Ultimate Guide to AP​ World History  ®​

World history is all about understanding patterns. This course covers 10,000 years of 
history with a focus on global trends in society, politics, culture, economics, and 
adaptations to the environment. It’s not about memorizing, it’s about analyzing. #apworld 
55 multiple choice, 3 short-answers, 1 long-essay, & 1 document-based question 
 
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Table of Contents 
Quick Look 
Understand the Exam 
Content Overview 
Period 1: Technological & Environmental Transformations (up to 600 BCE) 
Period 2: Organization & Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE-600 CE) 
Period 3: Regional and Interregional Interactions (600 CE-1450 CE) 
Period 4: Global Interactions (1450 - 1750 CE) 
Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 - 1900 CE) 
Period 6: Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE to the present)  
Most Important Dates to Know 
Past Essay Questions by Topic 
Recommended Resources 
Facebook Group for Students 
Prep Books 
Apps 
Live Reviews 
 
 

Quick Look 
  Exam Breakdown  Content Breakdown 

  ● Multiple Choice —  1. Period 1 (8000 BCE - 600 BCE) = 5% 

​55 Questions | 55 mins | 40% of Exam  2.
● Short Answer​ —   3.
3 Questions | 40 mins | 20% of Exam  4.
● Document Based​ —   5.
1 Question | 60 mins | 25% of Exam   6.
● Long Essay​ —  
1 Question | 40 mins | 15% of Exam 
*AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not
endorse, this product 
Period 2 (600 BCE - 600 CE) = 15% 
Period 3 (600 CE - 1450 CE) = 20% 
Period 4 (1450 CE - 1750 CE) = 20% 
Period 5 (1750 CE - 1900 CE) = 20% 
Period 6 (1900 CE - present) = 20% 
 
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Understand the Exam  

 
Multiple Choice (MC) 
1. There are 55 questions to answer in 55 minutes. 
2. Every question is weighted equally and there is no penalty for guessing. You get a point for every 
question you answer correctly and you don’t get a point if you are wrong. Points are never lost. 
3. Multiple choice questions will appear in sets of 2-5 with a stimulus attached. The stimulus can be a 
text, image, map, chart, or any other primary or secondary source document that the set of 
questions will refer to. 
 
Short Answer (SAQ) 
1. There are 3 SAQs to be completed in 40 minutes.  
2. Question 1 and 2 are required and will be based on content from periods 3-6. 
3. You can then choose either Question 3 (periods 1-3) or Question 4 (periods 4-6). 
4. SAQs may or may not include stimuli, similar to the multiple-choice. If there is a source attached, 
responses should refer specifically to the document in their response. 
5. Each SAQ is worth 3 points, for a total of 9 points in this section. 
6. Points are only awarded, not taken away, so there is no penalty for guessing. 
7. SAQ answers are constricted to one box on one page, so they must be concise.  
 
Document-Based Question (DBQ) 
1. There is one DBQ to be written in 60 minutes.  
2. The question will refer to content from periods 3-6 and there is no choice with the prompt. 
3. The DBQ includes a set of 7 documents that must be used to develop an argument. 
4. DBQs are graded on a scale of 7 points using the following rubric: 
a. Thesis/Claim (1 pt): Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible claim 
b. Contextualization (1 pt): Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt 
c. Evidence from the documents (2 pts): Uses content of three docs for 1 pt, six docs for 2 pts 
d. Evidence beyond the documents (1 pt): Uses at least one piece of evidence not in the docs 
e. Sourcing (1 pt): Explains point-of-view, purpose, context, or audience for at 3 three docs 
f. Complexity (1 pt): Demonstrates a complex understanding of the development  
 
Long Essay (LEQ) 
1. There is one LEQ to be written in 40 minutes.  
2. Students can choose between 3 prompts. Option 1 refers to periods 1-2, option 2 refers to periods 
3-4, and option 3 refers to periods 5-6. All options will have the same theme and skill. 
3. LEQs have three different skills - comparison, continuity and change over time (CCOT), causation. 
4. LEQs are graded on a scale of 6 points using the following rubric: 
a. Thesis/Claim (1 pt): Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible claim 
b. Contextualization (1 pt): Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt 
c. Evidence (2 pts): Provides specific historical examples to support an argument 
d. Historical Reasoning (1 pt): Uses comparison, causation, or CCOT to address prompt 
e. Complexity (1 pt): Demonstrates a complex understanding of the development  

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Content Overview 
*The following outline was adapted from the AP​®​ World History Course Description as published by College Board in 2017 
found h
​ ere​. This outline reflects the most recent revisions to the course.
 
Period 1: Technological & Environmental Transformations (up to 600 BCE) 
 
KEY CONCEPTS​……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..……… 
1.1. Early Humans & Migrations 
I. During the Paleolithic era, humans migrated from East Africa to the rest of the world. 
A. Humans developed diverse tools. 
B. People lived in small groups that exchanged ideas, people, and goods. 
 
1.2. Neolithic Revolution 
I. The Neolithic Revolution made everything more complex. 
A. Agrarian societies emerged around the world. 
B. People domesticated plants & animals. 
C. Pastoralism developed and affected the environment. 
D. Agriculture required adaptations to the environment, which affected diversity. 
II. Agriculture & pastoralism changed human society. 
A. Food surplus led to specialization of labor and social hierarchies. 
B. Technology improved communication, trade, and transportation. 
C. Patriarchal societies formed. 
 
1.3. Early Agrarian Societies 
I. Core civilizations developed where in river valleys, where agriculture flourished. 
A. Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Shang, Olmec, Chavin 
II. States emerged. 
A. States had surpluses of food & labor, rulers that claimed divine right, and armies. 
B. More resources increased populations, which led to conquest and expansion. 
C. Innovation led to new weapons (bows, iron) and new transportation (chariots). 
III. Culture unified states. 
A. States built monumental architecture (Ziggurats, Pyramids, Defensive Walls). 
B. Writing and record-keeping spread (Cuneiform, Hieroglyphs). 
C. Legal codes were developed (Code of Hammurabi, Cod of Ur-Nammu). 
D. New religions beliefs developed and spread (Judaism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism). 
E. Trade networks expanded (Mesopotamia-Egypt, Egypt-Nubia, China-Southwest Asia). 
F. Social hierarchies & patriarchies intensified 
 
 
 

 
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PERIOD 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS​…………………..………………………………………………………………………..………..……… 

1. In what ways did geography affect human migration and how did humans adapt? 
2. In what ways did agriculture transform human society? 
3. How did early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies develop and interact?
 
PERIOD 1 CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY​…………………………………………………………..……..…………………………............. 
● Aboriginals  ● Homo sapiens sapiens  ● pictographs 
● agriculture  ● Huang He  ● polytheistic 
● ancestor veneration  ● hunter-forager  ● Ramses the Great 
● Aryans  ● Indus River Valley  ● Rig-Veda 
● Axum  ● Israelites  ● Sanskrit 
● Babylonians  ● Jericho  ● Shang Dynasty 
● barter  ● Jewish Diaspora  ● social stratification 
● Book of the Dead  ● karma  ● specialization of labor 
● Carthage  ● King Menes  ● Sumer/Sumerians 
● Catal Huyuk  ● Kush  ● surplus 
● Chavin civilization  ● Mandate of Heaven  ● Ten Commandments 
● city-states  ● Mesoamerica  ● The Epic of Gilgamesh 
● civilization  ● Mesopotamia  ● theocrats 
● cuneiform  ● Mohenjo-Daro  ● Tigris & Euphrates 
● dharma  ● monotheism  rivers 
● division of labor  ● Neolithic Revolution  ● Upanishads 
● domestication  ● Nile River  ● Uruk 
● Easter Island  ● nomadic pastoralism  ● Vedas 
● Fertile Crescent  ● Olmec  ● Xia Dynasty 
● Hammurabi  ● over-farming  ● Zhou Dynasty 
● Harappa  ● Paleolithic Era  ● ziggurats 
● Hebrews  ● patriarchal 
● hieroglyphics  ● Phoenicians 
 

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Period 2: Organization & Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE-600 CE) 

 
KEY CONCEPTS​……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..……… 
2.1. Religion & Culture 
I. Old religions were developed and codified. 
A. Spread of monotheism through Hebrew scriptures and Jewish diaspora. 
B. Hinduism developed in India with a caste system that affected political & social roles. 
II. New religions emerged and spread.  
A. Buddhism developed in India, spread throughout Asia. 
B. Confucianism developed in China with key ideas in education and relationships. 
C. Daoism influenced China, focused on balance between humans and nature. 
D. Christianity influenced by Judaism & Hellenism, spread through Eurasia. 
E. Greco-Roman philosophers used logic and empiricism to understand the world. 
F. Religion was reflected in architecture. 
III. Religion affected social structures. 
A. Confucianism emphasized filial piety. 
B. Monasticism was practiced by some Buddhists and Christians.  
IV. Other traditions. 
A. Shamanism, animism, ancestor veneration continued in periphery civilizations. 
 
2.2. States & Empires 
I. States unified and expanded.  
A. Key states = Persia, Qin & Han, Maurya & Gupta, Phoenicia, Greek city-states, 
Hellenistic Empires, Roman Empire, Teotihuacan, Maya city-states, Moche, Cahokia 
II. States developed new systems of political administration. 
A. Centralized governments managed bureaucracies and legal systems. 
B. Trade and military power led to diplomacy, defensive walls, and roads. 
III. Changes in social and economic structures. 
A. Imperial cities were centers of trade, religion, and politics 
1. Persepolis, Chang’an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, 
Constantinople, Teotihuacan 
B. Social hierarchies included laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, and elites. 
C. Labor systems developed to maintain food production (corvee, slavery, tributes). 
D. Patriarchy continued. 
IV. Empires of the classic era collapsed. 
A. States fell because of overexpansion, political corruption, social tensions, economic 
difficulties, and elites with too much power. 
B. Lack of security led to outside invasions. 
 
2.3. Classical Trade 
I. Land & water routes allowed for interregional trade. 
A. Silk Roads, Trans-Saharan routes, Indian Ocean sea lanes, Mediterranean sea lanes. 
II. New technologies expanded trade. 
A. Transportation of goods through domesticated animals. 
B. Adaptations to the environment innovated maritime trade (monsoon management). 
III. People, beliefs, goods, and disease spread on trade networks. 
A. Spread of crops (rice & cotton) changed farming techniques (qanat). 
B. Spread of disease led to decline in populations (smallpox). 
C. Spread of religions (Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism) led to syncretisms. 
 

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PERIOD 2 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS​……………………..…………………………………………………………….………………………… 
1. In what ways did humans develop and codify religious and cultural traditions? 
2. In what ways did states and empires rise, develop, and fall? 
3. In what ways did interregional networks of communication and exchange emerge and develop? 
 
PERIOD 2 CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY​………………………………………………………..…………………………...………..……….. 
● Achaemenid empire  ● Four Noble Truths  ● plebeians 
● ahimsa  ● Ganges River  ● poleis (polis) 
● Alexander the Great  ● Gupta Dynasty  ● Punic Wars 
● Alexandria  ● Han Dynasty  ● qanat 
● aristocracy/aristocrats  ● Hellenistic period  ● reincarnation 
● Aristotle  ● hieroglyphics  ● representative 
● ascetic  ● Homer  democracy 
● Ashoka Maurya  ● Iliad  ● republic 
● Bhagavad Gita  ● Indian Ocean sea lanes  ● Rock and Pillar Edicts 
● Buddhism  ● Jainism  ● Royal Road 
● caravanserai  ● Jesus  ● Sassanids 
● Carthage  ● Julius Caesar  ● satraps 
● caste system  ● Kushan Empire  ● Seleucids 
● Chandragupta Maurya  ● latifundia  ● Shihuangdi 
● Chichen Itza  ● Laws of the Twelve  ● Siddhartha Gautama 
● Christianity  Tables  ● Silk Roads 
● Cicero  ● Mauryan Dynasty  ● Socrates 
● civil service exam  ● Maya/Mayan  ● Spartacus Revolution 
● Confucianism  ● Minoan civilization  ● Stoicism 
● Constantine  ● Moche  ● syncretic 
● consuls  ● monasteries  ● Teotihuacan 
● Crete  ● obsidian  ● tribunes 
● Cyrus the Great  ● Octavian/Caesar  ● tribute 
● dao  Augustus  ● Vedas Upanishads 
● Dao De Jing  ● oligarchy  ● White Huns 
● Daoism  ● Olmec  ● Xerxes 
● Darius I  ● Parthians  ● Xiongnu 
● Delian League  ● patricians  ● Yellow Turban 
● democracy  ● Pax Romana  Rebellion 
● direct democracy  ● Pax Sinica  ● Zarathustra 
● Edict of Milan  ● Peloponnesian League  ● Zoroastrianism 
● empiricism  ● Persian Wars 
● Epicureanism  ● Plato 

 
 
 

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Period 3: Regional and Interregional Interactions (600 CE-1450 CE) 

 
KEY CONCEPTS​……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..……… 
3.1. Trade in the Post-Classical Era 
I. New technology expanded trade. 
A. Existing trade routes in Afro-Eurasia flourished and expanded, led to new cities. 
B. Networks also developed in the Americas (Mississippi River Valley, Andes). 
C. New transportations increased trade including caravanserai, compass, astrolabe, 
larger ships. Led to new forms of currency (credit, checks, paper money). 
D. Trading organizations facilitated trade (Hanseatic League) and states sponsored 
infrastructure that increased trade (Grand Canal). 
E. Tang, Song, Byzantine, Mongols, and Muslim empires facilitated trade. 
II. Movement of people affected the environment and languages. 
A. Trade needed adaptations to the environment (Viking longships, camels, horses). 
B. Migrations transmitted technology and crops (Bantu, Polynesian). 
C. Diffusion and emergence of new languages (Bantu, Turkic, Arabic). 
III. Intensification of existing trade routes. 
A. Islam developed, expanded, and intensified trade because of merchants & 
missionaries. 
B. Diasporic communities spread culture (Muslims in IO, Chinese in SE Asia). 
C. Explorers wrote about their travels (Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Xuanxang). 
D. Diffusion of art, literature, culture, and science. 
IV. Spread of crops and disease along trade routes (bananas in Africa, rice in East Asia). 
 
3.2. Politics & State-Building 
I. Empires collapsed and, in some areas, were replaced. 
A. Old empires were reconstituted. (Byzantine, Sui, Tang, Song). 
B. New empires replaced old empires (Mongols, Islamic states, feudal states). 
C. Local & foreign traditions were synthesized. 
D. Networks in the Americas expanded and flourished (Mayans, Aztecs, Incas). 
II. Technology & culture spread because of increased trade and conflict. 
A. Spread of Islamic scientific knowledge, Greco-Islamic medicine 
 
3.3. Economic Productivity and its Consequences 
I. Innovation stimulated production.  
A. Food production increased because of new technologies (chinampa, waru waru). 
B. Demand for luxuries increased, merchants expanded production. 
II. Cities declined and thrived with productivity and trade. 
A. Invasions, disease, and decline of agriculture led to decline of cities after classical era. 
B. End of invasions, safe and reliable transportation, and climate change revived cities. 
III. Changes and continuities in social structures. 
A. Labor systems included peasants, nomadic pastoralism, guilds, and coerced labor. 
B. Social hierarchies were shaped by class and caste.  
1. Some women had power (Mongols, West Africa, Japan, SE Asia). 
C. New forms of coerced labor including serfdom, mit’a system, and slavery. 
D. Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neo Confucianism affected gender & family.  
 
 
 
 
 
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PERIOD 3 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS​…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….… 

 
1. To what extent was there expansion and intensification of communications and trade networks? 
2. To what extent was there continuity and/or innovation of state forms and their interactions? 
3. To what extent did economic productive capacity increase and what were the consequences? 
 
PERIOD 3 CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY​…………………………………………..…………..…………………………...………..……….. 
● Abbasid  ● Great Schism  ● monsoon winds 
● Abu Bakr  ● Great Zimbabwe  ● Muhammad 
● Ali  ● guilds  ● Neo-Confucianism 
● Angkor Kingdom  ● Hagia Sophia  ● Nicolaus Copernicus 
● Aztec  ● Hanseatic League  ● Pax Mongolica 
● Battle of Manzikert  ● Holy Roman Empire  ● primogeniture 
● Battle of Tours  ● humanism  ● quipu 
● Bantu  ● Hundred Years’ War  ● Qur’an 
● Black Death  ● Ibn Battuta  ● reconquista 
● bourgeoisie  ● Iconoclast  ● Renaissance 
● Byzantine Empire  ● Inca  ● schism 
● Cahokia  ● Indian Ocean Trade  ● scholar gentry 
● caliphs  ● investiture controversy  ● Scholasticism 
● Carolingian Dynasty  ● jizya  ● Seljuk Turks 
● Chan (Zen) Buddhism  ● junk  ● shogun 
● Charlemagne  ● Justinian I  ● Silla Kingdom 
● Charles Martel  ● khanates  ● sinification 
● Chichen Itza  ● Kievan Rus  ● Slavs 
● chinampas  ● King Clovis  ● Song Dynasty 
● code of chivalry  ● Kongo Kingdom  ● Songhay 
● Constantinople  ● kowtow  ● Sufis 
● Crusades  ● Kublai Khan  ● Sui Dynasty 
● Cyrillic alphabet  ● lateen sails  ● sultan 
● Dar al-Islam  ● Little Ice Age  ● Sundiata 
● Delhi Sultanate  ● longships  ● Swahili city-states 
● dhows  ● Magna Carta  ● Tang Dynasty 
● Eastern Orthodox   ● Mahmud of Ghazni  ● theme system 
● Empress Wu  ● Mali  ● theocracy 
● equal-field system  ● Mamluks  ● three-field system 
● fast-ripening rice  ● manorial system  ● Toltec 
● feudalism  ● Mansa Musa  ● trans-Saharan trade 
● flying cash  ● Marco Polo  ● tribute system 
● foot binding  ● Ming Dynasty  ● Umayyad Dynasty 
● Franks  ● Mississippian  ● Vikings 
● Genghis Khan  ● mita system  ● woodblock printing 
● Ghana  ● monasteries  ● Xuanzang 
● Grand Canal  ● Mongols  ● Yuan Dynasty 
 
 
 

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Period 4: Global Interactions (1450 - 1750 CE) 

 
KEY CONCEPTS​……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..……… 
4.1. Globalized trade 
I. Global circulation of goods intensified trade. 
A. Prosperity & economic disruption triggered across Afro-Eurasia. 
II. Technological developments in cartography and navigation intensified trade. 
A. New tools, ship designs (caravel, carrack, fluyt), and understandings of wind and 
current patterns 
III. New transoceanic maritime reconnaissance. 
A. Portugues technology and skills increased travel and trade with West Africa and led 
to a global trading-post empire. 
B. Spanish sponsorship of voyages increased European interest in trade. 
C. North Atlantic crossings spurred European search for new routes.  
IV. New global circulation of goods facilitated by European charters and the flow of silver. 
A. Europeans transported goods from one Asian country to another. 
B. Creation of a global economy because of silver trade. 
C. Mercantilist policies used by Europeans to finance and compete in global trade. 
D. Atlantic system of trade moved people, goods, and wealth across the ocean. 
V. Columbian Exchange connected the hemispheres. 
A. Europeans spread diseases to Americas, wiped out most Indigenous communities. 
B. American foods (potatoes, maize, manioc) and cash crops (sugar, tobacco) spread to 
Afro-Eurasia. 
C. Afro-Eurasian foods (okra, rice) and animals (horses, pigs, cattle) spread to Americas. 
D. Populations across Afro-Eurasia increased because of new foods. 
E. European colonization affected the environment through deforestation and soil 
depletion. 
VI. Reform of existing religions & creation of syncretic beliefs. 
A. Reforms = Protestantism, Catholicism. Syncretic = Sikhism, Vodun. 
VII. Funding for visual & performing arts increased, new focuses on innovation & science. 
 
4.2. Class & Race 
I. The Little Ice Age contributed to changes in agricultural practices. 
II. Demand for products increased, so more labor was needed. 
A. Peasant & artisan labor intensified. 
B. Slavery in Africa continued (mainly female slaves) and the export of slaves increased. 
C. Plantation economy in the Americas increased demand for slaves. 
D. Colonial economies depended on coerced labor (chattel slavery, indentured servants, 
encomienda, Inca mit’a system.  
III. Ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies were restructured.  
A. New political and economic elites (Manchus, Creoles, European gentry). 
B. Existing elites continued (zamindars, European nobility, daimyo). 
C. Gender & family restructuring (smaller families in Europe). 
 
4.3. Land & Sea Empires 
I. Rulers used several methods to legitimize & consolidate their power. 
A. Rulers used religion, art, & architecture to legitimize rule. 
1. Divine right in Europe, Aztec human sacrifice, Safavid use of Shiism, Songhay 
promotion of Islam, Ottoman miniature painting, Qing imperial portraits. 
B. Differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups. 
1. Spanish & portuguese racial classifications (mestizo, mulatto, creole). 
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C. Bureaucratic elites & military professionals.  

1. Ottoman devshirme, Chinese civil service exam, salaried samurai. 
D. Rulers collected tributes and taxes to generate revenue for expansion. 
II. Gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade allowed empires to expand. 
A. European trading-post empires in Africa & Asia. 
B. Land empires included Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman, Russian. 
C. Maritime empires included Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. 
III. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance made things difficult. 
A. Competition over trade = Omani-European rivalry in IO, piracy in Caribbean. 
B. State rivalries = 30 Years’ War, Ottoman-Safavid conflict 
C. Local resistance = food riots, Samurai revolts, peasant uprisings 
 
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS​…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
1. What changes and continuities did the people of the world experience as a result of globalizing 
networks of communication and exchange? 
2. What were the new forms of social organization and modes of production? 
3. In what ways did states consolidate and expand their empires? 
 
 
PERIOD 3 CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY​………………………………………………………..…………………………...………..……….. 
● 95 Theses  ● fur trade  ● Peninsulares 
● Adam Smith  ● galleons  ● Protestant 
● African Diaspora  ● Glorious Revolution  Reformation 
● Akbar  ● Great Peace of  ● Puritans 
● Anglican Church  Montreal  ● Qing Dynasty 
● Atahualpa  ● Gunpowder Empires  ● Safavids 
● Atlantic trade system  ● Hermit Kingdom  ● Santeria 
● Aurangzeb  ● Inca Empire  ● Scholasticism 
● Aztec Empire  ● indentured servitude  ● sepoys 
● Babur  ● indulgences  ● Sikhism 
● cash crop  ● Inquisition  ● steppes 
● castas  ● John Locke  ● Suleiman I 
● coffeehouses  ● joint-stock companies  ● Sunni Ali 
● colonies  ● kabuki theater  ● Taj Mahal 
● Columbian Exchange  ● maritime empires  ● Thirty Years’ War 
● Commercial Revolution  ● mercantilism  ● Tokugawa Shogunate 
● conquistadores  ● mestizos  ● transatlantic slave 
● cottage industries  ● Middle Passage  trade 
● Council of Trent  ● Ming Dynasty  ● Treaty of Tordesillas 
● Counter-Reformation  ● miniature paintings  ● triangular trade 
● creole  ● mit’a system  ● Versailles 
● devshirme  ● mulattoes  ● viceroys 
● divine right  ● northwest passage  ● Virgin of Guadalupe 
● East India Company  ● Ottoman Empire  ● Westernization 
● encomienda  ● Peace of Augsburg  ● White Lotus Rebellion 
● English Civil War  ● Peace of Utrecht  ● zamindars 
● Enlightenment  ● Peace of Westphalia  ● Zheng He 
 
 

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Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 - 1900 CE) 

 
KEY CONCEPTS​……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..……… 
5.1. I​ ndustrialization and Global Capitalism 
I. Industrialization changed how goods were produced. 
A. Industrial Revolution happened first in England because of location, distribution of 
coal, demographic changes, urbanization, private property protections, an 
abundance of rivers and canals, access to foreign resources, and accumulated 
capital. 
B. New machines (steam engine, internal combustion) led to new energy in fossil fuels. 
C. Factory system concentrated specialized labor in one location.  
D. Methods of industrialization spread through Europe, Russia, the US, and Japan. 
E. Second Industrial Revolution led to new methods with steel, chemicals, & electricity. 
II. Industrialization increased demand for raw materials and new markets. 
A. Export economies developed to extract raw materials (cotton, rubber, palm oil). 
B. European and American manufactured goods skyrocketed while non-industrial 
countries declined because manual produced less than machines. (textiles in India) 
C. Global economy expanded and favored western countries. For example, opium 
produced in Middle East and exported to China. Cotton grown in South Asia, Egypt, 
the Caribbean, and North America and exported to Europe.  
III. New financial institutions to facilitate investment in industrial production. 
A. New economic ideas with capitalism (Adam Smith) and liberalism (John Stuart Mill). 
B. Large-scale transnational businesses (United Fruit, HSBC) and new financial 
instruments (stock markets, insurance, gold standard, LLCs). 
IV. Developments in transportation & communication (railroads, steamships, telegraphs). 
V. Responses to the spread of global capitalism. 
A. Organization of workers in labor unions for better working conditions, hours, and 
wages. Workers movements through Marxism. 
B. Reform efforts in Ottoman & Qing to modernize economies and armies (keep up!). 
C. State-sponsored industrialization (Meiji Japan, Tsarist Russia, Egypt). 
D. Political, social, educational, and urban reforms in response to effects of 
industrialization. 
VI. Organization of societies changed because of restructuring of global economy. 
A. New social classes including middle class & working class. 
B. Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographic shifts. 
C. Urbanization spread rapidly. 
 
5.2. I​mperialism and Nation-State Formation 
I. Industrial powers developed transoceanic empires. 
A. States strengthened control over colonies (Britain in India, Netherlands in Indonesia). 
B. European states, the US, & Japan extended empires, Spanish & Portuguese declined. 
C. European states used warfare & diplomacy to expand in Africa (Belgium in Congo). 
D. Settler colonies were established. 
E. Neocolonialism in Latin America and Economic imperialism in East Asia. 
II. Imperialism influenced state formation & contraction around the world. 
A. European influence expanded over Tokugawa Japan & led to Meiji reforms. 
B. US, Russia, and Japan conquered & settled neighboring states. 
C. Anti-imperial resistance (Cherokees, Zulu, Sepoy rebellion) 
 
 
 
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5.3. N​ ationalism, Revolution, and Reform  

I. Enlightenment thinking challenged established tradition. 
A. Enlightenment philosophies developed to rethink the role of religion, the relationship 
with the natural world, and political rights for individuals. 
B. Ideas were reflected in revolutionary documents (Declaration of Independence, 
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and Bolivar’s Jamaica letter 
C. Enlightenment ideas challenged existing norms and led to expansion of social rights. 
II. Nationalism developed based on commonalities with language, religion, and territory. 
Nationalists sought to unite populations through unification (German, Italian). 
III. Challenges to imperial rule led to revolutions. 
A. Subjects challenged imperial gov’t (Marathas to Mughals, Taipings to Manchus). 
B. Colonial subjects rebelled (America, Haiti, Latin America). 
C. Slaves resisted (Maroon societies of Caribbean or Brazil). 
D. Anticolonial movements spread (Sepoy rebellion, Boxer Rebellion). 
E. Rebellions influenced by religious ideas (Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle-Killing). 
IV. New transnational ideologies connection people around the world. 
A. Discontent with political norms led to democracy, liberalism, socialism, communism. 
B. Demands for women’s rights sparked feminist movements (Wollstonecraft, de 
Gouges, Seneca Falls). 
 
5.4. Global Migration  
I. Demographic changes in industrialized & unindustrialized societies led to migrations. 
A. More food production and better medicine increased global population. 
B. Migrants relocated to cities because transportation was better. Global urbanization 
spread, but some migrants returned to home societies.  
II. Migrations for many push and pull factors. 
A. Search for freedom & work. 
B. Coercive labor systems continued (slavery, indentured servants, convicts). 
III. Consequences and reactions to migrations varied.  
A. Migrants mostly male which left women behind to take on new roles. 
B. Ethnic enclaves formed around the world (Chinese in SE Asia, Irish & Italian in USA). 
C. Nativist legislation regulated immigration (Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia). 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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PERIOD 5 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS​…………..……………………………………………………………………...………………………… 

1. How did the development of industrialization and global capitalism affect the world? 
2. What were the effects of imperialism and nationalism in the world? 
3. In what ways did nationalism and revolution bring about reform? 
4. What were the the major push and pull factors for migration in this period and what effect did the 
movement of people have?
 

PERIOD 5 CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY​…….………………………………………………..…………………………...………..……….. 

● American Revolution  ● French Revolution  ● Self-Strengthening 
● assembly line  ● Great Game  Movement 
● balance of power  ● imperialism  ● separation of powers 
● Berlin Conference  ● indentured servants  ● sepoy mutiny 
● Boer Wars  ● Indian National Congress  ● Simon Bolivar 
● bourgeoisie  ● industrialization  ● Sino-Japanese War 
● Boxer Rebellion  ● interchangeable parts  ● Social Darwinism 
● capitalism  ● Karl Marx  ● socialism 
● cash crops  ● King Leopold II  ● Suez Canal 
● Cecil Rhodes  ● labor unions  ● Sun Yat-sen 
● Charles Darwin  ● laissez-faire  ● Taiping Rebellion 
● Chinese Nationalist Party  ● Maori  ● Tanzimat 
(Kuomintang)  ● Maroons  ● tenement 
● classical liberalism  ● means of production  ● Toussaint L’Ouverture 
● communism  ● Meiji Restoration  ● Trans-Siberian Railroad 
● Congress of Vienna  ● millenarian movement  ● Transcontinental Railroad 
● conservatism  ● monopoly  ● Treaty of Nanking 
● consumerism  ● Napoleon Bonaparte  ● Treaty of Portsmouth 
● corvee laborers  ● nationalism  ● urbanization 
● cult of domesticity  ● Open Door Policy  ● utilitarianism 
● Declaration of  ● Opium War  ● utopia 
Independence  ● Otto von Bismarck  ● Wahhabis 
● Declaration of the Rights  ● Pan-Africanism  ● White Australia Policy 
of Man / Rights of Woman  ● penal colony  ● white-collar 
● Deism/Deists  ● Qing Dynasty  ● working class 
● Empress Cixi  ● raw materials  ● Xhosa Cattle Killing 
● enclosure movement  ● realpolitik  Movement 
● export economies  ● romanticism  ● Young Turks 
● extraterritoriality  ● Roosevelt Corollary  ● Zionism 
● factory system  ● salons  ● Zulu Kingdom 
● fossil fuel  ● Scramble for Africa 
 

 
 
 
 
 

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Period 6: Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE to the present)  

 
KEY CONCEPTS​……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………..……… 
6.1. S​ cience & Technology 
I. Rapid advancements in science spread around the world. 
A. New communication (Internet, radio, cell phones) and transportation (planes). 
B. Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased food production. 
C. Medical advancements including vaccines and antibiotics extended life expectancy. 
D. Energy technologies increased productivity with petroleum and nuclear power. 
II. Global population exploded & changed human interaction with the environment. 
A. Increased consumption led to deforestation, desertification, etc. 
B. Increased greenhouse gases has led to climate change. 
III. Demographic shifts because of disease, innovation, and conflict. 
A. Diseases associated with poverty persist in some areas and are eradicated in more 
wealth places (malaria, TB, cholera), new epidemics spread (1918 flu, ebola, AIDS), 
and new diseases appeared because people are living longer (diabetes, alzheimer’s). 
B. Birth control transformed women’s roles. 
C. Military technology & tactics increased casualties because of total war. 
 
6.2. Global Conflict 
I. Global political order shifted from Europe to new powers.  
A. Older land-based empires collapsed (Ottoman, Russian, Qing). 
B. European powers maintained control over colonies until after WWII. 
C. After WWII, colonies negotiated power (India, Gold Coast) or fought for independence 
(Algeria, Vietnam, Angola, Kenya). 
II. Empires dissolved and restructured because of emerging anti-imperialist ideologies. 
A. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa sought independence (Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, 
Kwame Nkrumah).  
B. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule (Muslim League, 
Quebecois, Biafra).  
C. Transnational movements united people across boundaries (communism, 
pan-Arabism, pan-Africanism). 
D. Movements to redistribute land sparked in Mexico, and across Latin America, Africa, 
and Asia.  
E. Religious movements sought to redefine relationship between individual and state. 
III. Political changes led to demographic and social consequences.  
A. Redrawing of territories led to conflicts (India/Pakistan, Israel/Palestine). 
B. Migrations of former colonial subject to imperial cities (Indians to Britain, Algerians to 
France, Filipinos to USA).  
C. Rise of extremist groups led to genocide (Armenia, Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda). 
IV. Global military conflicts reached unprecedented scales.  
A. WWI & WWII caused because of increased militarism, webs of alliances, competitive 
imperialism, and increasing nationalism. Populations at home and abroad were 
mobilized for total war, especially under fascist and communist regimes.  
B. Economic crises from the Great Depression led totalitarian regimes to take power. 
C. Global balance of power shifted as US and USSR last superpowers after WWII. Cold 
War developed between capitalism and communism. 
D. New alliances produced by Cold War including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, which 
promoted proxy wars between and within Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 
E. Military spending continuously increased until the USSR collapsed. 
V. Responses to global conflict. 
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A. Non-violence movements challenged change by war (Gandhi, King, Mandela). 

B. Protest and opposition movements to resist violent regimes (Anti-Apartheid in South 
Africa, global uprisings in 1968, Tiananmen Square in China). 
C. Militarized states responded to conflicts in ways that further intensified conflicts 
(dictatorships in Chile, Spain, Uganda). 
D. Violence against citizens to achieve political goals (IRA, ETA, Al-Qaeda). 
 
6.3. G​ lobalization & Economics 
I. State responses to economic challenges of the 20th century. 
A. Communist states (USSR & China) developed state-controlled economies, which 
included repressive policies and negative consequences (5-year plans, Great Leap). 
B. Governments became more active in economy after Great Depression (New Deal). 
C. Newly independent nations took on strong roles in economic life (Nasser, Nehru). 
D. Many countries promoted free-market policies (Reagan, Thatcher, Xiaoping). 
E. Growth of knowledge economies in developed areas and manufacturing in 
developing areas. 
II. States became increasingly interdependent.  
A. New international organizations to promote peace (League of Nations, UN). 
B. Economic institutions (IMF, World Bank, WTO) and trade agreements (EU, NAFTA).  
C. Movements to protect the environment (Greenpeace, Green Belt, Earth Day).  
III. Increased education and political participation challenged societal norms. 
A. Challenges to assumptions about race & class (UN Declaration of Human Rights, 
feminist movements, Negritude, Liberation theology, Islamic renewal). 
B. Increased access to education & politics (right to vote for women, female literacy, 
Civil Rights Act, end of Apartheid).  
IV. Global popular culture more connected than ever before (reggae, Bollywood, Olympics). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
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PERIOD 6 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS​……………...……………………………………………………………………………………………… 

1. How did changes in science impact global issues? 
2. What were the causes and consequences of 20th century global conflicts? 
3. In what ways did the global economy and culture change during the 20th century? 
 

PERIOD 6 CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY​………………………………………………………..…………………………...………..……….. 

● 9/11  ● glasnost  ● Negritude Movement 
● AIDS  ● globalization  ● Neocolonialism 
● Adolf Hitler  ● Great Depression  ● New Deal 
● ANC  ● Great Leap Forward  ● Non-Aligned Movement 
● Algerian Civil War  ● Green Belt Movement  ● Non-governmental org. 
● Americanization  ● Green Revolution  ● Pan-Africanism 
● Amnesty International  ● Greenpeace  ● Pan-Arabism 
● antibiotic  ● Ho Chi Minh  ● Partition 
● Apartheid  ● Holocaust  ● perestroika 
● appeasement  ● human rights  ● reparations 
● Arab Spring  ● hydrogen bomb  ● Russian Revolution 
● Archduke Francis  ● influenza epidemic  ● Soviet Union 
Ferdinand  ● Iranian Revolution  ● Space race 
● Asian Tigers  ● Irish Republican Army  ● Sputnik 
● Berlin Wall  (IRA)  ● total war 
● Blitzkrieg  ● Iron Curtain  ● Theory of Relativity 
● Bollywood  ● Islamism  ● Transnational corp. 
● Bolsheviks  ● Island-hopping  ● Treaty of Versailles 
● Chinese Civil War  ● Joseph Stalin  ● trench warfare 
● Climate change  ● Khmer Rouge  ● United Nations (UN) 
● Cold War  ● Korean War  ● Vietnam War 
● collectivization  ● League of Nations  ● Weapons of mass 
● containment  ● mandate system  destruction 
● Cuban Missile Crisis  ● Mao Zedong  ● World Bank 
● Cultural Revolution  ● Marshall Plan  ● World Trade Organization 
● decolonization  ● Mexican Revolution  (WTO) 
● Deng Xiaoping  ● Mikhail Gorbachev  ● World War I 
● detente  ● militarism  ● World War II 
● domino theory  ● military-industrial complex  ● Yalta Conference 
● European Union (EU)  ● Mohandas Gandhi  ● Zhenotdel 
● fascism  ● Muslim League  ● Zionists 
● feminism  ● Mutual Assured 
● Fidel Castro  Destruction (MAD) 
 
 

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Most Important Dates to Know 

There will never be a question on the AP World History exam that specifically requires you to remember a 
date. However, you do need to know the timeline of events to place cause and effect. Plus, you can earn 
evidence points for knowing dates. The following are the most important dates to remember. 
   
Period 1 & 2  Period 5 
8000 BCE​ ​- Neolithic Revolution  1750s CE​ - Industrialization begins in England 
500s BCE​ - Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism  1756 - 1763 CE​ - 7 Years' War 
221 BCE​ ​- Qin unified China  1776 CE​ - Declaration of Independence 
206 BCE​ - 220 CE - Han Dynasty  1789 CE​ - French Revolution begins 
32 CE​ - Beginnings of Christianity  1804 CE​ - Haitian Independence 
476 CE​ -​ Fall of Rome  1839 - 1860s CE​ - Opium Wars in China 
570 CE​ -​ Birth of Muhammad (founder of Islam)  1848 CE​ - Communist Manifesto (Marx & Engels) 
  1857 CE​ - Sepoy Mutiny in India 
Period 3  1885 CE​ - Berlin Conference (Scramble for Africa) 
1258 CE​ ​- Mongols sack Baghdad   
1271 - 1295 CE​ - Marco Polo's Travels  Period 6 
1324 CE​ - Mansa Musa's pilgrimage  1905 CE​ - Russo-Japanese War 
1325 - 1349 CE​ - Ibn Battuta's Travels  1910 - 1920 CE​ - Mexican Revolution 
1347 - 1348 CE​ - Bubonic Plague in Europe  1911 CE​ - Chinese Revolution 
1405 - 1433 CE​ - Zheng He's voyages  1914 - 1918 CE​ - World War I 
  1917 CE​ - Russian Revolution 
Period 4  1929 CE​ - Start of Great Depression 
1453 CE​ - Ottomans seized Constantinople  1931 CE​ - Japanese Invasion of Manchuria 
1492 CE -​ Columbus sailed to Americas  1939 CE​ - German invasion of Poland 
1502 CE​ - First slaves to the Americas  1945 CE​ - End of WWII 
1517 CE​ - Martin Luther/95 Theses  1947 CE​ - Partition of India & Pakistan 
1521 CE​ - Cortez conquered the Aztecs  1948 CE​ - Creation of state of Israel 
1533 CE​ - Pizarro conquered the Incas  1949 CE​ - Mao Zedong comes to power in China 
1618 - 1648 CE​ - 30 Years War  1950 - 1953 CE​ - Korean War 
1689 CE​ - Glorious Revolution  1954 CE -​ Vietnam defeats France, Dien Bien Phu 
  1959 CE​ - Cuban Revolution 
  1962 CE​ - Cuban Missile Crisis 
  1967 CE​ - Chinese Cultural Revolution 
  1979 CE​ - Iranian Revolution 
  1989 CE​ - Fall of Berlin Wall 
  1991 CE​ - Fall of USSR/First Gulf War 
  2001 CE​ - 9/11 Terror Attacks on US 

 
 
 

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Past Essay Questions by Topic 

*The AP World History exam was revised in 2017, so any questions from before then are not representative of the current exam format 
or rubric. You can still use prior questions to practice, however DBQs will have more than 7 documents, the LEQ prompts are worded 
differently, and the rubrics are completely different. Use questions from 2002-2016 with caution. 
 
 
Period 1: to 600 CE  Period 5: 1750 CE to 1900 CE 
No Essays!  2018 - SAQ 2: 18th century global balance of power  
  2018 - DBQ: Effects of railroads on empire-building 
Period 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE  2017 - SAQ 3: Industrialization as a turning point 
2018 - LEQ 1: Spread of religions  2016 - LEQ: Compare causes of Atlantic Revolutions 
2010 - LEQ: Compare classical era politics  2015 - LEQ: CCOT in labor systems 1450-1900 
2007 - DBQ: Han & Roman attitudes toward technology  2013 - DBQ: Seven Years’ War 
2006 - LEQ: CCOT culture and politics in classical empires  2011 - LEQ: CCOT long-distance migrations 
2004 - DBQ: Responses to the spread of Buddhism  2010 - DBQ: Mechanization of cotton industry  
2010 - LEQ: CCOT syncretic religions 
 
2009 - DBQ: African responses to the Scramble for Africa 
Period 3: 600 CE to 1450 CE 
2009 - LEQ: Compare racial ideologies & effects 
2018 - SAQ 3: Adaptations to the environment 
2008 - LEQ: Compare emergence of nation-states 
2017 - SAQ 1: Relationship between China & nomads 
2004 - LEQ: CCOT labor systems 
2017 - DBQ: Religious and state responses to wealth  
2003 - DBQ: Indentured Servitude 
2016 - LEQ: CCOT trade networks in Afro-Eurasia 
2003 - LEQ: Compare roles of women 
2015 - LEQ: Compare trade networks 
2002 - LEQ: CCOT global trade patterns 
2014 - LEQ: Compare use of religion to govern 
2002 - LEQ: Compare responses to westernization 
2013 - LEQ: CCOT Mediterranean politics and culture 
 
2012 - LEQ: CCOT trade networks in Africa and Eurasia 
2011 - LEQ: Compare rise of empires
Period 6: 1900 CE to present 
2009 - LEQ: CCOT interactions along the Silk Roads  2018 - SAQ 1: Mass violence by totalitarian states 
2008 - LEQ: CCOT commerce in the Indian Ocean  2018 - SAQ 4: Green Revolution 
2005 - LEQ: Compare effects of Mongol rule  2018 - LEQ 3: Political ideologies  
2002 - DBQ: Christian & Muslim attitudes of trade  2017 - SAQ 4: Technology & globalization 
2017 - LEQ 3: CCOT global balance of power 
 
2016 - DBQ: Gender and politics in Latin America 
Period 4: 1450 CE to 1750 CE 
2015 - DBQ: Responses to spread of influenza after WWI 
2018 - SAQ 4: Agricultural developments 
2014 - DBQ: Relationship between peasants & CCP 
2018 - LEQ 2: Columbian Exchange 
2013 - LEQ: Compare economic development  
2017 - SAQ 2: Intensification of human land use 
2012 - DBQ: Relationship between cricket & politics  
2017 - LEQ 2: CCOT in labor migrations 
2011 - DBQ: Green Revolution 
2015 - LEQ: CCOT in labor systems 1450-1900 
2008 - DBQ: Modern Olympic movement 
2014 - LEQ: CCOT participation in interregional trade 
2007 - LEQ: CCOT formation of national identities 
2012 - LEQ: Compare effects of the Columbian Exchange 
2006 - LEQ: Compare Revolutions (Mexico, China, Russia) 
2007 - LEQ: Compare processes of empire-building 
2005 - DBQ: Muslim Nationalism  
2006 - DBQ: Global flow of silver 
2004 - LEQ: Compare effects of WWI 
2005 - LEQ: CCOT Columbian Exchange 
2003 - LEQ: CCOT Impact of Islam 
 
 
 
 

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Recommended Resources 
*Just a heads up, the following list of resources contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links, 
Fiveable will receive a small commission. This helps support our content creation and allows us to continue to make resources 
like this. Thank you for the support! 

Facebook group for AP World students 

Join the Facebook group at ​https://www.facebook.com/groups/apworldstudents 

Prep Books: 
While you are reviewing, it is insanely helpful to have a prep book to guide you. These offer nice summaries of 
content, practice tests, and even graphic organizers to help you visualize the information. 

Each prep book offers a different value to your review, so it really comes down to how you learn best and 
which style you prefer. You should definitely have one to help you out. 

AMSCO AP World History​ - h ​ ttps://amzn.to/2QPZbc7 

Love this book. Short chapters detailed only with information you actually need.  
 
ASAP World History​ - h​ ttps://amzn.to/2EhAFJV 
The MOST visuals out of any of these. Tons of graphic organizers and images. 
 
Barron's AP World History, 7th Edition​ ​- h ​ ttps://amzn.to/2q4guKD 
Tough read, but lots and lots of great content. More like an alternative textbook. 
 
Princeton Review's Cracking the AP World History Exam​ ​- h
​ ttps://amzn.to/2H5SkaE 
Much easier read, great summaries. 
 
Kaplan's AP World Prep Plus​ - h
​ ttps://amzn.to/2JdBKpY 
Has an awesome tool to help you narrow down your studying. Easy to read, great summaries. 
 
5 Steps to a 5: AP World History​ -​ ​https://amzn.to/2JcPnpj 
Lots of practice exams, but they are pretty low quality. 
 
Crash Course: AP World History​ -​ ​https://amzn.to/2pZe296 
Bulleted review, reads like AP World cliff notes. Really useful for last minute. 

Prep Apps: 
Romulus AP World Review​ - i​ Tunes App Store​ & Google Play (coming soon!) 

Fiveable for AP World History 

At Fiveable, we host live AP World history reviews every week! You can tune in live to get your questions 
answered, listen to concept explanations, and practice essays. We’re live all year because it takes time to 
learn and understand everything you need to pass this exam. During the month of May, we have even 
more live sessions including every night leading up to the exam. To get access to all live sessions, replays, 
and exclusive content, visit h
​ ttp://fiveable.me/live​. 
 
Follow Fiveable on ​Instagram​, ​Twitter​, and Y
​ ouTube​ for all kinds of fun things all year round! 
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