – 55% sensible

effectiveness
• Capacity modulation
using bypass dampers
or tilt control
• Little or no cross-
leakage

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total-energy recovery devices

Total-Energy Wheel

• 65% – 80% total

effectiveness
• Capacity modulation
using bypass dampers
or variable speed
• Some cross-leakage
• Self cleaning (dry
particles)

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Packaged AHU Solutions

Fixed Plate Heat Exchanger Total Energy Wheel

EA

OA

OA

EA

• Factory mounted and tested controls

– Reduces site installation and commissioning time
– Single source responsibility
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Efficient
Dehumidification
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HVAC Dehumidification
• Dehumidification is moisture removal from OA or SA
• Dehumidification is an energy intensive process
– Use conventional cold cooling coils or desiccants
– Can reduce some energy input with air-to-air HR, but
may still not meet moisture content or dew point target
(not dry enough)
• Applications
– High OA demand buildings
– Green buildings with increased OA rates for better
indoor air quality
– Humidity controlled environments e.g. operating
theatres, ICU, museums, art galleries, pharmaceutical,
dry storage etc
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Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

HVAC Dehumidification

• Commercial offices: trend in use of sensible only

equipment in conditioned space like chilled beams,
chilled ceilings, displacement ventilation, underfloor air
distribution
– Increased dehumidification requirements of dedicated
outside air systems (DOAS) which now has to process
both the OA load as well as the space latent load
– Leads to requirements for dry air (low moisture content,
low dew point) supplied into the space to handle latent
loads

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HVAC Dehumidification

• Green Star awards 1 credit in IEQ-15 for maintaining

space RH < 60% at part load conditions
– At part load conditions space RH increases due to
lower SHR caused by lower sensible loads compared to
design conditions
– High space RH increases risk of mould in high RH
areas (IEQ-15)
• Many Green Star jobs do not claim this point due to
costs of installing an active desiccant wheel system;
also energy penalty using active heat
– Solution in efficient dehumidification equipment

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Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

Performance of Desiccant Wheels

Desiccant Isotherms
typical typical
Active heat leaving-coil
to ‘dry out’ mixed-air
conditions conditions
high

ability to Type I
hold water
vapor
Type II

Type III
(CDQ) regenerates
low below 80% RH
0 20 40 60 80 100
relative humidity, %
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Type II Series Desiccant

Trane CDQ (Cool Dry Quiet)
CDQ WHEEL
Moisture laden air in CLCP
OA
Cool dehumidified air

PREHEAT

MA' MA RA
WATER VAPOR

Cooling
REHEAT

Coil Coil
CHW or CA SA SA
DX

Trane CDQ Type III

Condensate
Desiccant
AHU with integrated passive desiccant wheel to produce
supply air with lower dew point than conventional
cooling coils
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Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

Trane CDQ - DOAS

30.0/26.3C 5,000 L/s
75% 32/26C, 62.5%
20.2g/kg 18.8g/kg
OA

PREHEAT
LR RA 0 L/s

WATER VAPOR

Cooling

REHEAT
Coil
Coil CA SA 18.0/12.7C
55%
EAT 7.0g/kg
8.7C DP
13.6/10.9C
72%
CONDENSATE 7.0g/kg
11.6/11.5C
99% Trane CDQ Type III Wheel
8.4g/kg
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CDQ

LR
OA

CA

CA’ SA

30 kW 27 kW
REHEAT REHEAT
AVOIDED

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Trane CDQ with AC HR Chiller

5,000 L/s
32/26C, 62.5%
18.8g/kg
OA

PREHEAT
RA 0 L/s

WATER VAPOR
COOLING COIL

REHEAT
Coil
CA SA 18.0/12.7C
55%
7.0g/kg
8.7C DP

11.6/11.5C
• Preheat for dehumidification during 99%
humid times 8.4g/kg
• Reheat to achieve target SADB 33

Dehumidification with Energy Recovery vs

Type III Desiccant

Energy Recovery CDQ

Reduces Cooling energy by Reduces Cooling energy by
reducing air-on dehumidification, raising air-off
conditions

Reheat required to achieve Minimize Reheat required to

desired SADB achieve desired SADB

Potential for contamination No contamination

Exhaust air stream required Exhaust airstream not required

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Trane EarthWise Air Systems 2014

CDQ + EW Dual Path Dual Wheel

29.7/24.1C 23.0/18.4C,
LW1 63.6% 65.1% TRANE CDQ WHEEL
16.7g/kg 11.4g/kg
OA

4,500 L/s
EA RA` 25.0C 50%
LR 9.9g/kg

ENERGY WHEEL

VAPOR
CDQ WHEEL
WATER
LW1

COOLING COIL

REHEAT
OA Coil SA
CA 18/12.7C
55%
7.0g/kg

5,000 L/s 25.8/21.2C

32/26C, 62.5% 11.7/11.6C 13.5/10.8C
67%
18.8g/kg 98% 73%
13.6g/kg
8.4g/kg 7.0g/kg

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CDQ + EW Dual Path

OA

LW1 EA

LR
RA
CA
SA

28 kW
REHEAT

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Series CDQ + EW Dual Wheel

25.3/21.4C 5,000 L/s 5,000 L/s
71% TRANE CDQ WHEEL 27.3/21.0C, 32/26C, 62.5%
14.4g/kg 57.3% 18.8g/kg
OA 13.0g/kg

PREHEAT
OA
LR LW1

ENERGY WHEEL
WATER VAPOR
COOLING COIL

REHEAT
Coil
CA EA

SA RA
11.8/11.7C 13.8/11.0C 18.0/12.7C 4,500 L/s
98% 72% 55% 25.0C 50%
8.5g/kg 7.0g/kg 7.0g/kg 9.9g/kg
8.7C DP

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Series CDQ + EW

OA

LR EA

LW1

RA
CA
SA

26 kW
REHEAT

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Type III Series Desiccant AHU

Trane CDQ

• Enhanced dehumidification device

– Not an Energy Recovery Device as it does not require
an exhaust air stream
– No contamination
• Extends the dehumidification range of conventional
CHW systems (3 to 8K lower dew point)
– No need for high temperature regeneration
– Nil or minimized reheat
• Energy efficient way to control humidity with factory
packaged controls
• Further improvement in efficiency used in conjunction
with Energy Wheel in Dual Wheel application
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