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Chapter 6 (6.1-6.4, 6.5.

2, Appendix E)

Introduction to Convection

Introduction to Convection Chee 318 1


Introduction to Convection
• Convection denotes energy transfer between a surface and a fluid
moving over the surface.
• The dominant contribution due to the bulk (or gross) motion of fluid
particles.

• In this chapter we will


– Introduce the convection transfer equations
– Discuss the physical mechanisms underlying convection
– Discuss physical origins and introduce relevant dimensionless
parameters that can help us to perform convection transfer
calculations in subsequent chapters.

• Note similarities between heat, mass and momentum transfer.

Introduction to Convection Chee 318 2


The Convection Transfer Equations

• Motion of a fluid is governed by the fundamental laws of nature:


¾ Conservation of mass, energy and chemical species
¾ Newton’s second law of motion.
¾ Need to express conservation of energy by taking also into account
the bulk motion of the fluid.

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Reminder: Conservation of Mass
υ
y
u

w

m& x,in = ρu (dydz) m& x , out = [ρu + (ρu ) dx ]dydz
∂x

z
Mass balance:
All mass flow All mass flow Rate of
rates in
- rates out
= accumulation

Introduction to Convection Chee 318 4


Differential Continuity Equation

∂ ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρυ ) ∂ ( ρ w )
+ + + =0 (7.1a)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

¾For steady-state conditions

∂ (ρ u ) ∂ ( ρυ ) ∂ (ρ w )
+ + = 0 (7.1b)
∂x ∂y ∂z

¾For incompressible fluids

∂u ∂υ ∂w
+ + = 0 (7.1c)
∂x ∂y ∂z

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Reminder: Conservation of Momentum
Rate of Rate of Sum of Rate of
momentum - momentum + forces acting = accumulation
in out on system of momentum
1. Estimation of net rate of momentum out of element
y

⎧ ∂ ⎫
m& x u = (ρuAx )u ⎨(ρ u )u + [(ρ u )u ]dx ⎬ Ax
⎩ ∂x ⎭
x

Introduction to Convection Chee 318 67.15


Reminder: Conservation of Momentum
2. Estimation of forces acting on the element: Pressure, gravity, stresses

y
∂ σ yy
σ yy + dy
∂y
∂ τ yx
τ yx + dy
∂y ∂τ xy
τ xy + dx
∂x
σ xx ∂ σ xx
σ xx + dx
∂x
τ xy x
τ yx σ
yy
z
¾ Stresses are related to deformation rates (velocity gradients),
through Newton’s law.
Introduction to Convection Chee 318 7
Differential Momentum Balance (Navier-Stokes Equations)

∴ x-component :
⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞
ρ⎜⎜ +u +υ + w ⎟⎟ = − + ρg x + μ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ (7.2a)
⎜ ∂x ∂z ⎟⎠
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂y

∴ y-component :
⎛ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2υ ∂ 2υ ∂ 2υ ⎞
ρ⎜⎜ +u +υ +w ⎟⎟ = − + ρg y + μ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ (7.2b)
⎜ ∂x ∂z ⎟⎠
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y

∴ z-component :
⎛ ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ⎞
ρ⎜⎜ +u +υ +w ⎟⎟ = − + ρg z + μ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ (7.2c)
⎜ ∂x ∂z ⎟⎠
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂y

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Conservation of Energy
& & & dE st
Energy Conservation Equation Ein + E g − Eout = = E& st (2.1)
dt
z
qz+dz qy Reminder:
Previously we considered only
heat transfer due to conduction
qx and derived the “heat equation”
qx+dx

qy+dy x

y qz

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Conservation of Energy
¾Must consider that energy is also transferred due to bulk fluid motion
(advection)
−Kinetic and potential energy E& cond , y + dy E& adv, y + dy
−Work due to pressure forces

E& cond , x E& cond , x + dx


E& g
E& adv, x E& adv, x + dx

W&
y

x E& cond , y E& adv, y

Introduction to Convection Chee 318 10


Thermal Energy Equation
For steady-state, two dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid with
constant properties:

⎛ ∂T ∂T ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞

ρC p ⎜ u +υ +w ⎟⎟ = k ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ + μΦ + q& (7.3)
⎜ ∂x ⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠

Net outflow of heat due to Net inflow of heat due to rate of energy
bulk fluid motion (advection) conduction generation per
unit volume
⎧⎛ ⎞
2 ⎡ 2
⎛ ⎞
2 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ∂u ∂υ ∂w ∂
⎛ ⎞
u ∂υ ⎛ ∂w ⎞ ⎥⎪
where μΦ = μ ⎨⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ (7.4)
⎪⎩⎝ ∂ y ∂ x ∂ x ⎠ ∂
⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
x ∂ y ∂ z ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎣ ⎭
represents the viscous dissipation: Net rate at which mechanical
work is irreversibly converted to thermal energy, due to viscous effects
in the fluid
Introduction to Convection Chee 318 11
Example 6.4
Consider one stationary and one moving plate of infinite extent, separated by a
distance L, with the intervening space filled by an incompressible fluid. This situation
if referred to as Couette flow, and occurs for example in a journal bearing.
• What is the appropriate form of the continuity equation?
• Beginning with the momentum equation, determine the velocity distribution between
plates
• Beginning with the energy equation, determine the temperature distribution between
the plates
• Considering the conditions shown in the diagram, calculate the heat flux at the
bottom and top surfaces, and determine the maximum temperature in the oil

U=10 m/s
TL=30oC

L=3 mm y, υ
To=10oC
x, u
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Solution Procedure
1. Make reasonable simplifying assumptions (i.e. steady state,
incompressible flow, coordinate direction of flow)
2. Write down continuity, momentum and energy equations and simplify
them according to the assumptions of Step 1.
3. Integrate the simplified equations.
4. Invoke boundary conditions in order to evaluate integration constants
obtained in Step 3.
5. Solve for desired distributions. Apply numerical values.

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